Environmental Management
Uploaded by
Mohamed MubarakEnvironmental Management
Uploaded by
Mohamed MubarakLYCEUM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION MARCH 2017
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
9 .......... (Cambridge)
Duration : 2 hours
Instructions to Candidates : Answer all questions.
Candidate's name : ............................................................... Admission no : ...................
1
SECTION A
(1) At the Kola Institute in Russia scientists drilled for more than 15 years through the Earth’s
crust to a depth of over 12 km. This was an attempt to reach the layer of the Earth below the
crust. It failed, as did a similar attempt by the Americans, called the MoHo Project.
(a) (i) What is the name of the layer below the Earth’s crust?
(1 mark)
(ii) State two ways in which rocks in the layer below the Earth’s crust are different
from those in the crust.
(2 marks)
(iii) The Russian project was land based, whereas the American project began drilling
at the bottom of the sea. Why was it thought more likely that the American project
would be successful?
(1 mark)
(b) (i) The crust contains fossil fuels used by humans. Describe the ways in which oil is
discovered and extracted from the crust.
(4 marks)
contd.....to page 2
2
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 1
(ii) During transport of the oil in ships, there may be an oil spill. State one way in which
a spill might be avoided and one way in which its effects might be reduced.
avoided
effects reduced
(2 marks)
[Total = 10 marks]
(2) (a) Look at the graph below which shows world copper prices from 1989 until 2014.
10
8
copper price per kg / US$
0
1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014
year
(i) Describe how world copper prices changed between 1989 and 2014.
(3 marks)
contd.....to page 3
3
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 2
(ii) Suggest what might have caused the changes in the price of copper.
(2 marks)
(iii) In late December 2008 the company Anvil stopped mining at their Dikulushi
copper mine, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Using information from the
graph, suggest a reason why they did this.
(1 mark)
(b) (i) The mining of minerals, such as copper, can cause environmental damage.
State two ways in which environments damaged by mining can be conserved.
(2 marks)
(ii) Suggest how quarries or large holes left after mining might be used.
(2 marks)
[Total = 10 marks]
contd.....to page 4
4
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 3
(3) The photograph below shows a water tower by a house in a tropical country. The water that
is stored in the tower is obtained from rain running off roofs of houses. The water in the rain
comes from ponds, lakes and the sea.
(a) (i) Describe how the water from a pond, a lake or the sea becomes rain.
(2 marks)
contd.....to page 5
5
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 4
(ii) It would be easier for the people in this area to use water from ponds and lakes.
Explain why this is not a good idea.
(3 marks)
(iii) Describe one way how water supply to people can be made safe.
(2 marks)
(b) Most of the water on Earth is in the oceans. As well as being a store of water, the oceans
are also an important source of food for humans. Describe and explain where the world’s
main oceanic fisheries are located.
(3 marks)
[Total = 10 marks]
contd.....to page 6
6
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 5
(4) Look at the map which shows currents in the Atlantic Ocean. Use the map to answer the following
questions.
North Atlantic Ocean Currents
60 N
Key
R Norway
S Shetland
Island
boundary of
Norway
0 Equator
(a) (i) How does the map indicate that the Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current?
(1 mark)
(ii) The Canary Current and East Greenland Current are both cold currents. The East
Greenland Current is colder. Explain why.
(1 mark)
(iii) Circle the letter T, U, or V to show which one of the following statements is most
likely to be true.
T Nanortalik will be colder than the Shetland Islands in winter.
U The Canary Islands will be colder than Nanortalik in winter.
V The Shetland Islands will be colder than Iceland in winter.
(1 mark)
contd.....to page 7
7
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 6
(b) Insert the correct words to explain how and why the Canary Current affects rainfall on
the nearby west coast of Africa. Choose one word from each of the following pairs:
cooled condensation decreases
warmed evaporation increases
The moist wind from the sea is as it crosses the Canary
Current.
This causes over the current.
In this way the Canary Current rainfall on the coast of Africa.
(3 marks)
(c) Refer to the map of ocean currents on page 6.
(i) Explain why sea fishing takes place all year round off the coast of Norway but only
in summer off Greenland.
(2 marks)
(ii) Suggest why people on the beaches of the Canary Islands sometimes pick up plastic
waste from South America.
(2 marks)
[Total = 10 marks]
contd.....to page 8
8
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 7
SECTION B
(5) (a) Look at the map of the Pacific Ocean showing the location of destructive plate boundaries.
(i) Describe the distribution of destructive plate boundaries in the Pacific Ocean.
(2 marks)
(ii) State what is happening to the plates at destructive plate boundaries.
(3 marks)
contd.....to page 9
9
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 8
(b) Look at the map of the Pacific Ocean showing the location of active volcanoes.
(i) Suggest why the distribution of active volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean is known as
‘The Pacific Ring of Fire’.
(2 marks)
(ii) Explain how volcanoes are formed along destructive plate boundaries.
(3 marks)
contd.....to page 10
10
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 9
(c) Read the information about a volcanic eruption in Chile in June 2011 (marked H on the
map of active volcanoes).
Volcano Puyehue erupts in Chile
Chile is the most volcanic country on Earth with people complained of sore eyes and skin, and
over 3000 volcanoes, up to 80 of them active. breathing problems. They were advised to stay
indoors.
The eruption of the Puyehue volcano in central
Chile on 4th June led to the Authorities evacuating Towns in central Chile, used to making money
3,500 people to temporary shelters in safe areas. from tourists coming to see the stunning
Large columns of smoke and ash, mixed with volcanic scenery, were mostly empty. The
rocks, were thrown out 10km into the air. airport in Bariloche in Argentina was closed for
Among the gases released were high levels of days. This stopped high spending Brazilians
SO2. There were no reports of any injuries. The from coming, at the worst time, because it was
previous eruptions from this volcano were in right in the middle of the main ski season.
1960 and 1921; these eruptions lasted for about
two months. By 11th June the ash cloud from Puyehue had
reached Australia and New Zealand, over
The prevailing westerly winds took the ash 6,000km away. The cloud hovered in the air
cloud east over the Andes mountains into between 4,000 and 7000 metres closing
Argentina. One resident of the ski resort of Australia's two biggest international airports in
Bariloche in Argentina said that 'Ash was falling Sydney and Melbourne. As late as 21st June, the
like snow'. Levels of air pollution were high and ash cloud was still hanging around.
(i) Name all four emissions from the Puyehue volcano during its June 2011 eruption.
1 2
3 4
(1 mark)
(ii) Despite this being a major volcanic eruption, no one was killed or even injured.
Suggest three reasons for this.
(3 marks)
contd.....to page 11
11
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 10
(iii) The economic effects of Puyehue’s eruption were felt not only in Chile and
neighbouring Argentina, but also thousands of kilometres away in Australia.
Why were the effects from this volcanic eruption international as well as national?
(2 marks)
(iv) Were these economic effects greater for the other countries than for Chile? Explain
your views on this.
(3 marks)
(v) People living in central Chile and Bariloche complained of health problems
caused by the volcano. Explain how these may have been caused.
(2 marks)
contd.....to page 12
12
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 11
(d) Land close to and around the craters of active volcanoes is often barren wasteland,
places where nothing will grow. One reason is the very acid ground due to frequent
releases of toxic volcanic gases and liquids.
(i) The pH scale is shown below. Put a tick (✓) in one of the boxes to suggest the pH
of a soil found in areas next to volcanic craters.
pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
tick one box
(1 mark)
(ii) State and explain another reason why areas on the higher slopes of active volcanoes
cannot usually be used for farming.
(2 marks)
(iii) The pH scale is shown below. Put a tick (✓) in one of the boxes to suggest the pH
of a volcanic soil with a loam texture.
pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
tick one box
(1 mark)
(iv) Explain why a loam soil texture is good for crop growing.
(3 marks)
contd.....to page 13
13
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 12
(e) The island of Java in Indonesia was made by volcanoes. Today it still has 45 active
volcanoes. Its rich volcanic soils are some of the world’s best for farming.
It has been suggested that even a stick planted in Java’s volcanic soils will grow!
Deposits from erosion on the mountains and from new eruptions are carried to Java’s
lowlands, forming thick layers of fertile sediment on the island’s plains.
(i) Explain why fertile volcanic soils are present almost everywhere in Java.
(2 marks)
[Total = 30 marks]
(6) (a) Look at the information about the River Ganges and the country of Bangladesh.
the Ganges River basin
Tibet region of China
contd.....to page 14
14
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 13
average monthly flow of the River Ganges near Dhaka in Bangladesh
average
monthly flow / m3
per second
month
average monthly rainfall in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh
average
monthly
rainfall / mm
month
The River Ganges is joined by the River Brahmaputra in Bangladesh before it reaches
the sea. These rivers have created a large, lowlying area that covers much of southern
Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a developing country with a large population, many of
whom are poor subsistence farmers.
(i) Describe the pattern of flow of the River Ganges throughout the year.
contd.....to page 15
15
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 14
(4 marks)
(ii) Describe the relationship between rainfall and the amount of water flowing in the
River Ganges.
(2 marks)
(iii) When the average monthly flow is greater than 25 000m3 per second, the river
often floods. State when flooding is likely to occur.
(1 mark)
(iv) Describe the problems for people when rivers flood.
(4 marks)
contd.....to page 16
16
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 15
(b) Look at the diagram showing the distribution of water on Earth.
distribution of Earth's water
fresh water surface water atmosphere
3% and other fresh 0.2%
ground water water 1.3% lakes rivers 0.6%
30.1% 20.1% swamps etc.
2.5%
soil moisture
3.5%
oceans glaciers
97% ice and
and
snow
ice caps
73.1%
68.6%
total global fresh water surface water and
water other fresh water
(i) State what percentage of the Earth’s water is fresh water.
%
(1 mark)
(ii) It is estimated that there are 1390 million km3 of water on Earth. Calculate how many
million km3 of water is fresh water.
Space for working.
km3
(2 marks)
(iii) Explain why water shortage is a problem in many parts of the world when there is
so much fresh water on Earth.
contd.....to page 17
17
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 16
(3 marks)
(c) Look at the table below, which shows sources of marine pollution.
marine pollution source examples percentage of
marine pollution / %
rivers nutrients 44
bacteria
heavy metals
airborne emissions mercury 33
nitrous oxides
shipping spills oil 12
ocean dumping sewage / rubbish 10
offshore mineral oil 1
extraction gas
Draw a pie graph in the circle below to show the sources of marine pollution and complete
the key.
Key
rivers
airborne emissions
shipping spills
ocean dumping
offshore mineral extraction
(3 marks)
contd.....to page 18
18
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 17
(d) Look at the map which shows major oil spills in the last thirty years.
major oil spills in the last 30 years
(i) Show the values for water use by sector on a pie graph.
(i) State how many major oil spills occurred on land in the last thirty years.
(1 mark)
(ii) Describe the distribution of marine oil spills.
(3 marks)
contd.....to page 19
19
Grade 9 Environmental Management contd.....from page 18
(iii) Suggest why more marine oil spills have occurred in some parts of the oceans than
in others.
(2 marks)
(iv) Describe the impact of a major oil spill on the marine ecosystem.
(4 marks)
[Total = 30 marks]
END
Ref : CP
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