Bio 102 Exam 2: November 5, 2012

Study Guide for Exam 2

Instructions
You know the drill…this should be your starting point! Also, review all of your assignments and labs.
Good luck. Email me if you have questions.

Mitosis and Meiosis

1. What happens during interphase? What major event occurs during each phase?
When does chromosome duplication occur in the cell cycle?

Interphase is the process of cell division divided into G1, S-phase, G2 before
mitosis.

G1 – cell learns how to do it's job

S phase – all chromosomes duplicate
G2 – cell does it's job

2. What is a chromosome? What is a sister chromatid? During what phase of

mitosis are sister chromatids separated?

Chromosome – composed of DNA long organized strands of DNA

Sister chromatid – original c'some, duplicate tied together via centromere. ><
The sis chromatids are separated during G2.

3. What are the phases of mitosis? What major event occurs during each phase of
mitosis?

Prophase – prepping
Metaphase – Middle
Anaphase – Apart
Telophase – cytokinesis (tear it in 2)

4. What does a diploid mean? What does haploid mean?

Diploid – 2 gametes. Haploid – half a diploid

5. What is the end result of mitosis?

Two identical daughter cells similar to the mother.

6. What is a homologous pair? What is the difference between: homologous pair

& sister chromatid?

Pair of c'somes. Sis chromatids are chromosomes crossed together while

homologous pairs are pairs of identical c'somes.
Bio 102 Exam 2: November 5, 2012

7. What are the phases of meiosis? What major event happens during each phase?

PMAT – I Homologous Pair Focus PMAT – I: Focus on Sis chromatids.

8. Be prepared to compare mitosis and meiosis. Specifically:
a. What is the purpose of each?

Mitosis – make new cells genetically identical

Meiosis – make gametes (sperm or egg)

b. What do you start with on each? (Haploid or diploid?)

Mitosis – Diploid (mom)

Meiosis – Diploid (mom)

c. What is the end result of each? (Haploid or diploid? Number of daughter

cells? Genetically identical or unique?)

Mitosis – 2 Diploids (daughter cells) identical

Meiosis – Haploids Unique.

d. How are they different?

Mitosis – MyTOEsis!!!
Meiosis - Sex

Reproductive Anatomy
1. What is the structure (location on the diagrams) and function for each of the
following feature in male anatomy:
Vas deferens – carries sperm from testis to prostate
Penis – tool of reproduction
Urethra – longer and carries both urine and semen
Prostate gland – regulatory flow and lube and ph change
Bulbourethral glands - pre-cum. pre-ejaculate
Seminal vesicles – medium for sperm. Lube and contains carbs
Epididymis – maturation and storage of sperm YMCA
Testes – produces sperm and hormones
2. You should also know details discussed in class regarding male reproductive
anatomy, including hormones, hormone production location, what a vasectomy
is, how a urethra in a male is different than a female, etc.

Vasectomy is the male version of birth control where the tubes are tied so sperm
can't travel.
Male urethra is longer than the female's. That's why females can contract UTI
faster than men. The male urethra also serves as a pathway for semen to escape.
Bio 102 Exam 2: November 5, 2012

3. What is the structure (location on the diagrams) and function for each of the
following features in female anatomy:
Uterus – protecting the fetus
Ovary – produces eggs (gametes) using meiosis – completed prior to birth
Oviduct - fertilization
Vagina – part a penis (sheath)
Cervix - gateway
Urethra – carries urine out
Bladder – stores pee
4. You should also know details discussed in class regarding female reproductive
anatomy, including hormones, hormone production locations, what ovulation is,
what fertilization is (and where it occurs), what menstruation is (and where it
occurs), what the cervix does during labor and delivery of a baby, etc.
5. Know your diagrams!!! Guaranteed the diagrams will be on the exam.

Genetics
1. What is the definition of each of the following:
Gene – segments of DNA/chromosomes that code for a specific protein. Also
regulatory genes
heterozygous – 2 different alleles for a given trait
Dominant – genes/alleles that eclipse the expression of other alleles for a
specific trait
Allele – alternate forms of the same gene
Homozygous – 2 of the same alleles for a given trait
genotype – genetic composition
Recessive – gene alleles that are expressed when there are 2 copies
phenotype – physical expression (blue eyes, black hair, type etc)

2. What is Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment? What is Mendel’s

Principle of Segregation?

Principle of Independent Assortment – just because you are recessive for one trait
doesn't mean you are recessive for all traits.

Principle of Segregation – A diploid parent can only give one copy of each gene to
it's offspring.

3. What is the definition of and/or clues for detecting each of the following:
a. incomplete dominance e. multifactorial traits
b. codominance f. lethal alleles
c. X-linked traits g. multiple alleles
d. polygenic inheritance h. pleiotropy
4. What is a sex chromosome? How are autosomes and sex chromosomes
different? Which type of Beyond Mendel situation deals with sex chromosomes?
Bio 102 Exam 2: November 5, 2012

Sex chromosomes are XX and XY for females and males respectively. Autosomes
carry traits while sex chromosomes carry gender traits.
5. Know how to do a problem with incomplete dominance, Mendelian and/or
codominance (i.e. blood type problem). You do NOT need to know how to do a
pedigree.

Molecular Biology
1. What is the definition and/or structure of each of the following:
a. DNA – deoxyribonucleic Acid. To provide genetic instructions for how to
build proteins.
b. Nucleotide (be able to identify all of the parts of a nucleotide) –
MONOMER
1. Sugar = Deoxyribose
1. Phosphate
2. Nitrogenous Base
2. Which nitrogenous bases pair together? Base-pairing rule.

Adenine – Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine

3. Where in a DNA molecule are hydrogen bonds formed? Phosphodiester bonds?

Hydrogen bonds are formed to bond nucleotides A – T and C – G.

Phosphodiester bonds occur between the Protein and base.

4. What are the rules of DNA structure?

Base-pairing rule
DNA is complementary
DNA is anti-parallel P → Sugar Sugar ← P Gives it a twist
Hydrogen Bonds

5. What is RNA? How is it different from DNA? How is it the same?

RNA = Ribonucleic Acid

Sugar = ribose
Single Strand
One gene and disposable
C – G and A - Uracil

6. What are the three types of RNA? What are their functions?

Messenger RNA – copy of a single gene in the DNA

transfer RNA – transport of amino aicds to the ribosome
Bio 102 Exam 2: November 5, 2012

ribosomal RNA – supervise the action of the ribosome

7. What is the purpose of transcription? How does it work? What are the steps?
What enzymes are necessary? What kind of RNA is transcribed?

Transcription is the copy of DNA into an mRNA!

TACA
ATGT
DNA Helicase is necessary!! Open and unwind the DNA like a zipper!

8. What is the genetic code? Why is it important? How is it “universal”? How is it

“redundant”?

Genetic Code – universal and redundant

9. What is translation? How does it work? What do you need to do translation?

Translation – converting from DNA/RNA into amino acids using the genetic code

10. Where does transcription occur? Where does translation occur?

11. Be able to transcribe and translate (using the genetic code). You should
know this stuff forwards and backwards! Guaranteed it will be on the exam!
12. Review your “DNA Review Questions” sheets.

Molecular Techniques (These are from your Murder Mystery Assignment)

1. How do you isolate DNA from the rest of a cell?
2. What is PCR? What does it do? Why is it important?
3. What is a DNA standard? What does it show?
4. What is gel electrophoresis? What is it used for? Why do DNA fragments
travel through the gel at different speeds? How can gel be used to visualize
DNA?
5. How do you read a gel? How do you analyze DNA evidence?
6. Be able to read a gel. You should be able to compare an unknown DNA sample
to known samples and determine which is a match or which is a relative!