Bab II – Writing A Report

A. Peta Konsep

Model Text of Report

Simple Present Tense

Writing A Report
Simple Past Tense

Passive Voice (Simple

Present & Past Tense)

B. Tujuan Pembelajaran
1. Mampu Mampu menganalisis struktur teks dalam penulisan laporan
sederhana.
2. Mampu menganalisis unsur kebahasaan dalam penulisan laporan
sederhana.
3. Mampu menyusun teks report.

C. Materi yang Dipelajari

1. Model Text of Report
2. Simple Present Tense
3. Simple Past Tense
4. Passive Voice (Simple Pesent & Past Tense)

D. Uraian Materi
What is it?
A report is a statement to describe the findings of research. Report are
usually a formal account of the result of an investigation or observation.
Reports can be short, just one page, or very long documents.

1. Model Text of Report

In contrast to an article, which sets out and depends on an author’s view
of a topic and does not need to include headings, a report examines a
subject in an organized, simple to pursue arrangement.  Reports are
separated into segments, with heading and subheadings. Reports are
designed to introduce and will characterize and break down the current
issue.
 Preparation and planning 
First, you should set aside some time to get ready and plan your
report. Before you begin composing, distinguish the groups of

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 Audiences and readers. Your report ought to be written and
custom-fitted to the readers’ needs and desires. When preparing
the report,  you have to ask yourself several questions to better
understand the goal of the report.
A few questions to consider include:
1. Who are thw readers?
2. What is the purpose of the report and why is it needed?
3. What important information has to be in the report?
 Main Section
To keep your report well-organized and easy to understand, there is
clear format to follow. The main sections of a standart report are:
1. Title
2. Table of Contents
3. Summary or Abstract
4. Introduction or Background
5. Main body of Report
6. Conclusion: Recommendations
7. References
8. Appendices

Structure of Reports

 Title or Title Page

The title page generally has four main pieces of information:
1. Title of the report
2. Name of person or organization receiving the report
3. Name of person or organization who authored the report
4. Date the report was submitted
For example:
Report
“The Most Likeable
Gadget in Our City”
For Ms. Atmaja, Class 2
Teacher SMK 2, Pangkep

By Rini & Fani,

Class 2 SMK 2, Pangkep
April 5th, 2019

 Table of Contents
Table of Contents is a table of the information located in the report. Each
item in the contents should have a corresponding page number that shows
where the section begins only.

 Abstract or Excecutive Summary

The summary contains a summarized version of the entire report,
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including any conclusions or recommendations. The Executive Summary
may be omitted in a short report. For vocational students the Executive
Summary of a short report may contain only one or two lines. For
example, “ This report was intended to find new opportunities for ffacilities
Task 1

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Read the following report. Then identify the structure of the report.

The Influence of Social Media on Addictive Behaviors in College Students

Social media has become a primary way for college students to

communicate aspects of their daily lives to those within their social network. Such
communications often include substance use displays (e.g., selfies of college
students drinking). Furthermore, students’ substance use displays have been
found to robustly predict not only the posters’ substance use-related outcomes
(e.g., consumption, problems) but also that of their social networking peers.
Nearly 90% of young adults ranging from 18-29 years old now use social
media – a substantial 78% percent increase from just a little over a decade ago.
Additionally, those who have attended at least some college are more likely to use
social media than those less educated (e.g., high school diploma or no diploma).
Posting about substance use on social media is common among college students.
For example, a study found that of the 71 profiles surveyed, nearly all college
students’ Facebook profiles contained alcohol-related content (99%), followed by
tobacco references (39%), whereas a minority of students posted about illicit
substances (10%, e.g., marijuana, cocaine).
Due to the fact that social media use is now such a pervasive and prominent
force in college students’ lives, interactions with others on social media may
redefine students’ perceptions regarding, and engagement in certain activities,
including addictive behaviors. Most extant research has uncovered that students’
and young adults’ communications on social media about substance use are
positively valenced (e.g., glamorizing or endorsing substance use) and that
students generally receive positive reinforcement for posting such displays.
Although students may mostly receive publically viewable, positive
reinforcement for their pro- substance use displays, this does not necessarily mean
that other students seeing such posts privately agree with their behaviors.
Some students may avoid expressing negative attitudes about their friends’
displays online because of incorrect assumptions that they themselves are in the
minority. This effect, known as pluralistic ignorance, results in a silent majority
incorrectly perceiving that others are actually engaging in addictive behaviors
more than they actually are. Along these lines, according to the false consensus
effect, individuals overestimate the degree to which others agree with/engage in
the risky behavior.
Students are increasingly relying on social media to communicate with one
another about their substance use experiences, even though such postings often
breed misperceptions regarding acceptance and prevalence of addictive behaviors.
This might be exacerbated by social media users’ reluctance to post dissenting
viewpoints. Moreover, the literature generally indicates that college students’
substance use displays uniquely influence not only the posters’ substance use-
related outcomes (e.g., consumption, problems) but also that of their social
networking peers.

References
Perrin A. Social media usage: 2005-2015. Pew Research Center; Oct, 2015.
Moreno MA, Arseniev-Koehler A, Litt D, Christakis D. Evaluating college students'
displayed alcohol references on Facebook and Twitter. Journal of Adolescent
Health. 2016;58(5):527–32.

Part of a report

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 Available
Elements Contain
Yes No
Title
.............................................................

Table of contents
.............................................................

Abstract
.............................................................

Introduction
.............................................................
.............................................................
.............................................................

Body
.............................................................
.............................................................
.............................................................

References
.............................................................

Appendices
.............................................................

4. Simple Preset Tense

Simple present tense is a tense used in describing an action which
happens in present time (right now) or happens regularly. Below are the
formulas of simple present tense.

Verbal Sentence Formula: Nominal Sentence Formula:

Positive Sentence Positive Sentence
- S + V(s/es) + O - S + be(am,is,are) + non-verb
Negative Sentence Negative Sentence
- S + do/does + not + V(inf) + O - S + be(am,is,are) + not + non-verb
Introgative Sentence Introgative Sentence
- Do/does + S + V(inf) + O? - Be(am,is,are) + S + non-verb?

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 Example:
Verbal Sentence
(+) She checks parts of the car.
(-) she does not check parts of the car.
(?) does she check parts of the car?
Nominal Sentence
(+) A jack car is a mechanical device.
(-) A jack car is not a mechanical device.
(?) Is a jack car a mechanical device?

Task 3
Make a simple sentence using subject and verb below.
1. (My Father) (drink)
(+) ...
(−) ...
(?) ...
2. (My mother) (cook)
(+) ...
(−) ...
(?) ...
3. (Thania) (invite)
(+) ...
(−) ...
(?) ...
4. (Ricardo and Susan) (study)
(+) ...
(−) ...
(?) ...
5. (I) (ride)
(+) ...
(−) ...
(?) ...

Task 4
Change the word in the bracket into correct Simple Present Tense!
1. Ramza, Razan and Rajni (study) ...................... together.
2. Doctor (check) ..................... the patients twice a day.
3. (come) ................ the post man to my school?
4. My little sister (not cry) ................. in the night.
5. The boys (play) .................. football in the afternoon.

5. Simple Past Tense

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The simple past tense is used to describe a completed activity that
happened in the past. In other words, it started in the past and ended in
the past.
 Forming the Simple Past Tense
If you're dealing with a regular verb, the simple past tense is formed
like this:
base form of verb+ "ed"
jump > jumped
paint > painted
 Forming the Simple Past Tense of Irregular Verbs
If it's an irregular verb, the simple past tense is formed in all sorts of
different ways. Here are some examples:
break > broke
catch > caught
find > found
see > saw

Verbal Sentence Formula: Nominal Sentence Formula:

Positive Sentence Positive Sentence
- S + V2 + O - S + be(was/were) + non-verb
Negative Sentence Negative Sentence
- S + did + not + V(inf) + O - S + be(was/were) + not + non-verb
Introgative Sentence Introgative Sentence
- Did + S + V(inf) + O? - Be(was/were) + S + non-verb?

Example:
Verbal Sentence
(+) Susan saw rainbow yesterday.
(-) Susan did not see rainbow yesterday.
(?) Did Susan see rainbow yesterday?

Nominal Sentence
(+) Bobby was a mechanical device last year.
(-) Bobby was not a mechanical device last year.
(?) Was Bobby car a mechanical device last year?

However, there are some spelling rules.

 Spelling Rules
If a verb of one syllable ends [consonant-vowel-consonant], double
the final consonant and add "ed":
chat > chatted
stop > stopped
 If the final consonant is w, x, or y, don't double it:

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 sew > sewed
play > played
fix > fixed
 If last syllable of a longer verb is stressed and ends [consonant-
vowel-consonant], double the last consonant and add "ed":
incur > incurred
prefer > preferred
 If the first syllable of a longer verb is stressed and the verb ends
[consonant-vowel-consonant], just add "ed":
open > opened
enter > entered
swallow > swallowed
 If the verb ends "e", just add "d":
thrive > thrived
guzzle > guzzled
 If the verb ends [consonant + "y"], change the "y" to an "i" and add
"ed":
cry > cried
fry > fried

Task 3
Make a simple past tense sentence using subject and verb below.
1. (My Father) (drink)
(+) ...
(−) ...
(?) ...
2. (My mother) (cook)
(+) ...
(−) ...
(?) ...
3. (Thania) (invite)
(+) ...
(−) ...
(?) ...
4. (Ricardo and Susan) (study)
(+) ...
(−) ...
(?) ...
5. (I) (ride)
(+) ...
(−) ...
(?) ...

6. Passive Voice (Simple Present & Past Tense)

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The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that
experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the
action. In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the
subject of the sentence.

Active Passive Voice

 Simple Present Tense  Simple Present Tense
Positive Sentence Positive Sentence
- S + V(s/es) + O - O + be(am,is,are) + V3 + S
Negative Sentence Negative Sentence
- S + do/does + not + V(inf) + O - O + be(am,is,are) + not + V3 + S
Introgative Sentence Introgative Sentence
- Do/does + S + V(inf) + O? - be(am,is,are) + O + V3 + S?

 Simple Past Tense  Simple Past Tense

Positive Sentence Positive Sentence
- S + V2 + O - O + be(was/were) + V3 + S
Negative Sentence Negative Sentence
- S + did + not + V(inf) + O - O + be(was/were) + not + V3 + S
Introgative Sentence Introgative Sentence
- Did + S + V(inf) + O? - be(was/were) + O + V3 + S?

Example:
 Simple Present Tense
Active : Santi cleans the house everyday.
Passive : The house is cleaned by Santi everyday.

 Simple Past Tense

Active : Santi cleaned the house yesterday.
Passive : The house was cleaned by Santi yesterday.

Task 4
Change the following sentences become passive voice!
1. Active : The teacher helps me.
Passive : ...................................................................................
2. Active : Ms. Hopkins invited me to dinner.
Passive : ...................................................................................
3. Active : Helicopters fascinate children.
Passive : ...................................................................................
4. Active : Bob mailed the package.
Passive : ...................................................................................
5. Active : Water surrounds an island.
Passive : ...................................................................................

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 6. Active : Mr. Smith bought my old car.
Passive : ...................................................................................
7. Active : I listen the radio every night.
Passive : ...................................................................................
8. Active : Mr. James washed the new car.
Passive : ...................................................................................
9. Active : We study English every Tuesday.
Passive : ...................................................................................
10. Active : We saw this movie last night.
Passive : ...................................................................................

E. Kegiatan Siswa

LET’S DO IT
Make a simple report from your result of OJT or PJBL.

HOMEWORK
Identify the structure of your simple report from your result of OJT or
PJBL.

F. Evaluasi
Choose the correct answer by crossing a, b, c, d, or e!
1. What is the first thing that you write in the report?
a. Key Features d. Title
b. Introduction e. Background of Study
c. Conclusion
2. Which of these is not a necessary feature of a report?
a. Clear headings d. A clear title
b. Clear paragraphs e. A clear fact
c. Informal, personal style
3. Which is the least preferable way to begin your report?
a. The purpose of this report is to....
b. This report aims to....
c. I'm writing this report to.....
d. The objective in writing this report
e. This report was conducted in order to …
4. A report will NOT usually...
a. discuss advantages and disadvantages of a situation
b. make recommendations and suggestions
c. give personal opinions
d. give professional opinions
e. explain the background to a situation

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5. What's the communicative aim of a report?
a. Describe facts d. State a tutorial
b. Express point of view e. Express an opinion
c. Suggest improvement
6. What part of the report contains names of people and or organizations
who helped you with your study?
a. Introduction d. Recommendations
b. Title Page e. Executive Summary
c. Main Body
7. Here are questions possibly considered in a report, EXCEPT ...
a. Who is the reporter?
b. Who are the readers?
c. What is the purpose of a report?
d. What important information has to be in the report?
e. Why the report is needed?
8. Here are the main sections of a standard report, EXCEPT ...
a. title of the report d. references
b. table of contents e. salutation
c. abstract or Executive
summary
9. A table of the information located in the report is called ...
a. table of contents. d. table of figures
b. table manner e. table of Inquiry
c. time table
10. Information about the problem that the report focuses on is found
in ...
a. main body of report. d. recommendations
b. executive summary e. references
c. conclusion
11. Budi ... his aquarium once a week.
a. to clean d. cleans
b. clean e. cleaning
c. cleeaned

12. Safira ... always ... at the restaurant every Saturday night.

a. do not, eats d. does not, ate

b. does not, eat e. does not, eats
c. do not, ate

13. ... they ... a Habibie & Ainun movie in theater?

a. Do, sees d. Do, seen

b. Do, see e. Does, sees
c. Does, see

14. My mother and I ... to market to buy vegetables every morning.

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 a. go d. gone
b. goes e. gos
c. went

15. On 17th August, we always ... our independence day in city park.

a. does celeberates d. do celeberate

b. celeberates e. does celeberate
c. celeberate

16. I………to the school alone yesterday

a. walk d. walking
b. walked e. walkeds
c. walks

17. We……in this restaurant 2 days ago.

a. ate d. eat
b. eaten e. eats
c. eating

18. I……in this sofa with him.

a. sleeping d. sleped
b. sleep e. sleps
c. slept

19. I……this scissors to cut the grass yesterday.

a. cuted d. cuts
b. cuting e. be cutted
c. cut

20. …… he read novel last night?

a. Do d. Are
b. Did e. Does
c. Done

21. He tells the lie stories. The active sentence is ....

a. The lie stories is being told by him
b. The lie stories has been told by him
c. The lie stories was told by him
d. The lie stories is told by him
e. The lie stories was tell by him
22. My mother drove the car in the morning. The active sentence is ....
a. The car was droven by my mother in the morning
b. The car was being droven by my mother in the morning 
c. The car has been droven by my mother in the morning 

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 d. The car is droven by my mother in the morning
e. The car was drives by my mother in the morning
23. Amman teaches mathematics in front of students. The active
sentence is ....
a. Mathematics is being taught by Amman in front of students
b. Mathematics is taught by Amman in front of students
c. Mathematics has been taught by Amman in front of students 
d. Mathematics was taught by Amman in front of students 
e. Mathematics was teaches by Amman in front of students
24. Do they kick your legs? The active sentence is ....
a. Are your legs kicked by them?
b. Were your legs kicked by them?
c. Has your legs been kicked by them?
d. Will your legs have been kicked by them?
e. Does your legs kicked by them?
25. We ate something in front of your child.
a. Something was eaten by us in front of your child 
b. Something was being eaten by us in front of your child 
c. Something is being eaten by us in front of your child
d. Something was eats by us in front of your child
e. Something should be eaten by us in front of your child 

G. Refleksi

Express Your Feeling

After you learn all the materials, write your opinions and feeling about
it down here.
_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

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