Object – Oriented System Design

Lab #2
 Contents
• Flow Control
– Branching Statements
– Looping Statements

2
 Flow Control
• An application may use various flow control statements to direct
the logic of its execution

• Two form of flow control statements are:

– Branching Statements
• if, if – else, if else-if;
• switch

– Looping Statements
• while
• do-while
• for

3
 Branching Statements
• Branch statements are used to divert the execution based on the
Boolean results of a condition

Program flow
Program flow

Switch
If condition condition

Case 1 Default
Case 2 Case 4
True False
Case 3

4
 if Statements
• If statements allow one of two branch direction
– if (boolean condition)
statement;
• Multiple statements can be executed by including them within { }
– if (boolean condition)
{
statement1;
statement2;
statement3;
}
• The statements within the if statement are executed if the
condition is true
• If the condition is false, the statements are ignored and the flow
of the program continues after the statements.

5
 if else-if Statements
• It is sometimes necessary to combine multiple if statements.
• Use if else-if statements to combine if conditions

– if (boolean condition)
statement1;
else if (boolean condition2)
statement2;
else
statement3;

• Using a combination of if else-if and else statements it is possible

to code complex conditions

6
if else Statements

7
 switch Statements
• Switch statements allow for multiway branching
• Switch statements comprise of specific parts
– The switch: switch and control statements
– The cases: each case that must be considered by the switch
– The default case: if none of the case fit then the default case will match

• switch-case blocks should have break statements within each case

to finish the case

8
switch Statements (Contd)

Controlling Expression

Case Labels

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 switch Statements (Contd)
• There are special considerations when using switch statements.
– The controlling expression must evaluate to one of the following types
• Char
• Int
• Short
• Byte
• Enum
• String (As of Java 7. Not available if you use an older version of java)

– The case labels must all be of the same type as the controlling
expression
– The case labels are followed by colons :

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 switch Statements (Contd)
• Omitting the breaks;
– Execution “falls through” to the next case statement after the end of the
statement is reached

Case 2
Case 3
Case 4

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 Self-Test (1)
• Template 폴더 업데이트
– 이전에 Clone 한 Template 폴더에 변경사항을 업데이트 하기 위해서는 다
시 Clone 하지 않고 다른 명령어를 사용한다.
– 설치한 Git 프로그램을 통해 Clone 한 Template 폴더에 접근
– git pull 명령어 입력
– 이후 Template 폴더를 확인하면 웹사이트와 동일하게 파일이 업데이트 된
것을 확인할 수 있다.

12
 Self-Test (1)
❖ 프로젝트 명: Project02_1
❖ git commit -m “Project02_1”
❖ 당일 밤 12시까지 제출

• int type 변수 n의 값을 키보드를 통해 입력 받은 후, 입력 받은 n의

값이 어느 범위에 속하는지 판단하는 프로그램을 작성할 것
– 𝑛<0
• 출력: n is less than 0
– 0 ≤ 𝑛 < 100
• 출력: n is greater than or equal to 0 and less than 100
– 𝑛 ≥ 100
• 출력: n is greater than or equal to 100

13
 Loop Statements
• Loops are control structures that allow groups of code to be
repeated a number of times
• The statement or group of statements to be repeated is called
body of the loop
• Each time a loop repeats is called an iteration of the loop

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 Loop Statements (Contd)
• Control of loop: ICU
1. Initialization
2. Condition for termination (continuing)
3. Updating the condition
• Body of loop

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 Loop Statements (Contd)
• the while loop
• the do-while loop
• the for loop

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 while Statement
• Also called a while loop

• A controlling boolean expression

– True -> repeats the statements in the loop body
– False -> stops the loop
– Initially false (the very first time)
• loop body will not even execute once

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 while Statement (Contd)
• Syntax

while (boolean_expression)
body_statement

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

while (boolean_expression)
{
first_statement
second_statement
...
}

18
while Statement (Contd)

19
 while Statement (Contd)
• class WhileDemo

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 do-while Statement
• Also called do-while loop (repeat-until loop)
• similar to a while statement
– except that the loop body is executed at least once
• syntax
do
body_statement
while (boolean_expression);

– don’t forget the semicolon at the end

21
 do-while Statement (Contd)
• First, the loop body is executed
• Then the boolean expression is checked
– As long as it is true, the loop is executed again
– If it is false, the loop exits
• Equivalent while statement
body_statement(s)
while (boolean_condition)
body_statement(s)

22
do-while Statement (Contd)

23
 do-while Statement (Contd)
• class DoWhileDemo

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 Infinite Loops
• A loop which repeats without ever ending

• The controlling boolean expression (condition to continue)

– never becomes false

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 for Statement
• A for statement executes the body of a loop a fixed number of
times

• example
for (count = 1; count < 3; count++)
System.out.println(count);
System.out.println(“Done”);

26
 for Statement (Contd)
• Syntax
for (Initialization; Condition; Update)
body_statement
body_statement
• a simple statement or
• a compound statement in {}
• Corresponding while statement
Initialization
while (Condition)
body_statement_including_update

27
for Statement (Contd)

28
 for Statement (Contd)
• class ForDemo

--

29
 Choosing a Loop Statement
• If you know how many times the loop will be iterated, use a for
loop

• If you don’t know how many times the loop will be iterated, but
– It could be zero, use a while loop
– It will be at least once, use a do-while loop

• Generally, a while loop is a safe choice

30
 Programming with Loops: Outline
• The Loop Body
• Initializing Statements
• Ending a Loop

31
 Loop Body
• To design the loop body, write out the actions the code must
accomplish

• Then look for a repeated pattern

– The pattern need not start with the first action
– The repeated pattern will form the body of the loop
– Some actions may need to be done after the pattern stops repeating

32
 Initializing Statements
• Some variables need to have a value before the loop begins
– Sometimes this is determined by what is supposed to happen after one
loop iteration
– Often variables have an initial value of zero or one, but not always

• Other variables get values only while the loop is iterating

33
 Ending a Loop
• If the number of iterations is known before the loop starts, the
loop is called a count-controlled loop
– Use a for loop

• Asking the user before each iteration if it is time to end the loop
is called the ask-before-iterating technique
– Appropriate for a small number of iterations
– Use a while loop or a do-while loop

34
 Ending a Loop (Contd)
• For large input lists, a sentinel value can be used to signal the
end of the list
– The sentinel value must be different from all the other possible inputs
– A negative number following a long list of non-negative exam score
could be suitable
• 90
• 0
• 10
• -1 <= exam’s score cannot be a negative, so this score is sentinel value

35
 Ending a Loop (Contd)
• Example – reading a list of scores followed by a sentinel value

int next = keyboard.nextInt();

while (next >= 0)
{
Process_The_Score
next = keyboard.nextInt();
}

36
 Ending a Loop (Contd)
• class ExamAverager

37
 Nested Loops
• The body of a loop can contain any kind of statements, including
another loop

• In the previous example

– The average score was computed using a while loop
– This while loop was placed inside a do-while loop so the process could
be repeated for other sets of exam scores.

38
 Nested Loops (Contd)

for (line = 0; line < 4; line++)

{ body of
for (star = 0; star < 5; star++) outer loop

System.out.print(‘*’);
System.out.println(); body of
inner loop
}

• Each time the outer loop body is executed, the inner loop body
will execute 5 times
• 20 times total
*****
*****
Output: *****
*****

39
Programming Example:

Output:

40
Precedence and Associativity Rules

41
 Flow of Control
• As in most programming languages, flow of control in Java
refers to its branching and looping mechanisms
• Java has several branching mechanisms: if-else, if, and
switch statements
• Java has three types of loop statements: the while, do-
while, and for statements
• Most branching and looping statements are controlled by
Boolean expressions
– A Boolean expression evaluates to either true or false
– The primitive type boolean may only take the values true or
false

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-42

 Display 3.1 Tax Program
import java.util.Scanner; if (netIncome <= 15000)
tax = 0;
public class IncomeTax else if ((netIncome > 15000) && (netIncome <=
{ 30000))
public static void main(String[] args) //tax = 5% of amount over $15,000
{ tax = (0.05*(netIncome - 15000));
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in); else //netIncome > $30,000
double netIncome, tax, fivePercentTax, {
tenPercentTax; //fivePercentTax = 5% of income from $15,000
to $30,000.
System.out.println("Enter net income.\n" fivePercentTax = 0.05*15000;
+ "Do not include a dollar sign or any //tenPercentTax = 10% of income over
commas."); $30,000.
netIncome = keyboard.nextDouble( ); tenPercentTax = 0.10*(netIncome - 30000);
tax = (fivePercentTax + tenPercentTax);
}

System.out.printf("Tax due = $%.2f", tax);

}
}

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-43

 Display 3.1 Tax Program

Enter net income.

Do not include a dollar sign or any commas.
40000
Tax due = $1750.00

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-44

 Display 3.2 A switch Statement
import java.util.Scanner; switch (numberOfFlavors)
{
public class SwitchDemo case 32:
{ System.out.println("Nice selection.");
public static void main(String[] args) break;
{ case 1:
Scanner keyboard = System.out.println("I bet it's vanilla.");
new Scanner(System.in); break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Enter number of case 3:
ice cream flavors:"); case 4:
int numberOfFlavors = keyboard.nextInt( ); System.out.println(numberOfFlavors + " flavors");

System.out.println("is acceptable.");
break;
default:
System.out.println("I didn't plan for");
System.out.println(numberOfFlavors + " flavors.");
break;
}
}
}
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-45
 Display 3.2 A switch Statement

Enter number of ice cream flavors:

1
I bet it’s vanilla.

Enter number of ice cream flavors:

32
Nice selection.

Enter number of ice cream flavors:

3
3 flavors
is acceptable.

Enter number of ice cream flavors:

9
I didn’t plan for 9 flavors.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-46

 Pitfall: Using == with Strings
• The equality comparison operator (==) can correctly test two
values of a primitive type
• However, when applied to two objects such as objects of the
String class, == tests to see if they are stored in the same
memory location, not whether or not they have the same
value
• In order to test two strings to see if they have equal values,
use the method equals, or equalsIgnoreCase
string1.equals(string2)
string1.equalsIgnoreCase(string2)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-47

 Display 3.4 Comparing Strings
public class StringComparisonDemo String s3 = "A cup of java is a joy forever.";
{ if (s3.compareToIgnoreCase(s1) < 0)
public static void main(String[] args) {
{ System.out.println("\"" + s3 + "\"");
String s1 = "Java isn't just for breakfast."; System.out.println("precedes");
String s2 = "JAVA isn't just for breakfast."; System.out.println("\"" + s1 + "\"");
System.out.println("in alphabetic
if (s1.equals(s2)) ordering");
System.out.println("The two lines are equal."); }
else else
System.out.println("The two lines are not equal."); System.out.println("s3 does not
precede s1.");
if (s2.equals(s1)) }
System.out.println("The two lines are equal."); }
else
System.out.println("The two lines are not equal.");

if (s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s2))
System.out.println("But the lines are equal, ignoring case.");
else
System.out.println("Lines are not equal, even ignoring case.");

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-48

 Display 3.4 Comparing Strings

The two lines are not equal.

The two lines are not equal.
But the lines are equal, ignoring case.
“A cup of java is a joy forever.”
precedes
“Java isn’t just for breakfast.”
in alphabetical ordering

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-49

 Loops
• Loops in Java are similar to those in other high-level
languages
• Java has three types of loop statements: the while,
the do-while, and the for statements
– The code that is repeated in a loop is called the body of the
loop
– Each repetition of the loop body is called an iteration of
the loop

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-50

 Display 3.7 Demonstration of while Loops and
do-while Loops
public class WhileDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("First do-while loop:");
int countDown; countDown = 3;
do
System.out.println("First while loop:"); {
countDown = 3; System.out.println("Hello");
while (countDown > 0) countDown = countDown - 1;
{ }while (countDown > 0);
System.out.println("Hello");
countDown = countDown - 1; System.out.println("Second do-while loop:");
} countDown = 0;
do
System.out.println("Second while loop:"); {
countDown = 0; System.out.println("Hello");
while (countDown > 0) countDown = countDown - 1;
{ }while (countDown > 0);
System.out.println("Hello"); }
countDown = countDown - 1; }
}

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-51

 Display 3.7 Demonstration of while Loops and
do-while Loops

First while loop:

Hello
Hello
Hello
Second while loop:
First do-while loop:
Hello
Hello
Hello
Second do-while loop:
Hello

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-52

 Self-Test (2)
❖ 프로젝트 명: Project02_2
❖ git commit -m “Project02_2”
❖ 당일 밤 12시까지 제출
• 다음과 같은 프로그램을 작성할 것
– 2개의 int type 변수 intVal1, intVal2를 선언한 후 다음과 같이 곱하여 출력할 것
• 1 multiplied by 5 = 5
• 1 multiplied by 4 = 4
• 1 multiplied by 3 = 3
• 1 multiplied by 2 = 2
• 1 multiplied by 1 = 1
...
• 5 multiplied by 5 = 25
• 5 multiplied by 4 = 20
• 5 multiplied by 3 = 15
• 5 multiplied by 2 = 10
• 5 multiplied by 1 = 5
– 곱셈의 왼쪽 피연산자는 intVal1이며 1부터 5까지 순으로 정수형 값을 가짐
– 곱셈의 오른쪽 피연산자는 intVal2이며 5부터 1까지 순으로 정수형 값을 가짐

53
Self-Test (2)

54