IOT BASED FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
S.Akshay Santosh 181201002
Azhagu Murugan 181201006
M.Hari hara sudan 181201014
Narayanan Ramasamy 181201029

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

ANNA UNIVERSITY :: CHENNAI 600 025

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, THANDALAM

SEPTEMBER 2020

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 ANNA UNIVERSITY :: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “IOT BASED FIRE ALARM

SYSTEM” is the bonafide work of “S.Akshay Santosh(181201002),
Azhagu Murugan(181201006), M.Hariharasudan (181201014),
Narayanan Ramasamy (181201029)” who carried out the project under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

DR.V.SANTHANAM Mr. M. SRIDHARAN

HEAD AND PROFESSOR Assistant Professor,
Department Of Mechatronics Engineering, Department Of Mechatronics Engineering,
Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Rajalakshmi Engineering College,
Thandalam, Thandalam,
Chennai – 602 105. Chennai – 602 105.

This project is submitted for VIVA-VOCE examination held on ............................

at Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 ABSTRACT

In this work a review of existing fire-detector types has been carried out along with the
development of a low cost, portable, and reliable microcontroller based automated fire alarm
system for remotely alerting any fire incidents in household or industrial premises.

The aim of the system designed is to alert the distant property-owner efficiently and quickly by
sending short message.

A Linear integrated temperature sensor detects temperature beyond preset value whereas
semiconductor type sensor detects presence of smoke or gas from fire hazards. The sensor
units are connected via common data line to ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC. It is used to send alerts to
alerts to users via internet using wifi

The system is implemented on printed circuit board (PCB) and tested under different
experimental conditions to evaluate its performances.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Initially we thank the almighty for being with us through every walk of life it
is our privilege to express our sincerest thanks to our respected Chairman Mr.
S.Meganathan, B.E., F.I.E. and sincerest thanks to our beloved chairperson Dr.
(Mrs)Thangam Meganathan ,M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D for providing us with the
requisite infrastructure and extending support in all endeavors.

Our heartfelt thanks to Dr. S. N. Murugesan, our Principal for his kind
support and resources provided to complete our work in time. We also thank Dr.
G. Thanigaiyarasu, B.E., M.Sc., (Engg-), Dean Mechanical Sciences for his
suggestion and guidance for completion of project.

We deeply express our sincere thanks to Dr. V. Santhanam, M.E., Ph.D.

Head of our Department, for his encouragement and continues support to complete
the project in time.

We are glad to express our sincere indebtedness to our department project

coordinator Dr. M. Balakarthikeyan, M.E., Ph.D. Department of Mechatronics
engineering for their constructive criticism throughout the duration of our project.

We are glad to express our sincere thanks and regards to our guide &
supervisor MR. M. Sridharan, M.E Assistant Professor, Department of
Mechatronics Engineering for his guidance and suggestion throughout the course
of the project. Finally we express our thanks for all teaching, non- teaching faculty
of our Mechatronics Engineering department and our parents for helping us with
the necessary suggestions and guidance during the time of project.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iii

LIST OF FIGURES viii

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORY OF FIRE ALARM 1

1.2 IOT SYSTEM 4

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT 4

1.4 FLAWS 4

1.4.1. Poor internet connection 4

1.4.2. Need multiple nodes 5

1.5 TESTING OF SYSTEM 5

1.5.1. Sensitivity test 5
1.5.2. Ping Test 6

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1. REVIEW OF THE BUILDING 8

2.2. FIRE COMPARTMENTS 9
2.3. DETECTION ZONES 9
2.4 . SAFETY MEASURES 12

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3 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 13

3.1. WORKING PRINCIPLE 13

3.2. BLOCK DIAGRAM 15

3.3. COMPONENTS USED 15

3.4. DESIGN CALCULATION 16
3.5. SELECTION OF MATERIALS 17
3.6.
3.6.1 Selection Of materials 17
3.7.2. Selection Of esp 8266 18
3.7.3. Selection of flame sensor 19

3.7. MODEL DESIGN 20

3.7.1 Components Design 20

4 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 23
4.1. NODE MCU 23
4.2. FLAME SENSOR 25
4.3. BATTERY 26
4.4. WIRING TECHNIQUES 26

5 CONSLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 29

REFERENCE 31

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

NO.

1.1 fire hazard 3

1.1. Poor internet connection 4

1.2. Multiple nodes in a house 5

1.3. Heat sensor 5

1.4. Ping test 6

1.5. ESP 12E CHIP 13

1.6. Flame Sensor 14

1.7. IOT block diagram 14

1.8. ABS Plastic roll for 3d printing 16

1.9. ESP 8266Node Mcu 17

1.10. 3d printed case 20

1.11. NodeMCU Development Board/kit v0.9 23

1.12. NodeMCU Development Board/kit v1.0 24

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1.13. Flame sensor image 25

1.14. 9v battery 26

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 1.1 HISTORY

Several 19th century inventions fundamentally altered the fire detection

landscape for the better. Samuel Morse invented the telegraph in 1837, and
it didn’t take long for others to take advantage of the first form of long-
distance communication. In 1852, Dr. William Channing spearheaded the
first city-wide fire alarm system in Boston, Massachusetts. This system took
the “central bell tower” idea and turned it into a “central station.” Essentially,
a notification was sent from a box in a neighborhood to a centrally-located
operating center. When a fire alarm was received, the central station would
ring the bell tower and give responders the specific neighborhood the signal
originated from. For the first time in history, dispatch times considerably
improved because of the ability to pinpoint the location of a fire.

Dr. Channing also drew an important comparison between the increasing

complexity of electrical systems to that of the nervous system of the human
body. His sense that multiple “nerves” (field devices) would report
information to a “brain” (control panel/central station) would lay the
groundwork for commercial and residential fire alarm systems decades into
his future.

Even with the rollout of new city-wide fire alarm systems, cities were still
developing faster than they safely should have. The Great Chicago Fire in
1871 killed hundreds and devastated the city’s infrastructure, underscoring
the need for buildings to be built to a certain standard to prevent fire
outbreak and spreading. The new focus on safer building design brought to
fruition the first set of accepted fire building codes. While this helped
improve fire safety in residences and commercial buildings, firefighting was
still predicated upon someone seeing a fire, reporting it, and then the
mobilization of the fire department—and all the while, the fire raged on.

It took the harnessing of electrical power to bring about the age of early
detection. Francis Robbins Upton, a partner of Thomas Edison’s, patented
the “Portable Electric Fire-Alarm”—the world’s first hand pull station. The
turn of the 20th century saw the invention of other detection devices—the
smoke detector and carbon monoxide detector—that would eventually
comprise essential components of modern fire alarm systems. While the
technology existed over a hundred years ago, they devices were often too
expensive to produce or too large for viable use in a home or business. It
would take improvements in manufacturing and fire alarm technology

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before the modern fire alarm system could take on the form we’re familiar
with today.

THE MODERN FIRE ALARM SYSTEM: EARLY

DETECTION, EARLY RESPONSE

Ionized smoke detectors (using trace amounts of radioactive particles to

detect smoke) were developed for use in 1951 but were too large and costly
for even most commercial properties. It wasn’t until 1955 that compact,
functional heat detectors began use in homes. Cost-effective, battery-
powered smoke detectors were developed in 1965 by Duane Pearsall and
Stanley Peterson, and by 1975 the devices were being mass-produced for
consumer use. Battery-powered carbon monoxide detectors were developed
en masse in the early 1990s, and the first combination smoke/carbon
monoxide detectors hit the market in 1996.

For the first time in history, both businesses and homes were able to both
locally alert occupants to a fire and send the signal to a monitored control
panel. This period of time saw an emphasis on the development of central
stations who could actually pinpoint specific locations and alarm signals and
relay that to appropriate dispatchers and fire departments. Firefighting
tactics shifted dramatically from fighting declining fires to trying to douse
flames in the development phase—before the fires could transform into the
block-burning fires of yesteryear. Because of this dramatic shift, fire
fatalities have steadily dropped over the course of the past fifty years.

The beginning of the 21st century saw the development and wider
acceptance of mass notification systems—specifically, voice evacuation fire
alarm systems.

Instead of the same light flashes and sirens going off for every unique fire
event, a voice evacuation system could alert occupants to the location of a
fire, the proper evacuation procedure, and the fact that the alarm was not a
drill. By customizing the evacuation procedure during an alarm event, the

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ability to vacate buildings became even more efficient, further limiting the
loss of life associated with fires.

For years, first responders relied on paper maps to reach a fire in an

apartment building or office. Incomplete information would delay
firefighters from arriving at an emergency, and false alarms would set

them on the wrong path altogether. Dispatchers in 911 centers would

receive erroneous information on a problem with a smoke detector rather
than a sprinkler switch.

Now cloud computing, mobile apps, edge computing and IoT gateways
will enable fire safety personnel to gain visibility into how to reach an
emergency.

Remote monitoring and diagnostic capabilities of an IoT system help

firefighters know where to position personnel and trucks in advance,
according to Bauer. An IoT system tells fire personnel the locations of a
smoke detector going off, a heat detector sending signals or a water flow
switch being activated.

You can see a map of the building with the actual location identified
where the fire really is, and you can actually watch it spread if you have
enough sensorsIoT . An IoT system could shut down an HVAC system

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or put elevators in fire mode if smoke is blowing around a building, he
suggested. A mobile app populated with sensor data can provide visibility
into emergency systems and how to control specific locations in a
building. It provides a holistic view of sensors, controls and fire panels.

1.2 IOT SYSTEM

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices,
mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided
with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without
requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENTS

Conventional systems are very costly and they are centralized
systemsSo,they are very complex and not user friendly.so to simplify that
we use Iot for user friendly interface and standalone nodes to reduce the
cost and effectiveness of the system.

1.4 FLAWS
1. poor internet connnection.

2. Need multiple node.

1.4.1 POOR INTERNET CONNECTION:

Lack of internet connection cause the iot system performance. And block
the system from communicate with each other.

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1.4.2 NEED MULTIPLE NODES.

Since it connected only in short range, it needs many nodes and few wifi
extenders placed across the place.

1.5 TESTING OF SYSTEMS

1.5.1 SENSITIVITY
It should always sense the environment and compare it to the room
temperature to analyse whether there is fire or not.

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1.5.2 PING

It should constantly ping if the ping is interupted or request not received

it consider it as offline and will disconnect from the server.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Fire detectors can be of different types with various specific features

depending upon different scenarios and demands. More or less these
detectors can be categorized as heat or thermal detectors, smoke or gas
detectors,
semiconductor gas detectors, and flame detectors.

Heat or Thermal Type Detectors

Heat or thermal type detectors are the most primitive types of
autonomous fire detectors, dating back to mid-1800’s [7]. Most of these
detectors are fixed temperature ones, which activates upon reaching a
predefined temperature. Others include types, which activate whenever
there is an abnormal rise in temperature in the premises.

Thermal detectors are reliable, inexpensive, easy to maintain, and have

lower false alarm rate. But these detectors are slow, and by the time they
reach predefined detection point, damage could already been underway.
Therefore these detectors are of limited use.

Smoke or Gas Detectors

Smoke or gas detectors, a relatively newer invention, became widespread

during 1970’s and 1980’s.These detectors usually detect fire in early
flaming or smoldering stages. These detectors can be of different types
having
different operation principles, namely—optical or photoelectric detectors,
ionization detectors, air sampling detectors etc. Each of these types has
specific applications in specific circumstances.
Photoelectric or optical smoke detectors include various components,
mainly, a light source (usually an infrared LED), and a lens to converge
light rays into a beam, and a photodiode . In normal condition, the light
beam passes straight. But whenever smoke interrupts the path of light,
scatters fraction of light into the photodiode, the smoke detector is
activated. This method of detection can detect fires that begin with long
duration of smoldering aptly . Ionization smoke detectors are based on
ionization from radioactive elements like americium-241. This

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radioactive isotope emits alpha particles into an ionization chamber,
which comprises of electrodes. The alpha particles ionize the air inside
the chamber, resulting current flow between the electrodes. Now,
whenever smoke particles from a nearby fire passes through the chamber,
the ions get attached to smoke particles, and thereby interrupts the current
flow between the electrodes, and activates the detector [6]. This type of
detectors is more suited to rapid flaming fire outbursts, unlike the
photoelectric detectors, which responds better to smoldering stages .
Ionization detectors might perform better where there is risk of fast
flaming fire, whereas photoelectric detectors react better to cases of slow
smoldering, like electrical or furnishing fire. Ionization devices are
weaker in scenarios where air-flow is high. Although ionization type
detectors are cheaper than photoelectric ones, they have more chance of
false alarm than the photoelectric detectors. However, ionization based
detectors have safety issues and possess threats to environment, because
of americium-241. Therefore, on the basis of performance and safety
concern some countries have banned ionization based alarms, and
different fire authorities and associations have reports not recommending
use of these detectors [6]. Air sampling detectors have applications in
very sensitive areas, as they can detect very fine smoke particles. These
detectors are mostly air aspirating type systems. Generally they comprise
a control unit, and a network of sampling tubes or pipes. The control unit
consists of detection chamber, an aspiration fan, and necessary operation
circuitry.
Since this type of detectors are very sensitive and fast responding, they
have applications in high-value and critical areas, such as, aesthetic
galleries, archives, vaults, server rooms, high-tech organizations etc.
However, these detection systems are complex and expensive. Moreover,
some combination smoke alarms include both ionization and
photoelectric technologies in a single device. Some smoke alarms use a
carbon dioxide sensor or carbon monoxide sensor for detection as well .

2.1. Review of the Building

1. Review the physical properties of the building such as:

• Building height
• Number of floors
• Area of each floor
• Smoke compartments
• Sprinkler system, if any
2. What fire alarm equipment is required in this occupancy
3. What locations are fire alarm devices required
4. Determine if there is a special use or occupancy

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2.2. FIRE COMPARTMENTS

A fire compartment is a part of a building that is separated from the rest

of the building by a fire resistant structure so as to limit the spread of fire
within the building. The requirements for designing a building and hence
its fire compartments, are defined in building regulations. It is necessary,
however, for the designer of fire detection and alarm system to be
familiar with the design of the building, in particular the position and
extent of its fire compartments.

2.3. Detection Zones

Fire detection zones are essentially a convenient way of dividing up a

building to assist in quickly locating the position of a fire. The zone
boundaries are not physical features of the building, although it is normal
to make the zone boundary coincide with walls, floors and specifically
fire compartments. The size and position of the detection zones will
therefore tend to be dependant on the shape of the buildings, but will also
depend on what the building is used for and to some extent the number of
people the building is expected to contain at any one time. Some specific
recommendations with respect to detection zones are:
1. Zones should be restricted to single floors, except where the total floor
area of a
building is less than 3000 ft².
2. Voids above or below the floor area of a room may be included in the
same zone
as the room so long as they are both in the same fire compartment.
3. Zones should not be larger than 20,000 ft² except for manual systems
in single
storey open plan buildings, such as a warehouse, where up to 100,000 ft²
is
allowed.
4. Fire detectors in an enclosed stairwell, lift shaft or the like should be
considered
as a separate zone.
5. The search distance within a zone should be less than 300 ft in any
direction (all
possible entrance points must be considered). This can be relaxed when
using
addressable systems, if the information provided at the control and

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indicator
equipment would allow fire fighters, unfamiliar with the building, to
proceed
directly to the location of the fire. The search distance only relates to the
distance
from entering a zone to being able to determine the location of the fire, it
is not
necessary to travel to the fire.
6. Zones should not cross fire compartments, a fire compartment can
contain
several zones but a zone should not contain more than one fire
compartment.
Alarm Zones. Alarm zones are only needed in buildings where operation
of the alarms needs to be different in certain parts of the buildings. If the
only requirement is to activate all the alarm sounders to provide a single
common evacuate signal once a fire is detected, then alarm zones are not
needed as the whole building is considered one alarm zone.
For more complex buildings where it is necessary to operate alarm
devices differently in
parts of the building, then the building should be divided into alarm zones
such that all of
the alarm devices in one alarm zone operate in the same way. Here are
some
recommendations for alarm zones:
1. The boundaries of all alarm zones should comprise fire-resisting
construction.
2. Signal overlap between alarm zones should not cause confusion.
3. The same alarm and alert signals should be used throughout a building.
4. A detection zone must not contain multiple alarm zones, alarm and
detection
zone boundaries should coincide. An alarm zone may contain multiple
detection
zones.
Once the building zones and fire alarm requirements are determined,
install per the
applicable standards
NFPA Codes and Standards
NFPA publishes standards for the proper application, installation, and
maintenance of automatic smoke detectors. The principal codes which
should be reviewed before specifying or installing automatic smoke
detectors are listed below:
NFPA publishes codes and standards concerning all phases of fire
protection. Among

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those which directly concern automatic smoke detectors are:
1. NFPA 70 National Electrical Code:
• Article 210, Branch Circuits
• Article 760, Fire Protective Signaling Systems
• Article 500, Hazardous Areas
2. NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code:
NFPA 72 covers minimum performance, location, mounting, testing, and
maintenance requirements of automatic fire detectors.
3. NFPA 90A Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and
Ventilating
Systems
4. NFPA 92A Smoke Control Systems in Malls, Atria, and Large Areas
NFPA 90A and 92A provide information on the use of smoke detectors in
ducts
of HVAC systems and smoke control systems.
5. NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
NFPA 101 specifies the requirements for smoke detection in both new
and
existing buildings depending on the type of occupancy.
Building and Fire Codes
There are three independent regional organizations which write model
building and fire codes which become law when adopted by local and
state governments. These codes specify smoke detector requirements
based on building type and occupancy. The organizations are:
1. Building Officials and Code Administrators (BOCA) - BOCA’s
National Building
Code is generally used throughout the Northeast and Midwest regions of
the
United States.
2. International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) - ICBO’s
Uniform Building
Code is generally used throughout the West and Southwest regions of the
United
States.
Building Codes is generally used in our country India.
In addition these above listed organizations have formed an umbrella
organization known as the International Code Council (ICC), for the
purpose of combining the codes produced by the above three
organizations into a single set of model building and fire
codes .

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2.4. SAFETY MEASURES :
Standby time for life safety systems is normally 24 hrs. For property
protection this may need to be increased to up to 72hrs where the building
is unoccupied over weekends.
NFPA 72 [2002] states the following for secondary power supply [section
4.4.1.5]:
4.4.1.5.1 Secondary power for protected premises
• dedicated storage battery
• dedicated branch circuit of a generator with dedicated storage battery
for 4 hours
4.4.1.5.3* Capacity
• 24 hours standby – 5 minutes alarm (evacuate)
• 24 hours standby – 15 minutes alarm (Emergency Voice / Alarm
Communication
Systems)
• 24 hours standby – Supervising Stations
* NFPA 72 [1999] calls for 60 hours standby for an Auxiliary or Remote
Station system.

3. DESIGN AND METHEDOLOGY

3.1. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF NODE MCU 8266

The ESP8266 Integrates 802.11b/g/n HT40 Wi-Fi transceiver, so it can

not only connect to a WiFi network and interact with the Internet, but it
can also set up a network of its own, allowing other devices to connect
directly to it. This makes the ESP8266 NodeMCU even more versatile.

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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF FLAME SENSOR

The basic principle of operation for a single frequency IR detector is; ...
Additionally, the sun's radiation at this band is absorbed by the earth's
atmosphere, making the IR flame detector solar blind. Single
frequency detectors use a pyroelectric sensor, which responds to changes
in IR radiation intensity.

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3.2. BLOCK DIAGRAM

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3.3. COMPONENTS USED

1. Node mcu 8266

2. Flame sensor
3. 9v battery
4. 3D printed case
5. Jumper wires

3.4. DESIGN CALCULATION

Mounting Heights FOR Detectors:

Under all normal circumstances point type fire detectors should be
mounted on the
ceiling. This ensures that the height restrictions are met together with the
following table.

Ceiling heights (ft)

General limits Rapid attendance
Heat detectors 7.5 12
Point type smoke 10.5 15
detectors
Optical beam 25 40
smoke detectors

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3.5. SELECTION OF MATERIALS

3.5.1 3D PRINTED CASE

There are many types of filaments such, as PLA, ABS, PETG, carbon
fiber, wood-like and even flexible materials based on PLA. They all come
with a different price tag. Naturally, this makes it hard to answer the
question, how much does this 3D printer material cost? Additionally,
pricing heavily depends on the quality of the material. Generally speaking,
PLA filaments are the cheapest, next are ABS filaments, and then come
the rest.
That may seem like a pretty big gap, but as we said, prices highly depend
on the type of material, the quality, and the manufacturer.
As an example, popular filament manufacturer ColorFabb offers a wide
range of PLAIf you want to save money in the long run, you can buy
PLA plastic pellets .
This is the raw material PLA filament is made from. In its natural form, it
is semi-transparent and can be colored with pigments. The drawback is
that you need a special printing system to 3D print the pellets — and this
one’s quite expensive.

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 3.5.2 SELECTION OF ESP 8266

 Microcontroller: Tensilica 32-bit RISC CPU Xtensa LX106

 perating Voltage: 3.3V
 Input Voltage: 7-12V
 Digital I/O Pins (DIO): 16
 Analog Input Pins (ADC): 1
 UARTs: 1
 SPIs: 1
 I2Cs: 1
 Flash Memory: 4 MB
 SRAM: 64 KB
 Clock Speed: 80 MHz
 USB-TTL based on CP2102 is included onboard, Enabling Plug n
Play
 PCB Antenna
 Small Sized module to fit smartly inside your IoT projects

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 3.5.3 SELECTION OF FLAME SENSOR

 Photosensitivity is high
 Response time is fast
 Simple to use
 Sensitivity is adjustable
 Detection angle is 600,
 It is responsive to the flame range.
 Accuracy can be adjustable
 Operating voltage of this sensor is 3.3V to 5V
 Analog voltage o/ps and digital switch o/ps
 The PCB size is 3cm X 1.6cm
 Power indicator & digital switch o/p indicator
 If the flame intensity is lighter within 0.8m then the flame test can
be activated, if the flame intensity is high, then the detection of distance
will be improved.

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3.6. MODEL DESIGN:

3D design for the box which encloses the fire alarm system.

LID BOTTOM VIEW

LID LEFT SIDE VIEW

19
 LID TOP VIEW

LID RIGHT SIDE VIEW

20
 LID FRONT VIEW

BOX LEFT SIDE VIEW

Box TOPVIEW

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 BOX FRONT VIEW

BOX RIGHT SIDE VIEW

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 4. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1. NODE MCU 8266

NodeMCU is an open-source LUA based firmware developed for the

ESP8266 wifi chip. By exploring functionality with the ESP8266 chip,
NodeMCU firmware comes with the ESP8266 Development board/kit i.e.
NodeMCU Development board.

NodeMCU Development Board/kit v0.9 (Version1)

Since NodeMCU is an open-source platform, its hardware design is open
for edit/modify/build.
NodeMCU Dev Kit/board consist of ESP8266 wifi enabled chip.
The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi chip developed by Espressif Systems
with TCP/IP protocol. .
There is Version2 (V2) available for NodeMCU Dev Kit i.e. NodeMCU
Development Board v1.0 (Version2), which usually comes in black
colored PCB.

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 NodeMCU Development Board/kit v1.0 (Version2)

For more information about NodeMCU Boards available in the market

refer to NodeMCU Development Boards
NodeMCU Dev Kit has Arduino like Analog (i.e. A0) and Digital (D0-
D8) pins on its board.
It supports serial communication protocols i.e. UART, SPI, I2C, etc.
Using such serial protocols we can connect it with serial devices like I2C
enabled LCD display, Magnetometer HMC5883, MPU-6050 Gyro meter
+ Accelerometer, RTC chips, GPS modules, touch screen displays, SD
cards, etc.

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4.2. FLAME SENSOR

A flame-sensor is one kind of detector which is mainly designed for

detecting as well as responding to the occurrence of a fire or flame. The
flame detection response can depend on its fitting. It includes an alarm
system, a natural gas line, propane & a fire suppression system. This
sensor is used in industrial boilers. The main function of this is to give
authentication whether the boiler is properly working or not. The
response of these sensors is faster as well as more accurate compare with
a heat/smoke detector because of its mechanism while detecting the flame.

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4.3. BATTERY

The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is a common size of battery that

was introduced for the early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism
shape with rounded edges and a polarized snap connector at the top. This
type is commonly used in smoke detectors, gas detectors, clocks, walkie-
talkies, electric guitars and effects units.
The nine-volt battery format is commonly available in primary carbon-
zinc and alkaline chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in
rechargeable form in nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-
ion. Mercury-oxide batteries of this format, once common, have not been
manufactured in many years due to their mercury
content. Designations for this format include NEDA 1604 and IEC
6F22 (for zinc-carbon) or MN1604 6LR61 (for alkaline). The size,
regardless of chemistry, is commonly designated PP3—a designation
originally reserved solely for carbon-zinc, or in some countries, E or E-
block.[1]
Most nine-volt alkaline batteries are constructed of six individual 1.5 V
LR61 cells enclosed in a wrapper.[2] These cells are slightly smaller than
LR8D425 AAAA cells and can be used in their place for some devices,
even though they are 3.5 mm shorter. Carbon-zinc types are made with
six flat cells in a stack, enclosed in a moisture-resistant wrapper to
prevent drying. Primary lithium types are made with three cells in series.

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4.4. CABILING & WIRING TECHNIQUES :

Wiring Installation Guidelines All fire alarm system installation wiring

should be installed in compliance with Article 760 of NFPA 70, the
National Electrical Code (NEC) the manufacturer’s instructions and the
requirements of the authority having jurisdiction. Fireproof cables should
now be used for all parts of the system and enhanced fire resistance
cables should be used where there is a requirement to ensure cable
integrity over a longer period of time; for example, when connecting to
alarm sounders or where the connection between sub-panels provides any
part of the alarm signal path. The primary rule of installation wiring is:
“Follow the Manufacturer’s Instructions”. This rule cannot be
overemphasized. The requirement for electrical supervision of the
installation wires and their connections to initiating devices makes fire
alarm system installation wiring very different than general wiring. A
manufacturer’s installation wiring drawing routes wires and shows
connections in a certain manner to accommodate supervision
requirements. Any variance from the manufacturer’s drawings might
cause a portion of a circuit to be unsupervised and, if an open or short
circuit fault occurred, it could prevent the circuit from being able to
perform its intended function without giving the required trouble
indication.
The rules of supervision are not very complex; however, unless an
installer is
experienced in fire alarm system installations, he or she would not likely
be familiar with them. Smoke detector manufacturer’s installation
drawings will show how their detectors are to be connected into a system.
However, a manufacturer’s drawings may not show how devices located
on the same floor, but served by a different riser (vertical wiring run),
should be connected. The figure below should be considered as typical
initiating device circuits utilizing smoke detectors. It illustrates proper
and improper installation wiring techniques. This common installation
error is made in riser wiring as well as single floor wiring. The smoke
detector may operate properly under alarm conditions, however, if it
becomes disconnected from the installation wiring loop beyond the T-tap
it would not cause a “trouble” condition to occur. “T” tapping of non-
addressable initiating devices is not permitted because that practice does
not provide complete supervision of all cabling, connections and devices.
It may be allowable for some addressable devices, because supervision is
achieved by the unique address of each module and the control’s polling
scheme. Refer to the manufacturer’s recommendations. The correct
method of wiring installation is shown on the right side. None of the
connections can be broken without opening the circuit, causing loss of

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supervision, and the fire alarm control panel to indicate trouble. Smoke
detectors should be connected to supervised installation wiring in a
manner that ensures electrical supervision of the device. Removal of a
detector from its associated initiating circuit should cause the loop to
open, resulting in a trouble condition. The required termination at the
smoke detector may involve either screw terminals or wire pigtails.
Regardless of the method utilized, removal of the smoke detector or a
single installation wire must open the initiating circuit and result in a
trouble signal at the control panel. Fire alarm cables should be segregated
from the cables of other systems; they should be clearly marked,
preferably colored red and should be routed through parts of the building
that provide minimum risk. This latter point is particularly relevant where
the use of the building is being changed; for example if a fuel store is
being moved.
For life safety reasons, Fire Alarm Systems shall be installed with Class
A wiring. All
initiating, signal and notification circuits shall be Class A. All field
wiring shall be installed in conduit. Conduit and boxes shall be sized
according to National Electrical Code requirements based on the number
of conductors.

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 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

Fire alarm systems are required by law through building codes, fire codes
and special acts or by laws.
The choice of a particular type of equipment to be used in a fire alarm
system depends on the nature of the occupancy, the size of the building,
the number of occupants and the level of protection desired.
To be effective, a fire alarm system must be tailored to the building and
the types of fire that could develop.
The designer of the system must understand the functions and limitations
of the equipment chosen to obtain maximum efficiency and safety. To
achieve the desired level of protection, many fire alarm systems will
contain a combination of smoke detectors, heat detectors and manual pull
boxes.
The type of detector to be used in a given location depends on the nature
of the fire expected, the response time desired and the service conditions
in which the detector must operate. To be most effective, both smoke and
heat detectors must be located on or near the ceiling of the space to be
protected because that is where smoke or hot gases initially collect.
Contacting a fire engineer or other appropriate professional,
who understands fire problems as well as different alarm and detection
options, is usually a preferred first step to find the best system.

We can make the iot based fire alarm more prone to internet
vulnerabilities and exploits by increasing cyber security.
We can also add smoke ,gas,temp sensors and thermal camers
Working along AI,Machine learning.

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REFERENCES:

The 3-D printing of protective case reffered to

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DWxS4M7YuZ_wN2CwMizypT9LS
qvghnjL/view?usp=sharing

The 3-D printing of protective case reffered to

https://drive.google.com/file/d/11rpHHjl9PmMFjUgp2PpUA2qyS8k
TiOwO/view?usp=sharing

Node mcu are reffered from

https://www.electronicwings.com/nodemcu/introduction-to-nodemcu
www.wikipedia.com/nodemcu

The flame sensor are reffered from

https://instrumentationtools.com/flame-detectors-working-principle/

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 APPENDIX:

COMPONENTS OF IOT BASED FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

S.NO PRODUCT QUANTITY PRICE(rs.)

NAME
NODE MCU 1 380
1. 8256
FLAME 1 110
2. SENSOR
WIRE As required 30
3.

BATTERY 1 20
4.

PROTECTIVE 1 480
5. CASE

INDICATION 1 5
6. LIGHT

SWITCH 1 15
7.

TOTAL 1040

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