University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene of Algiers- USTHB

University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene

Faculty of Electronics and Computing
Master of Telecommunication systems / M1 A& B
Technical English

Unit3

1. Reflexive pronouns

Form
Subject I You He She It We You They
pronouns
Reflexive myself yourself Himself herself Itself Ourselves Yourselves Themselves
pronouns

Function
We use reflexive pronouns:
When the subject and the object of the sentence are the same;
I looked at myself in the mirror.
To indicate “without help from another person”.
I can wash the car myself.

We can also use reflexive pronouns with by to mean “alone”.

Everyone is out, so I’m here by myself.

Complete the sentences with the correct reflexive pronoun.

1. People hurt……………….doing extreme sports.
2. He cut …………………shaving.
3. Why can’t you do this …………………?
4. I chose it………………..
5. We didn’t prepare the presentation………………….

Modals of permission request and offer

Form/ Function
We always use the same structure with all modals verbs: Subject+ modal verb+ base form of the verb

Asking for permission Short answers: giving or

denying permission
Could I Make a reservation, please? Yes, you can. /No, you can’t.
May We See your e-ticket, please? Yes, you may/ No, you may not.
Can Take a photo?

Making a request Short answers: accepting or

refusing a request
Could you Open the door, please? Yes, I can.
Can Carry these bags for me? No, I can’t.

Dr Fatma zohra Chelali 1

 University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene of Algiers- USTHB

Making an offer
Can I Help you with anything?
Shall We Book a room for you?
I will call a taxi for you.
We Reserve you a seat.

Write the words in the correct order to make sentences.

1. please/ to/ may/ nest/ window/ sit/the
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. carry/ suitcases/ you/ could/ the?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. in/ the/ not/ mobile/ use/ your/ may/ you/ phone/ library
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. lend/ me/ you/ could/pen /a / please?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. passport/ your/ see/ Can/ I/?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Unit3: Antenna Fundamentals

INTRODUCTION
Every wireless system must employ an antenna to radiate and receive electromagnetic energy. The
antenna is the transducer between the system and free space and is sometimes referred to as the air
interface. There are some useful rules of thumb for relating antenna parameters to antenna size and
shape. For many types of antennas it is possible to estimate the gain from the physical dimensions or
from knowledge of the antenna beam widths.

A fundamental principle of antennas, called reciprocity, states that antenna performance is the same
whether radiation or reception is considered. The implication of this principle is that antenna
parameters may be measured either transmitting or receiving. The principle of reciprocity means that
estimates of antenna gain, beam width, and polarization are the same for both transmit and receive.

ANTENNA PARAMETERS
A useful abstraction in the study of antennas is the isotropic radiator, which is an ideal antenna that
radiates (or receives) equally in all directions, with a spherical pattern. The isotropic radiator is also
sometimes called an omnidirectional antenna, but this term is usually reserved for an antenna that
radiates equally in all directions in one plane, such as a whip antenna, which radiates equally over
azimuth angles but varies with elevation. The power density, S, due to an isotropic radiator is a
function only of the distance, d, from the antenna and can be expressed as the total power divided by
the area of a sphere with radius d.

P
S W / m2
2
4d
That is, the power is uniformly distributed over the sphere. Thus for an isotropic radiator, the power
density at a given range is constant over all angles and is equal to the average power density at that
range.

Dr Fatma zohra Chelali 2

 University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene of Algiers- USTHB

Gain
For a real antenna, there will be certain angles of radiation, which provide greater power density than
others (when measured at the same range). The directivity of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the
radiated power density at distance, d, in the direction of maximum intensity to the average power
density over all angles at distance, d. This is equivalent to the ratio of the peak power density at
distance d, to the average power density at d:

Power density at d in direction of max imum power

D
Mean power density at d

Thus an isotropic antenna has a directivity of D= 1.When the antenna losses are included in the
directivity, this becomes the antenna gain
Power density at d in max direction
G 
PT
4d 2
PT is the power applied to the antenna terminals
4d 2 is the surface area of a sphere with radius d
 is the total antenna efficiency, which accounts for all losses in the antenna, including resistive and
taper losses (    T  R ).
Antenna gain can be described as the power output, in a particular direction, compared to that
produced in any direction by an isotropic radiator. The gain is usually expressed in dBi, decibels
relative to an ideal isotropic radiator.

Effective Area
An aperture antenna is one that uses a two-dimensional aperture such as a horn or a parabolic
reflector (as opposed to a wire antenna). The gain of an aperture antenna, such as a parabolic
reflector, can be computed using an effective area, or capture area, which is defined as

Ae   A p ( m2 )
where Ap is the physical area of the antenna and  is the overall efficiency of the antenna (generally
ranging from 50% to 80%).The expression for the gain of an aperture antenna is

4Ae
G
2
If only the physical dimensions of the antenna are known, one may assume an efficiency of about 0.6
and estimate the gain reasonably well for most antennas using the above expression.

Polarization
Polarization is defined as the orientation of the plane that contains the electric field component of the
radiated waveform. In many cases, the polarization of an antenna can be determined by inspection.
For instance, a vertical whip antenna generates and receives vertical polarization. Similarly, if the
antenna element is horizontal, the wave polarization will be horizontal. Vertical and horizontal
polarizations are both considered linear polarizations. Another type of polarization is circular or
elliptical polarization. Circular polarization is similar to linear polarization, except that the
polarization vector rotates either clockwise or counterclockwise, producing right-hand circular or
left-hand circular polarization. Circular polarization is a special case of elliptical polarization, where
the vertical and horizontal components of the polarization vector are of equal magnitude. In general,
aperture antennas can support vertical, horizontal, or elliptical polarization, depending upon the type
of feed that is used.

Dr Fatma zohra Chelali 3

 University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene of Algiers- USTHB

Impedance and VSWR

An antenna presents a load impedance or driving point impedance to whatever system is connected
to its terminals. The driving point impedance is ideally equal to the radiation resistance of the
antenna. In practical antennas, the driving point impedance will also include resistive losses within
the antenna and other complex impedance contributors such as cabling and connectors within the
antenna. The driving point impedance of an antenna is important in that a good impedance match
between the circuit (such as a transceiver) and the antenna is required for maximum power transfer.
Maximum power transfer occurs when the circuit and antenna impedances are matched.
Maximum power transfer is desirable for both transmitting and receiving.

When the antenna and circuit impedances are not matched, the result is reduced antenna efficiency
because part of the signal is reflected back to the source. The square root of ratio of the reflected
power to the incident power is called the reflection coefficient.

Pr
 
Pi
The reflection coefficient can be determined from the circuit and antenna impedances,
Z L  Z0

Z L  Z0
If there is a cable between the antenna and the transceiver, the mismatch creates a voltage standing
wave ratio (VSWR,or often just SWR) on the cable.
The effect of a VSWR on a cable is to increase the effect of the cable loss. One way to compute
theVSWR is:

1 
VSWR 
1 
Antenna Radiation regions

Dr Fatma zohra Chelali 4