through

vectors fro a point--a

vergence
place of high bunt of s
out" of the
pouring
o u t liquid. If

an equal
we have a bunch
amount of
of faucet inen
liquid in a
measureivs the
ivergence
ressible fluid, will be
aries of the region. In fact, there are two way force region
out thrnled ted hwa
being produced: (a) we could count
up all suld
thee Could detern
puts out,
o r (b) we could go around the ts, recore nite he
boundary
noint, and add it all up. You get the same answer measurway ing
eitherwa
ho T
(faucets within the volume) =
(flow out
through the t.
This, in essence, is what the divergence theorem rface
says.

Example 1.10. Check the divergence theorem

using the unction
V =
y+(2xy +z)Ý +(2y2) å
and a unit cube at the origin (Fig. 1.29)
Solution
In this case

V.V 2(x +y),

and

2x +y) dt = 2 (x+y)dxdyd:.
V

(x +y) dx = {+y. +)dy =1. 1

Jo Jo
Thus,
V.vdt =2.
 33
1 3 I n t e g r a lC a l c u l u s

A(V) (ii)

(ii)
(iv)
teur
attve
ua
(vi)
.a suna
oms FIGURE 1.29

sle tuuc theorem. To evaluate the surface

assimg Somuchfor the Ce left side of the divergence
spreadime
2taue we must
consider separately the six
faces of the cube:

th incom inteeral
he boum
Vda = y'dy dz =
mut
much eac

ce).
() vda Jo ydydz=-i
(11) v da= (2x +z)dx dz =

Vda=- dx dz - =

)
2y dx dy = 1.

So the
total flux is. da- Odx dy =0.
2s exnected.
da=-+-+1 +0 =2.
S
 1a

dl

FGURE 1.31
FIGURE 1.32

se with curls. For Stokes theorem says that f(V x v) da is equal

the a r o u n d the boundary,
and the latter makes no referenceto
v
this
ismor gral of choose.
the s u r f a c e you

the
specn

fv x v)da depends only on the boundary line, not

Corvllary 1:
on the particular surface used.

X V) da = 0 for any closed surface. since tha

Corollary 2: (V mouth of a balloon, shrinks
boundary line, like the
to a point, and hence the right side of Eq. 1.57
down
vanishes.

to those for the gradient theorem. We will devel

orollaries are analogous
These due course.
further in
the parallel

v= 2xz+3y)+(4yz2)i. Check Stokes' theorem

1.1l. Suppose
Example in Fig. 1.33.
surface shown
forthe square
Solution
Here
Vx V= (4z'- 2x) + 2z and da = dy dz î.

(11)

(iv) (i)

FIGURE 1.33
in
C saying that da points in the
COunterclockwise line integral.
we
direction, we are committing ourselves to
x a
would be obliged to We could as well write da =
-dy dzx, but then
go clockwise.) Since x = 0 for this surface,
(V x v) da 4
=
4 dy dt=
Jo
 Chapter1 V e c t o rA n a l y s i s

12
integral? We m
We must
ust
break this up into fou
the line
Now.
what
about
fo
0, Ydl =
3y dy. fv.di
(i)
r
=0. z =

h3 dy
= 0, y
= 1, V.dl =
4z dz, v. di -

X
i)

) =0, z =l, V:dl

=3yf dy, fv.di= dy-
( i v ) x = 0, y=0, V dl =0, v dl NOdh=t
So 4
dl =1+ 1+0=
It checks.
notice how I handled step (1ui). There is atem
Apoint of strategy: You can get awaywi
here, since the path goes to the lett.
write dl -dy ý
=

running the integral from 0> 1. But it ismab

ifyou absolutely insist, by
minus signs) and ltthi
dl dr ä += dy ý+ dzz always (never any
to say
the direction.
of the integral take care of

theorem for the

function v =
(ry}IH
Problem 1.34 Test Stokes'
1.34.
3zx) ~, using the triangular shaded
area of Fig.
function andbouna
Problem 1.35 Check Corollary 1 by using 15D the same I35Te
cube in Fig
five faces the
of
in Ex. 1.11, but integrating over the
the cube is open.

L 2 y
(iv)

nE 1