Presented By:: Muhammad Ishtiaq Lecturer Department of English, PCIU Cell: 01686784411

Presented by:
Muhammad Ishtiaq
Lecturer
Department of English, PCIU
Cell : 01686784411
Sentence Structure For Effective
Writing
Sentence
A group of wordswhichmakes completesense, is
calledsentence. For example:
Pakistan is a nuclearpower.
Parts of Sentence
When wemakeasentence
1. We namea person or thing (subject)
2. tellsomethingaboutperson or thing
(predicate)
Parts of Sentence
For example
The girl washed the clothes.
The girl---- Subject

Washed the clothes----predicate
Parts of Sentence
Subject
Doer of an action
The Sun rises in the east.
In this sentence The Sun issubject

Parts of Sentence
Predicate
That tells something about a subject.
Hassan serves his parents.
In this sentence serves his parents is predicate.

-
Kinds of Sentences:
ACCORDING TO MEANING
1. Assertive or
Declarative
2. Interrogative
3. Imperative
4. Exclamatory
5. Optative
1.Assertive or
Declarative
A sentence that makes astatement
or assertion.
They use a period
or
Full Stop .
Example
He goes to school daily.
Interrogative
sentence
Interrogative sentences asks a
question.
They use a question mark

Example
where do youlive?
Interrogative
sentence
What time do you get up in
the morning ?
Is it raining?
Imperative sentence
Imperative sentences expresses

command, advice orrequest.
Example
• Pick up the book .
• Clean your room .
Imperative
Examples
Go ahead. (command
Speak the truth. ) (advice)
Please give me your book (request)
Exclamatory
Exclamatory sentences show

strong feelings or emotions.
Always use anexclamation

mark
Exclamatory
Examples
Hurrah! We won the WorldCup.

Alas! Saleem’s father died.
Oh! I have lost my pen.
Wow! It's a beautiful day.
Hurrah! I wona million dollars.
How nice the bird is !
What a beautiful scene it is !
Negative sentence
A negative sentence is used to negate

something.
Examples
It is not your book.
I am not going Lahore.
Optative sentence
An optative sentence is used to pray

or wish.
Examples
May Allah bless you!
May his soul rest in piece!
Adding Variety to Sentence Structure
To make your writing more interesting

and give it a distinct VOICE, you should
try to vary your sentences in terms of
length and structure. You can make
some of your sentences long and others
short. Read the two paragraphs on the
next page.
Two Paragraphs
Read the paragraphs below. Choose the
paragraph that is more effective.
I love living in the city. I have a wonderful view of the
entire city. I have an apartment. I can see the Golden
Gate Bridge. I can see many cargo ships pass under the
bridge each day. I like the restaurants in San Francisco. I
can find wonderful food from just about every country. I
don’t like the traffic in the city.
I love living in the city of San Francisco. I have a

wonderful view of the entire city from my apartment
window. In addition, I can see the Golden Gate Bridge
under which many cargo ships pass each day. I also like
San Francisco because I can find wonderful restaurants
with food from just about every country; however, I don’t
like the traffic in the city.
How do you vary sentence structure?
You will want to use a variety of
sentence structures in your writing.
There are four types of sentences we
will study in this lesson:
Kinds of Sentences:
ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE:
- Simple Sentence
- Complex Sentence
- Compound Sentence
Think of a complete
sentence like this….
Most of the time our ideas include more
details. We add extra words to the wheels.
*The neighborhood children play

basketball at the community center.
*Students in the biology lab studied
cells under an electron microscope
The Simple Sentence
A simple sentence has one independent
clause (one subject and a finite verb):
I live in San Francisco.
Subject
Verb
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one
independent clause and one dependent
clause.
John cannot set up his typewriter
Independent Clause
because the wall has no outlet.

Subordinating Dependent Clause
Conjunction
Quick Overview of Clauses
 Adjective clauses (tell what kind or
which one)
 Start with- that, which, who, whom,
whose, before, since, when, where,
why.
• Example:
• The sun never shines on days when I can enjoy
it.
• We ate cookies that were made from rice.
*Set off by commas only when meaning

is not essential to the sentence.
Overview of clauses…
 Adverb clauses (tells where, when, in
what way, to what extent under what
condition or why)
 List of subordinating conjunctions
 After, since, when, although, so, that, whenever, as,
supposing, where, because, than, whereas, before, that,
wherever, but, that, though, whether, if, though, which, in
order, that, till, while, lest, unless, who, no matter, until, why,
how, what, even though
 Example: I will help you with your history whenever

you ask. He ran as if he had a twisted ankle. Jean
wanted to stay longer because the band was good.
*If clause is at the beginning or in the middle
Of sentence it needs to be set off by commas
Overview of clauses…
 Noun clauses (functions as the
noun)
 Subject:
• Whomever you bring will be welcome
 Direct Object:
• The nomads can find whatever water is in the desert.
 Indirect Object:
• The teacher gave whoever presented an oral report extra
credit.
 Predicate Nominative:
• The big question is whether he will be allowed to play on the team.
 Object of a Preposition:
• They store their food in plastic or whatever containers they have.
Example- Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains at least one
independent clause and one dependent
clause.
She will go to school in the city
Independent Clause
until she finds a job.

Subordinating Dependent Clause
Conjunction
Complex Sentences
Use a comma after a dependent clause if it
begins the sentence.
When I first moved to the city,
Subordinating Use a comma if

Conjunction the dependent
clause is the first
part of the
sentence.
I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets.
Independent
Clause
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two
independent clauses that are joined
together.
She works in the city, but she lives in the suburbs.
Independent Independent
Clause Clause
If there is a missing subject
or missing verb……
 The sentence is considered a
fragment…..
• Examples:
• Went to the store.
• Before I take my test.
• The best class in the world!
• Over the river and through the woods.
• James, a student in first block.
Compound Sentence
You can make a compound sentence

by joining two logically related
independent clauses by using…
- a semicolon
- a coordinating conjunction
- a transition
Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause ; Independent Clause
I love living in the city ; there are so many things to do.
Clause Clause
Using a Coordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause ,coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldn’t watch the show , so he decided to

ta pe it.
Clause Clause
FANBOYS / BOYFANS
(Coordinating Conjunction)
Easy way to remember conjunctions…
 For  F
 And  A
 Nor  N
 But  B
 Or  O
 Yet  Y
 So  S
CAUTION!
Do NOT use a comma every time you use
the words and, or, but, nor, for, so, yet.
Use a comma only when the coordinating
conjunction joins two independent clauses.
Simple Sentence
The necklace was beautiful but expensive.
Independent No comma- not an

Clause independent clause
Quick comma lesson
 Only use a comma to separate two
independent clauses joined by a
conjunction.
 Comma? Simple or Complex Sentence?
• After school I am going to the store and to the mall.
• I like to watch baseball games and she likes to watch
football games.
• English class is my favorite subject and my best subject.
• Jamie bought all of her materials for school and she
covered all of her books last night.
• My brother drove me to school and dropped me off.
Using a Transition
Independent Clause ; transition , Independent Clause
I love San Francisco ; however, I hate the traffic.
Clause Clause
Click here to see lists of

transitions.
Back to our bike….
Sometimes our bike needs “accessories” to
help us get where we need to go.
 Dependent clauses cannot stand alone.

They are like baskets that need to be
attached to a basic sentence.
For example…
When the music began
Everyone started to dance.
When the music began,

everyone started to dance.
Compound-Complex
Sentence
 Consists of two or more independent
clauses and one or more
subordinate clauses.
IND. CLAUSE
After a year, the first child is born, and the
IND. CLAUSE
baby receives the name
DEP. CLAUSE
that the doll was given
DEP. CLAUSE
when the bride was married
Practice Exercises
Now you are ready to practice what

you’ve learned.
1. Diamonds and pearls are mined in different places.
2. When the lights went out, we felt extremely
uneasy, but we always knew that morning would
eventually come.
3. No one answered the phone when she called us.
4. The doll that the bride carries doesn’t have arms.
5. Stand read the book Friday; he wrote his essay
today.

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1. We namea person or thing (subject)

The girl washed the clothes.

The girl---- Subject

The Sun rises in the east.

In this sentence The Sun issubject

Hassan serves his parents.

In this sentence serves his parents is predicate.

They use a question mark

Imperative sentences expresses

Exclamatory sentences show

Always use anexclamation

Hurrah! We won the WorldCup.

A negative sentence is used to negate

An optative sentence is used to pray

To make your writing more interesting

I love living in the city of San Francisco. I have a

*The neighborhood children play

I live in San Francisco.

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet.

*Set off by commas only when meaning

 Example: I will help you with your history whenever

until she finds a job.

Subordinating Use a comma if

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets.

She works in the city, but she lives in the suburbs.

You can make a compound sentence

I love living in the city ; there are so many things to do.

He couldn’t watch the show , so he decided to

Independent No comma- not an

I love San Francisco ; however, I hate the traffic.

Click here to see lists of

 Dependent clauses cannot stand alone.

Everyone started to dance.

When the music began,

Now you are ready to practice what

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