RokDoc - 2D Forward Modelling QI Plug-in

USER GUIDE

1 Revision History
Initial Draft 25 th January 2016
Copyright © 2016 Ikon Science Ltd.

All rights reserved. This work contains the confidential and proprietary trade secrets of Ikon Science Ltd and
may not be copied or stored in an information retrieval system, transferred, used, distributed, translated or
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express written permission of the copyright owner.

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User Guide
Contents
1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Create/Edit Studies .......................................................................................................................................2
2.1 Saved Studies ........................................................................................................................................2
3 Study Geometry ............................................................................................................................................3
4 Well Data ......................................................................................................................................................4
4.1 Well Data ..............................................................................................................................................4
4.2 Working Intervals .................................................................................................................................4
4.3 View On Well Section ...........................................................................................................................5
4.4 Body Averages ......................................................................................................................................5
5 Fluid Substitution..........................................................................................................................................5
5.1 Initial Properties ...................................................................................................................................6
5.2 Initial Fluid Properties ..........................................................................................................................6
5.3 Final Fluid Properties ............................................................................................................................7
5.4 Reservoir Properties .............................................................................................................................8
5.5 Fluid Parameters Calculator .................................................................................................................8
5.6 Final Properties.....................................................................................................................................9
6 Creating and Viewing The Model .............................................................................................................. 11
6.1 Elastic ................................................................................................................................................. 11
6.2 Synthetics .......................................................................................................................................... 11
6.3 Model Viewer .................................................................................................................................... 12
6.4 Events ................................................................................................................................................ 14
6.5 Measurement Attributes ................................................................................................................... 14
6.6 Attribute Cross Plot ........................................................................................................................... 15
6.6.1 Seismic Overlay.......................................................................................................................... 16
6.8 AVO Map............................................................................................................................................ 17
7 Outputs ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
7.1 Output Directory ............................................................................................................................... 19
1 Overview
The RokDoc - 2D Forward Modelling plug-in gives Petrel users access to a streamlined and easy to use
forward modelling tool. The plug-in offers a straight forward workflow which allows you to move from rock
property averages taken from well logs to a synthetic 2D seismic.

The plug-in includes three useful templates for modelling sessions:

 Tuning Wedge
 Anticline
 Dipping Reservoir

The ‘Tuning Wedge’ model can be used to investigate the effects of varying thickness between interfaces
and the resulting seismic amplitudes. This modelling session also benefits from the seismic overlay function
available in the Attribute Cross-Plot.

Both the ‘Anticline’ and ‘Dipping Reservoir’ models can be used as a quick look for seismic interpretation. By
making use of the easy to use geometry and property manipulation, and fluid substitution, a conceptual
model can be made to produce a synthetic model which can be compared with real seismic.

The plug-in uses common well logs as inputs and allows for fine tuning to create an initial blocky model, after
which a final model can be created via the use of Fluid Substitution. The resulting seismic sections can then
be saved to a Petrel project along with events and fluid contacts and displayed using an interpretation
window.

The plug-in also supports the creation of measurement events and attribute measurements from seismic
with cross plot functionality.

The 2D Forward Modelling plug-in is divided into five tabs all of which reside in a parent form. The first tab
provides a way to define the session geometry, the second to choose a well and logs and define working
intervals, the third to perform a fluid substitution, the fourth to view and edit the 2D model, events and
attributes and the fifth to save outputs to the Petrel tree.

You can navigate through the tabs in any order you wish but you can’t create a 2D model until all required
inputs have been set. If a required input hasn’t been set you will be informed which input is missing when
you click ‘Apply’, if all required inputs have been set the 2D modelling process will run and a 2D model will
appear on the fourth tab.

As calculations/operations are performed, progress bars, warning prompts, and error messages display to
help guide you.

Tooltips are available throughout the plug-in.

2D Forward Modelling is displayed after clicking the 2D Forward Modelling icon from the Quantitative
Interpretation ribbon or from the Geophysics branch of the Processes tree.

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User Guide
2 Create/Edit Studies
When you launch ‘2D Forward Modelling’, a new study will be created by default. You can edit the study
name up until you click ‘Apply’ and the model is created.

Once your model has been created, it will appear in the ‘Edit’ drop down. All previously saved and
subsequent studies will be listed here. To edit a study simply select ‘Edit’ and choose the study you wish to
edit from the drop down.

2.1 Saved Studies

Once your 2D Forward Modelling model has been created, the study will be saved to the Petrel Inputs tree
under the RokDoc – 2D Forward Modelling Studies node. You can delete studies using the right click context
menu.

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User Guide
3 Study Geometry
The first stage of the workflow requires you to select the type of model you wish to create. The Model drop
down contains Tuning Wedge (Left to right and right to left), Anticline and Dipping Reservoir.

You can optionally select a well from which to create your 2D model.

In addition to choosing the model type and an optional well, you can choose the study domain (TVDss or
TWT), the number of traces, time/depth top and bottom, sample interval and horizontal interval. You can
automatically set all of these values by selecting a Seismic 2D Line from the Petrel tree and clicking ‘Get from
Selected’.

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4 Well Data
If a well was not selected in the ‘Study Geometry’ tab, the only option available is the ‘Vp to Surface’ speed.

If a well was selected, all options will be enabled giving you the option to change the default values that have
been selected by the plug-in.

4.1 Well Data

Logs are automatically included when a well is selected in the ‘Study Geometry’ tab, though specific
selections can be made if you choose.

The log types accepted in the Well Data page include:

 Velocity (Vp/Vs)
 Density (Rho)
 Sonic (DT/DTs)

N.B. if a sonic log is used for Vp or Vs it is automatically used to create a corresponding velocity log which is
stored as a new log under the appropriate well in Petrel.

If logs are missing or you do not wish to use them, the corresponding property is left as a default value.

The ‘Vp to Surface’ value is calculated using the active General Time log for the selected well. The value is
determined by the depth set for the top of the overburden

The ‘Maximum Thickness’ value (seen in a Tuning Wedge model) defines the maximum extents of the model.
This value must exceed the difference between the reservoir top and base, as this is used to draw a
hypothetical wellbore.

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4.2 Working Intervals

The working intervals used to create the model are defined in the Overburden, Reservoir and Underburden
Working Interval sections. These are defined by setting the boundary for the Overburden Top, the Reservoir
Top and Base, and the Underburden Base. Values can either be entered directly into the appropriate fields
or Horizons/Well Tops can be used from the Petrel Input tab.

4.3 View On Well Section

Clicking the ‘View Well Section’ button will launch a Petrel well section window showing the selected well,
logs and working intervals. Updates to the well, logs or working intervals whilst a well section window is
open will be automatically shown in the window.

4.4 Body Averages

The ‘Body Averages’ table shows the average values for Vp, Vs, and Rho which are calculated from the
working interval for the Overburden, Reservoir and Underburden bodies. Hovering over the cells in the table
will show a tooltip which displays the number of points used to calculate the average.

Body averages will automatically update when changes to the working intervals are made.

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User Guide
5 Fluid Substitution
After creating the model, you have the option to use the Fluid Substitution function. In this tab, the fluid and
mineral properties can be defined using a number of fluid and mineral mixing methods.

5.1 Initial Properties

The ‘Initial Properties’ section shows the average values for Vp, Vs, and Rho calculated from the working
interval for the Overburden, Reservoir and Underburden bodies. Hovering over the cells in the table will
show a tooltip which displays the number of points used to calculate the average.

If a well has been selected, the ‘Link To Well Data’ checkbox will be visible and checked by default.
Unchecking the box will put the table into an editable state allowing you to manually change the body
averages. Rechecking the box will recalculate the body averages and put the table back into read only mode.
Clicking the ‘Reset / Recalculate Averages’ button will recalculate the body averages and the table will still be
editable.

If no well has been selected, the table is always editable. Clicking the ‘Reset / Recalculate Averages’ button
will return the body averages to their default values.

5.2 Initial Fluid Properties

The ‘Initial Fluid Properties’ table allows you to define the initial fluid properties as well as the fluid mixing
method. The fluid properties used include Vp, Density and Bulk Modulus (K). Vp and Density values can be
entered manually or calculated using the Fluid Parameters Calculator, K is then calculated based on these
values.

‘Copy To Final Fluids’ copies the ‘Initial Fluid Properties’ to the ‘Final Fluids Properties’ tab.

The fluid mixing method is specified using the ‘Fluid Mixing’ drop down. The default fluid mixing method is
'Woods'. You can also select 'Brie’ from the drop down and enter an exponent. Note that Brie mixing is
recommended if the fluid is Gas saturated.

‘Fluid Saturations’ can set by selecting a saturation log (Sw, So, or Sg). The calculated average will
automatically populate the correct field. You have the flexibility of choosing multiple complement fluids, but
the total saturation must add up to 100. This can be done by manually typing in a value or using the spinner
buttons in the appropriate field.

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5.3 Final Fluid Properties

The ‘Final Fluid Properties’ table allows you to define the final fluid properties as well as the fluid mixing
method. The fluid properties used include Vp, Density and Bulk Modulus (K). Vp and Density values can be
entered manually or calculated using the Fluid Parameters Calculator, K is calculated based on these values.

‘Copy To Final Fluids’ copies the ‘Final Fluids Properties’ to the ‘Initial Fluid Properties’ tab.

The fluid mixing method is specified using the ‘Fluid Mixing’ drop down. The default fluid mixing method is
'Woods'. You can also select 'Brie’ from the drop down and enter an exponent. Note that Brie mixing is
recommended if the fluid is Gas saturated.

‘Fluid Saturations’ allow you to subdivide the reservoir into multiple fluid filled bodies with discrete fluid
contacts. Selecting the checkbox for Gas, Oil, and Water Reservoir adds that body to the final model.
Furthermore, the mixed fluid saturations can be determined by changing the values of oil and gas in the
appropriate fields (the water compliment is automatically set as the complement). As with the initial fluids,
the values must add up to 100.

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5.4 Reservoir Properties

The ‘Reservoir Properties’ tab allows you to define the dry rock by its mineral components. Each mineral is
included with an associated Volume Fraction (out of 100). Additional minerals can be added via the use of
the ‘Add New Mineral’ drop down.

The ‘Advanced Options’ checkbox extends the table and shows specific mineral properties when selected.

The ‘Mineral Mixing’ method can also be set using the drop down box. The following mineral mixing options
are available:

 Voigt-Reuss-Hill (weighting) - you must also supply K and Mu upper weights with this option
 Hashin-Shtrikman (weighting) – you must also supply K and Mu upper weights with this option
 Kroner
 Voigt
 Reuss
 Hashin-Shtrikman Lower Bound
 Hashin-Shtrikman Upper Bound

‘Reservoir Porosity’ for the reservoir interval is given as a single fraction value. A porosity log can be added
which will calculate an average value based on the reservoir interval selected, or a value can be typed in
manually.

5.5 Fluid Parameters Calculator

From within the ‘Initial Fluid Properties’ and ‘Final Fluid Properties’ tabs, the parameters of each fluid can be
defined using the ‘Fluid Calculator’. This is launched from the 'Calculate Fluid Properties' button.

The ‘Fluid Calculator’ enables water, oil and gas fluid parameters (Rho, Vp and K) to be calculated by utilising
the Batzle and Wang equations.

Datum inputs are the temperature and pressure at the target depth. Water input requires salinity and an
indication of the gas content (gas-free, gas-saturated or averaged gas – i.e. a mid-point between gas-free
and gas-saturated) to calculate the brine properties.

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The oil input requires a gas/oil ratio, dead oil gravity and gas gravity to calculate the necessary oil properties.
There is an option to use the full Batzle and Wang (1992) equations or to specify the oil density (i.e. in-situ oil
density) and use Batzle and Wang (1992) to calculate the oil Vp. If the latter is selected, there is a further
option to define oil density in terms of API or measured density. The max gas/oil ratio is calculated for QC
purposes.

Gas only requires the gas gravity to calculate velocity and density.

Click on the ‘Calculate’ button to compute the properties of the fluids. Click on ‘OK’ to copy the calculated
values to the previously selected fluid set.

5.6 Final Properties

Having set the initial body properties, initial fluid properties, final fluid properties, initial fluid saturations,
final fluid saturations and reservoir properties, clicking the ‘Calculate’ button will carry out the fluid
substitution. A ‘Final Properties’ table will appear showing the final fluid body properties and the final fluid
bodies will be shown on the seismic plot in the model tab (Note you will only see the final fluid bodies if you
have already created your model. If you haven’t, the final fluid bodies will automatically appear when your
model is made).

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Depending on the selected final fluids, the following fluid contacts will be present in the final model:

 Gas and Oil: Gas Oil Contact (GOC)

 Oil and Water: Oil Water Contact (OWC)
 Gas and Water: Gas Water Contact (GWC)
 Oil, Water, and Gas: both Gas Oil Contact, and Oil Water Contact

If multiple fluid bodies were selected, then the appropriate fluid contacts will be included. These act in a
similar way to the underburden and overburden events. The fluid events in a Wedge model session will be
limited to moving up and down. However, the Anticline and Dipping Reservoir models support tilted fluid
contacts. The tilted fluid contacts can be manipulated by using the side drag handles to tilt the contact and
the centre drag handles to move the contact up and down.

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6 Creating and Viewing The Model
Once the model has been initialised, click ‘Apply’ and select the ‘Model’ tab (named Tuning Wedge, Anticline
or Dipping Reservoir). This allows you to further edit, view, and analyse the model.

6.1 Elastic

The ‘Elastic’ tab enables viewing of a number of impedances each of which can be customised to some
degree.

6.2 Synthetics

The ‘Synthetics’ tab enables viewing of the model synthetic when a wavelet has been included. You must
select and drag and drop a wavelet from your Petrel project.

New synthetic inputs can be created using the ‘Create’ button, where each can include a different wavelet,
reflectivity type, velocity type and angle settings (whether single or stacked. And increments). The synthetic
input name is generated automatically based on the reflectivity type, the wavelet used, and the angle
settings.

New synthetics are generated using the settings of the active synthetic.

Reflectivity types include:

 Zoeppritz

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  Aki and Richards (3 term)
 Aki and Richards (2 term)
 Bortfeld (not available with velocity type PS)

6.3 Model Viewer

The Model Viewer contains various 2D quantities which can be viewed and manipulated. The viewer displays
trace number against the defined domain (either TVDss or TWT) both of which are defined on the ‘Study
Geometry’ tab.

The actual model can be manipulated by moving the events using the event drag handles. For the initial
model, the only movable events are the reservoir top and base, and depending on the session model type
(tuning wedge, anticline, and dipping reservoir) the events function in slightly different ways.

After carrying out fluid substitution on the model, where the final model contains multiple fluid types, a new
manipulable event will be shown. Fluid contact events function slightly differently to the reservoir events. In
all cases, the centre drag handle is used to change the depth of the fluid contact within the model. However,
in both the ‘Anticline’ and ‘Dipping Reservoir’ models, the fluid contacts can be tilted by using the side drag
handles.

A ‘Tuning Wedge Model’ displays a vertical black line on the plot. This represents the theoretical wellbore.
Its location is calculated based upon the selections in the ‘Well Data’ tab.

The Model Viewer contains a toolbar that contains buttons that allow you to open an Interpretation Window
displaying the active quantity, a ‘View All’ button, an ‘Attribute Cross-Plot’ button that launches an attribute

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cross-plot dialog, a drop down that switches the viewer between TWT and TVDss and a drop down that
switches between initial fluids and final fluids. This will only be active if you have performed a fluid
substitution.

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6.4 Events

Measurement Events can be created in the ‘Events’ tab. Events are associated with synthetic quantities and
will update if the model updates. Measurement events are based on an existing model event (either the top
or base of the reservoir section) but are then snapped to a particular attribute on the synthetic seismic
section. This snapping is controlled by the snap type assigned to the measurement event which can be
selected in the ‘Snap To’ drop down. The following snap types are available:

 Nearest Zero: Snaps to the nearest +- or -+ point

 Nearest Maximum: Snaps to the nearest peak
 Nearest Minimum: Snaps to the nearest trough
 Nearest -/+ crossing: Snaps to the nearest – to + amplitude
 Nearest +/- crossing: Snaps to the nearest + to – amplitude
 None: No snap, the new event runs along the base event

The ‘Bulk Shift’ option allows the event to be offset as a whole in a positive or negative depth/time direction.

When an event is created, it shows up on the synthetic model as well as being listed in the ‘Events’ tab. The
newly created event will be automatically selected giving you the chance to edit its settings. By right clicking
on the event in the list, you can edit the event colour as well as delete the event. Only user created events
can be deleted. If running a session in depth, events can only be created while in the TVDss domain
(changeable in the ‘Model Viewer’ panel).

6.5 Measurement Attributes

Measurement Attributes can be created by selecting the ‘Attributes’ tab. Attributes are created as an
amplitude reading along one event, the average amplitude along two events, the absolute average
amplitude along two events, or a separation between two events.

As attributes are associated with events they will update if the corresponding model is updated.

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Attributes are shown on the ‘Attribute Plot’ which is located to the left of the ‘Events/Attributes’ panel. It is
pre-set to show the attributes against the trace number and is in line with the synthetic model for quick
reference. Attributes in the plot are automatically scaled to fit however they can be manually scaled by
double clicking on the attribute line or right clicking on the name in the list of attributes and selecting
‘Attribute Plot Range’.

As with the events, by right clicking on the attribute in the attribute list, you can change the attribute colour,
delete the attribute and set the attribute plot range.

6.6 Attribute Cross Plot

The Attribute Cross Plot is launched by selecting the ‘Attribute Cross-Plot’ button from the ‘Model Viewer’
toolbar. The ‘Attribute Cross-Plot’ is used to cross-plot different attribute measurements against one
another. The attributes are selected in the Plot Parameters panel as either the X or Y axis, and the selected
attributes are then viewed in the ‘Attribute Cross-Plot’ panel. The specific value can be seen by hovering
over a given point and viewing the tooltip.

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6.6.1 Seismic Overlay
Within the ‘Attribute Cross-Plot’ a seismic overlay can be displayed. A seismic cube along with an upper and
lower horizon is selected from Petrel and the amplitude readings from a number of settings can be displayed
on the cross-plot. This includes Amplitude at Upper Horizon, Amplitude at Lower Horizon, Average
Amplitude and Absolute Average Amplitude. The resolution can also be changed which alters the bin size for
the data.

The overlay can only be created while in TWT. It can only be viewed with the X axis showing a separation
attribute and the Y axis showing an Amplitude attribute (the axis will be selected automatically upon clicking
the calculate button).

By hovering over the plotted seismic overlay, the corresponding amplitude, separation, and count is shown
above the plot viewer.

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6.8 AVO Map

The ‘AVO Map’ button is located within the ‘Synthetics’ tab. Clicking the ‘Make AVO Map…’ button launches
the AVO Map dialog where the AVO response for the selected quantity along a given event can be created.
The synthetic quantity selected is the one currently being viewed in the ‘Model Viewer’ panel and can only
be changed by closing the ‘AVO Map’ dialog and selecting a different synthetic quantity. The reservoir top,
base, or any user created events for the select quantity will be available in the ‘Event’ drop down. The far
angle and increment can be defined to change the range and resolution of the AVO Map.

Clicking the ‘Calculate’ button will cause the AVO Map to be calculated progressively. The colour scheme
updates as more of the data is shown. Hovering over the AVO Map shows the amplitude values for each
Trace/Angle point in the information bar.

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7 Outputs
The ‘Outputs’ tab is used to select which output items (Quantity, Event, Measurement Attribute or Fluid
Contact) are to be saved to the Petrel project.

Each output item has an associated text field that can be used to override the output item’s name and either
one or two domain checkboxes that can be ticked on or off. If your model was built in TVDss, then all output
items will have two checkboxes labelled ‘TVDss’ and ‘TWT’ which can be used to specified the domains in
which you’d like the output item to be saved. If your model was built in TWT all output items will have one
checkbox labelled ‘TWT’.

All output items will be saved to the Petrel Input tree using the following rules:

Quantities

Seismic Project > RokDoc 2D Forward Modelling (Survey Collection) > Study Name > Study Domain
(TVDss/TWT) > Quantity Name

Events

Seismic Project > RokDoc 2D Forward Modelling (Interpretation Collection) > Study Name > Study Domain
(TVDss/TWT) > Event Name

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Measurement Attributes

Seismic Project > RokDoc 2D Forward Modelling (Interpretation Collection) > Study Name > Study Domain
(TVDss/TWT) > Event Name > Study Domain (TVDss/TWT) > Measurement Attribute Name

Fluid Contacts

Seismic Project > RokDoc 2D Forward Modelling (Interpretation Collection) > Study Name > Study Domain
(TVDss/TWT) > Fluid Contact Name

7.1 Output Directory

To specify an output directory where all quantities will be saved too, simply check the ‘Use’ box and click the
‘…’ button to choose your output directory. Next time you click ‘Apply’, all .segy files will be saved here.

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