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Math 100 (MMW) - Activity 04

This chapter discusses various methods of correlation and regression analysis including Pearson product-moment correlation, Spearman's rank-order correlation, phi coefficient, point-biserial correlation, and linear regression equations. Formulas are provided for calculating each correlation and regression coefficients. An example activity is given to demonstrate fitting typhoon data to a linear regression equation to predict the number of typhoons in a future year.

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235 views2 pages

Math 100 (MMW) - Activity 04

This chapter discusses various methods of correlation and regression analysis including Pearson product-moment correlation, Spearman's rank-order correlation, phi coefficient, point-biserial correlation, and linear regression equations. Formulas are provided for calculating each correlation and regression coefficients. An example activity is given to demonstrate fitting typhoon data to a linear regression equation to predict the number of typhoons in a future year.

Uploaded by

Lorene bby
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 100

Highlights of Chapter 4

In Senior High School, you have learned statistics and probability. Your teacher taught you how to
compute the mean, median, and mode as measure of central tendency. You also learned the measure of
variability, the variance, standard deviation, and range. You also studied normal distribution and normal
curve as basis for probability, estimation, and basis for hypothesis testing. In hypothesis testing, you also
learn one tailed test and two tailed-test using the z-test for large samples (sample size n > 30) and t-test
for small sample size. You also studied chi-square test ( ᵡ2 ) as an example of non-parametric test. The
last topic in your statistics was the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

To complete your study of elementary statistics, regression and correlation analysis is needed, and this
is your chapter 4. Here are some important concepts to remember.

1. A Correlation measures the association or the strength of the relationship between two
variables say x and y.
2. Two variables are positively correlated if the values of the two variables both increase or both
decreases.
3. Two variables are negatively correlated if the values of one variable increase while the values of
the other decrease.
4. Two variables are not correlated, or they have zero correlation if one variable neither increases
nor decreases while the other increases.
5. The Pearson product-moment correlation ( rxy ) can be interpreted as follows.
i. 1 indicates strong positive correlation.
ii. -1 indicating strong negative correlation.
iii. 0 indicates no correlation between the two variables.
6. Spearman’s rank-order correlation ( ρ, also denoted rs ) is the nonparametric version of the
Pearson product moment correlation.
7. The phi coefficient ( ф ) is more appropriate to describe if your set of data is a pair of
dichotomous data.
8. The point-biserial correlation (ρxy) coefficient is a correlation that measures the strength of
association (or relationship) between a continuous-level variable (ratio or interval data) and a
binary data.
9. The fit to a set of data is characterized by a prediction equation called regression equation. This
line is known as line of best fit.

Formula:

1. Pearson product-moment correlation


n

∑ (x i ¿−x́)( y 1− ý )
i =1
r xy = ¿
n n

Where
√∑ ( 1
x i− x́ ) ∑ ¿ ¿¿ ¿
i

x́ is the sample meanof the first data ( x)


ý isthe sample mean of the first data ( y ).

2. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient


n
6 ∑ d 2i
1
ρ=1− 2
n(n −1)
Where
d is the differences of paired ranks
n is the number of paired data.

3. phi coefficient (ф)


ad−bc
ф=
√( a+b)(c +d )(a+ c)(b+ d)
where a, b, c, and d are the entries of the cells of the contingency table.

4. Point-biserial correlation coefficient (ρxy)


x́ 1− x́ 2 n 1 n2
ρ xy =

where
sx √
n( n−1)

x́ 1 is the mean x when y=1∨those labelled with 1


x́ 2 is the mean x when y =2∨those labelled with2
n1 isthe number of samples labelled 1∈ y
n2 isthe number of samples labelled 2∈ y
n is thetotal number of samples
s x is the standard deviation of all x values

5. Linear equation y=mx+b


where

n n n
n ∑ x i y i−∑ xi ∑ y i
i=1 i=1 i=1
m= n
2
n ∑ x i −¿¿ ¿ ¿
i=1

b= ý−m x́ .
Activity 4.

1. The number of typhoons for the past five (5) years is recorded below.

Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016


Number of typhoons 19 18 21 20 22

a. Fit the data into linear equation and compute for b and m in the regression equation.
b. Give the regression equation.
c. How many typhoons are we expecting this year (2020)?

Post your answer on our google class. Due date is two weeks from the date this activity is posted on
your google class or on our GC.

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