TI 818-02

3 August 1998

Technical Instructions

Design of Deep Foundations

Headquarters
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Engineering Division
Directorate of Military Programs
Washington, DC 20314-1000
CEMP-E TI 818-02
3 August 1998

TECHNICAL INSTRUCTIONS

Design of Deep Foundations

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No. Date Location

This Technical Instruction supersedes EI 02C097, dated 1 July 1997.

(EI 02C097 text is included in this Technical Instruction and may carry EI 02C097 identification.)
CEMP-E TI 818-02
3 August 1998

FOREWORD

These technical instructions (TI) provide design and construction criteria and apply to
all U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) commands having military construction
responsibilities. TI will be used for all Army projects and for projects executed for other
military services or work for other customers where appropriate.

TI are living documents and will be periodically reviewed, updated, and made available
to users as part of the HQUSACE responsibility for technical criteria and policy for new
military construction. CEMP-ET is responsible for administration of the TI system;
technical content of TI is the responsibility of the HQUSACE element of the discipline
involved. Recommended changes to TI, with rationale for the changes, should be sent
to HQUSACE, ATTN: CEMP-ET, 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, DC
20314-1000.

TI are effective upon issuance. TI are distributed only in electronic media through the
TECHINFO Internet site http://www.hnd.usace.army.mil/techinfo/index.htm and the
Construction Criteria Base (CCB) system maintained by the National Institute of
Building Sciences at Internet sitehttp://www.nibs.org/ccb/. Hard copies of these
instructions produced by the user from the electronic media should be checked against
the current electronic version prior to use to assure that the latest instructions are used.

FOR THE DIRECTOR OF MILITARY PROGRAMS:

KISUK CHEUNG, P.E.

Chief, Engineering and Construction Division
Directorate of Military Programs
 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EI 02C097
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
CEMP-E Washington, DC 20314-1000

Engineering Instructions 01 July 1997

No. 02C097

DESIGN OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS

Table of Contents
(Click on chapter titles to view topics.)

Subject Paragraph Page Subject Paragraph Page

Chapter 1 Chapter 5
Introduction Pile Groups
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1-1 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5-1
Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1-1 Factors Influencing Pile Group
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1-1 Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5-1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1-1 Design for Vertical Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5-3
General Design Methodology . . . . . . . . . 5 1-1 Design for Lateral Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5-9
Types of Deep Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1-4 Computer Assisted Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 5 5-19
Selection of Deep Foundations . . . . . . . . . 7 1-7
Site and Soil Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1-12 Chapter 6
Verification of Design
Chapter 2 Foundation Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6-1
Design Stresses Driven Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6-1
Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2-1 Drilled Shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6-6
Factored Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2-1 Load Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6-11
Structural Design of Driven Piles . . . . . . 3 2-4
Structural Design of Drilled Shafts . . . . . 4 2-12 Appendix A
References and Bibliography . . . . . . . . . A-1 A-1
Chapter 3
Vertical Loads Appendix B
Design Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3-1 Pipe Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 B-1
Driven Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3-6
Drilled Shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3-20 Appendix C
Computer Program AXILTR . . . . . . . . . . C-1 C-1
Chapter 4
Lateral Loads Appendix D
Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4-1 Modification of p-y curves for
Nonlinear Pile and p-y Model for Battered Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1 D-1
Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4-1
Development of p-y Curve for
Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4-4
Analytical Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4-16
Status of the Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4-36

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 EI 02C097
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List of Figures

Figure Page Figure Page

1-1. Timber pile splice and boot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5 4-1. Model of pile under lateral loading
1-2. Concrete pile splice and boot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6 with p-y curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
1-3. Steel pile splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6 4-2. Distribution of unit stresses against a
1-4. Drilled shaft details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9 pile before and after lateral
1-5. Axial-load deflection relationship . . . . . . . . 1-10 deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
1-6. Driven pile applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13 4-3. Pipe pile and soil elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
1-7. Load resistance of drilled shaft in 4-4. Conceptual p-y curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
various soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15 4-5. Wedge-type failure of surface soil . . . . . . . . . 4-5
1-8. Variation of Kcu for clay with respect 4-6. Potential failure surfaces generated
to undrained shear strength and over- by pipe at several diameters below
consolidation ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20 ground surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
2-1. Eccentric load on a pile group . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 4-7. Characteristics shape of the p-y
2-2. Limits to pile driving stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 curves for soft clay below the
3-1. Loading support of deep foundations . . . . . . . . 3-2 water table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
3-2. Distribution of skin friction and the 4-8. Characteristic shape of p-y curve for
associated load resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 static loading in stiff clay below the
3-3. Critical depth ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 water table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
3-4. Limiting base resistance for Meyerhof 4-9. Values of empirical parameters As and Ac . . 4-10
and Nordlund methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 4-10. Characteristic shape of p-y curve for
3-5. Illustration of input parameters for cyclic loading in stiff clay below the
equation 3-7a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 water table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
3-6. Variation of coefficient " f and bearing 4-11. Characteristic shape of p-y curve for
capacity factor Nq with respect to Nr . . . . . 3-11 static loading in stiff clay above the
3-7. Variation of the coefficient K with water table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
respect to Nr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12 4-12. Characteristic shape of p-y curve for
3-8. Ratio * /N for given displacement cyclic loading in stiff clay above the
volume V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13 water table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
3-9. Correction factor Cf with respect 4-13. Characteristic shape of a family of p-y
to * /Nr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14 curves for static and cyclic loading in
3-10. Estimating pile tip capacity from CPT sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16 4-14. Values of coefficients Ac and As . . . . . . . . . 4-16
3-11. Lambda correlation factor for clay . . . . . . . . 3-17 4-15. Nondimensional coefficient B for soil
3-12. Sleeve friction factor for clays . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18 resistance versus depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
3-13. Lateral earth pressure and friction angle 4-16. Form of variation of soil modulus
factor $ f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18 with depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
3-14. Sleeve friction factors for sands . . . . . . . . . . 3-19 4-17. Pile deflection produced by lateral
3-15. Driven steel pipe pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21 load at mudline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21
3-16. Settlement influence factor Isock . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29 4-18. Pile deflection produced by moment
3-17. Modulus reduction ratio Emass /Ecore . . . . . . . . 3-29 applied at mudline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
3-18. Elastic modulus of intact rock . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-31 4-19. Slope of pile caused by lateral load
3-19. Pullout force in underreamed drilled at mudline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24
shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33 4-20. Slope of pile caused by moment
3-20. Deep foundation resisting uplift thrust . . . . . 3-34 applied at mudline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
3-21. Deep foundation resisting downdrag . . . . . . 3-35 4-21. Bending moment produced by lateral
3-22. Load-transfer curves used in AXILTR . . . . . 3-36 load at mudline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-26
3-23. General load-transfer curves for clay . . . . . . 3-40 4-22. Bending moment produced by
3-24. General load-transfer functions for sand . . . 3-41 moment applied at mudline . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27

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 EI 02C097
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List of Figures

Figure Page Figure Page

4-23. Shear produced by lateral load at 5-8. Axial load versus settlement for
mudline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28 reinforced concrete pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
4-24. Shear produced by moment applied at 5-9. Pile loading-Case 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17
mudline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29 5-10. Plan and elevation of foundation
4-25. Deflection of pile fixed against rotation analyzed in example problem . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20
at mudline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30 6-1. Schematic of wave equation model . . . . . . . . 6-3
4-26. Soil-response curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32 6-2. Schematic of field pile driving analyzer
4-27. Graphical solution for relative stiffness equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34 6-3. Example results of CAPWAPC
4-28. Comparison of deflection and bending analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
moment from nondimensional and 6-4. Typical Osterberg cell load test . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
computer solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37 C-1. Schematic diagram of soil and pile
5-1. Groups of deep foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-5
5-2. Stress zones in soil supporting piles . . . . . . . . . 5-4 C-2. Plotted output for pullout and uplift
5-3. Typical pile-supported bent . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10 problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-9
5-4. Simplified structure showing coordinate C-3. Plotted output for downdrag problem . . . . . . C-11
systems and sign conventions . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12 D-1. Modification of p-y curves for battered
5-5. Set of pile resistance functions for a piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-2
given pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
5-6. Sketch of a pile-supported retaining
wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
5-7. Interaction diagram of reinforced
concrete pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15

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 EI 02C097
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List of Tables

Table Page Table Page

1-1. General Design Methodology 4-4. Nondimensional Coefficients for p-y

for Deep Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Curves for Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
1-2. Types of Deep Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 4-5. Representative Values of k (lb/cu in.)
1-3. Standard H-piles: Dimensions and for Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8 4-6. Moment Coefficients at Top of Pile
1-4. Characteristics of Deep Foundations . . . . . . 1-11 for Fixed-Head Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23
(This table is sized for 11" x 17" paper. It can be viewed on 5-1. Equivalent Mat Method of Group Pile
screen, but will not print completely on 8.5" x 11" paper.) Capacity Failure in Soft Clays . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
1-5. Drilled Shaft Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16 5-2. Equivalent Mat Method for Estimating
2-1. Tolerances in Drilled Shaft Consolidation Settlement of Pile
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 Groups in Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
2-2. Performance and Eccentricity Factors . . . . . . . 2-3 5-3. Values of Loading Employed in
2-3. Allowable Stresses for Fully Supported Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 5-4. Computed Movements of Origin of
2-4. Allowable Concrete Stresses, Prestressed Global Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
Concrete Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 5-5. Computed Movements and Loads at
2-5. Cast-in-Place and Mandrel-driven Piles, Pile Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
Allowable Concrete Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 6-1. Procedure for Verifying Design and
2-6. Allowable Stresses for Pressure-treated Structural Integrity of Driven Piles . . . . . . 6-2
Round Timber Piles for Normal Loads 6-2. Recommended Soil Parameters for Wave
in Hydraulic Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
2-7. Minimum Requirements for Drilled 6-3. Specifications for Bentonite Slurry . . . . . . . 6-9
Shaft Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9 6-4. Methods of Estimating Ultimate Pile
3-1. Vertical Load Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 Capacity from Load Test Data . . . . . . . . . . 6-15
3-2. Factors of Safety for Bearing Capacity . . . . . . . 3-7 B-1. Dimensions and Properties for Design
3-3. General Design Procedure of a Driven of Pipe Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2
Pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8 C-1. Input Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
3-4. Qu by the Nordlund Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15 C-2. Description of Input Parameters . . . . . . . . . C-2
3-5. Adhesion Factors for Cohesive Soil . . . . . . . 3-18 C-3. Output Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-6
3-6. Calculations of Vertical Loads in a C-4. Listing of Data Input for Expansive Soil,
Single Pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22 File DATLTR.TXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-10
3-7. Design of a Drilled Shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-27 C-5. Listing of Output for Pullout and Uplift
3-8. Adhesion Factors for Drilled Shafts in Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-13
Cohesive Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28 C-6. Listing of Data Input for Settling Soil . . . . . C-16
3-9. Dimensionless Pressuremeter C-7. Listing of Output for Downdrag
Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-30 Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-16
3-10. Empirical Tip Coefficient Cb . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-38
3-11. Application of Drilled Shaft Design . . . . . . . 3-42
4-1. Representative Values of g 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
4-2. Representative Values of k for Stiff
Clays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
4-3. Representative Values of g 50 for Stiff
Clays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

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