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Experiment No. 03: To Studdy The Flower Adapted Too Wind and Birds

This document describes experiments to study different types of flower pollination: 1) Wind pollinated flowers like maize have small, inconspicuous flowers with exerted anthers and stigmas that produce large numbers of light, dusty pollen grains well-adapted for wind transport. 2) Insect pollinated flowers like Salvia have showy colors, nectar rewards, and mechanisms like bilipped corollas and long fertile stamens that ensure pollen transfer to the backs of visiting insects. 3) Bird pollinated flowers like Bignonia are often brightly colored with abundant, watery nectar and edible parts that attract hummingbirds and

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Aryan Khode
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65K views5 pages

Experiment No. 03: To Studdy The Flower Adapted Too Wind and Birds

This document describes experiments to study different types of flower pollination: 1) Wind pollinated flowers like maize have small, inconspicuous flowers with exerted anthers and stigmas that produce large numbers of light, dusty pollen grains well-adapted for wind transport. 2) Insect pollinated flowers like Salvia have showy colors, nectar rewards, and mechanisms like bilipped corollas and long fertile stamens that ensure pollen transfer to the backs of visiting insects. 3) Bird pollinated flowers like Bignonia are often brightly colored with abundant, watery nectar and edible parts that attract hummingbirds and

Uploaded by

Aryan Khode
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT NO.

03
To studdy the flower adapted too
pollination by different agencies
wind insects and birds,
Objective. To study the flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies
(wind, insect and birds).

REQUIREMENTS
Fresh flowers of maize or any other cereallgrass, Salvia/Ocimum and Brassica (mustard)
forceps, hand lens, slide, needle etc.

PROCEDURE
lens. Note down the
Place the given flower on a slide and observe it with the help of hand
adaptations of the flowers meant for pollination by the external agencies.
Maize Flowers (Anemophilous or Wind Pollinated Flowers)

The flowers of maize show for pollination by wind.


following adaptations
flowers. The male flowers are born
1. The maize plant is monoecious and bears unisexual
born in axillary inflorescence.
in terminal inflorescence while the female flowers are
Flowers are small and inconscipicous.
2
3. The flowers are colourless, odourless and nectarless.
4. Flowers areproduced above the foliage or placed in hanging position.
outside the perianth).
5. Both the stigmas and anthers are exerted (i.e., hang
are light, small and dusty.
6. Anthers are versatile, and pollen grains
numbers.
7. The pollen grains are produced in very large
branched to catch wind born pollen grains.
8. Stigma is hairy, feathery or
58
Male flowers

Tassel

Pollen grains

Cob Versatile
anther
Elongated Feathery
styles
stigma
Pollen grains Ovary
of another plant
Stigmas

Fig. 9.1. Anemophily in maize. Fig. 9.2. Feathery stigmas and versatile
anthers in a flower of grass.

Salvia Flowers (Entomophilous or Insect Pollinated Flowers)


The flowers of Saliva show following adaptations for pollination by insects.
1. The flowers are showy or brightly coloured for attracting pollinating insects.
2.
2. The flowers are born in verticellaster inflorescence to become conspicuous.
3. Flowers secrete nectar to feed visiting insects. Nectar glands are placed in such a position
that an insect must touch both the anthers and stigmas.

4. The flowers have landing platform for the insects.


corolla and have turn pipe lever mecha-
5. The flowers are protandrons with bilipped or

nism.
6. Each stamen has long connective which bears a fertile anther lobe at the upper end and
sterile plate like anther lobe at the lower end. The two sterile anther plates block the
path of insect.
7. As the insect moves inward a young flower in search of nectar, its head pushes, the
anther plates and forces the fertile anther lobes to strike against its back.

8. In older flowers the style brings the stigma in such a position that it brushes against the
back of insect and collect pollen grains brought by the insect from a young flower.
Closed stigma
Fertile
anther lobe

Sheddingof
pollen grains
on the back
of insect

Sterile B
A anther lobe Stigma
Nectariferous Mature receiving
disc /stigma pollen grains
from the back
of insect

C D
Withering
anther

Fig. 9.3. Pollination in Salvia. A, Flower with mature anthers, enclosed stigma and
short style. B, Shedding of pollen grains on the back of entering insect. C, Flower with
mature stigma and withering anthers. D, Stigma receiving pollen grains from the back
of entering insect.

Bignonia 1Callistemon (Bottle brush) Flowers (Ornithophilous or Bird Pollinated


Flowers)
The flowers of Bignonia show following adaptations for pollination by birds.
1. The flowers are usually brightly coloured-red, orange, yellow or blue.
2 The floral parts are commonly leathery.

Humming bird

Fig. 9.4. Pollination in Bignonia. Humming bird collecting nectar from


Bignonia flower and thus pollinating it.
3. In some cases, the corolla are leathery.

4 The flowers secrete abundant watery nectar or have edible parts.


5. The nectar is secreted in such abundance that drops of it can be brought down by shak-
ing branches.
66. The flowers are generally odourless or withoutfragrance.

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