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Me 161: Introduction To Mechanicalengineering: Asif Kabir

Here are the answers to your assignment questions: 1. Four laws of thermodynamics: - Zeroth law of thermodynamics - First law of thermodynamics - Second law of thermodynamics - Third law of thermodynamics 2. Two properties of a system: - Extensive properties (dependent on the amount of matter in the system) - Intensive properties (independent of the amount of matter in the system)

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Mohammad Asif Kabir
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72 views28 pages

Me 161: Introduction To Mechanicalengineering: Asif Kabir

Here are the answers to your assignment questions: 1. Four laws of thermodynamics: - Zeroth law of thermodynamics - First law of thermodynamics - Second law of thermodynamics - Third law of thermodynamics 2. Two properties of a system: - Extensive properties (dependent on the amount of matter in the system) - Intensive properties (independent of the amount of matter in the system)

Uploaded by

Mohammad Asif Kabir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME 161: Introduction to MechanicalEngineering

Prepared By
ASIF KABIR
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)
LECTURE 1 : BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS
What is Thermodynamics & its Application
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature,
and their relation to energy, radiation, and physical properties of matter. The behavior of
these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics.
Applications:
 Air conditioning (home and cars)
 Heating (home and cars)
 Climate Changes
 Ideal and not so Ideal gasses phenomena
 Using ice cubes to cool one’s drink
Thermodynamic Systems &its Classification
A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study. The
mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings. The real or imaginary
surface that separates the system from its surroundings is called the boundary.
The thermodynamic systems may he classified into the following three groups
1. Closed system
2. Open system and
3. Isolated system.
Classification of ThermodynamicSystems

Closed system : This is a system of fixed mass and


identity whose boundaries are determined by the space
of the matter (working substance) occupied in it.
Classification of ThermodynamicSystems
Open system: In this system,
the mass of the working
substance crosses the
boundary of the system. Heat
and work can also
cross the boundary.
Classification of ThermodynamicSystems
Isolated system: A system which is completely uninfluenced by the surrounding is
called an isolated system. It is a system of fixed mass and no heat or work energy
cross its boundary. In other words, an isolated system does not have transfer of either
mass or energy (heat or work) with the surroundings.
Classification of ThermodynamicSystems
Properties of aSystem
Any characteristic of a system is called a property. Some familiar properties are
pressure P,
temperature T, volume V, and mass m.

The thermodynamic properties of a system may be divided into the following two
general classes:
1. Extensive properties and
2. Intensive properties.
Properties of aSystem
Extensive property: Extensive properties are dependent on matter. The properties of
the system, whose value for the entire system is equal to the sum of their values for the
individual parts of the system are called extensive properties, e.g. total volume, total
mass and total energy of a system are its extensive properties.

Intensive properties: Intensive properties are Independent of matter. It may be noticed


that the temperature of the system is not equal to the sum of the temperatures of its
individual parts. It is also true for pressure and density of the system. Thus properties
like temperature, pressure and density are called intensive properties.
Process and State

•A thermodynamic process is the succession of thermodynamic states that a system passes


through as
it goes from an initial state to a final state

•A system process is said to go through a thermodynamic cycle when the final state of the
process is the same as the initial state of the process
Pressure : Absolute, Gage andVacuum
Cont.
All the pressure gauges read the difference between the actual pressure in any system
and the atmospheric pressure. The reading of the pressure gauge is known as gauge
pressure, while the actual pressure is called absolute pressure. Mathematically,

Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure + Gauge


pressure

This relation is used for pressures above atmospheric, as shown in Fig. 1.7 (a). For
pressures below atmospheric, the gauge pressure will be negative. This negative
gauge pressure is known as vacuum pressure. Therefore

Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure - Vacuum


pressure
Energy
The energy is defined as the capacity to do work. In other words, a system is said to
possess energy when it is capable of doing work.

The energy possessed by a system is of the following two


types:
1. Stored energy, and
2. Transit energy (or energy in transition)
Types of StoredEnergy
Potential energy: It is the energy possessed by a body or a system for doing work, by
virtue of its position above the ground level. For example, a body raised to some height
above the ground level possesses potential energy because it can do some work by
failing on earth's surface.

Let W = Weight of the


body, m = Mass of the
body,
z = Distance through which the body fails,
and g =Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81
m/s2 Potential energy,
PE = Wz = mgz
Cont.
Kinetic energy : It is the energy possessed by a body or a system, for doing work, by
virtue of its mass and velocity of motion.

Let m Mass of the body,


and V = Velocity of the
body.
When m is in kg and V is in m/s, then kinetic energy will be in N-m, as
discussed
KE =
1 2 below: We know that kinetic energy,
2
m
v
Cont.
Internal energy: It is the energy possessed by a body or a system due to its
molecular arrangement and motion of the molecules. It is usually represented
by U.

In the study of thermodynamics, we are mainly concerned with the change in internal
energy (dU) which depends upon the change in temperature of the system.
Cont.
1. The total energy of the system (E) is equal to the sum of the above three types of
energies. Mathematically
1
E = PE + KE + U = mgz + 2
2
mv +U
Any other form of the energy such as chemical energy, electrical energy etc. is
neglected.
For unit mass, the above expression is written as
e = pe + ke + u
2. When the system is stationary and the effect of gravity is neglected, then PE = 0, and
KE =0. In such a case
E = U or e=u
Law of Conservation ofEnergy

The energy can neither he created nor destroyed, though It can be


transformed from one form to any other form, in which the energy can
exist.
Heat

The heat is defined as the energy transferred, without transfer of mass, across the
boundary of a system because of a temperature difference between the system and the
surroundings. It is usually represented by Q and is expressed in joule (J) or kilo-joule
(kJ).
Specific Heat
Specific heat: The specific heat of a substance may be broadly defined as the
amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of any substance through one
degree.

Heat required = mc (T2 —T1) kJ


1. Specific heat at constant pressure (CP), and
2. Specific heat at constant volume (CV).
Laws of Thermodynamics
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
This law states," When two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third
system, then the two systems are also in thermal equilibrium with one another.“

First Law of Thermodynamics


This law may be stated as follows:
'The heat and mechanical work are mutually convertible".
Cont.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
(i)Kelvin - Planck Statement: According to Kelvin-Planck 'It is impossible to Construct an
engine working on a cyclic process, whose sole purpose is to convert heat energy from
a single thermal reservoir into an equivalent amount of work'.
(ii)Clausius Statement: It is impossible for a self acting machine, working in a cyclic
process, to transfer heat front a body at a lower temperature to a body at a higher
temperature without the aid of an external agency
Cont.
Third Law of Thermodynamics
The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature
approaches absolute zero. It states that nothing can reach the
temperature of absolute zero (0K).
Heat Engine
𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 𝑖 𝑚 𝑢 𝑚 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
ηmax = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑄 𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿 𝑄𝐿
= = 1− = 1 − 𝑇𝐿
𝑄H 𝑄𝐻 𝑇𝐻
COP
The performance of refrigerator and heat pump is measured in
terms of coefficient of performance which is defined as the ratio of
the maximum heat transferred (i.e. heat taken from the cold body)
to the
amount of work required to produce the desired effect.
Mathematically, Maximum coefficient of performance for a refrigerator,

𝑄2 𝑄2 𝑇2
(COP)=
R 𝑊 = =
𝑅
𝑄1 − 𝑄 2 𝑇1 − 𝑇 2
COP
Maximum coefficient of performance for a heat
pump,

𝑄1 𝑄1 𝑇1 𝑇2
(COP)=
P 𝑊 = = = +1
𝑃
𝑄1 − 𝑄 2 𝑇1 − 𝑇 2 𝑇1 − 𝑇 2
= (COP)R + 1
Thank You
Assignment Class - 1
1.Write down FOURlaws of
thermodynamics.
2. Write down the two Properties of
a System.

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