Object Oriented Programming

Lab 7
 Content
• Inheritance

• Overriding methods

• Super and this

• Access modifiers

• Object class

2
 Inheritance - Motivation
• Consider a transportation computer game
– Different types of vehicles:
• Planes
– Jets, helicopters, space shuttle
• Automobiles
– Cars, trucks, motorcycles
• Trains
– Diesel, electric, monorail
• Ships
– …

• Let’s assume a class is written for each type of vehicle

3
 Inheritance - Motivation
• Sample code for the types of planes:
– takeOff()
– fly()
– setAltitude()
– land()

• Note that a lot of this code is common to all types of planes

– They have a lot in common!
– It would be a waste to have to write separate fly() methods for each
plane type
• What if you then have to change one – you would then have to change
dozens of methods

4
 Inheritance - Motivation
• Indeed, all vehicles will have similar methods:
– move()
– getLocation()
– setSpeed()
– isBroken()

• Again, a lot of this code is common to all types of vehicles

– It would be a waste to have to write separate move() methods for each vehicle type
• What if you then have to change one – you would then have to change dozens of
methods

• What we want is a means to specify one move() method, and have each
vehicle type inherit that code
– Then, if we have to change it, we only have to change one copy

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 Inheritance - Motivation
Provides: Provides:
fly() move()
takeOff() getLocation()
land() setSpeed()
setAltitude() Vehicle isBroken()

Planes Trains Automobiles

Helicopter Jet Space shuttle Car Truck Motorcycle

Diesel Electric Monorail

Provides: Provides:
derail() oilChange()
getStation() isInTraffic()

6
 Inheritance - Motivation
• What we will do is create a “parent” class and a “child” class

• The “child” class (or subclass) will inherit the methods (etc.) from
the “parent” class (or superclass)

• Note that some classes (such as Train) are both subclasses and
super classes

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 Inheritance - Motivation

□Child of Vehicle
□Parent of Diesel, Electric and Monorail

□ Parent Class

Vehicle

Planes Trains Automobiles

Helicopter Jet Space shuttle Car Truck Motorcycle

Diesel Electric Monorail

□ Child Class

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 Inheritance
• Inheritance is the process by which a new class is created from
another class
– The new class is called a derived class or subclass
– The original class is called the base class, parent class or superclass

• The subclass
– Will automatically inherit all methods and instance and static variables
from the superclass.
– Can declare more instance variables and methods

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Inheritance code

□ Superclass
class Vehicle {
...
}

class Train extends Vehicles {

□ Subclass of Vehicle
...
}

class Monorail extends Train {

... □ Subclass of Train
}

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 About extends
• If class A extends class B
– Then class A is the subclass of B
– Class B is the superclass of class A
– A “is a” B
– A has (almost) all the methods and variables that B has

• If class Train extends class Vehicle

– Then class Train is the subclass of Vehicle
– Class Vehicle is the superclass of class Train
– Train “is a” Vehicle
– Train has (almost) all the methods and variables that Vehicle has

11
 Inheritance
• Organizes objects in a top-down fashion from most general to
least general

• Inheritance defines a “is-a” relationship

– A mountain bike “is a” kind of bicycle
– A SUV “is a” kind of automobile
– A border collie “is a” kind of dog
– A laptop “is a” kind of computer

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Inheritance

VEHICLE

BIKE CAR TRUCK

NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER

Passenger Passenger Passenger

Weather Mileage Cargo

13
Inheritance

VEHICLE

NUMBER

Passenger

BIKE CAR TRUCK

Weather Mileage Cargo

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 Overriding
• Overriding is the process of changing the definition of an
inherited method

• Each time you write a class you may override the methods.
– equals(Object obj)
– toString()

15
 Simple Example
• We can effectively model similar,
but different types of objects
using inheritance. PET

• Suppose we want to model dogs

and cats. They are different types
of pets. We can define the Pet
class and the Dog and Cat classes Dog Cat

as the subclasses of the Pet class.

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The Pet Class

class Pet {
private String name;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String petName) {
name = petName;
}
public String speak( ) {
return “I’m your cuddly little pet.”;
}
}

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Sub-Class of the Pet Class

class Cat extends Pet {

public String speak( ) { The Cat subclass
return “Don’t give me orders.\n” + overrides the inh
“I speak only when I want to.”; erited method sp
} eak.
}

class Dog extends Pet {

public String fetch( ) {
The Dog subclass
return “Yes, master. Fetch I will.”;
adds a new method
} fetch.
}

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 Sample Usage of the Subclasses

Dog myDog = new Dog();

I’m your cuddly little pet.
System.out.println(myDog.speak()); Yes, master. Fetch I will.
System.out.println(myDog.fetch());

Cat myCat = new Cat();

Don’t give me orders.
I speak only when I want to.
System.out.println(myCat.speak());
System.out.println(myCat.fetch()); ERROR

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 Overriding
• To override a method
– Create a method in the subclass with the same header as the method in
the parent class.

Pet

Cat

20
Do not confuse Overriding, Overloading

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 The final Modifier
• If the modifier final is placed before the definition of a method,
then that method may not be redefined in a derived class.

• If the modifier final is placed before the definition of a class, then

that class may not be used as a base class to derive other classes.

• final prevents inheritance.

22
 Self-Test (1)
• 프로젝트 명: Project07_1
– git commit –m “Project07_1”

• Employee Class를 생성한다.

– Employee Class에는 3개의 instance 변수가 있다.
• private String name
• private int employeeNum
• private String department
– 생성자는 정의되어 있다.
– department는 초기값은 “No Dept”로 설정 한다.
– department와 name을 get/set하기 위한 accessor와 mutator를 작성한다.
(public)
– Employee의 name과 employeeNum이 같은경우 true, 다른 경우 false를 반환하
는 equals() 메소드를 작성한다.
– name과 employeeNum을 반환하는 toString() 메소드를 작성한다.
(형식 : Name : [name]\nEmp# : [employeeNum])

23
 Self-Test (1)
• Manager Class는 Employee Class를 extends한다.
– Manager Class에는 2개의 instance 변수가 있다.
• int officeNum
• String team
– 생성자는 정의되어 있다.
– Manager의 name과 employeeNum, location을 반환하는 toString() 메소드를 만든다.
이 때, location은 department 및 officeNum이다.
(형식 : Name : [name]\nlocation : [department], [officeNum])

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 Inheritance and Constructors
• Unlike members of a base class, constructors of a base class are
not inherited by its subclasses

• You must define a constructor for subclasses

• It is useful to use the constructor of the parent class within the

constructor of the child class.

• This can be done through the keyword super.

25
 Inheritance and Constructors
• super like the word this can be used to refer to different objects
in the hierarchy.

super

this

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 super Constructor
• To define a constructor using the superclass’s constructor
– add the super constructor as the first statement of the derived
constructor.

public Car(){
super();
this.number = 0;
}

public Car(Colour col, Number num){

super(col);
this.number = num;
}

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 this Constructor
• The this constructor refers to an overloaded constructor in the
same class.
– i.e. Within the definition of a constructor for a class, this can be used as
a name for invoking a constructor of the same class
class Car extends Automobiles {
private int number;

public Car(){
super(); If it is necessary to include a call to both
super.number = 1;
super and this, the call using this
}
must be made first, and then the constru
public Car(Number num){
ctor that is called must call super as its
this();
this.number = num; first action
}
}

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 The this Constructor
• Often, a no-argument constructor uses this to invoke an explicit-
value constructor
– No-argument constructor (invokes explicit-value constructor using this
and default arguments):
public ClassName() {
this(argument1, argument2);
}

– Explicit-value constructor (receives default values):

public ClassName(type1 param1, type2 param2) {
...
}

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 Access Modifiers
• Private instance variables in a superclass are not accessible by
name in a subclass
– They can be accessed using accessors and mutators.

• Private methods of a superclass are also not directly accessible by

name in a subclass
– They may be indirectly accessed. If a subclass accesses a public method
that accesses that private method. (by proxy)

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 The Protected Modifier
• The modifier protected makes a variable or method visible and
accessible to
– the instances of the class
– Instances of subclasses of the class.
– Instances of classes in the same package

• Public data members and methods are accessible to everyone.

• Private data members and methods are accessible only to

instances of the class.

31
 Packages
• Allow definitions to be collected together into a single entity — a
package.

• Classes and names in the same package are stored in the same
folder.

• Classes in a package go into their own “namespace” and

therefore the names in a particular package do not conflict with
other names in other packages

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 Controlling access
• Class access rights

Modifier Class Package Subclass World

public O O O O

protected O O O
default
no modifier O O

private O

33
Access Modifiers

34
 Changing the Access Permission of an
Overridden Method
• The access permission of an overridden method can be changed
from private in the base class to public (or some other more
permissive access) in the derived class

• However, the access permission of an overridden method cannot

be changed from public in the base class to a more restricted
access permission in the derived class

35
 Changing the Access Permission of an
Overridden Method
• Given the following method header in a base case:
– private void doSomething()

• The following method header is valid in a derived class:

– public void doSomething()

• However, the opposite is not valid

• Given the following method header in a base case:

– public void doSomething()

• The following method header is not valid in a derived class:

– private void doSomething()

36
 Object class
• Java contains a special class in the java.lang package known as
Object

• All classes in java are inherited from the Object class. This means
all classes are Objects.

• This general object can be used as a stand-in for any class.

• Some methods may be written to accept parameters of type

Object since any class is an Object.

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 Object class
• The class Object has some methods
that every Java class inherits Object
– equals(Object obj)
equals
– toString() toString()

• It is necessary to override these

methods in classes written in Java. Person Shape
setName()
area()
getName()
equals()
equals()
toString()
toString()

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 Better equals Method
• The equals method is inherited from the Object class.
• When overriding the equals method it should accept an Object as the
parameter.

public boolean equals(Object obj) {

...
}

• The obj is compare by casting. It to the type of object that you

would like to compare to.
• Our equals method should check if obj is not null and is really of the
type you are trying to cast it to.

39
Better equals Method

public boolean equals(Object obj) {

if(obj == null) return false;
else if(getClass( ) != obj.getClass( )) return false;
else {
Employee otherEmp = (Employee)obj;
return (name.equals(otherEmp.name) && hireDate.equals(otherEmp.hireDate));
}
}

40
 The instanceof Operator
• The instanceof operator checks if an object is of the type given as
its second argument

• Object instanceof ClassName

– This will return true if Object is of type ClassName, and otherwise return
false
– Note that this means it will return true if Object is the type of any
descendent class of ClassName

41
The instanceof Operator

42
 The getClass() Method
• Every object inherits the same getClass() method from the Object
class
– This method is marked final, so it cannot be overridden

• An invocation of getClass() on an object returns a representation

only of the class that was used with new to create the object
– The results of any two such invocations can be compared with == or !=
to determine whether or not they represent the exact same class

(object1.getClass() == object2.getClass())

43
 Object Class

• System.out.println()
– Out (static)

• System?
– java.lang

44
 Self-Test (2)
• 프로젝트 명: Project07_2
– git commit –m “Project07_2”
– 당일 밤 12시까지 제출
• Employee Class를 수정한다.
– 이전에 작성했던 equals() 메소드를 equals(Object obj) 를 오버라이딩 하도
록 수정한다.
– employeeNum 변수에 대한 accessor/mutator 메소드를 추가한다.
• Manager Class를 수정한다.
– name과 employeeNum, officeNum, team을 인자로 받는 생성자를 작성한
다.
– Manager의 name, employeeNum, officeNum, team이 동일할 경우 true, 다
른 경우 false를 반환하는 equals(Object obj) 메소드를 작성한다.
(Super Class의 equals()를 사용한다.)

45
 Self-Test (2)
• Employee Class를 extends하는 Engineer Class를 작성한다.
– Engineer Class는 2개의 instance 변수가 있다.
• String workZone, String project
– name, employeeNum, workZone, project을 인자로 받는 생성자를 작성한다.
– Engineer의 name, employeeNum, workZone이 동일하다면 true를, 다르다면 false를 반환하는
equals(Object obj) 메소드를 작성한다.
(Super Class의 equals()를 사용한다.)
– Engineer의 name, employeeNum, department, workZone을 반환하는 toString()을 작성한다.
(형식 : Name : [name]\nEmp# : [employeeNum]\nlocation : [department], [workZone])

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