Infrastructure and Transportation Planning

Guided By:
Prof.(Dr.)Aditya Contactor

Submitted By:
Jainesh Bavadiya (2019069318)
Monali Chaudhary (2019069319)
Nishita Chevli (2019069320)
Tanmay Choksi (2019069321)

M.PLAN-1 , SEM-2 , Infrastructure and Transportation Planning, G.C.P.I.A , V.N.S.G.U

Module 1: Role of Infrastructure in Development

Content
■ Elements of Infrastructure (Physical, Social, Utilities and Services)
■ Basic Definitions, concepts, Significance and Importance
■ Data required for provision and planning of urban networks and
services
■ Resources analysis, provision of infrastructure and land requirements
■ Principles and resource distribution in space.
■ Types, Hierarchical distribution of facilities, Access to facilities,
Provision and location criteria, Norms and standards, etc.
What is Infrastructure?
■ Infrastructure is defined as the physical framework of facilities through
which goods and services are provided to the public.
■ Its linkages to the economy are multiple and complex, because it affects
production and consumption directly, creates positive and negative
effects and involves large inflow of expenditure.
■ Infrastructure provision is dominated by the public sector. Because
infrastructure investments are lumpy, it is difficult for planners to match
the availability of supply of infrastructure with demand at all times.

■ These infrastructure are grouped into two broad categories:

1. Social infrastructure
2. Physical infrastructure
Significance of various types of Infrastructure:
■ It needs to be emphasized that good quality of physical as well as social
infrastructure is important not only for faster economic growth but also to
ensure inclusive growth.
■ By inclusive growth we mean that benefits of growth are shared by the
majority of the people of a country.
■ Thus the inclusive growth will lead to the alleviation of poverty and
reduction in income inequality in the country.
■ Some parts of a country may have abundant forests and reserves of
mineral resources but they remain unexploited for production because they
are remote and inaccessible through means of physical and social
infrastructure.
■ Small enterprises, on the other hand, are dispersed widely in the economy
and have to rely on the availability of the general infrastructure facilities.
thus, by building up general infrastructure facilities such as roads and
affordable housing helps the small enterprises to compete successfully with
large-scale industries and being labor-intensive generate large employment
opportunities for the workers. This will help to alleviate the poverty in
developing countries
Infrastructure
 Infrastructure

Distribution of Infrastructure Commercial Recreational Traffic and

land use facilities facilities Transportation

Physical Infrastructure Social Infrastructure

•Water Supply • Educational facilities

•Water Requirements for • Health care facilities
institutional buildings
• Socio- Cultural facilities
•Sewage
• Distribution services
•Drainage
• Police
•Electricity
• Fire
•Solid waste Disposal
Basic Infrastructures
Definition Sector Basic Infrastructure Targets Facilities

Economic Transport Road • Urban Highway

Infrastructure • Classified roads
• Public transport
River Port • Existing river port
• New river port
Air Port • Existing airport
• New air port
Energy and Utility Energy Electricity • Electric facility

Water Supply Water Supply • Water facility

Social Infrastructure Education School • School facilities

Health Hospital • Hospital

• Health centre
Business Market • Markets
• Shopping centre
Environmental Public Service Waste Management • Solid waste disposal
Infrastructure facility
Waste Water Management • Treatment facility
• Sewerage system
Physical infrastructure:
■ Physical infrastructure refers to the basic physical structures required
for an economy to function and survive such as roads, railways,
bridges, tunnels, water supply, sewers, electrical grids,
telecommunications, power grid, sewerage and waste disposal
systems, agriculture, industry, trade, etc.

■ Additionally, physical infrastructure constitutes a large part of modern

economies and optimal procurement and maintenance is of
considerable strategic regional and national interest.
■ Physical infrastructure directly supports
the economic production, process of
production and distribution in the
economy.
■ energy, irrigation, transportation,
telecommunication, banking, insurance,
technology, finance, etc.
■ Physical infrastructures, however,
directly increase the productivity and the
economy sees the impact immediately.
Importance of Physical infrastructure:

■ The availability of good quality infrastructure raises productivity levels in

the economy and brings down costs of the enterprises.
■ The availability of adequate infrastructure helps to expand trade not
only within a country by improving transport facilities but also promote
foreign trade through improvement of ports and airports.
■ One considerable reason for physical infrastructure is that once goods
are produced, they need to be transported to the ports and airports for
transportation to other states and countries.
■ This means that excellent roads are needed to transport the goods or
otherwise, they would be delayed leading to economic and reputational
losses. Indeed, if a manufacturer produces goods quickly but is unable
to transport them to the destination as fast as they can, then there is no
point in making the goods in an efficient manner in the first place.
Social infrastructure:

■ Social Infrastructure is a subset of the infrastructure sector and typically

includes assets that accommodate social services.
■ They concern with the supply of facilities and services such as to meet
the basic needs of a society, like an education and training, health and
sanitation, drinking water, housing, welfare, social services, open space,
recreation and sport, safety and emergency services, religious, arts and
cultural facilities, civic and democratic institutions, and community
meeting places. etc.

■ It covers a range of services and

facilities that meet local and
strategic needs and contribute
towards a good quality of life.
■ They indirectly increase the
productivity and the economy sees
the impact after some time. Social
infrastructures lead to growth in the
long run.
Importance of Social infrastructure:

■ Social infrastructure plays an important role in both the economic

development of a nation and the development of society’s quality of life.
■ It needs to be emphasized that good quality infrastructure is important
not only for faster economic growth but also to ensure inclusive growth.
■ Social infrastructure helps economy to grow from outside and it also
improves quality of human resources .
■ By inclusive growth we mean that benefits of growth are shared by the
majority of the people of a country. Thus the inclusive growth will lead to
the alleviation of poverty and reduction in income inequality in the
country.
■ With the expansion of globalization and population growth, communities
investment in social infrastructure is akin to an investment in the
country’s economy.
Economic Infrastructure:
■ Economic infrastructure means those basic facilities and services which
directly benefit the process of production and distribution of an economy.
Irrigation, power, transport, and communication are examples of
Economic Infrastructure.
■ Without the existence and presence of economic infrastructures, the
growth and fast pace of the economy is impossible.
Significance of Economic Infrastructure and its impact on the
Economy
■ They help in the development of the market and all the elements within.
■ It also facilitates large-scale production for the purpose of smooth
functioning of the economy.
■ They also ensure price stability in the market.
■ Economic infrastructure definitely ensures the mobility of labour and capital
within/from the economy.
■ It results in the overall growth of towns and cities.
■ Infrastructures provide for a lot of employment generation and employment
opportunities.
■ Infrastructures in the economy directly result in the unity of various
economic components.
■ The economy and the nation will be able to meet any emergencies that
arise.
■ Infrastructural development plays a vital role in the development of
agriculture and industry.
■ Infrastructure like transportation, communication and telecommunication
breaks any economic isolation that prevails in the country.
■ They are a great and rich source of revenue to the Government.
Importance of Economic Infrastructure

■ They help in the development of the market and all the elements within.
■ It also facilitates large-scale production for the purpose of smooth
functioning of the economy.
■ They result in the territorial division of labour which is great.
■ They also ensure price stability in the market.
■ It ensures the mobility of labour and capital within/from the economy.
■ It results in the overall growth of towns and cities.
■ Infrastructures provide for a lot of employment generation and
employment opportunities.
■ They also play a crucial role in national defense activities.
■ Infrastructural development plays a vital role in the development of
agriculture and industry.
■ The development of economic infrastructure will directly result in the
development of economic trade.
Environmental Infrastructure
■ Environmental Infrastructure is the engineering and construction
practice that provides safe water supply, waste disposal, and pollution
control services to protect human health and safeguard
the environment.
■ They include extensive networks of aqueducts, reservoirs, water
distribution pipes, sewer pipes, and pumping stations; treatment
systems such as sedimentation tanks and aeration tanks, filters, septic
tanks, desalination plants, and incinerators; and waste disposal
facilities such as sanitary landfills and secure hazardous-waste
storage impoundments.
Importance of Environmental infrastructure:

■ Treatment of drinking water helps to prevent the spread of waterborne

diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid fever, and proper
waste treatment and disposal practices
prevent degradation of ecosystems and neighborhoods.
■ Similarly, cleaning the air of pollutant gases and particles as they are
generated prevents adverse effects on both human health and
the environment.
■ Aging or mismanaged environmental infrastructure can contribute to
water scarcity, groundwater contamination, and other environmental or
public health problems, and thus its upkeep should be prioritized.
Because the provision, operation, and maintenance of these works
require a major investment of public funds, concerned citizens as well
as municipal officials and decision makers should be familiar with the
basic concepts of environmental engineering.
Utility Networks

■ Utility networks consisting of water, waste, electricity, gas, and

telecommunication systems underpin the economic, social, and
environmental performance of modern life.
■ They are the basic spatial infrastructure grids which, quite literally,
provide the fundamental conduits through which modern cities operate.
■ utility networks that connect supply sources with end-user demands
(e.g. through water supply pipes, sewers, electricity cables, gas pipes
and similar conduits, all of which are predominantly situated
underground).
■ Utilities are an integral component of the total transportation network
comprising highways, railways, airways, and waterways, as well as
pipelines, wires, and cables that transport people, goods, and public
services.
■ Utilities and infrastructure planning and maintenance involve a large
number of agencies and stakeholders.
Data required for provision and planning of urban
networks and services

■ Understanding the linkage between availability, accessibility, affordability

and adequacy of basic services for the realization of human rights. Basic
services are central to the realization of a wide range of human rights,
including water, sanitation, housing, health and education. It is therefore
crucial to ensure that these services are;
■ available and physically accessible to all;
■ affordable to all;
■ culturally adapted to various groups of the populations;
■ do not discriminate in their access or delivery;
■ safe to use for all, including for women and children.
■ Policies and programs should be developed with and for urban dwellers,
should prioritize the ones the more in need of them, and be mindful of
the gender issues surrounding them.
Status and Changing Pattern of Development and
Infrastructure in India
■ The development of various sectors in any country depends on large
extent on infrastructure of the country.
■ Infrastructure development has been accorded high priority in various
five year plans of the country. Investment in infrastructure has gone up
substantially.

YEARS INVESTMENT PROJECTED IN % of

(Rs.Crores) GDPmp
2005 -06 2,04,000 5.3
2007 -08 3,03,807 6.0
2009 -10 3,89,266 7.25
2011 -12 5,95,913 9.34
2013 -14 8,87,454 7.62
2015 -16 12,85,573 8.38
2016 -17 15,89,308 9.0

GDPmp = Private final consumption expenditure +

Government final consumption expenditure +
Gross domestic capital formation + Net exports.
Development Indicators of India
Economic Infrastructure Indicators
Social Infrastructure Indicators
Provision of Infrastructure and Land Requirements

■ Though, the Government of India’s policy emphasized for creation and

management of social infrastructure on its own.
■ In the 10th five year plan (2002-07), there is a shift to include the role of
private sector in these key social sectors. The majority in the delivery of
social services is offered by specific government departments with the
necessary specialization.
■ The creation of infrastructure for such delivery of services is guided by
the respective plans. The services include electricity, water supply,
sewage and drainage roads, public transportation, waste management
from the most “physical infrastructure” side and education, health,
security, postal services, community facilities from the “social
infrastructure side”.
■ The Master plans have designation of land uses such as Public and
Semi Public land uses that comprises of various uses such as
education, health, etc. Public facilities to include Central and State
government offices, jail, Police stations, Post offices, Fire stations,
cemetery, Semi public facilities to include Higher Educational and
Medical institutions, Banks, LPG Godowns, Religious and Cultural
Institutions, Community halls
Principle of Resource distribution in space

■ Resource distribution refers to the distribution of resources, including

land, water, minerals, wealth in general among corresponding
geographic entities (states, countries, etc.). Resource distribution refers
to the geographic occurrence of resources on earth. In other words,
where resources are located. Any particular place may be rich in the
resources people desire and poor in others. As a result, resources are
distributed unevenly across the globe.
■ SPACE is the common property of mankind. Traditionally, access to
common property resources such as the oceans has been open and
free.This is appropriate for resources that are plentiful.
■ At first glance, space appears to be not only abundant but infinite.
However, future demand for space resources may soon make them
scarce in the sense that an allocation mechanism will be needed for
their efficient utilization.
■ Based on the premise of ‘res communis’, the magna carta of
space law, the OST, illustrates outer space as “the province of all
mankind”. Under Article I, States are free to explore and use
outer space and to access all celestial bodies “ on the basis of
equality and in accordance with international law.”
■ Under Article II, outer space including the Moon and other
celestial bodies are “not subject to national appropriation by
claim of sovereignty” through use, occupation or any other
means.
■ Furthermore, the Moon Agreement, 1979, not only defines outer
space as “common heritage of mankind” but also proscribes
commercial exploitation of planets and asteroids by States
unless an international regime is established to govern such
activities for “rational management,” “equitable sharing” and
“expansion of opportunities” in the use of these resources.
 Hierarchical distribution of facilities
Norms and Standards

Distribution of Infrastructure Commercial Recreational Traffic and

land use facilities facilities Transportation

• Hierarchy of
commercial centers
• Area of commercial
centers
• Distribution of • Housing
shops • cluster sector
• Community
• District Sub city
centers
• Classification of
Urban roads
• Design
standards of
Urban roads
Physical Infrastructure
Water Supply:

Size of Town
Aspect Small Medium Large and
Metro

Domestic
Minimum 70 lpcd 70-100 lpcd 135 lpcd
Desirable 100 lpcd 135-150 lpcd 135-150 lpcd

Non domestic
Fire fighting 1% of total demand
Public purpose 10-15 lpcd 25-25 lpcd 30-35 lpcd

As per URDPFI guidelines

Water requirements for institutional buildings:

Institution Litres per head per day

Hospital above 100 beds 450 per bed
Hospital upto 100 beds 340 per bed
Hotels 180 per bed
Hostels 135
Restaurants 70 per seat
Airports & Sea ports 70
Junction stations & intermediate stations 70
Terminal Stations & Intermediate stations 45
Day schools / colleges 45
Offices & factories 45
Cinema, Concert halls and theatre 15

As per URDPFI guidelines

Sewerage & Drainage

■ The drainage system for any city/town is governed mainly by natural

course and topography. The discharge is calculated that guides the
requirements for provision of additional drain as well as up gradation of
existing drains.
■ The treatment of sewerage is essential to provide hygienic conditions.
The sewerage is estimated at the rate of 80% of the water supply
demand.
■ The large & metro cities shall be provided with regular sewerage
treatment facilities at zonal/city level.
■ The newly developed areas shall have community level septic tanks
based on economic & environmental considerations.
■ The squatter settlements may be provided with a facility of 1 toilet for 4
to 5 families based on the concept of low cost and low water
consumption.

As per URDPFI guidelines

Electricity

■ Power supply consumption works out to be about 2 KW per household

at the city level including domestic, commercial, industrial and other
requirements.

■ 1 electric substation of 11 KV for a population of 15,000 is

recommended for towns/ cities.

Solid waste Disposal

■ The garbage is removed and dumped at the sanitary landfill or in some

cases it is converted to compost especially in small towns.

■ The generation of waste varies from a quarter of Kg in small towns to

about half a kg per capita in large and metro cities.

As per URDPFI guidelines

Social Infrastructure
Educational facilities

■ Pre-primary to Secondary Education:

■ Pre primary, nursery school 1 for 2500 population
■ Senior secondary school 1 for 7500 population
■ Technical Education center
■ 1 such center provided for every 10 lakh pop. Include 1 industrial
training institute and 1 polytechnic institute.
■ College
■ 1 for 1.25 lakh population
■ No of student 1000 to 1500
■ Area 1.80 Ha.
■ University Campus with Area of 10 ha shall be provided.
As per URDPFI guidelines
Health care Facilities
General hospital
Hospital for 2.5 lac population capacity 500 beds
Area for hospital 4 ha
Area for residential accommodation 2 ha
Total Area 6 ha
Intermediate hospital
1 hospital for 1 lac population capacity
Area for hospital 2.70 ha
Area for residential accommodation 1 ha
Total Area 3.70 ha
Nursing home,child welfare and maternity center
1 for 0.45 to 1 lac population
Capacity 25 to 30 beds
Area 0.20 to 0.30 ha

Dispensary
1 for 0.15 lac population
Area 0.08 to 0.12 ha
As per URDPFI guidelines
Socio-Cultural facilities

Type of community place Size of community

Place

a) Community room
660 Sq..m
1 for 5,000 population area
b) Community hall and library 1 for 15,000
population area 2000 sq.m
c) Recreational club
1 for 1 lakh population area 10,000 sq.m
d) Music, dance and drama centre 1 for 1 lakh
population - area 1,000 sq.m
e) Meditation and spiritual centre 1 for 1 lakh
population area 5000 sq.m
f) Socio-cultural centre
1 for 10 lakh population area 15 ha

As per URDPFI guidelines

Distribution services

a) Petrol pump
■ One petrol pump for 150 ha of gross residential areas in residential zone
■ One petrol pump for 40 ha of gross industrial area
■ Two petrol pumps in each district center
■ One petrol pump in each community center

b) Milk distribution
■ One milk booth for 5,000 population.

c) LPG Godown
■ One gas Godown for 40-50 thousand population is sufficient for any size
of town.
■ The major concern for its storage and distribution is the location which
shall be away from the residential areas.
As per URDPFI guidelines
 Police Facility

Police Station 1 for 90,000 population

Area required with residential accommodation 1.50 ha

Police Post 1 for 0.40 to 0.50 population

Area required with residential 0.16 ha
accommodation

District office and battalion 1 for 10 lac population

Area requird 4.80 ha

Police line 1 for 20 lac population

Area requird 4.00 to 6.00 ha

Jail 1 for 10 lac population

Area requird 10.00 ha

As per URDPFI guidelines

Fire fighting facility

■ 1 fire station or sub fire station within 1 to 3 km to be provided for 2 lakh

population
■ 1.00 ha area for fire station with essential residential accommodation
■ 0.60 ha area for sub- fire-station with essential residential accommodation

As per URDPFI guidelines

References
■ http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/
■ https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/
■ http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/
■ https://eprawisdom.com/
■ http://mohua.gov.in/link/urdpfi-guidelines.
■ www.britannica.com/technology
■ https://www.orfonline.org/research
■ https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/
 Thank You

Guided By:
Prof.(Dr.)Aditya Contactor

Submitted By:
Jainesh Bavadiya (2019069318)
Monali Chaudhary (2019069319)
Nishita Chevli (2019069320)
Tanmay Choksi (2019069321)

M.PLAN-1 , SEM-2 , Infrastructure and Transportation Planning, G.C.P.I.A , V.N.S.G.U