Historical Development of The Periodic Table
Historical Development of The Periodic Table
Historical Development of The Periodic Table
The chemists try to develop and make a generalisation of the element by classifying it
into a certain characteristic.
The classification will enable scientists ;
o to generalise the chemical and physical properties.
o to predict the position of an element.
o to identify and compare elements from a different group.
o to predict chemical and physical properties.
Scientist Description
Antoine Lavoisier o Group the element into four groups, which are gas, metal, non-m
o Light and heat are included in the classification.
o Some elements are in the wrong group because of different chem
Johann W. Dobereiner o Group the elements into three which are called as a triad.
o Discovers the relationship between the relative atomic mass (RA
o However, this relationship does not apply to most of the other el
Lothar Meyer Calculated the volume of an atom by dividing the mass with the density
Dmitri Mendeleev o Arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass.
o The arrangement followed the atomic mass but not the chemical
Henry G.J. Moseley o Bombarded different elements with high energy electrons and
ray emitted by the element.
o Plotted the square root of the frequency of the X-ray against the
o Managed to get a straight line graph.
All members of the same group have the same number of valence electrons.
The number of the period is indicated by the number of shells filled with electrons.
Element
With one or two valence electrons With three to eight va
Group = Number of valence electrons Group = Number of valen
Group 18
Insoluble in water.
Does not conduct electricity.
Does not conduct heat.
The boiling and melting point is increasing down the group.
The van der Waals forces are increasing when the size of the atoms increases.
Chemical properties
Group 1
Physical properties
Elemen
As going down the group
t
Li The atomic radius increases.
Na Density increases.
The melting point decreases.
Electeopositivity also increase
K
The attractive force between the nucleus and the single electron decreases as the radius incre
Chemical properties
Elemen
Reaction with oksigen
t
Li 4Li(s) + O_2(g) \rightarrow 2Li_2O(s)4Li(s)+O2(g)→2Li2
Na 4Na(s) + O_2(g) \rightarrow 2Na_2O(s)4Na(s)+O2(g)→2Na
K 4K(s) + O_2(g) \rightarrow 2K_2O(s)4K(s)+O2(g)→2K2O
Elemen
Reaction with chlorine
t
Li 2Li(s) + Cl_2(g) \rightarrow 2LiCl(s)2Li(s)+Cl2(g)→2LiC
Na 2Na(s) + Cl_2(g) \rightarrow 2NaCl(s)2Na(s)+Cl2(g)→2Na
K 2K(s) + Cl_2(g) \rightarrow 2KCl(s)2K(s)+Cl2(g)→2KCl
Reactivity
Elemen
As going down the group
t
Li \ The atomic radius of the elements incre
Downarrow⇓ \downarrow↓
The attractive force between the nucleus and the valence el
\downarrow↓
Easier to release the valence electro
\downarrow↓
Group 17
Physical properties
Non-metals
Does not conduct heat and electricity.
Elemen
As going down the group
t
F \ The atomic radius increases.
Cl Downarrow⇓ Reactivity decreases.
Br Boiling and melting point increases.
I The van der Waals force increases as the size of the atom increases.
The electronegativity decreases because the radius increases and the force b
nucleus decreases.
Chemical properties
Elemen
Reaction with water
t
Cl Cl_2(g) + H_2O(l) \rightarrow HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)Cl2(g)+H2O(l)→HC
Br Br_2(l) + H_2O(l) \rightarrow HBr(aq) + HOBr(aq)Br2(l)+H2O(l)→HB
I I_2(s) + H_2O(l) \rightarrow HI(aq) + HOI(aq)I2(s)+H2O(l)→HI(a
Elemen
Reaction with iron
t
Cl 3Cl_2(g) +2Fe(s) \rightarrow 2FeCl_3(s)3Cl2(g)+2Fe(s)→2F
Br 3Br_2(l) +2Fe(s) \rightarrow 2FeBr_3(s)3Br2(l)+2Fe(s)→2F
I 3I_2(s) +2Fe(s) \rightarrow 2FeI_3(s)3I2(s)+2Fe(s)→2FeI
Elemen
Reaction with sodium hydroxide
t
Cl_2(l) +2NaOH(aq) \rightarrow NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H_2O(l)Cl2(l)+2N
Cl
+NaOCl(aq)+H2O(l)
Br_2(l) +2NaOH(aq) \rightarrow NaBr(aq) + NaOBr(aq) + H_2O(l)Br2(l)+2N
Br
+NaOBr(aq)+H2O(l)
I I_2(s) +2NaOH(aq) \rightarrow NaI(aq) + NaOI(aq) + H_2O(l)I2(s)+2NaOH(aq)→
Reactivity
Group 17 is very reactive, but the reactivity decreases down the group.
The elements will accept an electron to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement.
The forces between the nucleus and the valence electron become weaker as going down
the group.
Eleme
As going down the group
nt
F The atomic radius increases.
\downarrow↓
\ The attractive forces between the nucleus and the valence ele
Downarrow \downarrow↓
⇓ More difficult to receive or attract an electron to complet
\downarrow↓
Reactivity decreases
Elements in Period 3
The elements in Period 3 will show a gradual change in physical and chemical properties,
as going across the period.
The elements in Period 3 are;
o Sodium, Na
o Magnesium, Mg
o Aluminium, Al
o Silicon, Si
o Phosphorus, P
o Sulphur, S
o Chlorine, Cl
o Argon, Ar
Group 1 2 13 14 15 16
Elemen
Na Mg Al Si P S
t
\xrightarrow[]{\text{Across period}}Across period
Nature of metals:
o The elements change from metal to metalloid, and then non-metal as the
electronegativity increases.
Nature of oxides:
o The oxides of the elements change from basic to amphoteric and then to acidic
across the period.
Transition Elements
Oxidation Compound
number
Chromium, Cr
+3 Chromium(III) chloride, CrCl_3CrC
+6 Potassium dichromate(VI), K_2Cr_2O_7
Manganese, Mn
+2 Manganese(II) chloride, MnCl_2Mn
+4 Manganese(IV) oxide, MnO_2Mn
+7 Potassium manganate(VII), KMnO_4K
Iron, Fe
+2 Iron(II) sulphate, FeSO_4FeSO4
+3 Iron(III) chloride, FeCl_3FeCl3
Copper, Cu
+1 Copper(I) oxide, Cu_2OCu2O
+2 Copper(II) oxide, CuOCuO
Nickel, Ni
+2 Nickel(II) sulphate, NiSO_4NiSO
+3 Nickel(III) chloride, NiCl_3NiCl
Colou
Ion
solu
Chromium, Cr
Chromium(III) ion, Cr^{3+}Cr3+ Gre
Dichromate(VI) ion, Cr_2O_7^{2-}Cr2O72− Ora
Manganese, Mn
Manganese(II) ion, Mn^{2+}Mn2+ Pin
Manganate(VII) ion, MnO_4\,^-MnO4− Pur
Iron, Fe
Iron(II) ion, Fe^{2+}Fe2+ Gre
Iron(III) ion, Fe^{3+}Fe3+ Bro
Copper, Cu
Copper(II) ion, Cu^{2+}Cu2+ Bl
Nickel, Ni
Nickel(II) ion, Ni^{2+}Ni2+ Gre