Object – Oriented Programming

Lab 8
 Contents
• Polymorphism
– Binding
– Casting

• Abstract Classes

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 Introduction to Polymorphism
• There are three main programming mechanisms that constitute
Object Oriented Programming (OOP)
– Encapsulation: { combining data and actions into a single unit (Class) }
– Inheritance: { deriving information and functionality from base or super class}
– Polymorphism
• What is Polymorphism?

• Comes from 2 Greek words

– poly (many)
– morph (forms, shapes)

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 Introduction to Polymorphism (Contd)

• Polymorphism is the ability to associate many meanings to one

method name by means of a late binding mechanism
– It does this through a special mechanism known as late binding or
dynamic binding

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 Introduction to Polymorphism (Contd)

• Inheritance allows a base class to be defined, and other classes

derived from it
– Code for the base class can then be used for its own objects, as well as
objects of any derived classes

Code use
super
this.getX();
super.toString();
this

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 Introduction to Polymorphism (Contd)

• Polymorphism allows changes to be made to method definitions

in the derived classes, and have those changes apply to the
software written for the base class

super
Some auto

this

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 Introduction to Polymorphism (Contd)

• Overloading can be an example of Polymorphism as well

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Introduction to Polymorphism (Contd)

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Introduction to Polymorphism (Contd)

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Introduction to Polymorphism (Contd)

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Introduction to Polymorphism (Contd)

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Introduction to Polymorphism (Contd)

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 Binding
• The process of associating a method definition with a method
invocation is called binding

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 Binding
• If the method definition is associated with its invocation when the
code is compiled, that is called early binding or static binding

• If the method definition is associated with its invocation when the

method is invoked (at run-time), that is called late binding or
dynamic binding

• Java uses late binding for all methods

– Except for a few cases discussed later

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 No Late Binding for Static Methods
• When the decision of which definition of a method to use is
made at compile time, that is called static binding
– This decision is made based on the type of the variable naming the
object
• Java uses static, not late binding with private, final, and static
methods
– In the case of private and final methods, late binding would serve no
purpose
– However, in the case of a static method invoked using a calling object, it
does make a difference

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Late Binding

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Late Binding

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 Self-Test (1)
• 프로젝트 명: Project08_1
– git commit –m “Project08_1”
• Sale 클래스에 다음 메소드를 작성할 것
– 두 객체의 name과 bill()이 동일할 경우 true를 반환하는 equalDeals(Sale
otherSale) 메소드를 작성할 것
– 호출한 객체의 bill()이 인자의 bill()보다 작을 경우 true, 큰 경우 false를 반
환하는 lessThan(Sale otherSale) 메소드를 작성할 것

• DiscountSale 클래스에 다음 메소드를 작성할 것

– Sale 클래스의 bill() 메소드를 DiscountSale 클래스의 할인율(discount)이 적
용된 값을 반환하는 bill() 메소드로 override 할 것
• discount 값은 %(percentage)이다.
– 두 객체의 name, bill, discount가 동일할 경우 true를 반환하는
equals(Object obj)를 작성할 것

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 Self-Test (1) (Contd)
• Mart 클래스의 main 메소드를 수행했을 때 다음과 같이 출력되어야 함

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 The final Modifier
• A method marked final indicates that it cannot be overridden
with a new definition in a derived class
– If final, the compiler can use early binding with the method

public final void someMethod() { … }

• A class marked final indicates that it cannot be used as a base

class from which to derive any other classes

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 Upcasting and Downcasting
• Upcasting is when an object of a derived class is assigned to a
variable of a base class (or any ancestor class)

• Downcasting is when a type case is performed from a base class

to a derived class (or from any ancestor class to any descendent
class)
– Downcasting has to be done very carefully
– In many cases it doesn’t make sense, or is illegal

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 Upcasting and Downcasting (Contd)
• Downcasting makes sense only if the object to be cast is an
instanceOf the class type

if(myObject instanceOf ClassType) {

ClassType classObject = (ClassType) myObject;
// now you can use classObject form here
}

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Upcasting and Downcasting (Contd)

Cat c = new Cat();

Mammal m = c; // upcasting

Cat c1 = new Cat();

Animal a = c1; // automatic upcasting to Animal
Cat c2 = (Cat) a; // manual downcasting back to a Cat

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 A First Look at the clone Method
• Every object inherits a method name clone from the class Object
– The method clone has no parameters
– It is supposed to return a deep copy of the calling object

• However, the inherited version of the method was not designed

to be used as is
– Instead, each class is expected to override it with a more appropriate
version

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 A First Look at the clone Method
• The heading for the clone method defined in the Object class is
as follows:
protected Object clone()

• The heading for a clone method that overrides the clone method
in the Object class can differ somewhat from the heading above
– A change to a more permissive access, such as from protected to public,
is always allowed when overriding a method definition
– Changing the return type from Object to the type of the class being
cloned is allowed because every class is a descendent class of the class
Object

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 Simple clone Method
• We can define a simple clone method by using the copy
constructor

public ClassType clone() {

return new ClassType(this)
}

• This is a very simple clone method, however more checks should

be done before cloning
– We do not cover this until Chapter 13

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Example

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 Abstract Classes
• Some classes may be defined with incomplete methods
definitions (abstract methods).

• Such classes are said to be abstract

• Such classes cannot be instantiated but must be extended by a

concrete class

• The concrete class must implement all abstract methods

– If all abstract methods cannot be implemented then the class must also
be marked as abstract

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 Abstract Classes (Contd)
• Definitions
– An abstract class is a class that contains one or more abstract methods
and therefore cannot be instantiated

– Abstract methods are methods that without complete definitions. instead,

they are simple placeholders

– A concrete class is a class that contains no abstract methods and

therefore can be instantiated

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 Abstract Method
• It cannot be private

• It has no method body, and ends with a semicolon in place of its

body

public abstract double getPay();

public abstract void doIt(int count);

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 Tip: An Abstract Class Is a Type
• Although an object of an abstract class cannot be created, it is
perfectly fine to have a parameter of an abstract class type
– This makes it possible to plug in an object of any its descendent classes

• It even make sense to have a variable of an abstract class type,

although it can only name objects of its concrete descendent
classes

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 Defining Abstract Class
• Defining an abstract class is simple

public abstract class Myclass {

// class constructors Abstract class header
// accessors and mutators Common fields and methods
// other methods Abstract Methods

public abstract returnType myMethod();

}

• When defining an abstract method only specify the header

public abstract returnType myMethod();

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Defining Abstract Class

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 When to use
• Consider using abstract classes if any of these statements apply
to your situation:
– You want to share code among several closely related classes
– You expect that classes that extend your abstract class have many
common methods or fields, or require access modifiers other than
public (such as protected and private).
– You want to declare non-static or non-final fields. This enables you to
define methods that can access and modify the state of the object to
which they belong

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 Self-Test (2)
• 프로젝트 명: Project08_2
– git commit –m “Project08_2”
– 당일 밤 12시까지 제출
• Sale 클래스에 다음 메소드를 작성할 것
– 배송 비용을 반환하는 deliverFee() 메소드를 작성
– deliverFee() 메소드는 할인율과 남은 유통기한에 따라 달라지므로 Sale 클
래스에서는 abstract 메소드로 선언
– 배송 비용이 같은 지 여부를 반환하는 equalDeliverFee() 메소드 작성
(deliverFee() abstract 메소드를 사용할 것)
• DiscountSale 클래스에 다음 메소드를 작성할 것
– 매장에서는 제품의 할인율이 낮을 경우 무료 배송을 해주는 서비스를 진행
하고 있다.
– 할인율에 따라 달라지는 deliverFee() 메소드를 정의할 것
• 할인율 >= 80%: 배송비용 3$
• 30% <= 할인율 < 80%: 배송비용 2$
• 할인율 < 30%: 배송비용 없음

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 Self-Test (2) (Contd)
• ExpiredSale 클래스에 다음 메소드를 작성할 것
– 매장에서는 제품의 유통기한이 얼마 남지 않았을 경우 무료 배송을 해주는
서비스를 진행하고 있다.
– 유통기한에 따라 달라지는 deliverFee() 메소드를 정의할 것
• 유통기한 >= 10: 배송비용 3$
• 3 <= 유통기한 < 10: 배송비용 2$
• 1 < 유통기한 < 3: 배송비용 없음
– 유통기한이 1일 이하일 경우 현장판매만 가능하므로 오류 처리

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 Self-Test (2) (Contd)
• Mart 클래스의 main 메소드를 수행했을 때 다음과 같이 출력되어야 함

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