ÔN TẬP NGHIÊN CỨU 2

1. Patients undergoing curative resection of a specific type of tumor are

followed up at an oncology clinic every six months. Researchers plan a
data collection tool based on recurrence of disease at the start of the
study and gather this data at future healthcare contact with the patients.
This type of investigation is a(n):
A. Retrospective cohort study
B. Cross-sectional study
C. Case-control study
D. Prospective cohort study

2. A published research article describes various characteristics pertaining to

patients admitted with pneumonia, inclusive of the gender, age, history of
smoking and history of prior admission for pneumonia. This type of study
would constitute a:
A. Controlled trial
B. Case series study
C. Cross-sectional study
D. Cohort study

3. In a questionaire patients are asked to rate their agreement with a

statement on a scale of 1 to 5. ‘1’ means not agreeing at all, and ‘5’ refers
to total agreement. Twenty patients complete the survey and the results
tabulated under the variable name Responses to statement A. The data
type would be:
A. Ratio numerical
B. Interval numerical
C. Nominal categorical
D. Ordinal categorical
4. A variable for the absence or presence of wound infection is created in a
data collection table. Investigators only note either yes or no for each
participant. These to data values are:
A. Nominal categorical
B. Ratio numerical
C. Ordinal Categorical
D. Interval Numerical

5. ***An investigator looks at the volume of a resuscitative, balanced salt

solution patients received before surgery for blunt abdominal trauma
following motor vehicle accidents (these intravenous fluids come in…
single plastic containers with 1000 millilitre of fluid each). She compares
the volume administered between patients who end up with removal of
their spleens to those who did …??... variable volume of salt solution used
would be:
A. Ordinal categorical
B. Discrete
C. Nominal Categorical
D. Continuous

6. What is the most important reason for distinguishing between different

data types?
A. Data types ensure the ethics of research studies
B. Joumals require data types to be identified
C. Specific statistical tests can only be performed on specific data types
D. Computers need to know the data types

7. ***A researcher looks at the admission diastolic blood pressure of

patients admitted with a hypertensive crisis and compares groups of
patients that were on different medications prior to the admission. An
automated blood pressure machine was used to take the measurements
and expressed values as integers (whole number with no decimal places,
i.e. 131, 142, 121 mm Hg). What data type does the variable diastolic
blood pressure represent?
 A. Continuous variable
B. Ordinal categorical
C. Discrete variable
D. Interval numerical

8. A report tables the admission diagnoses for an emergency unit over the
last week. Values for the variable admission diagnoses are found to be:
 6 admissions for acute appendicitis (infection of the appendix)
 7 admissions for acute cholecystitis (infection of the gallbladder)
 12 admissions for peptic ulcer disease (stomach ulcers)
 4 admissions for gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining)
What would be the most appropriate summary of central tendency for
admission diagnoses?
A. Variance
B. Median
C. Mean
D. Mode

9. Investigtors are looking into the difference in white cell (infection fighting
cell) counts between patients with typical and atypical pneumonia at
admission to the hospital. They calculate a statiscally significant
difference between these two groups. In the results section of their paper
they express the mean age of all the participants in the study as 56 years
old. They make no claims or inferences as to the influence of age in their
analyses. The most appropriate expression of the spread in the ages of
the participants would be:
A. Standard deviation
B. Variance
C. Range
D. Interquartile range

10.A statistician calculates the mean (average) and median admission

temperature of 100 patients admitted with pneumonia and finds that the
two values differ by quite some margin. The probable reason for this
would be:
A. The range is large
B. There are statiscal outliers that are skewing the data, resulting in the
fact that the mean (average) is not proper representation of the set of
value
C. Calculative errors have occurred???
D. There is a large …??. in the data
11. mode
12.***in which way can a stantistical outliner influence the standard
deviation?
A. Decreases the mean
B. In dependent on the interquartile range
C. Has the effect on the mean
D. Increase the standard deviation
13. the researcher is intervested in auditing the symptoms and signs
related to infection by the influenza virus. She plans to interregative
patient files from a local clinic and requests a list of the last 30 patient
seen. Which of the following might introduce bias in her reporting?
A. recent epidemic spread amongst the local schools and the sample
might contain a disproportionate number of yuong patients
B. With the choice of conservative patients she might have select a period
where a specific strain of the influenza virus was present, resulting in
particular symptoms and signs occurring which might not be representative
of the major strains of the virus
C. Some symptoms and signs of inflluenza are rare
D. A local old age home might bring in their inhabitiants in gruops and
select 30 might contain a disproportionate number of elderly patients
14.*** a researcher decides on systematic random sampling of patients
attending a high cholesterol clinic. Which one of the follwing would
introduce the least amount of bias?
 A. he decides to systematically include only patients who consults
with Drs A,C,E and not B,D and F
B. He decidesto only to include hispanic patients
C. he decides to take the first three patients who attended the clinic
every morning.
D. The researcher obtains a master list of clinic vistiors including and
extended period. He considers the number of individuals on the list and
the number he requires for his sample. Simple division results in the
number throught which he iterrates on the list.
15.a reseacher has recruit 60 patients with high cholesterol levels to enter
a study on the effect of a new drug. She requires 30 individuals to take
the active ingredient and 30 to take a placebo. After two weeks of a once
daily intake of the drug, she requires the participants to document the
side effects the exprienced. She has list of 480 individuals from a hospital
clinic that are wiling to participate. Which sampling technique should she
employ to select the 60 patients?
A. clustered sampling
B. Stratified random sampling
C. Random sampling or systemic random sampling
D. Select frist 30 and last 30 on the list

16. A researcher wishes to conduct a cross sectional survery and a survey

to all students enrolled at a local college. 29% of the student body retums
a complected questionnaire. What bias, if any, could be introduced using
this method of recruiting particiants?
A. size bias
B. No bias is introduced
C. Sell selections bias
D. Systematic sampling error
17. There are six hypertension clinices in a city. A master list of all patient
attending, is avaible at each of the clinics. The lists are all ordered by date
of birth. A researcher wishes to enroll participants in a trial of a new drug.
 He decides to select two of the clinic and evvery tenth patient on each of
the lists at those two clinic. Which sampling technique did he use?
A. Clustered random sampling and stratification
B. Random sampling of both clinics and individuals
C. Clustered random sampling of both clinic and indiviuals
D. Clustered random sampling and systematic random sampling
18. Imaging we have 10 sided die, with each face marked with one
through 10 dots. Each side has an equal oppprtunity to land face up when
rolling the die. What is the probability of rolling a five on his this 10 sided
die?
A. 2 in 10
B. 1 in 10
C. 5 in 10
D. 8 in 10
19. Consider creating a bar chart created by counting the occurrences of
each possible outcome of an experiment. The outcomes are discrete and
the chart is normlised, i.e. the height of each bar is equal to the
probability of each outcome. The total area of all the bars ( rectangles) is:
A. 1.0 (100%)
B. 0.5 (50%)
C. 0.05 (5%)
D. 1.1 (110%)
20: If there are five equally possible outcomes to an experiment, which are
marked, A,B,C,D and E, ,what is the probability of finding a result of either D or
E?
A. 0.4
B. 0.6
C. 0.8
D. 0.2
21: An experiment involves a continuous date type variable…..the cure of 1.0
and the peak at (an x-axis value) of 12. What area under the curve would
represent a possible outcome of more than 12? (Khong thay ro dap an)
A. 0.4
B. 0.6
C. 0.7
D. 0.5

22: ….the... coin represent 0.1 units….a third, a half and three-quarters. If the
five coins are hidden….of the selecting the three-quarter valued coin?
A. 0.5
B. 0.75
C. 0.2
D. 0.25

23: …the age distribution of a group of individuals you note that by far the most
of them are between the of 50 and 60. Almost one is older than 60 and the ages
get fewer and fewer as you go from 50….This data is skewed and the skewnesss
can be said to be.
A. Symmertical
B. Left-tailed
C. P…kurtic (k ro)
D. Righ-tailed

24: how many combinations of two colours can you make choosing from white,
black, yellew, orange, and blue?
A. 100
B. 10
C. 5
D. 20

25: what does the curve of the Central Limit Theorem repesent?
 A. ,..symmetric and bell-shaped distribution of the counts of how……possible
outcomes occurs.
B. The date point values foe the a continuous data type variable form subjects
in a research project.
C. ..difference between tge averages of a continuous data tyoe variable
between two groups.
D. ….possible data point values that could possibly occur.

26: ..having to choose six numbers in a lottery. The possible numbers to choose
fro range from the…1 to the 49. Which combination of the following lottery
numbers is most likely to win?
A. ..possible combinations of six numbers is equally like to win
B. ..4,17,19,20.
C. …of your birth day, month, and your four favorite numbers.
D. …5, 6

27: …..admission white cell count for 30 patients with mild acute appendicitis
and for 30 with severe …., finding a p-value….can be drawn form this?
A. ….proven that there is an absolute difference in admission white cell
count….and severe acute appendicitis.
B. …between two groups of 30 patients found in this study represents one of
the differences that would be found….repeated many, many times.
C. ..in this study would occur in 3% of cases.
D. ..% chance of not finding this value.

28: ***The cholesterol levels of 30 patients with hypercholesterolemia are

maesured directly before and five week after the start of a cholesterol-
restricted diet. The correct t-test to compare the two sets of numerical results
are?
A. Paired- sample t-test.
B. t-test assuming unequal variances.
C. One-way analysis of variances (ANOVA)
D. t-test assuming equal variances.
29: ***The mean systolic blood pressure of patients on a
placebo….145mmHg….test drug is 140 mmHg……the correct t-test to use in
comparing the outcomes is?
A. t-test test assuming unequal variances.
B. Paired-sample t-test
C. Mann-Whitney-U test
D. Fisher exact test.

Câu 30: A drug manufacturing company believes that their new

antihypertensive drug is effective and conducts a trial comparing it to an
established antihypertensive drug. After showing that they need at least 350
patients to show an effect, they randomly recruit 400 comparable hypertensive
patients and blind both the patients and healthcare workers to the treatment.
Selecting a significance value of 0.05, data point values for diastolic blood
pressure shows the values to be from a normal distribution for both groups and
comparison is made by Student's 1-test. Looking at their findings, which should
they report:
A. They should not have used Student's t-test
B. A one-sided p-value of 0.04
C. They should have included more patients before continuing
D. A two-sided p-value of 0.08
Cau 31: Which of the following two groups can be compared with a parametric
test for numerical data?
A. Comparing the cholesterol levels of two groups of patients after taking
either drug A or B
B. Comparison of a rating score of 1 through 5 between trainees from
different universities on their opinion on conducting research as part of
their training.
C. Male compared to female five-point Likert-style answers to a question on
pain relief of a new drug
D. Comparison between two groups of patients either receiving a placebo or a
new analgesic based on their numerical pain scores
Cau 32: Researchers investigate a group of patients with intra-abdominal sepsis
(severe bacterial infection of the abdominal cavity). They collect (amongst
others) data point values on white cell count (WCC) and C- reactive protein
(CRP, a blood marker of inflammation). Noting that the values are taken from a
normal distribution, they compare the results using linear regression and find a
strong correlation (r = 0.98, meaning that as one value increases for a specific
patient, so does the other). Which of the following can they state in their
report?
A. There is no relationship between CRP and WCC levels
B. A rise in CRP is caused directly by a rise in WCC
C. A rise in WCC is caused directly by a rise in CRP
D. There is a strong, positive, linear relationship between CRP and WCC.
Cau 33: this is the following questions (33-41) pertains to this article:
“Amoxicillin plus temocillin as an slternative empiric therapy for the treatment
of severe hospital-acquired pneumonia: results from a retrospective
audit”. Consider
the Materials and methods section. What type of test was used to compare
continuous data types? Full article link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4514907/. In this paper the
authors were concerned about the outcome of patients admitted with severe
hospital acquired pneumonia. This refers to severe bacterial infection of the
lungs. The patients were infected whilst in hospital. Bacteria that exist in the
hospital environment are usually more dificult to treat due to resistance of the
bacteria to antibiotics. Patients who contract hospital acquired bacterial
infections may have a worse outcome than those who contract bacterial
infection in the community (outside the hospital). These patients are in hospital
for medical reason, which usually means that their ability to fight infection
might be compromised. Hospital-acquired bacteria can also be more virulent. It
is this combination of a weakened immune system and aggressive, difficult to
treat bacteria that lead to a worse outcome. In the healthcare setting pertaining
to this research, a decision was made to change the standard antibiotic therapy
for the treatment of patients with severe hospital-acquired pneumonia. These
are difficult decisions to make due to the fact that it may directly impact the
wellbeing of patients. Consider the Materials and methods section.
What type of test was used to compare continuous data types?
A. Parametric test comparing two groups, assuming equal variances
B. Non-parametric test
C. Fisher’s exact test
D. Mann-Whitney-U test
Cau 34: Which of the following was assumed when deciding to use Student's t-
test as one of the statistical analysis?
A. The data point values for the continuous data variables in the sample of
participants were taken from a population in which those same variables
were normally distributed.
B. The data point values for continuous data variables had a small variance.
C. The data point values for continuous data variables had a small standard
deviation.
D. There was an equal number of participants in each group.
Cau 35: Under the assumptions of a normal distribution of the required variable
in the population from which a sample of participants are taken (as well as all
other assumptions), which parametric test would be appropriate if the study
design included self-controls?
A. Mann-Whitney-U tests
B. t-test for dependent groups
C. t-test assuming equal variances
D. t-test assuming unequal variances
cau 36: If the investigators added a third group, using yet another antibiotic
regime and this new group still met the criteria for the use of parametric tests,
which test should be used instead of Student's t-test?
A. t-test assuming equal variances
B. Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
C. Mann-Whitney-U test
D. Chi-square test
Cau 37: Consider the question above (the investigators adding a third group,
using yet another antibiotic regime). Which would be an appropriate test for
comparing numerical data point values if the assumptions for the use of a
parametric test are not met?
A. Chi-squared test
B. Kruskal-Wallis test
C. Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test
D. Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Cau 38: The study mentioned above found no statistical difference between the
mean ages of the two antibiotic groups (table 1 on page 1695). The mean age of
the newer antibiotic group (piperacillin/tazobactam) was 79 years and that of
the other groups was 80 years. If the Student's t-test referred to a two-tailed p-
value, what would the alternative hypothesis be stated as?
A. There is no difference between the mean ages of participants int he two
groups
B. The mean age of the piperacillin/ tazobactam (newer antibionic regimen)
group is lower than mean age of the orther group
C. The mean age of the piperacillin/ tazobactam (newer antibionic regimen)
group is higher than mean age of the orther group
D. There is a difference between the mean age of the patients in the two
antibiotic groups
Cau 39: ***Consider the duration of antibiotic treatment (in days) for the two
gruop ( table 1 page 1695). The mean number of treatment days for the
piperacillin/ tazobactam group was 6.7 +- 1.6 days. How should interpret the
plus/minus 1.6 days?
A. The shortest length of treatment was 6.7 – 1.6 = 5.1 days
B. No patient was treated for longer than 8.3 days
C. Some patient were treated for shorter than and some for longer than 6.7
days. The average difference between each patient’s actual length of
treatment and 6.7 days was indeed 1.6 days, called the standard deviation.
D. An error occcurred when this article was printed as patients only receive
treatment for whole days (a discrete number of days, i.e. two day, fourdays
or eight days )
Cau 40: If instead of the standard deviation, confidence intervals were used for
expressingthe length of tretment ( in days ), how would you interpret the
following result? Th mean length of treatment for severe hospital-acquired
pneumonia with piperacillin/tazobactam is 6.7 days ( 95% confidence int
erval 6.0 to 7.4 days.
A. Given the 95% confidence level, there is a 5% chance that a given patient in
the population would need treatment longer than 7.4 days or shorter than
6.0 days
B. Ninety-five percent of the patients were treated between 6.0 and 7.4 days
C. Two-and-a-half percent (0.025) of patients were treated for more than 7.4
days and 2.5% (0.025) of patients were treated for shorter than 6.0 days./
D. If this study was repeated many times we would find that the true length of
treatment was indeed between the lower and upper limits given in 95% of
the studies.
Cau 41: Researchers quoted a p-value of 0.02 for the difference in effect of two
drugs. What is the correct interpretation of a p-value?
A. There was a 20% likelihood of having found this difference
B. There is an 80% likelihood of having found no difference.
C. Given a true null hypothesis, the probability of finding this particular
difference (or a more extreme difference), was 0.02.
D. This is absolute proof that one drug is superior to the other.
Cau 42: Researchers find a strong positive correlation between alcohol intake
and the incidence of hernia recurrence in patients who have undergone inguinal
(groin) hernia repairs (p-value = 0.049, significance level 0.05). Which one of the
following statements do you agree with?
A. The p-value of 0.049 was too close to 0.05 to draw a conclusion from this
result.
B. The strength of correlation is not proof that alcohol causes hernia
recurrence.
C. Excessive alcohol intake causes the recurrence of hernias.
D. Excessive alcohol intake does not cause the recurrence of hernias.
Cau 43: A researcher wants to compare the responses to a pain medication
administered postoperatively. She forms two groups, the first underwent hernia
repair with a mesh and the second underwent a tissue repair (sutured only, i.e.
no mesh). The patients use a pain scale to record their responses, two hours
after receiving the medication. This score includes values for 0 (I have no pain)
to 5 (I experience extreme pain). Which of the following tests would you
consider to compare the two groups of 30 patients each.
A. Student’s t-test
B. Paired sample t-test
C. Chi-square test for independence
D. Fisher’s exact test
Cau 44: which is the following variables would lead you to use a statistical test
variables. Choose WRONG answer
A. Blood type, i.e. O, A, B, AB
B. Gender
C. Age
D. Likert style survey variable
Cau 45: Consider the expected value contingency table below. Which test would
you use to compare the two groups?
Group A Group B
Response 1 3 4
Response 2 4 2
A. Chi-square test for independence
B. Kruskal-Wallis test
C. Fisher’s exact test
D. Paired sample t-test
46. How many participants (marked as X) were ther in the study represented by
thix observed value contingency table?
A B totals
I 7 7 14
II 8 4 12
III 3 8 11
totals 18 19 X

A. Nineteen (19)
B. Eleven (11)
 C. Eighteen (18)
D. Thirty- seven (37)
47. ***which of the following tests cannot be used for a nominal categorical
variable? Choose thr WRONG answer.
A. Mann-Whitney-u- test
B. t-Test assuming equal variances (student’s t-Test)
C. Paried- sample t-Test
D. Chi square test
48. A researcher wishes to compare the presence of a family history of asthma
or allergies in a group of nursery school children. Of the 30 children, 10 have
allergies or asthma and 20 do not. Eighteen have no family history and 12 do.
The correct test for utilize those with and without asthma or allergies would be:
A. Fisher's exact test
B. The Mann - Whitney - U test
C. The Wilcoxon signed – rank
D.
49:
A, use the work and attribute it to author 1
B, locate and read the orginal, then attribute it to author 2
C, not to use the work
D, use the work and attribute it to author 2
50. Below is a list of population and samples. Select the sample that is most
likely to be representative (rather than based) of the population from which it is
drawn.
A. Population: The general population in Ho Chi Minh City, Sample: All patients
registered at local GP suures in the same area,
B. Population. Adults from a single geographic area, Sample: Employees at a local
factory,
C. Population Owners of luxury cars, Sample: Subscriber to What Car magazine
D. Population: Online shoppers, Sample: List of individuals who have web - based
email,
51. which of the following can be described as a nominal variable?
A. Annual income of participants
B. Age of participants
C. Annual participants sales of participants
D. Geographical location of participants Question
52. Which of the following techniques a simple random sample of companies?
A. Randomly selecting a district and then sampling all companies within the
district
B. Numbering all the elements of a company sampling frame and then using a
random number table to pick companies from the table
C. Listing companies by sector and choosing a proportion from within each sector
at random
D. Choosing spiral companies to participate
53. Which of the following is the first step in starting the research process?
A. Searching sources of information to locate problem,
B. Survey of related literature
C. Identification of problem
D. Searching for solutions to the problem Question
54. Jane is conducting interviews in order to develop a customer profile for her
client. She customizes each interview using same content to each participant
and does not ask specific questions. What type of interview format is Jane
using?
A. Structured
B. Semistructured
C. Closed - ended
D. Direct interviewing
55. For question 55 - 60, read carefully the paragraph: Postnatal depression is a
serious mental health problem and research that examined the association
between depression and childrearing attitude is limited. We aim to determine
the prevalence or probable depressive state among mothers in Vietnam and to
examine its risk factors with respect to social support and maternal childrearing
attitude. A study was conducted in 384 consecutive women who visited Tu Du
Obstetrical and Gynecological Hospital, for regular check - up and three months
postpartum. Which of the following is the research question?
A. is depressive state associated with unfavorable childrearing attitude?
B. Is the prevalence of depressive state higher in Vietnam?
C. Is postnatal depression a serious mental health problem? between one
D. Is material childrearing attitude s risk factor of social support?
56.*** Which study design the researcher should use?
A. Case series
B Observational study
C. Cross - sectional study
D. Case - control study Question
57. ***Which of the following is the research population?
A Patients with depression
B. Vietnamese women with postnatal depression
C. Vietnamese mothers
D. Vietnamese pregnant women Question
58. ***How did the researchers select participants?
A Using simple random sampling
B. Using their medical records
C. Using non - probability sampling
D. It is not mentioned in the paragraph
59. Which of the following content SHOULD NOT be mentioned in the Context -
review of relevant literature?
A. Definition of mental health problem including postnatal depression
B. Prevalence of postnatal depression in Japan, China
C. Prevalence of social support
D. The association between maternal childrearing attitude and depression
60. Which of the following is the research outcome?
A. postnatal depression
B. social support
C. maternal childrearing attitude
D. risk factors