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    Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

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    Kd Caisedo
    The document discusses fundamentals of fluid flow, including definitions of discharge, steady and uniform flow, the continuity equation, types of flow such as laminar and turbulent, energy and head concepts, and provides examples of problems calculating flow rate, velocity, volume, mass, and pressure of fluids. Key terms covered include discharge, steady and non-steady flow, streamlines, kinetic and potential energy, and the continuity equation.

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    Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

    Uploaded by

    Kd Caisedo
    158 views15 pages
    The document discusses fundamentals of fluid flow, including definitions of discharge, steady and uniform flow, the continuity equation, types of flow such as laminar and turbulent, energy and head concepts, and provides examples of problems calculating flow rate, velocity, volume, mass, and pressure of fluids. Key terms covered include discharge, steady and non-steady flow, streamlines, kinetic and potential energy, and the continuity equation.

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    FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW

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    The document discusses fundamentals of fluid flow, including definitions of discharge, steady and uniform flow, the continuity equation, types of flow such as laminar and turbulent, energy and head concepts, and provides examples of problems calculating flow rate, velocity, volume, mass, and pressure of fluids. Key terms covered include discharge, steady and non-steady flow, streamlines, kinetic and potential energy, and the continuity equation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    158 views15 pages

    Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

    Uploaded by

    Kd Caisedo
    The document discusses fundamentals of fluid flow, including definitions of discharge, steady and uniform flow, the continuity equation, types of flow such as laminar and turbulent, energy and head concepts, and provides examples of problems calculating flow rate, velocity, volume, mass, and pressure of fluids. Key terms covered include discharge, steady and non-steady flow, streamlines, kinetic and potential energy, and the continuity equation.

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    of 15

    CE123-1

    HYDRAULICS

    Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

    ENGR. ROGELIO FRETTEN C. DELA CRUZ, CE


    INSTRUCTOR
    DISCHARGE OR FLOW RATE, Q
    Discharge or flow rate is the amount of fluid passing through a
    section per unit of time. This is expressed as a mass flow rate
    (ex. kg/sec), weight flow rate (ex. kN/sec), and volume flow rate
    or flow rate (ex. m3 /sec, lit/sec).
    Volume flow rate, Q = A v
    Mass flow rate, M = 𝜌 Q
    Weight flow rate, W = 𝛾 Q
    Where:
    Q − discharge in m3 /sec or ft 3 /sec
    A − coss‐sectional area of flow in m2 or ft 2
    v − mean velocity of flow in m/sec or ft/sec
    𝜌 − mass density in kg/m3 or slugs/ft 3
    𝛾 − mass density in N/m3 or lb/ft 3
    Steady Flow
    This occurs when the discharge Q passing a given cross-section is constant
    with time.
    If the flow Q at the cross-section varies with time, the flow is unsteady.

    Uniform Flow
    This occurs if, with steady flow for a given length or reach of a stream, the
    average velocity of flow is the same at every cross-section. This usually
    occurs when an incompressible fluid flows through a stream with uniform
    cross-section.
    In stream where the cross-sections and velocity changes, the flow is said
    to be non-uniform.
    Continuous Flow
    This occurs when at any time, the discharge Q at every section of the
    stream is the same (principle of conservation of mass).

    Continuity Equation
    For incompressible fluids:
    Q = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝐴3 𝑣3 = constant

    For compressible fluids:

    𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝜌3 𝐴3 𝑣3 = constant

    or 𝛾1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝛾2 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝛾3 𝐴3 𝑣3 = constant
    Laminar Flow
    The flow is said to be laminar when the paths of individual fluid particles
    do not cross or intersect.

    Turbulent Flow
    The flow is said to be turbulent when the paths of individual fluid particles
    are irregular and continuously cross each other.

    One-Dimensional Flow
    This occurs in an incompressible fluid when the direction and magnitude
    of the velocity at all points are identical.

    Two-Dimensional Flow
    This occurs when the fluid particles move in planes or parallel planes and
    the streamline patterns are identical in each plane.
    Streamline
    These are imaginary curves drawn through a fluid to indicate the direction
    of motion in various sections of the flow of the fluid system.

    Streamtubes
    These represents elementary portions of a flowing fluid bounded by a
    group of streamlines which confine the flow.

    Flow Nets
    These are drawn to indicate flow patterns in case of two-dimensional flow,
    or even three-dimensional flow.
    ENERGY AND HEAD
    The energy possessed by a flowing fluid consists of kinetic and the potential
    energy. Potential energy may in turn be subdivided into energy due to
    position or elevation above a given datum, and energy due to pressure in
    the fluid. The amount of energy per pound or Newton of fluid is called the
    head.

    Kinetic Energy
    The ability of the fluid mass to do work by virtue of its velocity.

    𝑀𝑣 2 𝑊𝑣 2
    𝐾. 𝐸. = =
    2 2𝑔

    𝐾. 𝐸. 𝑣 2
    Kinetic or velocity head = =
    𝑊 2𝑔
    Pressure Energy (Potential Energy)

    Consider a closed tank filled with a fluid which has a small opening at the
    top. Without pressure at the top, the fluid practically will not flow. The
    equivalent head (pressure head) for a pressure p is p/𝛾. Hence, the
    pressure energy is equivalent to:
    Problem 1.
    Water flows through a 75 mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 3 m/sec. Find
    (a) the volume flow rate in m3 /sec and liter/sec, (b) the mass flow rate in
    kg/sec, and (c) the weight flow rate in N/sec.
    Solution:
    (a) Q = 𝐴𝑣
    𝜋
    Q= 0.075 m 2 (3 m/sec)
    4
    Q = 0.013 m3 /sec Volume flow rate.
    Q = 0.013 m3 /sec × 1000 liter/m3
    Q = 13 liter/sec Volume flow rate.

    (b) 𝑀 = 𝜌Q
    𝑀 = 1000 kg/m3 (0.013 m3 /sec)
    𝑀 = 13 kg/sec Mass flow rate.

    (c) 𝑊 = 𝛾Q
    𝑊 = 9810 N/m3 (0.013 m3 /sec)
    𝑊 = 127.53 N/sec Weight flow rate.
    Problem 2.
    Air at 30°C and 110 kPa flows at 20 N/sec through a rectangular duct that
    measures 160 mm × 320 mm. Compute the average velocity and volume
    flux. Use gas constant 𝑅 = 29.3 m/°K.
    Solution:
    𝑊 = 𝛾Q = 𝛾𝐴𝑣
    𝑝
    𝛾=
    𝑅𝑇
    110 × 103 N/m2
    𝛾=
    29.3 m/°K(30 + 273)°K
    𝛾 = 12.39 N/m3
    𝑊 = 𝛾𝐴𝑣
    20 N/sec = 12.39 N/m3 0.16 m × 0.32 m 𝑣
    𝑣 = 31.527 m/sec Average velocity

    Q = 𝐴𝑣
    Q = 0.16 m × 0.32 m (31.527 m/sec)

    Q = 1.614 m3 /sec Volume flux or discharge


    Problem 3.
    A standpipe 5 m in diameter and 10 m high is filled with water. Calculate
    the potential energy of the water if the elevation datum is taken 2 m below
    the base of the standpipe.

    Solution:
    𝑃𝐸 = 𝑊𝑧
    𝑊 = 𝛾 × Volume
    𝑊 = 9.81 kN/m3 × 𝜋4(5 m)2 (10 m)

    𝑊 = 1,926.189 kN

    𝑃𝐸 = 𝑊𝑧
    𝑃𝐸 = 1,926.189 kN (7 m)

    𝑃𝐸 = 13,483.323 kN·m
    Problem 4.
    Neglecting air resistance, determine to what height a vertical jet of water
    could rise if projected with a velocity of 20 m/sec?
    Solution:
    As the jet rises, its kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy.
    Hence, neglecting air resistance:

    𝐾𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸
    1 2
    2 𝑀𝑣 = 𝑊ℎ

    1𝑊 2
    2 𝑔 𝑣 = 𝑊ℎ

    𝑣2
    ℎ=
    2𝑔
    (20 m/sec)2
    ℎ=
    2(9.81 m/sec 2 )
    ℎ = 20.387 m
    References:
    ▪ Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition
    by Frank M. White
    ▪ Fluid Mechanics: Fundamental and Applications
    by Yunus A. Cengel & John M. Cimbala
    ▪ Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines
    by S K Som & G Bis was

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