A Practical Guide For EN 61000-4-6: Testing and Measurement Techniques

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A Practical Guide for EN 61000-4-6: Testing and


measurement techniques

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9 Bracken View, Brocton, Stafford ST17 0TF T:+44 (0) 1785 660247 E:info@emcstandards.co.uk
A P r a c tic a l G u id e fo r E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6

T e s tin g a n d m e a s u r e m e n t te c h n iq u e s
2 Im m u n ity to c o n d u c te d d is tu r b a n c e s
in d u c e d b y r a d io -fr e q u e n c y fie ld s .

R E O IN D U C T IV E C O M P O N E N T S A G
B r u e h le r S tra s s e 1 0 0 , D - 4 2 6 5 7 S o lin g e n , G e r m a n y
T e l: 0 0 4 9 -(0 ) 2 1 2 -8 8 0 4 -0
F a x : 0 0 4 9 -(0 ) 2 1 2 -8 8 0 4 -1 8 8

R E O U S A
3 2 5 0 N o r t h P o s t R o a d , S u ite 1 3 2 , I n d ia n a p o lis
IN 4 6 2 2 6 , U S A
T e l: 0 0 1 3 1 7 8 9 9 1 3 9 5 F a x : 0 0 1 3 1 7 8 9 9 1 3 9 6

R E O (U K ) L T D , U n its 2 - 4 C a llo w H ill R o a d , C ra v e n A rm s


B u s in e s s P a r k , C ra v e n A rm s , S h ro p s h ir e S Y 7 8 N T U K
T e l: 0 1 5 8 8 6 7 3 4 1 1 F a x 0 1 5 8 8 6 7 2 7 1 8 R E O U K L T D
E m a il: s a le s @ re o .c o .u k W e b s ite : w w w .re o .c o .u k
C o n d u c te d r a d io -fr e q u e n c y a n d c o m p lia n c e w ith th e
C o n te n ts E M C D ir e c tiv e

1 2
C o n d u c te d r a d io - fr e q u e n c y a n d c o m p lia n c e w ith th e E M C D ir e c tiv e 2 T h e b a s ic im m u n it y t e s t m e t h o d fo r w it h t h e E M C D ir e c t iv e 's e s s e n t ia l
c o n d u c t e d c o n t in u o u s r a d io - f r e q u e n c y 'P r o t e c t io n R e q u ir e m e n t s ' ( A r t ic le 4 o f [ 3 ] ) .
( R F ) is IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 [1 ]. T h is h a s b e e n
W h a t to d o w h e n n e w v e r s io n s o f b a s ic te s t s ta n d a r d s a r e is s u e d T h e r e m a y b e s ig n if ic a n t f in a n c ia l o r
5 a d o p te d a s th e h a r m o n is e d E u r o p e a n
c o m p lia n c e b e n e fit s in p e r fo r m in g
s ta n d a r d E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 [2 ], w h ic h is o f te n
c o n d u c t e d R F im m u n it y t e s t s w h ic h g o
W h a t is c o n d u c te d R F a n d h o w is it c a u s e d ? c a lle d u p a s a b a s ic te s t m e th o d b y
6 b e y o n d s im p le c o m p lia n c e w it h t h e
im m u n ity s t a n d a r d s lis t e d u n d e r th e
m in im u m r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r S e lf -
E le c t r o m a g n e t ic C o m p a t ib ility ( E M C )
W h a t p r o b le m s a r e c a u s e d b y c o n d u c te d R F ? D e c la r a t io n to th e E M C D ir e c t iv e . T h is is
7 D ir e c tiv e [3 ].
e s p e c ia lly tr u e w h e r e m o b ile r a d io
S in c e a ll c a b le s c a r r y c o n d u c t e d R F t r a n s m it te r s ( e . g . c e llp h o n e s , w a lk ie -
C o n d u c te d R F te s tin g a n d r e a l- life r e lia b ility 1 1 v o lt a g e s a n d c u r r e n t s , a n d s in c e t h e s e t a lk ie s , e tc . ) c o u ld b e u s e d n e a r b y , o r
v o lt a g e s a n d c u r r e n t s c a n in t e r f e r e w it h w h e r e in d u s tr ia l s c ie n t if ic o r m e d ic a l
In tr o d u c tio n to c o n d u c te d R F im m u n ity te s tin g 1 2 e v e r y k in d o f e le c t r o n ic d e v ic e , e q u ip m e n t e q u ip m e n t t h a t u s e s r a d io f r e q u e n c y
o r s y s t e m ( c a lle d p r o d u c ts in t h e r e s t o f e n e r g y to p e r fo r m it s d ir e c t fu n c t io n
A lte r n a tiv e tr a n s d u c e r s a n d te s t m e th o d s th is h a n d b o o k ) th a t is c o n n e c te d to w ir e s (C IP S R 1 1 o r E N /IE C 5 5 0 1 1 re fe r), is
1 7 o r c a b le s , o r t o o t h e r e q u ip m e n t , it m a k e s n e a rb y .
g o o d s e n s e to te s t p ro d u c ts to e n s u re th e y
G e n e ra l n o te s o n te s t s e t-u p s T h e s e t w o s it u a t io n s a r e s p e c ific a lly n o t
2 5 w ill w o r k r e lia b ly in t h e ir in t e n d e d o p e r a t in g
c o v e r e d b y t h e g e n e r ic , p r o d u c t o r
e n v ir o n m e n t . T h is is e s p e c ia lly im p o r t a n t in
p r o d u c t - f a m ily im m u n it y s ta n d a r d s lis te d
S ig n a l g e n e r a to r s a n d p o w e r a m p lifie r s s a f e t y - r e la te d , h ig h - r e lia b ilit y , m is s io n -
2 6 u n d e r th e E M C D ir e c tiv e , m e a n in g th a t it
c r it ic a l, o r le g a l m e tr o lo g y e le c t r o n ic
is u p to th e m a n u fa c tu r e r to a s s e s s th e
a p p lic a t io n s .
C o r r e la tin g a lte r n a tiv e te s t m e th o d s w ith E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 e le c t r o m a g n e tic ( E M ) e n v ir o n m e n t th a t
2 9 E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 is a b a s ic t e s t s t a n d a r d , s o h is / h e r p r o d u c t w ill b e u s e d in a n d t e s t it
w h e n f o llo w in g th e s e lf- d e c la r a t io n t o a c c o r d in g ly , t o c o m p ly w it h th e E M C
O n - s ite te s tin g 2 9 s t a n d a r d s r o u te t o c o n f o r m it y ( A r tic le 1 0 . 1 D ir e c t iv e 's P r o t e c t io n R e q u ir e m e n t s .
in [ 3 ] ) , E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 s h o u ld n o t b e lis t e d
C o m p lia n c e w ith th e E M C P r o t e c t io n
F u ll c o m p lia n c e c o n d u c te d R F im m u n ity te s tin g o n th e E M C D e c la r a tio n o f C o n fo r m ity .
3 0 R e q u ir e m e n t s is a le g a l r e q u ir e m e n t t h a t
O n ly t h e r e le v a n t g e n e r ic o r p r o d u c t- f a m ily
a p p lie s in a d d it io n t o t h e r e q u ir e m e n t to
h a r m o n is e d E M C s t a n d a r d s s h o u ld b e
F ilte r in g , s h ie ld in g , a n d is o la tin g tr a n s fo r m e r s f o llo w o n e o f t h e c o n f o r m it y a s s e s s m e n t
4 2 lis t e d . T h e s e w ill u s u a lly c a ll- u p E N o r I E C
r o u t e s ( S e lf - D e c la r a t io n , A r t ic le 1 0 . 1 o r
6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 a s a te s t m e th o d , b u t it is
T C F , A r tic le 1 0 .2 ) . P r o d u c ts th a t p a s s
L o w - c o s t a n d /o r n o n - c o m p lia n t te s tin g a lw a y s t h e g e n e r ic o r p r o d u c t - fa m ily
4 3 t e s ts to a ll r e le v a n t im m u n it y s t a n d a r d s
s ta n d a r d th a t s e ts th e m in im u m te s t le v e ls
lis t e d u n d e r t h e E M C D ir e c tiv e , b u t
w h ic h a llo w c o n f o r m it y t o b e c la im e d .
B u y in g s e c o n d - h a n d te s t g e a r 4 4 n e v e r t h e le s s a r e u n r e lia b le o r fa il in
W h e n u s in g t h e T e c h n ic a l C o n s t r u c t io n n o r m a l u s e b e c a u s e t h e y a r e n o t im m u n e
F ile r o u te to c o n fo r m ity w ith th e E M C e n o u g h f o r t h e ir r e a l- lif e E M e n v ir o n m e n t,
W h ic h p o r ts to te s t? 4 4 d o n o t c o m p ly w it h t h e E M C D ir e c t iv e s
d ir e c t iv e ( A r t ic le 1 0 . 2 in [ 3 ] ) it is p o s s ib le t o
u s e E N / I E C 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 d ir e c t ly , in w h ic h P r o t e c t io n R e q u ir e m e n t s a n d a r e t h e r e f o r e
T e s t a s R e a l L ife ( T A R L ) 4 5 c a s e it s h o u ld b e lis t e d o n t h e p r o d u c t 's ille g a lly C E m a r k e d .
E M C D e c la r a t io n o f C o n fo r m ity . I n s u c h
R e fe re n c e s c a s e s th e p r o d u c t m a n u fa c tu r e r s h o u ld
4 9 a s s e s s th e e le c tr o m a g n e tic e n v ir o n m e n t o f
th e p r o d u c t a n d e n s u r e th a t it is d e s ig n e d
A c k n o w le d g e m e n ts 5 1 a n d /o r te s t e d a c c o r d in g ly , s o a s t o c o m p ly
3 4
R e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 a n d th e E M C D ir e c tiv e (E M C D ) T h e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6
a n d th e s e c o n d e d itio n o f th e E M C D ir e c tiv e (2 0 0 4 /1 0 8 /E C )

T h e s e c o n d e d itio n o f th e E M C D ir e c tiv e , U n d e r 2 0 0 4 / 1 0 8 / E C , a ll 'f ix e d in s t a lla t io n s '


2 0 0 4 /1 0 8 /E C [5 ], r e p la c e s [3 ] o n th e 2 0 th m u s t c o m p ly w ith it s E s s e n tia l
J u ly 2 0 0 7 . E q u ip m e n t a lr e a d y b e in g R e q u ir e m e n t s , a n d t h e y m u s t a ls o h a v e T h is b o o k le t is p a r t o f a s e r ie s t h a t e n o u g h t o d e s c r ib e h e r e . H o w e v e r , it is
s u p p lie d in c o n f o r m it y w ith 8 9 /3 3 6 / E E C w ill d o c u m e n t a tio n th a t s h o w s h o w t h is h a s d is c u s s e s a n u m b e r o f c o m m o n E M a lw a y s b e s t t o u s e t h e la t e s t v e r s io n o f th e
b e a l l o w e d t o b e s u p p l i e d u n t i l 2 0 th J u l y b e e n a c h ie v e d u s in g g o o d e n g in e e r in g p h e n o m e n a in d o m e s tic ( r e s id e n tia l, t e s t s ta n d a r d , e x c e p t w h e r e r e g u la t o r y
2 0 0 9 , b y w h ic h d a t e it t o o m u s t c o m p ly p r a c tic e s . E q u ip m e n t m a n u fa c tu r e d h o u s e h o ld , e tc . ) , c o m m e r c ia l, lig h t r e q u ir e m e n t s fo r th e E U o r e ls e w h e r e
w ith [5 ] if it is t o c o n tin u e t o b e s u p p lie d in s p e c if ic a lly f o r u s e a t a n a m e d 'f ix e d in d u s t r ia l a n d in d u s t r ia l e n v ir o n m e n ts a n d s p e c if y t h e v e r s io n t o b e u s e d . S in c e
th e E U . W h e r e a s [3 ] r e q u ir e s th e in s t a lla t io n ' m a y n o t h a v e t o c o m p ly w it h h o w t h e y a r e t e s t e d a c c o r d in g t o m a n y n a tio n a l te s ts o u ts id e th e E U a r e
in v o lv e m e n t o f a C o m p e t e n t B o d y w it h a ll a n y E M C r e q u ir e m e n t s a t a ll 2 w h e n it is a p p r o p r ia te E N s ta n d a r d s o n e m is s io n s b a s e d o n IE C s ta n d a r d s , th is h a n d b o o k
T C F s , [ 5 ] e ff e c t iv e ly a llo w s t h e T C F r o u te s u p p lie d 2 b u t t e s t in g t o E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 6 a n d im m u n it y . B u t o t h e r k in d s o f im m u n it y m a y b e o f u s e w h e re n o n -E U E M C
t o b e u s e d w it h t h e o p t io n a l in v o lv e m e n t o f a t s p e c if ie d le v e ls c o u ld b e o n e o f th e t e s ts m a y b e r e q u ir e d b y th e E M C s p e c if ic a tio n s a p p ly .
a N o t if ie d B o d y ( t h e n e w te r m f o r E M C s p e c if ic a t io n s im p o s e d o n th e s t a n d a r d s f o r a u t o m o t iv e , a e r o s p a c e , r a il,
C o m p e te n t B o d ie s ) . s u p p lie r b y t h e p u r c h a s e r , t o h e lp e n s u r e W h e r e a n e le c tr o n ic p r o d u c t h a s a s a fe ty -
m a r in e a n d m ilit a r y e n v ir o n m e n t s . S o m e o f
t h a t a p a r t i c u la r 'f ix e d i n s t a l la t io n ' c o m p l i e s r e la te d o r le g a l m e t r o lo g y f u n c t io n ,
t h e s e in d u s t r ie s h a v e d e v e lo p e d t h e ir o w n
L ik e 8 9 / 3 3 6 / E E C , 2 0 0 4 / 1 0 8 /E C [ 5 ] a ls o w ith th e E s s e n t ia l R e q u ir e m e n t s . r e q u ir e s h ig h r e lia b ilit y , o r is m is s io n -
t e s t s ta n d a r d s b a s e d o n t h e ir o w n
r e q u ir e s e q u ip m e n t t o c o m p ly w it h its c r it ic a l m e r e c o m p lia n c e w it h t h e E M C
A p p ly in g E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 ( o r s im ila r ) te s t s p a r t ic u la r k in d s o f E M e n v ir o n m e n t s , t o
P r o t e c t io n R e q u ir e m e n t s , g iv e n in it s D ir e c t iv e is o f t e n in s u f fic ie n t f o r e n s u r in g
w h ic h g o b e y o n d th e m in im u m im p r o v e r e lia b ility a n d / o r s a f e t y .
A r t ic le 5 a n d A n n e x 1 , w h e r e it s o m e tim e s t h a t it h a s b e e n d e s ig n e d c o r r e c t ly 2
c a lls t h e m “ E s s e n t ia l R e q u ir e m e n t s ” . S o it r e q u ir e m e n t s o f t h e E M C D ir e c t iv e 's lis t e d a d d it io n a l a n d / o r t o u g h e r im m u n ity
s ta n d a rd s c a n a ls o b e a w a y t o h e lp m a k e T h is h a n d b o o k d e s c r ib e s h o w to a p p ly E N
is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t a ll e q u ip m e n t 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 :1 9 9 6 , a n d a p p lie s e q u a lly w e ll r e q u ir e m e n t s m a y n e e d t o b e a p p lie d .
m a n u f a c t u r e r s a s s e s s t h e e le c t r o m a g n e tic p ro d u c ts m o r e r e lia b le , r e d u c e w a r r a n t y R e fe r to th e s e c tio n “ C o n d u c te d R F te s tin g
c o s t s , im p r o v e c u s t o m e r s a t is f a c t io n a n d to IE C 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 :1 9 9 6 . 2 0 0 3 v e rs io n s o f
( E M ) e n v ir o n m e n t o f th e ir e q u ip m e n t [4 ] th e s e tw o s ta n d a r d s e x is t, b u t th e c h a n g e s a n d r e a l- lif e r e lia b ilit y ” la t e r , p lu s th e I E E s
a n d e n s u r e t h a t it is d e s ig n e d a n d / o r re d u c e e x p o s u r e t o p r o d u c t lia b ilit y c la im s g u id e [ 4 ] a n d th e o n - lin e a r t ic le [ 5 ] f o r
fo r m o r e o n t h is r e f e r t o t h e s e c tio n o n fro m th e 1 9 9 6 v e r s io n s a r e n o t s ig n if ic a n t
te s te d a c c o r d in g ly . 2 m o r e o n th is .
“C o n d u c t e d R F t e s t in g a n d r e a l- lif e
r e lia b ilit y ” la te r .
W h a t to d o w h e n n e w v e r s io n s o f b a s ic te s t
s ta n d a r d s a r e is s u e d W h a t is c o n d u c te d R F a n d h o w is it c a u s e d ?

5 6
W h a t to d o w h e n n e w v e r s io n s o f b a s ic te s t s ta n d a r d s a r e is s u e d T h e m o d e r n e le c tr o m a g n e tic e n v ir o n m e n t is v e r y b u s y
2 a n d r a d io w a v e s in je c t c u r r e n ts in to c a b le s

T h is b o o k le t d e s c r ib e s h o w to a p p ly E N U s u a lly it m a k e s b e s t c o m m e r c ia l s e n s e t o
6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 6 : 1 9 9 8 . W h e r e a g e n e r ic o r t e s t n e w e q u ip m e n t t o th e la t e s t v e r s io n o f a
p r o d u c t E M C s t a n d a r d r e q u ir e s t h e u s e o f s t a n d a r d , r e te s t in g o ld e r e q u ip m e n t w h e n
a b a s ic t e s t m e t h o d it w ill s p e c if y e it h e r a t h e y a r e d u e f o r r e t e s t in g a n y w a y a s a r e s u lt
d a te d re fe re n c e (e .g . “E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 - o f a d e s ig n c h a n g e o r u p g r a d e ( a s lo n g a s C o n d u c te d R F im m u n it y s im p ly r e f e r s t o a c re a te d . W h e n w ir e s a n d c a b le s a r e
1 6 :1 9 9 8 ”), o r a n u n d a te d re fe re n c e (e .g . th is h a p p e n s b e fo r e th e D O W ) . S o m e p r o d u c t 's im m u n ity to u n w a n t e d 'n o is y ' R F e x p o s e d to s u c h fie ld s , R F c u r r e n ts a n d
“ E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 6 ” ) . If it s p e c ifie s a d a te d e q u ip m e n t is s o ld f o r s u c h s h o r t p e r io d s o f v o lt a g e s a n d c u rre n ts c a r r ie d b y it s v o lt a g e s a r e c r e a te d in th e c o n d u c to r s .
r e fe r e n c e , th e n o n ly th is v e r s io n o f th e t im e t h a t t h e y m a y n e v e r n e e d t o b e r e t e s t e d e x te r n a l w ir e s a n d c a b le s . E v e r y ty p e o f e le c t r o n ic e q u ip m e n t 'le a k s '
b a s ic te s t m e th o d s ta n d a r d m a y b e u s e d . If to a n y n e w v e r s io n s o f s ta n d a r d s . s u c h fie ld s , e it h e r u n in t e n t io n a lly o r
it s p e c if ie s a n u n d a t e d r e f e r e n c e t h e n t h e E le c t r o n ic a c tiv it y a t R F in a n it e m o f b e c a u s e it is a r a d io tr a n s m itte r .
la t e s t p u b lis h e d v e r s io n o f th e s ta n d a r d A n o te o f c a u t io n : t h e E u r o p e a n C o m m is s io n e q u ip m e n t , s u c h a s d ig ita l p r o c e s s in g o r
s h o u ld b e u s e d . ( A t t h e t im e o f w r it in g , ( E C ) h a s r u le d th a t w h e r e D ir e c tiv e s w it c h - m o d e p o w e r c o n v e r s io n , w ill R a d io , T V a n d r a d a r t r a n s m it t e r s , a n d v e ry
t h e r e a r e n o v e r s io n s o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 6 c o m p lia n c e is c o n c e r n e d , o n ly d a t e s th a t a r e g e n e r a te R F n o is e o n its e x te r n a l c a b le s . p o w e r f u l p r o c e s s in g s u c h a s in d u s t r ia l
o th e r th a n th e 1 9 9 8 o n e .) p u b lis h e d in t h e O f fic ia l J o u r n a l o f th e E U T h is n o is e w ill b e in d if f e r e n t ia l- m o d e s c ie n t ific o r m e d ic a l e q u ip m e n t ( IS M ) t h a t
( O J E U ) h a v e a n y r e le v a n c e , a n d n o t a n y ( D M ) a s w e ll a s c o m m o n - m o d e ( C M ) . u s e R F e n e r g y to p e r fo r m t h e ir d ir e c t
B u t it is c le a r ly im p r a c t ic a l f o r d a te s p u t in to s ta n d a r d s b y th e ir c o m m itte e s . P r o d u c ts w h ic h c o n n e c t to s u c h f u n c t io n s ( c o v e r e d b y C IP S R 1 1 o r
m a n u f a c t u r e r s t o r u s h t o t e s t la b s t o r e te s t T h is is n o t a p r o b le m in m o s t c a s e s , b u t e q u ip m e n t w ill t h e r e f o r e b e s u b je c t e d t o E N /IE C 5 5 0 1 1 ) , c a n e m it v e r y p o w e r fu l
a ll o f t h e ir ty p e s o f e q u ip m e n t o n t h e v e r y b a s ic E M C te s t s ta n d a r d s s u c h a s E N c o n d u c t e d e le c t r o m a g n e t ic d is t u r b a n c e s v o lt a g e s a n d c u r r e n t s o n th e ir
d a y a n e w v e r s io n is is s u e d , s o e a c h n e w 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 6 a r e n e v e r lis te d in t h e O J E U . a t R F in b o th D M a n d C M o n th e ir in t e r c o n n e c t in g w ir e s a n d c a b le s , a n d c a n
v e r s io n o f a n I E C s t a n d a r d in c lu d e s a d a t e S in c e D O W d a t e s in t h e b a s ic s t a n d a r d s a r e in t e r c o n n e c t in g c a b le s . H o w e v e r , E N e m it v e r y p o w e r f u l f ie ld s in t o th e a ir , a t th e
o n w h ic h it s u p e r s e d e s t h e p r e v io u s n o t r e c o g n is e d b y t h e E U , t h e r e c a n b e n o 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 o n ly s im u la t e s t h e R F v o lta g e s r a d io fr e q u e n c ie s th e y a r e p e r m itte d to
v e r s io n . T h is is t h e “ d a t e o f w ith d r a w a l” t r a n s itio n p e r io d 2 w h ic h is c le a r ly a n d c u rre n ts c a u s e d b y e x p o s u re to R F e m p lo y .
( D O W ) , a n d p r o v id e s a tr a n s it io n p e r io d im p r a c t ic a l a n d s illy 2 b u t th is c o n s e q u e n c e f ie ld s in t h e p r o d u c t 's o p e r a t io n a l
d u r in g w h ic h m a n u f a c tu r e r s c a n c h o o s e e n v ir o n m e n t, a n d th e s e a r e a s s u m e d to R a d io , T V a n d ra d a r tra n s m it t e r s a re
d o e s n o t s e e m to h a v e b e e n fo re s e e n b y th e g e n e r a lly o n ly c o n n e c t e d t o d e d ic a te d
b e t w e e n u s in g t h e o ld o r th e n e w v e r s io n s E C . I t is p r o b a b ly le s s r is k y t o a lw a y s u s e b e c o m m o n -m o d e .
o f th e s ta n d a r d fo r d e c la r in g c o m p lia n c e . e q u ip m e n t d e s ig n e d f o r t h a t p u rp o s e , a n d
t h e la te s t v e r s io n o f a b a s ic t e s t s t a n d a r d , if th e y a re p o w e rfu l th e y a re g e n e r a lly
T h e D O W is p r e s e r v e d in t h e E N v e r s io n s e x c e p t w h e r e th e r e g u la to r y r e q u ir e m e n ts E le c t r o n ic a c tiv it y a t r a d io fr e q u e n c ie s in
o f th e IE C s ta n d a rd s . a n it e m o f e q u ip m e n t a ls o c a u s e s lo c a te d s o m e d is ta n c e a w a y fro m o th e r
( fo r th e E U o r o th e r m a r k e ts ) s p e c ify th e e q u ip m e n t.
e x a c t v e r s io n to b e u s e d . r a d ia t e d e le c tr o m a g n e t ic fie ld s to b e
W h a t p r o b le m s a r e
c a u s e d b y c o n d u c te d
R F ?
7 8
B r o a d c a s t tr a n s m itte r s a r e o fte n s itu a te d S u f f ic ie n t le v e ls o f c o n d u c t e d R F n o is e w ith ( o r is c lo s e e n o u g h to ) th e fre q u e n c y m o d u la t io n o f t h e E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 3 is u s u a lly
o n h ills a n d t a ll b u ild in g s t o m a x im is e th e c a n c a u s e e r r o r s o r m a lfu n c t io n s in t h e o f a s ig n a l in a c o n d u c t o r t o d is to r t it . T h is c le a r ly h e a r d o v e r t h e lo u d s p e a k e r s ,
a r e a t h e y c o v e r , b u t w h e n t h e y a r e lo c a te d a n a lo g u e o r d ig it a l s e m ic o n d u c t o r s is a c o m m o n p r o b le m a t t h e c lo c k e a r p ie c e o r h e a d s e t. In te r fe r e n c e w ith
in c it ie s o r w h e n o t h e r b u ild in g s o r c o n n e c te d to th e c o n d u c to rs b y m e a n s o f fr e q u e n c y o f d ig ita l p r o c e s s o r s o r d is p la y d ig it a l c ir c u it s is m o s t lik e ly t o o c c u r w h e n
e le c t r o n ic e q u ip m e n t a r e n e a r b y th e y c a n t h r e e d if f e r e n t in te r f e r e n c e m e c h a n is m s d r iv e r s , a n d a ls o a t t h e ir h a r m o n ic s . N o is e t h e d e m o d u la te d R F n o is e c o n t a in s a
c a u s e s ig n ific a n t p r o b le m s w it h ( d is c u s s e d la t e r ) . I n a n a lo g u e c ir c u its , f r e q u e n c ie s t h a t a r e c lo s e to r a te s o f fr e q u e n c y th a t c o in c id e s w ith ( o r is c lo s e
in te r fe r e n c e [6 ], [7 ]. n o is e a n d s ig n a l d is t o r t io n f r o m c e r ta in c ir c u it o p e r a tio n s c a n a ls o e n o u g h t o ) t h e f r e q u e n c y o f a s ig n a l o r
in t e r f e r e n c e c a n r e d u c e t h e s ig n a l- t o - n o is e in t e r f e r e w it h c o r r e c t c ir c u it o p e r a t io n . t h e r a t e o f c e r t a in c ir c u it o p e r a t io n s .
A m o d e r n p r o b le m is th e r a p id g r o w th in r a t io t o n e g a t iv e v a lu e s ( m o r e n o is e t h a n H o w e v e r , h ig h e n o u g h le v e ls o f d . c o f fs e t
p e r s o n a l r a d io c o m m u n ic a t io n s u s in g T h e s e c o n d ty p e o f in te r fe r e n c e
s ig n a l) . T h is is e s p e c ia lly a p r o b le m f o r f r o m n o is e r e c t ific a t io n c a n a lt e r t h e
c e llp h o n e s , B lu e t o o t h , W i- F i, a n d m a n y m e c h a n is m is a u d io r e c t if ic a t io n ,
s e n s it iv e c ir c u its s u c h a s a m p lif ie r s f o r b ia s in g o f c ir c u its , b o t h d ig ita l a n d
o th e r w ir e le s s te c h n o lo g ie s . A lt h o u g h s o m e tim e s c a lle d d e m o d u la tio n . A ll
m illiv o lt - o u tp u t t r a n s d u c e r s s u c h a s a n a lo g u e , b y e n o u g h t o p r e v e n t t h e m
t h e s e g e n e r a lly u s e lo w - p o w e r e d s e m ic o n d u c to r s r e s p o n d n o n - lin e a r ly to
th e r m o c o u p le s , r e s is ta n c e th e r m o m e te r s , f r o m w o r k in g c o r r e c tly .
t r a n s m it te r s t h e y g e n e r a t e q u it e p o w e r fu l v o lt a g e s a n d c u r r e n t s , w it h s o m e ty p e s
s t r a in g a u g e s a n d m ic r o p h o n e s .
f ie ld s n e a r b y a n d th e r e a r e f e w p r a c t ic a l r e s p o n d in g m o r e n o n - lin e a r ly t h a n o th e r s .
M e a s u r e m e n t e r r o r s a n d n o is e , e v e n u p t o T h e t h ir d in te r f e r e n c e m e c h a n is m is
w a y s to p r e v e n t th e m fr o m b e in g u s e d in T h e ty p ic a l s e m ic o n d u c to r is o fte n
f u ll- s c a le d e f le c tio n e r r o r s in a n a lo g u e in te r m o d u la tio n , c a u s e d b y th e s a m e n o n -
v e r y c lo s e p r o x im ity to o th e r e le c tr o n ic a s s u m e d to h a v e a s q u a r e - la w r e s p o n s e
s ig n a ls a r e q u it e c o m m o n in s u c h c ir c u it s lin e a r it ie s t h a t c a u s e a u d io r e c tif ic a t io n .
p r o d u c t s o r t h e ir c a b le s . E v e n B lu e t o o t h a t lo w le v e ls o f c u r r e n t . T h e e ff e c t o f
d u r in g t e s t in g w ith c o n d u c te d R F to W h e n m o r e t h a n o n e R F s ig n a l is p r e s e n t
t r a n s m it te r s a t 2 5 m W c a n in je c t t e n s o f p a s s in g a n o is e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h a n o n -
c o m p ly w it h t h e E M C D ir e c tiv e . D ig it a l a t t h e s a m e t im e in a n o n - lin e a r d e v ic e ,
m illia m p s o f c u r r e n t a t 2 . 4 5 G H z in t o a lin e a r it y is th a t p o s it iv e - g o in g w a v e f o r m s
c ir c u it s r u n n in g s o ft w a r e c a n s u f fe r fr o m 'in t e r m o d u la t io n p r o d u c t s ' 2 n e w
n e a r b y w ir e [8 ]. a r e a m p lif ie d m o r e t h a n n e g a t iv e - g o in g 2
f a ls e k e y p r e s s e s o r c o n tr o l s ig n a ls , f a ls e f r e q u e n c ie s 2 a r e c r e a t e d in s id e t h e
o r v ic e - v e r s a , d e p e n d in g o n t h e p o la r ity o f
It u s e d to b e g e n e r a lly th o u g h t th a t m o s t r e s e t s , s o f tw a r e lo o p in g ( c o n t in u o u s ly c ir c u it it s e lf. T h e p r e s e n c e o f f 1
t h e d e v ic e 2 r e s u ltin g in a le v e l o f d . c .
w ir e s a n d c a b le s a r e in c r e a s in g ly lo s s y a t r e p e a t in g a s e c tio n o f c o d e ) , a n d s t o p p e d t o g e t h e r w ith f2 ( fo r e x a m p le : 2 0 0 M H z a n d
o ff s e t t h a t d e p e n d s u p o n t h e le v e l o f t h e
f r e q u e n c ie s a b o v e 1 0 0 M H z , s o t h a t t h e e x e c u t io n , c o m m o n ly c a lle d a 'c r a s h '. 2 0 0 .1 M H z ) w ill r e s u lt in in t e r m o d u la t io n
R F n o is e . T h is p r o c e s s is k n o w n a s
m o b ile tr a n s m itt e r s s u c h a s c e llp h o n e s , p ro d u c ts a t f1 - f2 a n d a t f1 + f2 (1 0 0 k H z
A n a lo g u e c ir c u its a r e g e n e r a lly m o r e r e c t if ic a t io n , a n d a m p lit u d e m o d u la t io n o f
B lu e t o o t h a n d W i- F i th a t t r a n s m it te d a t a n d 4 0 0 . 1 M H z r e s p e c t iv e ly , in t h is
s u s c e p tib le t o c o n t in u o u s m o d u la t e d R F th e R F s ig n a l c a u s e s th is d .c . o ffs e t to
9 0 0 M H z a n d a b o v e w e r e u n lik e ly t o v a r y in tu r n , s o th e e n v e lo p e m o d u la t io n e x a m p le ) . T h r e e in it ia l f r e q u e n c ie s c r e a te
t h a n d ig it a l c ir c u it s , b e c a u s e o f t h e n o is e
in t e r f e r e w it h e q u ip m e n t u n le s s t h e y w e r e o f t h e R F w a v e f o r m is d e m o d u la t e d , ju s t e ig h t in t e r m o d u la t io n p r o d u c t s in t o t a l,
t h r e s h o ld s u s e d b y d ig it a l d e v ic e s 2 b u t
n e a r t o t h e a c t u a l e q u ip m e n t it s e lf . a s it is in a r a d io r e c e iv e r . a n d w it h f o u r a n d m o r e in it ia l fr e q u e n c ie s
a n y t h in g t h a t u s e s e le c t r o n ic s c a n
H o w e v e r , w o r k c a r r ie d o u t b y t h e t h e s it u a t io n is e v e n m o r e c o m p le x . I n
m is b e h a v e w h e n e x p o s e d to c e r ta in R F D e m o d u la tio n o c c u r s n a t u r a lly in a ll
U n iv e r s it y o f Y o r k [ 9 ] s h o w e d , a m o n g s t s o m e c ir c u m s ta n c e s , in t e r m o d u la t io n
f r e q u e n c ie s o r c o m b in a t io n s o f s e m ic o n d u c to r s , s o e v e r y s e m ic o n d u c t o r
m a n y o th e r v a lu a b le fa c ts , th a t C M p r o d u c t s c a n h a v e h ig h e n o u g h le v e ls to
f r e q u e n c ie s . W ith o u t a d e q u a t e p r o t e c t io n c a n b e th o u g h t o f a s a n 'R F d e t e c t o r ',
c u r r e n ts p ic k e d u p b y a t y p ic a l t w is t e d - p a ir c a u s e 'd ir e c t ' in t e r f e r e n c e , a s f o r R F n o is e
fr o m c o n d u c te d R F n o is e , fe w m o d e r n e s s e n t ia lly a n 'a c c id e n t a l c r y s t a l s e t ' r a d io
E t h e r n e t c a b le f r o m a n e n s e m b le o f d e s c r ib e d e a r lie r . I n t e r m o d u la t io n
e le c t r o n ic c ir c u its b e h a v e r e lia b ly in t h e r e c e iv e r . In te g r a te d c ir c u its c a n c o n t a in
n e a r b y 9 0 0 M H z c e llp h o n e s o n ly p r o d u c t s c a n a ls o f a ll in t o t h e p a s s b a n d s
m o d e r n w o r ld . If th e c o n d u c te d n o is e m a n y te n s , e v e n m illio n s o f
d im in is h e d a t a b o u t 0 . 9 d B p e r m e t r e w it h o f a u d io a n d v id e o s ig n a ls , a n d
le v e ls a r e h ig h e n o u g h t h e y c a n e v e n s e m ic o n d u c to r ju n c t io n s , a ll w a it in g f o r
d is t a n c e a lo n g t h e c a b le . C le a r ly , m o b ile in s t r u m e n t a t io n c ir c u its , r e d u c in g t h e
c a u s e p e rm a n e n t d a m a g e to th e o p p o r tu n ity to d e m o d u la t e R F n o is e
t r a n s m it te r s o p e r a t in g a t 9 0 0 M H z a n d q u a lity o f th e o u t p u t o r le a d in g t o f a ls e
s e m ic o n d u c to r s , a n d e v e n to o th e r s ig n a ls .
a b o v e c a n h a v e a s ig n if ic a n t e ff e c t o n m e a s u re m e n ts .
e le c t r o n ic c o m p o n e n t s .
e q u ip m e n t b y c o u p lin g in t o its c a b le s a t M a n y in t e r fe r e n c e p r o b le m s w it h a u d io
s o m e m e tr e s d is ta n c e . T h e fir s t, a n d m o s t o b v io u s in te r fe re n c e E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 o n ly a p p lie s o n e R F te s t
a n d in s tr u m e n ta tio n c ir c u its a r e c a u s e d b y
m e c h a n is m 2 b y w h ic h c o n d u c t e d R F fre q u e n c y a t a t im e , s o c a n fa il to d is c o v e r
t h e fa c t t h a t t h e d e m o d u la te d n o is e s t e n d
n o is e c a n in te r fe r e w ith e le c tr o n ic c ir c u it s s u s c e p tib ilit ie s th a t c a n o c c u r in r e a l lif e
t o lie in t h e s a m e f r e q u e n c y r a n g e a s t h e
2 is c a lle d 'd ir e c t in t e r f e r e n c e '. I t o c c u rs d u e to in te r m o d u la tio n . R e a l- lif e
w a n t e d s ig n a ls , r e d u c in g t h e q u a lit y o f t h e
w h e n th e R F n o is e fr e q u e n c y c o in c id e s e n v ir o n m e n ts u s u a lly h a v e s ig n if ic a n t
o u t p u t o r le a d in g t o e r r o n e o u s
le v e ls a t m o re th a n o n e ra d io fr e q u e n c y ,
m e a s u r e m e n t s . I n a u d io c ir c u its th e 1 k H z
9 1 0
T r a n s p o s itio n v ia n o n -lin e a r fu n c tio n r e s u ltin g in d .c . o ffs e t fo r e x a m p le th e v e r y n u m e r o u s A M a n d d e v ic e s . A d d in g t r a n s ie n t v o lta g e
( m o r e c o m m o n ly k n o w n 'a u d io r e c t if ic a t io n ' o f 'd e m o d u la t io n ') s h o r t - w a v e b r o a d c a s t in g s t a t io n s . A n it e m s u p p r e s s io n t o p r o t e c t a c h ip c o n n e c t e d
o f e q u ip m e n t th a t is s u s c e p t ib le t o R F t o a c a b le fr o m e le c t r o s t a tic d is c h a r g e h a s
n o is e , f o r e x a m p le a t 1 0 M H z , w ill s o m e t im e s in c r e a s e d t h e c h ip 's
p r o b a b ly b e w e ll- p r o te c t e d b y it s s u s c e p tib ilit y t o r a d ia t e d R F n o is e .
d e s ig n e r s a g a in s t t h is f r e q u e n c y . B u t if it M e t a lw o r k c a n a ls o c r e a t e 'u n in t e n t io n a l
is e x p o s e d t o t w o s im u lt a n e o u s R F n o is e s s e m ic o n d u c t o r s ' w h e n c o r r o s io n c a u s e s a
a t o th e r f r e q u e n c ie s ( e . g . 1 .8 a n d f ilm o f o x id e t o f o r m a t jo in ts . T h is c a n
1 .8 1 G H z ) t h a t it is n o t w e ll p r o te c t e d le a d to s o m e v e r y u n e x p e c te d r e a l life
a g a in s t b e c a u s e it is n o t s u s c e p tib le t o p r o b le m s d u e to d e m o d u la tio n o r
t h o s e f r e q u e n c ie s in d iv id u a lly ( o r b e c a u s e in te r m o d u la tio n ; s u c h a s th e S a tu r n
t h e y w e r e n o t t e s t e d , s o s u s c e p t ib ilit y t o la u n c h v e h ic le s a fe ty c o n c e r n s d e s c r ib e d
th e m w a s u n k n o w n ) , th e e q u ip m e n t m ig h t in 'B a n a n a S k in ' N o . 2 6 7 [ 7 ] .
fa il d u e to th e 1 0 M H z n o is e g e n e r a te d b y
t h e in te r m o d u la t io n in it s o w n c ir c u it s . T h e le v e ls o f th e n o is e s c a u s e d b y
d e m o d u la t io n a n d in te r m o d u la tio n a r e
A ll t r a n s is to rs a r e s e m ic o n d u c to rs , a n d u s u a lly a s s u m e d t o b e p r o p o r t io n a l t o th e
a r e u s e d in a ll a n a lo g u e a n d d ig it a l s q u a r e o f t h e in c r e a s e in th e c o n d u c t e d
in te g r a te d c ir c u it s a s w e ll a s in d is c r e t e R F n o is e le v e l. T h is m e a n s th a t s m a ll
d e v ic e s ( e .g . p o w e r tra n s is to r s ) . B u t m a n y v a r ia t io n s in R F te s t le v e l d u r in g t e s t in g
o th e r ty p e s o f d e v ic e s a r e a ls o c a n h a v e a la r g e d iffe r e n c e o n e q u ip m e n t
s e m ic o n d u c to rs , fo r e x a m p le : d io d e s , f u n c t io n a l p e r f o r m a n c e , m a k in g it d if fic u lt
E x a m p le o f R F n o is e in a s e m ic o n d u c to r c ir c u it r e c t if ie r s , th e rm is to r s ( N T C a n d P T C ), a n d to c o m p a re th e r e s u lt s o f d if fe r e n t k in d s o f
s h o w in g d e m o d u la tio n a n d in te r m o d u la tio n m a n y ty p e s o f o v e r v o lt a g e p r o te c t io n R F im m u n it y t e s ts .

T h e th r e e in te r fe r e n c e m e c h a n is m s

9
C o n d u c te d R F te s tin g In tr o d u c tio n to c o n d u c te d
a n d r e a l-life r e lia b ility R F im m u n ity te s tin g

1 1 1 2
S in c e fe w , if a n y , r e a l- lif e R F n o is e s a r e A la c k in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 is th a t it o n ly B u t c o m p ly in g w it h a n y im m u n it y t e s t C o n t in u o u s c o n d u c te d R F im m u n it y
m o d u la t e d s o le ly a t 1 k H z , t h e 1 k H z in je c ts c o m m o n - m o d e R F a n d d o e s n o t s t a n d a r d s ( e v e n t h e o n e s u s e d f o r f lig h t t e s tin g in v o lv e s in je c t in g R F v o lta g e s o r
m o d u la t io n f r e q u e n c y u s e d b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 - t e s t d if f e r e n t ia l- m o d e R F e v e n t h o u g h it c o n t r o l c o m p u t e r s o n c iv il a ir lin e r s ) d o e s c u r r e n ts in to e a c h o f th e c a b le s
4 - 6 is a p o o r t e s t f o r r e a l- life s u s c e p t ib ilit y c a n e x is t o n m a in s a n d o th e r ty p e s o f n o t n e c e s s a r ily e n s u r e s u ff ic ie n t r e a l- w o r ld a s s o c ia te d w it h th e e q u ip m e n t u n d e r te s t
o r r e lia b ilit y . A n d , a s w a s m e n t io n e d c a b le s . D if fe r e n t ia l- m o d e R F n o is e is r e lia b ilit y . T h is c a n b e a p r o b le m fo r (E U T ).
b e f o r e , t h e u s e o f a s in g le R F te s t m o s t ly a n is s u e a t f r e q u e n c ie s u n d e r s a f e t y - r e la te d e q u ip m e n t a n d s y s t e m s , o r
1 0 M H z , e s p e c ia lly w h e n s w itc h - m o d e f o r e q u ip m e n t a n d s y s t e m s t h a t r e q u ir e E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 [ 2 ] is t h e b a s ic E M C t e s t
fr e q u e n c y c a n n o t g iv e r is e to a n y
p o w e r c o n v e r t e r s a n d o t h e r 'n o is y ' v e r y h ig h r e lia b ilit y ( s u c h a s s p e e d m e th o d fo r c o m m o n -m o d e c o n d u c te d R F
in te r m o d u la tio n fr e q u e n c ie s w ith in th e
t e c h n o lo g ie s a r e p o w e r e d f r o m t h e s a m e c a m e r a s ) . F o r m o r e o n t h is is s u e , r e f e r t o im m u n ity c a lle d - u p b y t h e la te s t e d it io n s
e q u ip m e n t , s o it is a ls o a p o o r t e s t o f r e a l-
m a in s d is t r ib u tio n a s t h e p r o d u c t t h e s e c t io n o n " T e s t A s R e a l L if e ( T A R L ) " o f h a r m o n is e d p r o d u c t o r g e n e r ic
lif e p e r f o r m a n c e f o r t h a t r e a s o n .
c o n c e r n e d . H o w e v e r , it is p o s s ib le t o v a r y b e lo w , [1 0 ] a n d [1 1 ]. im m u n ity te s t s t a n d a r d s . A lte r n a t iv e
E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 is u s u a lly u s e d t o t e s t fr o m s o m e o f th e te s t m e th o d s d e s c r ib e d h e r e c o n d u c te d te s t m e th o d s d e s c r ib e d h e re
1 5 0 k H z to 8 0 M H z , b u t m a n y ty p e s o f t o t e s t f o r d if f e r e n t ia l- m o d e im m u n it y . s h o u ld a lw a y s f o llo w it s m e t h o d o lo g y a s
e q u ip m e n t u s e c ir c u it s t h a t o p e r a t e a t f a r a s is p r a c t ic a l, t o h e lp m a k e c o m p lia n t
f r e q u e n c ie s b e lo w 1 5 0 k H z , a n d a r e T h e r e a r e m ilita r y a n d a u t o m o t iv e in d u s t r y p ro d u c ts .
c o n s e q u e n t ly m u c h m o r e s u s c e p t ib le a t E M C im m u n ity s t a n d a r d s e x is t w h ic h t e s t
m o r e a g g r e s s iv e ly a n d / o r m o r e t h o r o u g h ly F o r s m a ll p r o d u c ts , E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6
th o s e fr e q u e n c ie s . C o n d u c te d n o is e c o n s id e r s it a c c e p ta b le t o u s e it s
u n d e r 1 5 0 k H z c a n b e c a u s e d b y th e th a n E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 . U s in g s u c h s ta n d a r d s ,
o r e x te n d in g a n d to u g h e n in g te s ts u n d e r c o n d u c te d te s ts o v e r th e ra n g e 1 5 0 k H z to
s w itc h - m o d e o r p h a s e - a n g le p o w e r 2 3 0 M H z , b u t fo r la r g e r p r o d u c ts th e r a n g e
c o n v e r te r s ; o r w h e n a n R F s ig n a l a t a n y E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 , c a n h e lp p r o d u c e m o r e
r e lia b le p r o d u c t s . O n e o f t h e p r o b le m s w ith is 1 5 0 k H z to 8 0 M H z . S m a ll p r o d u c t s w it h
f r e q u e n c y is m o d u la t e d w it h fr e q u e n c ie s s h o r t c a b le s m a y n o t n e e d to b e te s te d to
b e lo w 1 5 0 k H z ( a s m o s t tr a n s m itte d w a r r a n t y c la im s a n d f ie ld s e r v ic e is t h e 'n o -
f a u lt - f o u n d s it u a t io n '. M a n u f a c t u r e r s s p e n d a s lo w a f r e q u e n c y a s 1 5 0 k H z . S e e
s ig n a ls a r e ) , o r w h e n th e p r e s e n c e o f tw o A n n e x B o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 fo r m o re o n
o r m o r e d if f e r e n t R F f r e q u e n c ie s c r e a t e m o n e y to tr y to k e e p th e ir c u s to m e r s
h a p p y d e s p ite n o t k n o w in g w h a t th e c a u s e fre q u e n c y ra n g e s v e rs u s E U T
in t e r m o d u la t io n p r o d u c t s b e lo w 1 5 0 k H z . d im e n s io n s . B u t r e m e m b e r t h a t it w ill b e
o f t h e p r o b le m is . M a n y n o - f a u lt - f o u n d
p r o b le m s a p p e a r to b e c a u s e d b y th e r e le v a n t E M C D h a r m o n is e d s ta n d a r d
O n e w a y to d is c o v e r p o te n tia l ( p r o d u c t o r g e n e r ic ) th a t s p e c if ie s t h e
s u s c e p tib ilit ie s a t f r e q u e n c ie s b e lo w in a d e q u a te im m u n ity p e r fo r m a n c e , b u t
E M C p r o b le m s a r e n o to r io u s ly h a r d to fr e q u e n c y r a n g e a n d te s t le v e ls fo r a
1 5 0 k H z is to t e s t u s in g E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 6 , g iv e n t y p e o f E U T . I n g e n e r a l, w h e n s e lf -
w h ic h c o v e r s im m u n it y f r o m 0 to 1 5 0 k H z r e p e a t a n d a n y w a y fe w s e r v ic e p e r s o n n e l
a r e E M C e x p e r t s o r h a v e a n y E M C t e s t in g d e c la r in g c o n f o r m it y t o t h e E M C D u s in g
( a n d w ill b e c o v e r e d b y a n o t h e r R E O t h e 's t a n d a r d s r o u t e ' y o u w ill n o t b e a b le
b o o k le t ) . A n o t h e r w a y is t o t e s t e q u ip m e n t g e a r.
to c h o o s e y o u r o w n fre q u e n c y ra n g e s .
u s in g a r a n g e o f m o d u la t io n f r e q u e n c ie s T h e f in a n c ia l r e w a r d s o f p r o d u c in g r e lia b le
f o r e a c h R F f r e q u e n c y t e s t e d u s in g E N p r o d u c ts c a n b e v e r y g r e a t in d e e d , a s o n e Im p o r ta n t S a fe ty N o te : E v e n w h e re th e
6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 . T h e r a n g e o f m o d u la tio n U K m a n u fa c tu r e r d is c o v e r e d w h e n th e y R F t e s t le v e ls u s e d f o r c o n d u c te d
f r e q u e n c ie s s h o u ld b e c h o s e n t o c o v e r s p e n t £ 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 o n r e d e s ig n in g t h e ir im m u n ity te s t in g a r e lo w , m o r e in te n s e
th e r a n g e o v e r w h ic h th e e q u ip m e n t p r o d u c t s t o c o m p ly w it h t h e n e w is s u e s o f f ie ld s m a y b e p r e s e n t n e a r R F p o w e r
c o n c e r n e d is s u s c e p t ib le . T h is m e t h o d is t h e E M C D ir e c t iv e 's im m u n it y s t a n d a rd s a m p lif ie r s a n d o t h e r e q u ip m e n t. P e o p le
m o s t ly u s e d b y c e r ta in m ilita r y a n d a r o u n d m id - 2 0 0 1 , a n d fo u n d t o t h e ir w h o s e h e a lth d e p e n d s o n th e c o r r e c t
a e r o s p a c e o r g a n is a t io n s f o r r a d ia t e d R F c o m p le te s u r p r is e t h a t th e ir n e w p r o d u c ts o p e r a t io n o f p a c e m a k e r s o r o th e r b o d y -
t e s tin g a t t h e t im e o f w r it in g , b u t is n o t y e t d e s ig n s s a v e d t h e m £ 2 . 7 m illio n in w o r n o r im p la n t e d e le c t r o - m e d ic a l d e v ic e s
c o m m o n p la c e . w a rra n ty c o s ts p e r y e a r. s h o u ld n e v e r g o n e a r a n y E M C im m u n it y
t e s ts o r th e ir a s s o c ia t e d te s t e q u ip m e n t.
1 3 1 4
T h e r e a r e fiv e m a in is s u e s in r a d ia te d R F P r e v e n tin g le a k a g e c o n d u c te d te s t in g is g o in g t o u s e h ig h T h e n e e d fo r e n g in e e r in g m a r g in s
im m u n ity te s t in g w h ic h a r e o f c o n c e r n f o r le v e ls o f s t im u lu s ( e . g . f o r 'in d u s t r ia l'
a ll t h e t e s t m e t h o d s d is c u s s e d h e r e : W h e n R F v o lt a g e s o r c u r r e n t s a r e in je c t e d e q u ip m e n t ) ; a n d w h e th e r f r e q u e n c ie s
o n t o c a b le s , t h e c a b le s c a n a c t a s a b o v e 8 0 M H z a r e g o in g t o b e a p p lie d t o
· I n je c tin g a r e a s o n a b ly a c c u r a t e R F a n t e n n a s a n d r e - r a d ia t e ( le a k ) th e m . T h e la r g e E U T s , o r a b o v e 2 3 0 M H z to a n y s iz e
v o lt a g e ( o r c u r r e n t ) in t o t h e E U T 's C D N s a n d E M - C la m p tr a n s d u c e r s o f E U T . If a n y o f th e s e a r e tr u e it w o u ld
c a b le s . r e c o m m e n d e d b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 p r o v id e b e b e s t to d o th e s e c o n d u c te d te s ts in s id e
· P r e v e n t in g t h e t e s t s f r o m 'le a k in g ' a n d s ig n ific a n t a m o u n t s o f d e c o u p lin g f o r t h e a s h ie ld e d r o o m o r s h ie ld e d te n t. T e n ts
p o s s ib ly c a u s in g in te r f e r e n c e . ( u s u a lly lo n g ) le n g t h o f t h e c a b le o n t h e ir h a v e th e a d v a n ta g e th a t t h e y a r e e a s ily
'A n c illa r y E q u ip m e n t ' s id e , t o p r e v e n t m o v a b le a n d c a n b e p a c k e d a w a y w h e n
· T h e n o n - lin e a r s e n s itiv it y o f a n a lo g u e le a k a g e f r o m th is p a r t o f t h e c a b le s a n d n o t in u s e .
a n d d ig ita l s e m ic o n d u c to r s t o R F . a ls o to p r o te c t t h e a n c illa r y e q u ip m e n t .
W it h t h e s e tw o k in d s o f t r a n s d u c e r s , o n ly D e t e r m in in g a n 'e n g in e e r in g
· D e t e r m in in g a r e a s o n a b le 'e n g in e e r in g
m a r g in '. t h e c a b le s o n t h e ir E U T s id e h a v e h ig h m a r g in ' E x e r c is in g th e E U T d u r in g th e
le v e ls o f R F o n th e m , a n d th e y a r e s h o r t te s ts
· M o n ito r in g th e E U T to b e a b le to te ll in a n y c a s e a n d s o a r e n o t u s u a lly v e r y E v e n h a v in g E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 fu lly a p p lie d b y
w h e n its p e r fo r m a n c e h a s d e g r a d e d to o e ffic ie n t a n te n n a e b e lo w 8 0 M H z . a c c r e d ite d te s t la b o r a to r ie s c a n n o t T h e E U T s h o u ld b e o p e r a t e d a s n e a r a s
m u c h . g u a r a n te e t h a t a g iv e n E U T a n d it s c a b le s p o s s ib le to h o w it w ill b e u s e d in r e a l lif e ,
B C I t r a n s d u c e r s in je c t c u r r e n t s e q u a lly
w ill b e e x p o s e d t o e x a c t ly t h e s a m e R F w ith a ll t h e n e c e s s a r y a u x ilia r y e q u ip m e n t
I t w ill h e lp if w e d is c u s s t h e s e is s u e s in t o t h e c a b le s o n b o t h s id e s , s o
s t im u li ( s a y , w ith in ± 3 d B ) e a c h t im e it is ( A E ) c o n n e c te d , o r s im u la te d in a w a y th a t
b e f o r e m o v in g o n t o d e s c r ib e t h e te s t s ig n ific a n t r a d ia t io n is p o s s ib le f r o m th e
t e s te d . S o , b e c a u s e o f t h e n o n - lin e a r p r e s e r v e s th e ir E M C e f f e c ts . S o m e A E
m e th o d s th e m s e lv e s . lo n g e r c a b le s o n t h e 'A n c illa r y E q u ip m e n t '
s e n s it iv ity o f a n a lo g u e a n d d ig it a l c ir c u it s m a y n e e d t o b e lo c a te d o u t s id e th e t e s t
s id e . T h is le a k a g e c a n b e r e d u c e d b y
t o R F a n d b e c a u s e s e r ia lly - m a n u f a c tu r e d c h a m b e r t o h e lp p r o te c t it f r o m t h e E M C
In je c tin g a r e a s o n a b ly a c c u r a te a d d in g a la r g e n u m b e r o f c lip - o n s p lit -
p r o d u c t s h a v e v a r ia b le im m u n it y t e s tin g , s o t e s t p la n n in g s h o u ld h a v e
f e r r ite R F s u p p r e s s e r s to t h e c a b le o n t h e
R F v o lta g e (o r c u r r e n t) p e rfo rm a n c e d u e to c o m p o n e n t a n d d e te r m in e d h o w th e s ig n a ls o r p o w e r a r e
n o n - E U T s id e o f th e B C I tr a n s d u c e r 2
a s s e m b ly t o le r a n c e s ( o f t e n u n c o n t r o lle d to b e c o m m u n ic a te d b e tw e e n it a n d th e
E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 d e s c r ib e s h o w t o p e r f o r m a c lo s e t o t h e tr a n s d u c e r . U s u a lly a t o t a l
f o r E M C ) , a n 'e n g in e e r in g m a r g in ' is E U T w it h o u t c o m p r o m is in g e it h e r t h e t e s t
le v e l- s e t t in g p r o c e d u r e ( c a lib r a t io n ) f o r le n g th o f fe r r ite o f a t le a s t 2 0 0 m m is
9 re c o m m e n d e d . o f th e E U T o r th e A E .
e a c h o f th e th re e ty p e s o f te s t tra n s d u c e rs e n o u g h .
it e m p lo y s : S o m e e x p e rts re c o m m e n d th a t c o n d u c te d W h e n te s tin g a n e x a m p le p r o d u c t t o E N T h e E U T s h o u ld b e lo a d e d a s fo r n o rm a l
im m u n ity te s t s a r e a lw a y s d o n e in s id e 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 in a f u lly c o m p lia n t m a n n e r , a t o p e r a t io n , a n d w h e r e it is im p r a c tic a l to
· D ir e c t v o lt a g e in je c t io n u s in g c o u p lin g - le a s t a 6 d B h ig h e r te s t le v e l ( e .g . 6 V r m s o p e ra te th e a c tu a l lo a d in th e te s t la b th is
d e c o u p lin g n e t w o r k s ( C D N s ) . s h ie ld e d r o o m s o r s h ie ld e d t e n t s ( n o n e e d
fo r a n y R F a b s o r b e r if th e e n c lo s u r e is in s te a d o f 3 V r m s ) is s u g g e s te d , w ith th e m a y r e q u ir e s p e c ia l lo a d d e v ic e s to b e
r o o m - s iz e d ) to p r e v e n t le a k a g e fr o m th e p r o d u c t s t ill m e e tin g it s r e q u ir e d f u n c t io n a l c re a te d .
· I n d u c e d v o l t a g e i n j e c t i o n u s in g t h e 'E M -
C la m p '. c a b le s / E U T f r o m c a u s in g in t e r f e r e n c e s p e c if ic a tio n s . W h e r e th e r e a r e s ig n if ic a n t
W h e re th e E U T p e rfo rm s a n y
p r o b le m s ; w h ils t o th e r s s e e m t o f in d th a t d if f e r e n c e s in th e te s t m e th o d c o m p a re d
m e a s u r e m e n t o r c o n tr o l fu n c tio n s , e r r o r s
· I n d u c e d c u r r e n t in je c t i o n u s i n g 'B u l k le a k a g e is lo w e n o u g h n o t to n e e d a w ith E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 , a m u c h la r g e r
d u e t o in t e r fe r e n c e c a n c a u s e a n in c r e a s e
C u r r e n t In je c tio n ' ( B C I) . s h ie ld e d r o o m . e n g in e e r in g m a r g in is r e c o m m e n d e d .
o r d e c r e a s e 2 s o d u r in g t h e te s t th e
T h e le v e l- s e t tin g p r o c e d u r e s d e s c r ib e d in P e rh a p s th e b e s t a p p ro a c h , if a s h ie ld e d I t is c le a r t h a t s a v in g c o s ts b y u s in g o p e r a t io n a l m o d e s h o u ld b e s e t s o t h a t a ll
E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 c a n b e a d a p t e d fo r u s e w it h ro o m is n o t a v a ila b le , is t o c o n s id e r a lt e r n a t iv e c o n d u c t e d R F im m u n ity te s t r e le v a n t s ig n a ls a r e s o m e w h e r e a r o u n d
m a n y o f t h e a lt e r n a t iv e t e s t m e t h o d s w h e th e r th e re a r e s e n s itiv e e le c tr o n ic s o r m e th o d s c a n le a d to o v e r - e n g in e e r in g . m id - s c a le ( o r a t le a s t, n o t a t th e e n d s o f
d e s c r ib e d h e re . ra d io r e c e iv e r a n te n n a s n e a r to w h e re th e T h e a d d it io n a l c o s t t o m a k e th e p ro d u c t t h e ir r a n g e s ) . T h is a llo w s a n y e r r o r to b e
te s t is to b e c o n d u c te d ; w h e th e r th e p a s s th e a lt e r n a t iv e t e s t m e th o d w ith th e d e te c te d .
n e c e s s a r y e n g in e e r in g m a r g in s s h o u ld b e
w e ig h e d a g a in s t th e c o s t o f d o in g t h e D a ta s ig n a ls s h o u ld b e s e n d in g a c o m p le x
t e s tin g p r o p e r ly . c o d e , n o t ju s t a s t r in g o f 1 's o r 0 's , a n d t h e
1 5 1 6
c o d e s h o u ld b e c h e c k e d fo r c o rre c tn e s s in F o r 'o n / o f f ' f u n c t io n s , a n a lt e r n a t iv e is t o p a s s e d th r o u g h th e b u lk h e a d c o n n e c to r s p u r p o s e , fo r in s ta n c e v e r y s m a ll e le c tr ic a l-
a n a p p r o p r ia te w a y . W h e n te s tin g d a ta r u n t h e t e s t w it h t h e E U T in t h e 'd o n 't p r o v id e d in t h e t e s t c h a m b e r 's c o n n e c t o r to - o p tic a l c o n v e r te r s t h a t h a v e m in im a l
c o m m u n ic a t io n s it is c o m m o n t o e m p lo y a o p e r a t e ' c o n d it io n ( e . g . c h e c k in g t h a t t h e p a n e l a n d te s te d b y e x te rn a l e f f e c t o n t h e E U T 's c ir c u it s a n d th e ir R F
B it E r r o r R a t e ( B E R ) T e s te r, b u t w h e re v e ry a la r m d o e s n o t s o u n d a t a n y t im e ) , t h e n in s tr u m e n ta tio n . It is s o m e tim e s fo u n d s u s c e p tib ilit y , a n d c o m m u n ic a t e t o
h ig h B E R s a r e p a r t o f t h e s p e c if ic a t io n r u n th e t e s t a s e c o n d t im e w it h t h e E U T in t h a t t h e e x t e r n a l e q u ip m e n t is s u s c e p t ib le m o n ito r in g e q u ip m e n t o u ts id e th e
te s tin g c a n ta k e a v e r y lo n g t im e u n le s s t h e 'm u s t o p e r a t e ' c o n d it i o n ( e . g . c h e c k in g t o t h e R F t e s t s ig n a ls t h a t r e m a in o n th e c h a m b e r u s in g fib r e - o p t ic s .
a lt e r n a t iv e m e t h o d s c a n b e d e v is e d . t h a t t h e a la r m d o e s s o u n d a ll t h e t im e ) . c a b le s a f t e r p a s s in g t h r o u g h t h e c h a m b e r
B u t t h is is n o t a s t h o r o u g h a te s t o f w a ll, o r t o t h e R F f ie ld s in t h e t e s t W h e r e a n E U T h a s a fu n c tio n th a t h a s a
D is p la y s s h o u ld b e c o n t in u a lly c h a n g in g , o r h a r d w a r e a n d s o ftw a r e a s c h e c k in g o n /o ff la b o r a to r y c a u s e d b y th e p o w e r fu l R F lo n g t im e - c o n s ta n t , d w e llin g a t e a c h
a t le a s t h a v e a c h a n g in g p o r tio n , s u c h a s a c y c lin g w ith c o r r e c t m a r k /s p a c e r a t io a m p lif ie r s u s e d f o r t h e te s t . S o w h e n e v e r f r e q u e n c y s t e p fo r lo n g e n o u g h t o d e te c t a
w in k in g ic o n . L a m p s , L E D s a n d o t h e r o n / o f f t h r o u g h o u t a n im m u n it y t e s t , s o m a y n o t a p e r f o r m a n c e f a ilu r e is o b s e r v e d , it c h a n g e c a n m a k e a n E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 te s t
t y p e s o f in d ic a t o r s s h o u ld b e c o n tin u a lly b e a p p r o p r ia t e w h e r e g o o d r e lia b ilit y is s h o u ld b e c h e c k e d th a t it is d u e t o a t o o le n g th y ( a n d c o s tly ) . It m a y b e
f la s h in g w ith a c o n s t a n t m a r k / s p a c e r a t io o r r e q u ir e d . f a ilu r e in t h e E U T a n d n o t in th e p o s s ib le to m o d ify t h e r e s p o n s e t im e o f
a r e p e t it iv e p a t t e r n . F o r a n a lp h a n u m e r ic e q u ip m e n t u s e d t o t e s t it . T h is is o f t e n th e t h e fu n c t io n ju s t f o r t h e te s t , b u t o f c o u r s e
d is p la y s u c h a s a 7 - s e g m e n t t y p e , t h e M o n ito r in g th e E U T fo r c a s e fo r s e n s it iv e in s t r u m e n ta t io n ( e .g . th is m u s t b e d o n e in s u c h a w a y a s n o t to
p a t t e r n s h o u ld e x e r c is e a ll o f t h e p o r t io n s o f p e r fo r m a n c e d e g r a d a tio n n o is e a n d d is to r tio n a n a ly s e r s , a lt e r t h e E M C c h a r a c te r is t ic s o f th e E U T .
t h e d is p la y t o d e t e c t a n y 's t u c k ' c o n t r o l b it s . o s c illo s c o p e s , e t c . ) a n d f o r e x t e r n a l A lt e r n a tiv e ly , it is o ft e n p o s s ib le to
O n a n E U T w it h n u m e r o u s in d ic a t o r s t h e T h e f u n c tio n a l p e r f o r m a n c e d e g r a d a t io n p e rs o n a l c o m p u te rs c o n n e c te d to th e E U T m e a s u re o th e r p a ra m e te rs o f th e E U T th a t
r e s u lt c a n b e v e r y p r e t t y ! L u c k ily , t h e a llo w e d d u r in g a n d a f t e r c o n d u c te d R F u s in g U S B o r F ir e w ir e . in d ic a t e t h a t t h e f u n c t io n w o u ld c h a n g e if it
h u m a n e y e is v e r y a d e p t a t s p o t tin g t in y im m u n ity te s t s m a y b e s p e c if ie d b y w a s g iv e n e n o u g h t im e . F o r in s t a n c e ,
c h a n g e s in c o m p le x r e p e t itiv e p a tt e r n s , s o p r o d u c t - f a m ily s t a n d a r d s ( e . g . E N 5 5 0 2 4 ) , U n s h ie ld e d c a b le s s h o u ld b e p a s s e d w h e n t e s t in g a n E U T in t e n d e d t o m a in t a in
t h e s p e e d o f o p e r a t io n o f s u c h p a tt e r n s c a n b u t if a p p ly in g th e g e n e r ic s t a n d a r d s E N t h r o u g h f ilt e r e d b u lk h e a d c o n n e c to r s , a n d a v o lu m e o f liq u id a t a c o n s t a n t
b e m u c h h ig h e r th a n is o f te n a s s u m e d , 6 1 0 0 0 - 6 - 1 o r E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 6 - 2 a ll th a t is t h is c a n c a u s e p r o b le m s f o r h ig h - t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e o b v io u s m e t h o d is to
h e lp in g to r e d u c e te s t t im e a n d c o s t . n e c e s s a r y is th a t th e p e r fo r m a n c e is n o fre q u e n c y d a ta (e .g . E th e rn e t) th a t u s e s p la c e a th e r m o m e t e r in th e liq u id a n d
w o r s e t h a n t h e s p e c if ic a t io n in t h e u n s h ie ld e d t w is te d - p a ir c a b le s . S p e c ia l m o n it o r it d u r in g t h e t e s t 2 b u t d u e t o t h e
'D ig it a l' ( i. e . o n / o f f ) f u n c t io n s s h o u ld b e m a n u f a c t u r e r 's 'd a t a s h e e t ' f o r t h e p r o d u c t t e c h n iq u e s m a y b e r e q u ir e d t o d e a l w it h t h e r m a l in e r t ia o f t h e liq u id it m ig h t b e
s w it c h in g o f f a n d o n c o n t in u o u s ly , w it h a 2 w h ic h s h o u ld r e p r e s e n t w h a t its u s e r s s u c h p r o b le m s , a n d m o s t a c c r e d it e d t e s t n e c e s s a r y t o d w e ll f o r s e v e r a l m in u t e s a t
c o n s ta n t m a r k /s p a c e r a tio . w o u ld f in d a c c e p t a b le g iv e n t h e m a r k e t in g la b o r a to r ie s s h o u ld h a v e t h e n e c e s s a r y e a c h fre q u e n c y s te p to b e s u re o f
A ll t h is m a y r e q u ir e s p e c ia l s o f tw a r e w r itin g c la im s fo r th e p r o d u c t. k n o w le d g e a n d e x p e r ie n c e . d e te c tin g a c h a n g e .
ju s t fo r th e te s t, a n d /o
r s p e c ia l e q u ip m e n t T h o u g h t s h o u ld b e g iv e n to h o w th e W h e re th e re a re o th e r a s p e c ts o f th e A lt e r n a tiv e ly , w e m ig h t n o t e t h a t w it h t h e
m a d e to e x e r c is e in p u ts a p p r o p r ia te ly . C a r e fu n c t io n a l p e r f o r m a n c e o f th e p r o d u c t is to e q u ip m e n t 's f u n c t io n a l p e r f o r m a n c e t h a t liq u id h e ld a t a c o n s t a n t m id - s c a le
s h o u ld b e ta k e n ( e s p e c ia lly w it h t h e b e t e s t e d , e s p e c ia lly if it is t o b e t e s t e d in n e e d t o b e t e s t e d d u r in g t h e im m u n ity t e m p e r a t u r e t h e m a in s c u r r e n t
s o ftw a r e ) to a v o id a lt e
r in g a n y E M C a s h ie ld e d r o o m w ith n o o b s e r v e r s in s id e . t e s t, it m a y b e n e c e s s a r y t o p la c e t e s t r e q u ir e m e n t o f its h e a te r is c o n s ta n t, s o a ll
c h a r a c te r is tic s o f th e E U T . W h e re p e rfo rm a n c e c a n b e a s s e s s e d e q u ip m e n t in t h e t e s t c h a m b e r w it h t h e w e h a v e t o d o is m o n it o r t h e m a in s c u r r e n t
W h e n t e s tin g u s in g E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 o r s im ila r v is u a lly ( e . g . s c r e e n s a n d o t h e r d is p la y s , E U T ( e .g . m e a s u r in g m o t o r s p e e d w it h a to s e e if it in c r e a s e s o r d e c r e a s e s a t e a c h
te s t m e th o d s , th e te s te d fr e q u e n c y r a n g e is L E D s a n d la m p s ) it is u s u a lly c h e c k e d b y t a c h o m e t e r ) o r to m o n it o r v a r io u s s ig n a ls f r e q u e n c y s t e p . T y p ic a lly , s u c h
c o v e r e d in a n u m b e r o f s m a ll s t e p s . A t c a r e f u l p o s it io n in g o f o n e o r m o r e s h ie ld e d in s id e t h e E U T . I t is im p o r t a n t t h a t th e s e te m p e ra tu re c o n tro l s y s te m s h a v e a n
e a c h s t e p t h e r e is a 'd w e ll p e r io d ' w h ils t t h e v id e o c a m e r a s r e la y in g th e ir v ie w t o d o n o t d is t u r b t h e e le c t r o m a g n e t ic e le c t r o n ic t im e - c o n s t a n t o f a r o u n d 1
E U T is c h e c k e d fo r p e r fo r m a n c e m o n ito r s o u ts id e th e te s t c h a m b e r . It m a y e n v ir o n m e n t a r o u n d th e E U T , o r a lte r th e s e c o n d , s o t h e d w e ll t im e a t e a c h s t e p
d e g r a d a t io n . T o h e lp k e e p te s t tim e s h o r t r e q u ir e s e v e r a l p e o p le to w a tc h a ll o f th e E U T 's r e s p o n s e . G i v e n t h e v e r y h ig h fr e q u e n c y c a n b e r e d u c e d to a t le a s t 1
a n d c o s ts lo w , t h e r e p e t it io n r a t e o f t h e f u n c t io n a l f e a t u r e s o n a ll o f t h e m o n it o r s f r e q u e n c ie s u s e d fo r t h e s e t e s ts , s e c o n d m a k in g a h u g e r e d u c t io n in t h e
v a r io u s d is p la y s a n d o n / o ff f u n c t io n s s h o u ld w h ils t th e t e s t is p r o g r e s s in g , to a v o id lo n g c o n n e c t in g e x t r a w ir e s t o p a r t s o f t h e E U T t e s t t im e . M a n y o th e r e x a m p le s c o u ld b e
b e f a s t e n o u g h t o d e t e c t a n e r r o r in a d w e ll t im e s a t e a c h f r e q u e n c y . w ill a lte r it s r e s p o n s e , s o t h is is n o t g iv e n .
r e a s o n a b le t im e 2 p r e fe r a b ly in a s m a ll a d v is e d . T h e r e a r e s u p p lie r s o f s p e c ia l
W h e r e t h e s ig n a ls o n a n e x is t in g c a b le s ig n a l m o n ito r in g e q u ip m e n t fo r th is
n u m b e r o f s e c o n d s . n e e d to b e m o n ito r e d , th e c a b le s h o u ld b e
A lte r n a tiv e tr a n s d u c e r s a n d te s t m e th o d s

1 7 1 8
A n u m b e r o f a lte r n a t iv e c o n d u c t e d R F B u lk C u r r e n t In je c tio n (B C I) T h e 't r a d it io n a l' B C I t e s t m e t h o d
im m u n ity te s t tr a n s d u c e rs a n d m e th o d s M a n u a l c o n tr o l s h o w n , c o m p u te r c o n tr o l is a n a lte r n a tiv e
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F o r a ll b u t c o m p lia n c e a n d 'p r e - f a v o u r it e t e c h n iq u e in th e a e r o s p a c e ,
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t e s t ( f o r w h ic h t h e q u a n t it a t iv e a p p e a r s a s a fo r m a l t e s t m e t h o d in s o m e
m e a s u r e m e n t is n o t tr a c e a b le to th e o f t h e ir E M C s t a n d a r d s ( e . g . D O 1 6 0 f o r
n a t io n a l p h y s ic a l s t a n d a r d s ) is n o t v e ry c iv il a ir c r a f t, D E F S T A N 5 9 - 4 1 P a r t 3 t e s t
im p o r t a n t. B u t it is v e r y im p o r t a n t f o r a n y D C S 0 2 , a v a ila b le f r o m
t e s ts to b e r e p e a t a b le 2 s o c o n s is t e n c y is h ttp ://w w w .d s ta n .m o d .u k /h o m e .h tm fo r
a lw a y s r e q u ir e d in th e t e s t e q u ip m e n t a n d m ilit a r y e q u ip m e n t ; S A E J 1 1 1 3 - 4 a n d I S O
t e s t m e t h o d o lo g y . 1 1 4 5 2 - 4 :1 9 9 5 fo r m o to r v e h ic le s ) . It is
a ls o a n a lte r n a t iv e t e s t m e t h o d in E N
W h e n d o in g r e m e d ia l w o r k a fte r a n 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 , a n d it s u s e f o r f u ll c o m p lia n c e
im m u n ity te s t fa ilu r e , y o u w ill k n o w w h ic h t e s tin g t o t h is s t a n d a r d is d e s c r ib e d la te r .
f r e q u e n c ie s t h e E U T fa ils a t a n d c a n t e s t
a t o n ly t h o s e f r e q u e n c ie s t o f in d t h e T h e 't r a d it io n a l' B C I t e s t m e t h o d u s e s a
p r o b le m a r e a s m o s t q u ic k ly . H o w e v e r , c u r r e n t in je c t io n c la m p ( e s s e n t ia lly a c lip -
w h e n y o u m a k e a n y c h a n g e s to fix th e o n c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m e r ) to in d u c e a
k n o w n im m u n it y p r o b le m s y o u t h e n n e e d c u r r e n t in t h e c a b le b e in g t e s t e d , w h ile a
to te s t o v e r th e fu ll fr e q u e n c y r a n g e , in s e c o n d c u r r e n t c la m p m o n ito r s th e B C I te s tin g a c a b le b u n d le
c a s e a ll y o u h a v e d o n e is 'r e - t u n e d ' t h e in je c te d R F c u r r e n t a n d s e n d s a s ig n a l t o (c o u r te s y o f th e R o v e r A d v a n c e d T e c h n o lo g y C e n tr e , W a r w ic k U n iv e r s ity )
p r o b le m s s o th e y a p p e a r a t d iffe r e n t t h e fe e d b a c k c o n t r o l c ir c u it o f t h e s ig n a l
f r e q u e n c ie s . g e n e r a to r o r p o w e r a m p lif ie r t o e n s u r e
t h a t t h e s p e c if ie d c u r r e n t is in je c t e d
D u r in g d e s ig n o r d e v e lo p m e n t t e s t in g ,
r e g a r d le s s o f t h e c a b le 's R F im p e d a n c e .
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a n d c a p a c it a n c e s in t h e f in a l b u ild s t a t e
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b e h a v io u r o f t h e c ir c u it. A n d a lw a y s T h e c u r r e n t c la m p s a r e u s u a lly a t t a c h e d
c a r e f u lly r e c o r d a ll th e d e t a ils o f t h e te s t to th e c a b le s a s c lo s e to th e p o in t w h e re
s e t- u p in th e te s t d o c u m e n ta tio n th e y e n te r th e E U T a s p o s s ib le , s o th a t
( p h o to g r a p h s c a n b e v e r y u s e fu l) . c a b le lo s s e s d o n o t a tte n u a te th e h ig h e r
f r e q u e n c ie s b e f o r e t h e y g e t to th e E U T 's
c ir c u it s .

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1 9 2 0
in d iv id u a l c o n d u c t o r s w ith in a c a b le o r a m a in s s u p p ly ( in s t e a d o f s im u la t in g t h e C a lib r a tin g , w h e n u s in g th e s u b s titu tio n te s t m e th o d fo r B C I
b u n d le t o s im u la t e c o n d u c te d d if f e r e n t ia l- e ffe c ts o f e x te r n a l fie ld s ) th e a c tu a l s o u r c e
m o d e d is t u r b a n c e s ; f o r e x a m p le f r o m o t h e r im p e d a n c e o f t h e 'n o is e ' c a n b e v e r y lo w
e le c t r o n ic u n it s c o n n e c te d t o t h e s a m e in d e e d , e s p e c ia lly a t f r e q u e n c ie s b e lo w
c o n d u c to r s . T h is c a n b e v e r y u s e fu l fo r 1 M H z , s o t h e c u r r e n t in je c te d in t o a lo w -
d e v e lo p in g t h e c o n d u c t e d R F e m is s io n s im p e d a n c e r e s o n a n c e c a n b e v e r y h ig h .
s p e c if ic a tio n fo r , s a y , a n e w s w it c h - m o d e T h is n e e d s t o b e c o n s id e r e d w h e n
p o w e r c o n v e r t e r t h a t is t o s h a r e t h e s a m e p la n n in g t h e te s t , a n d s u it a b ly p o w e r f u l R F
A C o r D C p o w e r d is t r ib u tio n a s e x is t in g a m p lif ie r s a n d B C I t r a n s d u c e r s o b t a in e d .
in s tr u m e n ta tio n .
E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 a n d D E F S T A N 5 9 -4 1
W h e n B C I is u s e d to te s t c a b le s e x t e r n a l D C S 0 2 a tte m p t to g e t a ro u n d th e s e
t o a n E U T , a s a n a lt e r n a tiv e to r a d ia t e d 't r a d it io n a l B C I ' o v e r t e s t / u n d e r t e s t
f ie ld t e s t in g o f t h e E U T , f o r s im p lic it y 'I  p r o b le m s b y u s in g a s u b s t it u t io n m e t h o d
s a k e w e a s s u m e th a t th e c o m m o n -m o d e t o s e t t h e R F d r iv e le v e ls , a n d b y d o in g
im p e d a n c e o f th e c a b le s is 1 5 0 W . T h e n w e a w a y w ith t h e le v e llin g lo o p . A r e c o r d is
c a n c o n v e r t t h e V / m f ie ld s t r e n g t h in to k e p t o f th e d r iv e v o lta g e s n e e d e d a t th e
A m p s r m s o f in je c te d c u r r e n t b y m e r e ly v a r io u s t e s t f r e q u e n c ie s t o in je c t
d iv id in g t h e V / m b y 1 5 0 . T h e c o n v e r s io n t h e d e s ir e d t e s t c u r r e n t in t o a s h o r t ( n o n -
f a c to r is t h u s 6 t o 7 m A / V / m . S o 3 V / m is r e s o n a n t ) c a b le te r m in a te d in 5 0 W ( a
c o n s id e r e d t o b e e q u iv a le n t to b e t w e e n 1 8 c a lib r a t io n p ie c e ) . T h e d r iv e v o lta g e s
a n d 2 1 m A r m s o f in je c t e d R F c u r r e n t . a s s o c ia t e d w it h e a c h t e s t f r e q u e n c y a r e
t h e n s im p ly 'p la y e d b a c k ' in t o t h e a c t u a l
T h e a s s u m p t io n o f 1 5 0 W c o m m o n - m o d e c a b le t o b e t e s t e d w it h o u t u s in g a le v e llin g T e s tin g , w h e n u s in g th e s u b s titu tio n te s t m e th o d fo r B C I
R F im p e d a n c e m a y n o t b e tr u e w h e r e lo o p . M o r e d e ta il o n u s in g B C I f o r
th e r e a r e c a b le r e s o n a n c e s , w h e n th e c o m p lia n c e t e s t in g is p r o v id e d la t e r in t h is
im p e d a n c e c a n b e c o m e v e r y h ig h , o r v e r y g u id e .
lo w . B C I t e s tin g w it h a le v e llin g lo o p c a n
b e f o o le d b y c a b le r e s o n a n c e s 2 h ig h - O f c o u r s e , th e s u b s titu tio n m e th o d m e a n s
im p e d a n c e r e s o n a n c e s c a u s e th e R F t h a t t h e a c t u a l c u r r e n ts in t h e t e s te d
p o w e r a m p lif ie r 's o u t p u t v o lt a g e t o r is e t o c a b le s c a n v a r y c o n s id e r a b ly fr o m th o s e
t r y t o a c h ie v e t h e s e t t e s t c u r r e n t , p o s s ib ly o r ig in a lly g e n e r a t e d in t h e c a lib r a t io n
r e q u ir in g a v e r y p o w e r f u l a m p lif ie r to a v o id p ie c e , b u t th is te s t m e t h o d is le s s lik e ly t o
c lip p in g o f t h e w a v e f o r m . T h is s itu a t io n is o v e r - t e s t a n d is a r g u a b ly m o r e
u n r e a lis t ic o f m o s t r e a l lif e e le c t r o m a g n e tic r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f r e a l- lif e e x p o s u r e t o R F
e n v ir o n m e n t s , s o c o u ld c r e a t e a s e v e r e f ie ld s . B u t e v e n w h e n u s in g t h e
o v e r - t e s t s it u a t io n . s u b s t it u t io n m e t h o d , o v e r t e s t is p o s s ib le a t
s o m e c a b le r e s o n a n c e s . T h e u s u a l w a y to
B e c a u s e t h e le v e llin g lo o p f o r c e s a
d e a l w it h th is is t o u s e t h e m o n it o r in g
c o n s ta n t c u r r e n t, r e g a r d le s s o f c a b le
p ro b e to k e e p a n e y e o n th e a c tu a l
im p e d a n c e , a lo w - im p e d a n c e c a b le
c u r r e n ts th a t a r e in je c t e d d u r in g t h e t e s t ,
re s o n a n c e c a n c a u s e th e te s t c u rre n t to b e
a n d , if th e y in c r e a s e b y m o r e th a n a
lo w e r t h a n it w o u ld b e in r e a l lif e , p o s s ib ly
c e r ta in a m o u n t, to r e d u c e th e le v e l o f th e
le a d in g to u n d e r te s tin g . W h e r e B C I is u s e d
d r iv e s ig n a l a c c o r d in g ly o v e r t h e p r o b le m
t o s im u la t e d if f e r e n t ia l- m o d e c o n d u c t e d
fr e q u e n c y r a n g e . T h e s u b s t it u t io n B C I t e s t
d is t u r b a n c e s , s u c h a s s w it c h - m o d e
m e t h o d is a ls o s im ila r to t h e E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 3
c o n v e r te r s o p e r a tin g fr o m th e s a m e
2 1 2 2
P r o c e d u r e fo r c o n tr o llin g th e te s t le v e l e x p o s u r e a t fr e q u e n c ie s a b o v e 1 0 0 M H z T h e E M -C la m p
w h ils t u s in g th e s u b s titu tio n te s t m e th o d fo r B C I ( s e e la te r ) , B C I m e th o d s a r e o fte n
e m p lo y e d u p to 4 0 0 M H z 2 e v e n fo r la r g e L ik e B C I, t h e E M - C la m p t r a n s d u c e r is a n
p r o d u c ts 2 w h e r e r a d ia te d te s tin g is n o t a lt e r n a t iv e t e s t m e t h o d in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 . It
f e a s ib le ( e .g . f o r o n - s it e r a d ia t e d im m u n it y in d u c e s R F v o lta g e s in to c a b le s u s in g a
t e s tin g ) . W h e n c a b le s a r e e n e r g is e d w it h c o m b in a t io n o f in d u c t iv e a n d c a p a c it iv e
R F t h e y h a v e f ie ld s a s s o c ia t e d w it h c o u p lin g , a n d its a p p lic a t io n is s im ila r t o th e
t h e m a n d t h e s e w ill s e a r c h o u t B C I s u b s t it u t io n m e th o d . U s in g t h e E M -
w e a k n e s s e s in th e E U T it s e lf ; a lth o u g h in C la m p t e s t f o r f u ll c o m p lia n c e t e s tin g t o E N
a f a ir ly u n c o n t r o lle d m a n n e r . T o u s e B C I 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 is d e s c r ib e d in d e t a il la te r .
u p t o 4 0 0 M H z w it h a n y d e g r e e o f E x a m p le o f a n E M -c la m p s h o w n in th e
r e p e a t a b ility it is im p o r t a n t t o e n s u r e t h a t o p e n p o s itio n r e a d y to a c c e p t c a b le s
t h e c a b le u n d e r te s t a lw a y s s it s in e x a c t ly
th e c e n tre o f th e c u rre n t tra n s d u c e r,
id e a lly w it h a p r o p e r c e n t r in g d e v ic e b u t if
n o t b y p a c k in g t h e t r a n s d u c e r w it h f le x ib le
f o a m p la s t ic . R e p e a t a b ility o f th e s e t - u p ,
e s p e c ia lly c a b le r o u t in g , p la c e m e n t o f t h e
c la m p s , a n d p r o x im it y t o m e t a l s t r u c t u r e s
is a ls o v e r y im p o r t a n t . B e a r in m in d t h a t a t
t h is f r e q u e n c y th e h a lf w a v e le n g t h is T h e o r ig in a l m o d e l o f E M - C la m p w a s
3 7 5 m m 2 t h e im p e d a n c e o f a r e s o n a t in g s p e c if ie d f o r u s e a t u p t o 1 0 0 V r m s f r o m
m e th o d u s e d fo r c o m p lia n c e t e s tin g f o r r e q u ir e d f o r c o m p lia n c e ( y e t ) s o t h e r e a r e
c a b le p a s s e s fr o m m in im u m to m a x im u m 1 5 0 k H z to 1 0 0 0 M H z s o c a n b e u s e d a s a n
ra d ia te d fie ld s , a n d t h is w ill h e lp g iv e n o s ta n d a rd m e th o d s .
t h r o u g h t h is d is t a n c e . a lt e r n a t iv e t o r a d ia t e d t e s t m e t h o d s , f o r
c o n fid e n c e w h e n B C I is u s e d a s a n
O n e p r o b le m w it h B C I is t h a t it h a s n o e x a m p le f o r d e v e lo p m e n t o r Q A t e s t in g , o r
a lt e r n a tiv e to r a d ia t e d f ie ld te s t in g ( e . g . fo r
d ir e c t io n a lit y 2 s o it t e s t s t h e a n c illa r y In je c tin g s u b s ta n tia l a m o u n ts o f R F p o w e r t h e o n - s it e t e s t in g o f la r g e s y s t e m s . If it is
th e o n - s it e t e s t in g o f la r g e in s ta lla tio n s ) .
e q u ip m e n t r e q u ir e d t o e x e r c is e t h e E U T a s in t o t y p ic a l B C I c la m p s c a n c a u s e th e m to in t e n d e d t o u s e a n E M - C la m p fo r s u c h h ig h
W h e n d o in g c o m p lia n c e - r e la t e d t e s ts m u c h a s it t e s t s th e E U T it s e lf . W h e r e t h e g e t v e ry h o t a n d e v e n b e d a m a g e d . A t e s t le v e ls o r h ig h f r e q u e n c ie s , it w o u ld b e
s o m e la b s h a v e b e e n k n o w n to m a k e th e a n c illa r y e q u ip m e n t is s u s c e p t ib le it c a n b e fe r r ite - fr e e B C I c la m p w a s d e v e lo p e d b y a s w e ll t o c h e c k t h a t it m e e ts th e o r ig in a l
e r r o r o f u s in g a le v e llin g lo o p in s t e a d o f p r o te c te d to s o m e d e g r e e b y fix in g a D R A (n o w Q in e t iq ) to h a n d le h ig h p o w e rs S w is s P T T s p e c if ic a t io n a n d h a s n o t b e e n
t h e s u b s t itu t io n m e t h o d , d e s p it e E N 2 0 0 m m o r m o r e le n g t h o f c lip - o n f e r r ite fro m 1 0 k H z to a t le a s t 4 0 0 M H z w it h le s s 'v a lu e e n g in e e r e d ' s o t h a t it is o n ly s u it a b le
6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 b e in g q u it e c le a r o n t h is p o in t . s u p p r e s s e r t o t h e a n c illa r y e q u ip m e n t s id e h e a tin g . fo r te s tin g a t u p to 8 0 o r 2 3 0 M H z , o r a t
S in c e th e C E m a r k in g o f a p r o d u c t is o f t h e B C I in je c tio n tr a n s d u c e r . D o in g t h e le v e ls o n ly u p t o 1 0 V r m s .
a lw a y s t h e s o le r e s p o n s ib ility o f it s H o w e v e r , [ 1 5 ] r e v e a ls t h a t B C I t e s tin g is
B C I t e s t in g in s id e a s h ie ld e d r o o m a n d
m a n u fa c tu r e r ( a n d n e v e r th e te s t la b th a t s u b je c t t o a n u m b e r o f q u it e la r g e N e w E M - C la m p s c a n c o s t o v e r £ 2 ,0 0 0 , b u t
p la c in g t h e a n c illa r y e q u ip m e n t o u t s id e th e
t h e y u s e d ) , it is a lw a y s a g o o d id e a t o u n c e r t a in t ie s , w h e r e a s a s im ila r m e th o d E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 m a y g iv e e n o u g h
r o o m , r u n n in g th e in te r c o n n e c tio n s th r o u g h
c h e c k th a t y o u r te s t la b e m p lo y s th e u s in g a n E M - C la m p p r o v id e s m o r e c o n s tr u c tio n a l d e ta il t o a llo w k e e n E M C
f ilt e r e d b u lk h e a d c o n n e c to r s in th e w a ll o f
c o rre c t m e th o d s . p r e d ic ta b le r e s u lts , c a n b e u s e d u p to e n g in e e r s w h o a r e g o o d w ith t h e ir h a n d s t o
th e r o o m , is a g o o d w a y to p r o te c t th e
1 G H z , a n d r e q u ir e s m u c h le s s p o w e r f u l b u ild t h e ir o w n a n d s a v e q u it e a b it o f m o n e y
I f u s in g B C I t o s im u la t e d if f e r e n t ia l- m o d e a n c illa r y e q u ip m e n t. B u t u n le s s s p e c ia l
R F p o w e r a m p lif ie r s f o r t h e s a m e le v e ls o f ( if t h e y d o n 't c o u n t th e c o s t o f th e ir o w n
c o n d u c t e d d is t u r b a n c e s fr o m e q u ip m e n t 1 5 0 W 'c h a m b e r e x it f ilt e r s ' a r e u s e d [ 1 4 ] , in je c te d R F c u r r e n t . S o it w o u ld s e e m t h a t t im e ).
s h a r in g th e s a m e m a in s s u p p ly ( f o r t h e s e w ill d r a m a tic a lly a lt e r t h e c o m m o n - t h e o n ly a d v a n t a g e o f B C I t e s t in g is t h a t
e x a m p le ) , th e s u b s t it u tio n m e th o d a s m o d e im p e d a n c e o f th e c a b le b e in g t e s te d t h e B C I t r a n s d u c e r s a r e s m a lle r t h a n t h e S im ila r c o m m e n ts to th o s e a b o v e a b o u t th e
d e s c r ib e d a b o v e ( a n d la t e r in t h is g u id e ) a n d c o u ld m a k e t h e te s t u n r e p r e s e n ta t iv e . E M - C la m p a n d e a s ie r to fit in to c o n fin e d u s e o f th e s u b s tit u t io n m e th o d in
m a y n e e d t o b e m o d if ie d a c c o r d in g ly , a n d D e s p ite th e p r o b le m s o f u s in g c o n d u c te d s p a c e s , w h ic h c a n b e im p o r ta n t f o r o n - s it e c o m p lia n c e - r e la te d te s tin g to E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6
it m a y b e t h a t t h e le v e llin g lo o p m e t h o d is t e s t m e t h o d s t o s im u la t e r a d ia t e d f ie ld te s tin g . a p p ly t o t h e u s e o f th e E M -C la m p a s w e ll a s
m o r e a p p r o p r ia te . S u c h te s ts a r e n o t to B C I a n d C D N s .
2 3 2 4
D ir e c t in je c tio n w ith a C D N t o 2 3 0 M H z . R ic h a r d M a r s h a ll L td A h o m e -m a d e C D N -M 3
m a n u f a c t u r e a 'V e r s a t ile C D N ' th a t c a n b e (fo r L ,N , E th r e e -w ir e m a in s a n d s im ila r h ig h -v o lta g e c a b le s
E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 s p e c if ie s t h e u s e o f u s e d fo r s h ie ld e d o r u n s h ie ld e d c a b le s
c o u p lin g - d e c o u p lin g n e t w o r k s ( C D N s ) th a t fro m o n e to a n u m b e r o f c o n d u c to rs , a n d
d ir e c t ly in je c t R F v o lt a g e s in t o t h e c a b le s is a ls o s p e c ifie d fo r u s e u p to 5 0 0 M H z
u n d e r te s t. T h e C D N m e th o d is d e s c r ib e d [1 6 ], [1 7 ].
in g r e a t d e ta il in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 a n d la te r in
th is h a n d b o o k . T y p ic a l C D N s c o s t in th e F o r t h e s a m e s t r e s s le v e l, t h e I E C
o rd e r o f £ 5 0 0 e a c h , b u t it is v e r y e a s y t o s t a n d a r d s u s e t h e s a m e v o lt a g e f o r
b u ild y o u r o w n C D N t h a t w o r k s w e ll u p to c o n d u c t e d t e s t in g a s t h e f ie ld s t r e n g th in
2 3 0 M H z u s in g t h e g u id a n c e in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - V / m fo r r a d ia te d . H o w e v e r , t h e c o n d u c te d
4 -6 . t e s t le v e l is s p e c if ie d a s V o lt s e m f , w h ic h
is th e v o lta g e a p p lie d in t o a n o p e n c ir c u it
C D N s , lik e a ll t r a n s d u c e r s , n e e d lo a d ; th e a c t u a l v o lt a g e a p p lie d f r o m
c a lib r a t in g , b u t if y o u h a v e c a lib r a t e d R F 1 5 0 W in t o t h e E U T 's c o m m o n m o d e
e m is s io n s m e a s u r in g e q u ip m e n t it is e a s y im p e d a n c e is le s s .
to d o y o u r s e lf u s in g th e m e th o d d e s c r ib e d
in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 . T h e y c a n a ls o b e R e m e m b e r t h a t V / m a r e s p e c if ie d w h e n
c a lib r a t e d e a s ily u s in g a n o s c illo s c o p e u n m o d u la t e d , a s a re V rm s fo r c o n d u c te d
w h ic h h a s a b a n d w id t h a t le a s t 5 0 % im m u n ity te s ts ; h o w e v e r, th e a c tu a l
h ig h e r . I t c a n b e t r ic k y t o f ig u r e o u t th e r a d ia te d o r c o n d u c te d im m u n ity te s ts
v o lt a g e s y o u s h o u ld s e e o n y o u r s p e c tr u m s h o u ld u s e m o d u la t e d f ie ld s o r w a v e f o r m s
a n a ly s e r o r o s c illo s c o p e w h e n u s in g t h e (1 k H z a t 8 0 % a m p litu d e m o d u la tio n d e p t h A T y p ic a l C D N
c a lib r a t io n t e c h n iq u e fr o m E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 , p re fe rre d ) w h ic h w ill h a v e a h ig h e r p e a k
s o ta k e g r e a t c a r e to u n d e r s t a n d w h a t is le v e l a n d m a y m e a s u r e a d if f e r e n t r m s
g o in g o n . v o lt a g e .
D o n 't f o r g e t t h a t C D N s h a n d le s e v e r a l S im ila r c o m m e n ts to th o s e a b o v e o n B C I,
w a tt s o f R F p o w e r , s o m a k e s u r e t h e ir a b o u t th e u s e o f th e s u b s t it u t io n m e th o d
r e s is to r s a r e r a t e d a c c o r d in g ly . M o s t w h e n d o in g c o m p lia n c e -r e la t e d t e s t in g
p e o p le w h o b u ild C D N s a r e f a m ilia r w it h u s in g E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 , a p p ly to th e u s e o f
t h e s m e ll o f b u r n in g r e s is t o r s . M a n y E M C C D N s a s w e ll.
t e s t e n g in e e r s a r e a ls o f a m ilia r w it h
b u r n in g r e s is to r s m e lls b e c a u s e th e y m a y
b e u s in g R F p o w e r a m p lif ie r s w h ic h a r e
m o r e p o w e r f u l t h a n r e q u ir e d f o r t h e
c o n d u c te d im m u n ity te s tin g . A c c id e n ta lly
s e ttin g th e o u tp u t p o w e r to fu ll o n s u c h a n
a m p lif ie r c a n r a p id ly b u r n o u t a C D N .
C D N s c a n b e u s e d a t h ig h e r f r e q u e n c ie s
th a n E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 a s a n a lte r n a t iv e t o
r a d ia te d te s t m e th o d s 2 f o r e x a m p le f o r
d e v e lo p m e n t o r Q A t e s t in g , o r t h e o n - s it e
t e s tin g o f la r g e s y s te m s . M o s t c o m m e r c ia l
C D N s a r e o n ly s p e c if ie d f o r u s e u p t o
8 0 M H z , a lt h o u g h s o m e a r e s p e c if ie d a t u p
G e n e ra l n o te s o n te s t s e t-u p s S ig n a l g e n e r a to r s a n d p o w e r a m p lifie r s

2 5 2 6
F o r c o n d u c te d im m u n ity te s ts to b e th e d r iv e im p e d a n c e s e e n b y th e C D N A lte r n a tiv e ty p e s o f s ig n a l t h e p r o b e , r e s e t t h e fr e q u e n c y , p h y s ic a lly
r e p e a t a b le , t e s t s e t - u p s m u s t b e c a r e f u lly re m a in s c lo s e to 5 0 W , s o th a t th e te s t s c a n a g a in , a n d s o o n 2 w h ic h c a n b e v e r y
g e n e ra to r
c o n t r o lle d w it h , w h e r e v e r p o s s ib le , a ll t h e s o u r c e im p e d a n c e o f 1 5 0 W is m a in ta in e d . t im e c o n s u m in g .
c a b le s a s s o c ia t e d w it h t h e E U T a n d th e A 2 0 W 5 0 W th ro u g h -lin e 6 d B a t te n u a to r C o m p lia n t t e s tin g u s in g E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 T h e tr a c k in g g e n e r a to r s s o m e tim e s
E U T it s e lf m o u n t e d a t a s e t h e ig h t (o fte n s p e c if ie s a n R F s ig n a l g e n e r a t o r t h a t in c lu d e d w it h s p e c t r u m a n a ly s e r s c a n a ls o
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t h a t lie s u n d e r t h e E U T a n d e x t e n d s b e y o n d s p e c if ie d r u le s f o r s t e p s iz e a n d d w e ll t im e c o n d u c te d im m u n ity te s tin g , b u t
it b y a t le a s t 2 0 0 m m . a t e a c h s t e p . I t m ig h t b e t e m p t in g 2 f o r u n f o r t u n a t e ly t h e y d o n 't h a v e a m o d u la t io n
T h e t e r m in a tio n s a t t h e o t h e r e n d s o f t h e lo w - c o s t te s tin g , a n d te s tin g in fe a tu re . F o r s o m e ty p e s o f p ro d u c ts (e .g .
c a b le s fr o m t h e E U T s h o u ld e ith e r b e t o a d e s ig n / d e v e lo p m e n t, f a u lt - f in d in g , o r p u r e d ig it a l p r o d u c t s w it h d ig it a l I/ O s )
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s p e c if ie d a n c illa r y e q u ip m e n t , o r e ls e b e s ig n a l g e n e r a to r w ith m a n u a l tu n in g . B u t in c r e a s in g t h e te s t le v e l b y 8 0 % m ig h t a llo w
te r m in a te d to th e g r o u n d r e fe r e n c e p la n e in t h e te m p ta t io n t o s a v e m o n e y a t a ll c o s t s th e u s e o f a tr a c k in g g e n e r a to r . H o w e v e r ,
a c o n tr o lle d m a n n e r r e p r e s e n ta t iv e o f t h e T h e o u tp u t p o w e r r a tin g o f th e R F p o w e r s h o u ld b e te m p e r e d b y c o n s id e r a t io n o f th e fo r m o s t ty p e s o f p r o d u c ts , e s p e c ia lly th o s e
in te n d e d u s e o f th e E U T ( a 1 5 0 W c o m m o n - a m p lif ie r n e e d s t o b e in c r e a s e d to in c lu d e t e s tin g t im e r e q u ir e d . F o r s o m e k in d s o f w ith a n a lo g u e fu n c t io n s , a n e x t e r n a l R F
m o d e r e s is t a n c e is o f te n s p e c ifie d ) . t h e lo s s e s in t h e a t te n u a to r . I t is a ls o b e s t t e s ts , e s p e c ia lly c lo s e - f ie ld p r o b in g , m o d u la t o r w o u ld b e n e e d e d . R a t h e r t h a n
to ra te th e t h r o u g h - lin e a t te n u a t o r f o r t h e c o v e r in g t h e fr e q u e n c y r a n g e f r o m 1 5 0 k H z u s e s in e w a v e m o d u la t io n , t h e m u c h s im p le r
C D N s a r e r e la t iv e ly e x p e n s iv e it e m s t o b u y , t o 8 0 M H z ( o r m o r e ) w it h a m a n u a lly - t u n e d t e c h n iq u e o f o n /o f f s w it c h in g t h e R F c a r r ie r
m a x im u m p o w e r o u t p u t o f t h e a m p lif ie r to
g iv e n t h e n u m b e r o f d if f e r e n t ty p e s t h a t a s ig n a l g e n e r a t o r c o u ld ta k e s o lo n g t o d o a t a 1 k H z r a t e s h o u ld b e s im p le r t o a r r a n g e ,
a v o id th e p o s s ib ilit y o f d a m a g in g it b y
t e s t la b m a y n e e d t o c o v e r t h e m a jo r ity o f it s t h a t it w o u ld b e a f a ls e e c o n o m y . r e m e m b e r in g t o in c r e a s e th e R F le v e l b y
o v e r - d is s ip a tio n .
c u s t o m e r 's p r o d u c t s . A lt h o u g h t h e C D N is 8 0 % fir s t.
th e p r e fe r r e d tr a n s d u c e r in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 , B e c a u s e th e E U T is n o t b o n d e d to th e H a p p ily , m o s t o f t h e R F s ig n a l g e n e r a to r s
s o m e t e s t la b s m a y p r e f e r t o u s e a n E M - g r o u n d r e fe r e n c e p la n e d u r in g c o n d u c te d m a n u fa c tu r e d o v e r th e la s t 2 0 y e a r s h a v e A n a lt e r n a t iv e t o s w e e p in g o r s t e p p in g t h e
C la m p o r B C I t o a v o id th e n e e d t o s t o c k R F t e s t s , th e s ig n a ls t h a t a r e in je c t e d in to a u s e fu l d e g r e e o f a u to m a t io n 2 e v e n th e f r e q u e n c y is t o u s e a b r o a d b a n d n o is e
d o z e n s o f ty p e s o f C D N s . T h e r e s u lt s f r o m o n e c a b le t e n d t o 'le a k o u t ' v ia o t h e r lo w c o s t o n e s f e a t u r e a u to m a tic a n a lo g u e g e n e r a t o r , s u c h a s t h e R F 'c o m b '
u s in g e a c h t y p e o f t r a n s d u c e r o n t h e s a m e c a b le s . T h u s , t e s tin g ju s t o n e c a b le p o r t s w e e p in g ( o r d ig it a l s y n t h e s is e r 's t e p p in g ') g e n e r a to r s o r r a n d o m n o is e s o u r c e s u s e d in
E U T w ill b e d iff e r e n t , h e n c e d iff e r e n t la b s ( e . g . t h e m a in s ) te n d s t o r e v e a l t h e b e t w e e n t w o f r e q u e n c ie s , p lu s a v a r ie ty o f C o m p a r is o n N o is e E m it te r s ( C N E s ) o r
m a y f in d t h e y g e t d iff e r e n t r e s u lt s [ 1 8 ]. w e a k n e s s e s in a ll t h e o t h e r c a b le p o r t s . u s e f u l m o d u la t io n w a v e f o r m s . O ld M a r c o n i e q u iv a le n t a v a ila b le fr o m a n u m b e r o f
T h is is a v e r y u s e f u l fe a tu r e t h a t c a n s a v e 2 0 2 2 s a n d th e lik e u s u a lly h a v e a ll t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s . C N E s ( o r e q u iv a le n t) a r e
T h e r e is a n e e d t o c o r r e c t ly t e r m in a t e t h e u s u a lly s o ld f o r c h a r a c t e r is in g e m is s io n s
a g r e a t d e a l o f tim e w h e n u s in g c o n d u c te d f e a t u r e s r e q u ir e d t o m in im is e t e s t in g tim e .
R F o u tp u ts o f m o s t ty p e s o f R F p o w e r t e s t s it e s , a n d a lth o u g h t h e ir o u t p u t
R F t e s t in g f o r d e s ig n / d e v e lo p m e n t , T h e y c a n n o w o fte n b e fo u n d a t v e ry
a m p lif ie r s , a p a r t f r o m t h o s e w h ic h h a v e s p e c t r u m m a y n o t b e v e r y 'f la t ', t h e y a r e
t r o u b le s h o o tin g o r Q A p u r p o s e s . r e a s o n a b le p r ic e s in s e c o n d - h a n d
b e e n s p e c if ic a lly d e s ig n e d t o w o r k w ith v e r y r e p e a t a b le .
e le c t r o n ic e q u ip m e n t o r r a d io a m a te u r
u n m a tc h e d lo a d s . C D N s b u ilt a c c o r d in g to W h e r e a s h ie ld e d c a b le is u s e d , it is s h o p s . C o m b g e n e r a to r s c a n b e f a ir ly r e a d ily
E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 in c lu d e a s e r ie s im p e d a n c e o f n o r m a l to in je c t th e c o n d u c te d v o lta g e o r
1 0 0 W a n d o th e r ty p e s o f tra n s d u c e rs m a y c u r r e n t o n t o ju s t t h e s h ie ld . H o w e v e r , if t h e I t is e s p e c ia lly u s e f u l to u s e a s ig n a l d e s ig n e d a n d a s s e m b le d . F o r a 1 0 0 M H z
h a v e n o n - 5 0 W im p e d a n c e s w h ic h c a n c a u s e s h ie ld is n o t t e r m in a t e d a t t h e E U T ( a s g e n e r a t o r t h a t 's w e e p s ' o r 's t e p s ' t o p fr e q u e n c y t h e y w o u ld t y p ic a lly p a s s a
a 'f r e q u e n c y r ip p le ' r e la t e d t o t h e le n g t h o f m ig h t h a p p e n w h e n fo llo w in g s o m e s in g le - a u t o m a t ic a lly o v e r th e w h o le f r e q u e n c y s q u a re -w a v e o f b e tw e e n 1 0 0 k H z a n d 1 M H z
t h e ir c a b le f r o m t h e ( 5 0 W o u t p u t im p e d a n c e ) e n d e d s h ie ld t e r m in a t in g in s t a lla t io n r a n g e o f in t e r e s t . W h e n c lo s e - f ie ld p r o b in g , t h r o u g h a v e r y f a s t s w it c h in g d e v ic e t o
R F p o w e r a m p lif ie r . T h e r e f le c t io n s a t t h e t e c h n iq u e s ) it m a y s im u la t e t h e r e a l- life t h e s w e e p r a te s h o u ld b e f a s t e n o u g h s o g e n e r a te a v e r y b r o a d b a n d o f h a r m o n ic s o f
m is m a t c h e d lo a d t e r m in a t io n a r e t h e e n v ir o n m e n t b e t te r to in je c t th e R F d ir e c t ly t h a t s e v e r a l s w e e p s o c c u r f o r e a c h p o s it io n t h e b a s ic s w itc h in g r a t e . T h e m a x im u m r is e
p r o b le m , a n d th e y a r e u s u a lly d e a lt w ith b y in t o t h e c a b le 's in n e r c o n d u c t o r s a n d o f t h e p r o b e , b u t n o t s o f a s t t h a t t h e c ir c u it a n d f a ll tim e s ( t) o f th e f a s t s w it c h e r s e t th e
c o n n e c t in g a 5 0 W t h r o u g h - lin e 6 d B ig n o r e t h e u n t e r m in a t e d s h ie ld . F o r B C I c a n 't r e s p o n d in t im e t o a p a r t ic u la r t o p fr e q u e n c y ( f ) o f th e c o m b , a c c o r d in g t o
a tt e n u a t o r in s e r ie s w it h th e R F d r iv e v e r y a n d E M - C la m p in je c t io n th is m a y m e a n p r o b le m fr e q u e n c y . T h e a lte r n a t iv e t h e r u le - o f- t h u m b : f = 1 /p t . S o , f o r e x a m p le ,
c lo s e to th e tr a n s d u c e r . A fu r th e r im p o r ta n t p r e p a r in g a s p e c ia l c a b le , w h ile fo r C D N p r o c e d u r e f o r a m a n u a lly - t u n e d g e n e r a t o r r is e / f a ll t im e s o f 3 n s a r e n e e d e d f o r a n
r e a s o n fo r th is a tte n u a to r is to e n s u r e th a t in je c tio n it w ill m e a n u s in g a m o d e l w h ic h is to s e t th e s ig n a l g e n e r a to r to o n e u p p e r f r e q u e n c y a p p r o a c h in g 1 0 0 M H z .
u s e s a n u n s h ie ld e d c a b le . f r e q u e n c y , p h y s ic a lly s c a n t h e E U T w it h N o te th a t a c h ie v in g r is e / f a ll t im e s o f 3 n s o r
2 7 2 8
le s s w it h a 5 V s ig n a l s w in g r e q u ir e s T h e r e is a t r a d e - o ff b e t w e e n t h e s p a c in g o f T h e o u tp u t fro m a C N E ( o r o th e r n o is e s o a 4 5 o r 5 0 W a m p lifie r m a y b e
a tt e n t io n t o d e t a il 2 R F d e s ig n a n d th e fr e q u e n c ie s in th e c o m b a n d th e R F g e n e ra to r) s h o u ld b e is o la te d fr o m th e n e c e s s a r y f o r t e s t in g in d u s t r ia l p r o d u c t s to
a s s e m b ly t e c h n iq u e s w ill b e n e e d e d . a m p lif ie r g a in o r f u n d a m e n t a l s w itc h in g lo a d b y p a s s in g it t h r o u g h a b r o a d b a n d E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 u s in g C D N s .
v o lt a g e . T o k e e p t h e d e s ig n s im p le a n d R F a m p lif ie r w h ic h h a s e n o u g h p o w e r t o
I t is d if f ic u lt t o g e t a c o m b g e n e r a t o r t o O th e r ty p e s o f tra n s d u c e rs to th e C D N s
a v o id h ig h - v o lta g e s w it c h in g o r h ig h - g a in d r iv e a lo o p p r o b e o v e r th e fre q u e n c y
h a v e a h ig h le v e l o f s ig n a l a t a h ig h d e s c r ib e d in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 a r e le s s
R F a m p lif ic a t io n it m a y b e b e s t t o u s e a r a n g e r e q u ir e d . A f ilt e r c o u ld b e f it t e d
f r e q u e n c y d u e t o t h e n a t u r a l r o ll- o f f o f t h e e ffic ie n t. T h e E M - C la m p t y p ic a lly r e q u ir e s
n u m b e r o f s w itc h in g r a te s ( e .g . 1 0 k H z , b e tw e e n th e C N E 's o u t p u t a n d t h e
a m p lit u d e o f th e h a r m o n ic s a t th re e to fo u r tim e s th e R F p o w e r o f a C D N
1 0 0 k H z a n d 1 M H z ) to c o v e r d iffe r e n t a m p lif ie r s in p u t to r e s tr ic t th e fr e q u e n c y
2 0 d B / d e c a d e a c c o r d in g to th e F o u r ie r fo r th e s a m e a c tu a l te s t le v e l. B C I c la m p s ,
fre q u e n c y ra n g e s (e .g . 1 0 0 k H z -1 M H z , 1 - ra n g e o f th e te s t , if r e q u ir e d .
s e r ie s f o r a s q u a r e w a v e . A s in g le - p o le b e c a u s e o f t h e ir h ig h e r lo s s e s , a r e e v e n
1 0 M H z a n d 1 0 - 1 0 0 M H z r e s p e c t iv e ly ) . T h e
h ig h - p a s s filt e r a f te r th e f a s t s w it c h e r w ill E v e n d r iv in g lo o p p r o b e s a n d c u rre n t le s s e f f ic ie n t.
c o m b s p a c in g th a t t h e s e p r o v id e w ill b e
h e lp c o m p e n s a t e fo r t h is t o c r e a t e a f la t t e r p ro b e s fro m a F a s t T r a n s ie n t B u r s t
a d e q u a t e f o r m a n y a p p lic a t io n s , b u t t o b e A p r o b le m w ith h ig h - p o w e r a m p lifie r s is
f r e q u e n c y / a m p lit u d e c h a r a c t e r is tic , b u t it g e n e r a to r w ill, to s o m e d e g re e , te s t o v e r
m o r e t h o r o u g h r e q u ir e s f illin g in t h e g a p s t h a t t h e t r a n s d u c e r s a n d a n y t e r m in a t io n
d o e s th is b y a tte n u a tin g th e lo w e r - th e fre q u e n c y ra n g e c o v e r e d b y t y p ic a l
b e t w e e n t h e c o m b 's 't e e t h ' b y , f o r in s t a n c e , r e s is to r s o r t h r o u g h - lin e a t te n u a t o r s
f r e q u e n c ie s . F o r e x a m p le , w it h a 1 M H z c o n d u c te d im m u n ity te s ts a n d m a y b e a
m o d u la t in g t h e s w itc h in g fr e q u e n c y b y s h o u ld b e r a t e d to ta k e th e f u ll p o w e r o f
s w it c h in g r a t e if a le v e l o f 1 V r m s is w a y to g e t e x tr a v a lu e fr o m e q u ip m e n t
± 6 % . It m a y b e p o s s ib le to u s e o n e o f th e t h e a m p lif ie r . M o s t p r o p r ie t a r y C D N s m a y
r e q u ir e d a t 1 0 0 M H z th e n e ith e r th e fa s t y o u a lr e a d y o w n .
in c r e a s in g ly p o p u la r s p r e a d - s p e c t r u m n o t b e r a te d fo r m u c h h ig h e r p o w e r s th a n
s w itc h e r m u s t r u n fr o m a r o u n d 1 0 0 V o r th e
c lo c k g e n e r a t o r s in s t e a d , if t h e y c a n t h e 1 0 V r m s o f t h e 'in d u s t r ia l' le v e l
h ig h - p a s s filt e r m u s t b e f o llo w e d b y a n R F R F P o w e r A m p lifie r s
s p r e a d th e c lo c k fr e q u e n c y b y th is la r g e a im m u n ity te s t, a n d th e y a r e e x p e n s iv e to
p o w e r a m p lifie r . I f t h e f a s t s w it c h e r w a s
p e rc e n ta g e . T o te s t u s in g E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 a n d C D N s a t r e p la c e u n le s s y o u b u ild y o u r o w n .
r u n n in g f r o m a 5 V r a il, th e R F a m p lif ie r
w o u ld n e e d a g a in o f a b o u t 3 0 d B . th e 3 V r m s le v e l r e q u ir e d f o r r e s id e n t ia l,
c o m m e r c ia l, a n d lig h t in d u s t r ia l
B lo c k d ia g r a m o f a c o m b g e n e ra to r e n v ir o n m e n ts m a y re q u ir e a p o w e r
a m p lif ie r r a t e d a t a b o u t 2 -3 W . F o r th e
1 0 V r m s in d u s tr ia l le v e l p o w e r a m p lifie r s o f
a ro u n d 1 5 -2 0 W m a y b e r e q u ir e d ( u s in g
C D N s ).

S im p le c a lc u la t io n s b a s e d o n  t h e 1 5 0 W
im p e d a n c e u s e d b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6
in d ic a t e s m u c h lo w e r p o w e r le v e ls , b u t
u s u a lly f o r g e t t h e lo s s in t h e 6 d B t h r o u g h -
lin e a t t e n u a t o r a n d t h e n e a r ly q u a d r u p le d
p o w e r r e q u ir e d t o c o p e w it h t h e p e a k s o f
a n 8 0 % a m p litu d e m o d u la te d R F
w a v e f o r m ; p lu s  t h e  B a c t t h a t t h e m a x im u m
o u t p u t p o w e r r a t in g o f R F a m p lif ie r s is
u s u a lly g iv e n f o r a c e r t a in d e g r e e o f
'c o m p r e s s io n ' 2 s o w e n e e d t o u s e a n
a m p lif ie r w h ic h is m o r e p o w e r f u l t o
a c h ie v e t h e p e a k t e s t le v e ls .
T o o v e r te s t b y 6 d B ( to g iv e a g o o d s a fe ty
m a r g in o n a n a c c u r a t e c o m p lia n c e t e s t )
r e q u ir e s a f o u r - f o ld in c r e a s e in R F p o w e r ,
C o r r e la tin g a lte r n a tiv e F u ll c o m p lia n c e
te s t m e th o d s w ith c o n d u c te d R F im m u n ity
E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 O n -s ite te s tin g te s tin g

2 9 3 0
W h e n a n a lt e r n a t iv e r a d ia t e d R F im m u n ity S e c t io n 1 0 . 2 . 5 o f [ 1 9 ] d e s c r ib e s t h e te s te d w ith a s h ie ld e d te n t. W h e r e th e r e E N /IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 d e fin in g te s ts fo r
te s t m e t h o d is u s e d f o r d e s ig n , m e th o d s th a t h a v e b e e n d e v e lo p e d fo r o n - a r e n o s a f e ty o r f in a n c ia l lo s s im p lic a t io n s “ I m m u n it y to c o n d u c t e d d is tu r b a n c e s ,
d e v e lo p m e n t , o r t r o u b le s h o o tin g ; a fte r a te s t s ite te s tin g fo r c o n d u c te d im m u n ity . T h e s e o f t h e r a d ia te d e m is s io n s f r o m t h e t e s t s in d u c e d b y r a d io f r e q u e n c y fie ld s ” is a
f a ilu r e , r e p e a t a b ilit y is v e r y im p o r ta n t (e v e n a r e n o t a g r e a t d e a l d iffe r e n t fr o m th e a n d a s h ie ld in g t e n t is n o t to b e u s e d , it c o m p le x s t a n d a r d w h ic h is v e r y e a s y t o
th o u g h t h e c o r r e la t io n w ith E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 th re e m e th o d s u s e d b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 , b u t m a y b e n e c e s s a r y ( f o r le g a l t e s t in g ) t o m is in t e r p r e t . T h is s e c t io n o f f e r s a
m a y n o t b e ) . A ll s u c h t e s t s w ill n e e d t o f o llo w B C I is o fte n e a s ie r to e m p lo y o n a s ite f ir s t o b t a in a s p e c ia l lic e n s e f r o m t h e s im p lif ie d s t r o ll t h r o u g h t h is m in e f ie ld t o
a p ro c e d u r e w h ic h h a s b e e n c a re f u lly b e c a u s e it d is t u r b s t h e c a b le s le s s . N a tio n a l R a d io c o m m u n ic a t io n s A g e n c y h ig h lig h t t h e p r in c ip a l r e q u ir e m e n t s . If y o u
w o rk e d o u t to h e lp e n s u r e th a t a d e q u a te H o w e v e r , [ 1 5 ] s h o w s t h a t if a n E M - C la m p r e s p o n s ib le [2 0 ] , w h ic h is t h e U K is n o w a r e a c tu a lly d o in g a f u ll c o m p lia n c e t e s t o n
re p e a ta b ility is a c h ie v e d . c a n b e u s e d in s t e a d o f B C I , m u c h m o r e O F C O M , w w w .o fc o m .o rg .u k . a n y t h in g o th e r t h a n a v e r y s im p le E U T ,
a c c u r a c y a n d r e p e a t a b ilit y w ill b e y o u w ill a lm o s t c e r t a in ly h a v e t o m a k e
W h e n a lte r n a tiv e m e th o d s a r e u s e d a s p a r t
a c h ie v e d ( a n d t h e s iz e a n d c o s t o f t h e R F s o m e c o m p r o m is e s a n d d e v ia t io n s fr o m
o f a Q A p r o g r a m m e , o r to c h e c k v a r ia n ts ,
p o w e r a m p lifie r s u s e d w ill b e le s s ) . t h e le tt e r o f t h e s t a n d a r d . U n d e r s t a n d in g
u p g r a d e s , o r s m a ll m o d if ic a t io n s , a 'g o ld e n
t h e r a t io n a le f o r s o m e o f t h e r e q u ir e m e n ts
p r o d u c t ' is r e c o m m e n d e d to a c t a s s o m e O n e p r o b le m w it h o n - s it e t e s tin g is t h a t it w ill e n a b le y o u to m a k e a n in f o r m e d
s o r t o f a 'c a lib r a t io n ' f o r t h e t e s t e q u ip m e n t m a y b e im p r a c t ic a l t o a r r a n g e fo r a g r o u n d d e c is io n .
a n d t e s t m e t h o d . G o ld e n p r o d u c t te c h n iq u e s p la n e a s s p e c if ie d b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 a n d
a llo w lo w - c o s t E M C te s t g e a r a n d f a s t e r t e s t a s a c o n s e q u e n c e t h e p a r a s it ic s , w h ic h T e s t s ta n d a rd s s u c h a s E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 - 6
m e t h o d s t o b e u s e d w it h m u c h m o r e c a n h a v e a s ig n ific a n t e f f e c t a t t h e h ig h e r c o n t a in a g r e a t d e a l m o r e d e ta il th a n c a n
c o n fid e n c e . R e fe r to s e c tio n 1 .9 o f [1 2 ] fo r a t e s tin g f r e q u e n c ie s , m ig h t n o t b e w e ll b e in c lu d e d in a g u id e lik e t h is , s o w h e n
d e t a ile d d e s c r ip t io n o f h o w t o u s e t h e g o ld e n c o n t r o lle d . A lt h o u g h t h is is o f t e n te s tin g a lw a y s m a k e s u re th a t a c o p y o f
p r o d u c t c o r r e la t io n m e t h o d . a c c e p t a b le f o r a T e c h n ic a l C o n s t r u c t io n th e a p p r o p r ia te s ta n d a r d is a t h a n d 2
F ile f o r a n in d iv id u a l a p p a r a t u s , it is le s s a n d f o llo w it.
I f a lt e r n a tiv e m e t h o d s a r e u s e d t o g a in
s u f fic ie n t c o n f id e n c e f o r d e c la r in g s a t is fa c t o r y if u s e d t o p r e d ic t t h e
c o n d u c t e d im m u n it y o f t h e s a m e o r s im ila r G e n e ra to r
c o m p lia n c e t o th e E M C D , th e g o ld e n
p r o d u c t m e th o d is v e r y s tr o n g ly t y p e o f a p p a r a tu s o n a d if f e r e n t s ite . T h e b a s ic r e q u ir e m e n t f o r t h e t e s t s y s te m
r e c o m m e n d e d . W it h o u t a g o ld e n p r o d u c t o r is to g e n e r a t e a m o d u la te d R F s ig n a l o f
I m p o r t a n t S a f e t y N o t e : D o n 't f o r g e t t h a t
s o m e s im ila r b a s is f o r c o r r e la t in g a p r o p e r s u f fic ie n t a m p lit u d e , s w e p t o r s t e p p e d o v e r
in t e r f e r e n c e , e s p e c ia lly w it h a ir c r a f t o r
c o m p lia n c e t e s t ( u s in g E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 ) w ith th e fre q u e n c y ra n g e fro m 1 5 0 k H z to
o th e r v e h ic u la r s y s te m s , s o m e m a c h in e r y
t h e a lte r n a t iv e m e th o d a c tu a lly u s e d , t h e 8 0 M H z . T h e u p p e r fre q u e n c y ra n g e m a y
o r p r o c e s s c o n t r o l s y s t e m s , a n d im p la n t e d
a lt e r n a t iv e m e t h o d c a n o n ly g iv e a n y b e e x te n d e d b y s o m e p ro d u c t s ta n d a rd s to
e le c t r o n ic d e v ic e s s u c h a s p a c e m a k e r s ,
c o n f id e n c e a t a ll if g r o s s le v e ls o f o v e r t e s tin g 2 3 0 M H z . T h e s y s t e m n o r m a lly u s e s a
c a n h a v e le t h a l c o n s e q u e n c e s a n d
a r e a p p lie d , a n d t h is c a n r e s u lt in v e r y s t a n d a r d G P I B - c o n t r o lle d s ig n a l g e n e r a t o r
a p p r o p r ia te p r e c a u t io n s m u s t b e ta k e n t o
e x p e n s iv e p r o d u c t s . f e e d in g a b r o a d b a n d lin e a r p o w e r a m p lif ie r
m a k e s u r e t h a t n o b o d y 's s a f e t y is
o f t h e r e q u ir e d p o w e r le v e l2 T a b le 1
T h e c lo s e r a t e s t m e th o d is t o u s in g t h e c o m p r o m is e d . I t is a ls o a g o o d id e a to
g iv e s t h e n e c e s s a r y p o w e r le v e ls f o r a
p r o p e r te s t t r a n s d u c e r s a n d m e t h o d o lo g y in ta k e p r e c a u tio n s w h e r e th e r e is a
1 0 V ( le v e l 3 ) t e s t, d e p e n d in g o n
E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 , th e m o r e lik e ly it is th a t a p o s s ib ility o f s ig n if ic a n t f in a n c ia l lo s s b e in g
tr a n s d u c e r . T h e s ta n d a r d m o d u la tio n o n
g o o d c o r r e la t io n w ill b e a c h ie v e d . S o t e s t in g c a u s e d b y t h e in t e r f e r e n c e f r o m o n - s it e
t h e s ig n a l, a s u s u a l, is a 1 k H z s in u s o id a l
w ith a c lo s e - f ie ld p r o b e ( f o r e x a m p le ) c a n te s tin g .
t o n e m o d u la t e d a t 8 0 % d e p th .
p r o b a b ly o n ly b e c o r r e la t e d o n a p a r tic u la r
b u ild s t a t e o f a s p e c if ic p r o d u c t; w h ile E M - W h e re ra d ia t e d e m is s io n s f r o m o n - s it e T h e a m p lif ie r m u s t b e lin e a r s o th a t it d o e s
C la m p te s t in g u s in g a p s e u d o - r a n d o m n o is e c o n d u c te d R F im m u n it y t e s t in g c o u ld b e n o t d is to r t th e m o d u la te d w a v e fo r m , a n d
s o u r c e in s t e a d o f th e s t e p p e d fr e q u e n c y s ig n ific a n t ( i. e . w h e n t h e c o n d u c t o r s s o th a t it d o e s n o t in tr o d u c e h a rm o n ic s o f
s o u r c e m a y b e a b le to b e c o r r e la te d f o r a in je c te d in to a r e lo n g e r th a n l /1 0 a t th e th e w a n te d s tre s s fre q u e n c y . T h e
ra n g e o f p ro d u c ts fro m o n e m a n u fa c tu re r h ig h e s t fr e q u e n c y te s te d ) it m a y b e s p e c if ic a tio n fo r h a r m o n ic a m p lit u d e s is
s h a r in g th e s a m e e le c tr o n ic te c h n o lo g y a n d n e c e s s a ry to s h ie ld th e s y s te m b e in g
a s s e m b ly / c o n s t r u c t io n m e t h o d s .
1351 1362
th a t th e y s h o u ld b e -1 5 d B c , th a t is 1 5 d B a m p lif ie r 's o u t p u t p o w e r is lo s t in t h is T ra n s d u c e rs T a b le 2 C o m m o n m o d e s o u r c e
b e lo w th e w a n te d fr e q u e n c y s tre s s s ig n a l a tte n u a to r b e fo re it r e a c h e s th e im p e d a n c e s p e c ific a tio n
le v e l, a c r o s s th e w h o le te s t ra n g e , tra n s d u c e r, s o th e a m p lif ie r m u s t b e s iz e d T h e s ta n d a r d a llo w s th r e e ty p e s o f 0 .1 5 2 2 6 M H z 2 6 2 8 0 M H z
w h a te v e r th e lo a d c o n d it io n s o n th e fo r a fo u r tim e s g r e a te r p o w e r le v e l th a n t r a n s d u c e r : t h e c o u p lin g / d e c o u p lin g |Z C E | w ith
a m p lif ie r . w o u ld b e n e e d e d w it h o u t th e a tte n u a to r. n e tw o r k ( C D N ) , th e E M - C la m p a n d th e 5 0 W a t in p u t
T h is fa c to r is a llo w e d f o r in T a b le 1 . c u r r e n t in je c t io n p r o b e . I t a ls o a llo w s p o rt, A E p o rt
T h e o u tp u t o f t h e a m p lif ie r c o u ld b e d ir e c t in je c t io n , t h a t is c o u p lin g d ir e c tly 1 5 0 W ± 2 0 W 1 5 0 W + 6 0 W - 4 5 W
b o th o p e n
c o u p le d d ir e c t ly to t h e c a b le tr a n s d u c e r , T a b le 1 R e q u ir e d p o w e r le v e ls (fr o m o n t o t h e s c r e e n o f s c r e e n e d c a b le s v ia a a n d s h o rt
b u t a s w e s h a ll s e e , th e c o m m o n - m o d e IE C 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 ta b le E .1 ) fo r 1 0 V e m f r e s is to r , b u t d e m a n d s t h a t a d e c o u p lin g
s o u r c e im p e d a n c e o f t h e tr a n s d u c e r is T r a n d u c e r C o u p lin g n e t w o r k is u s e d in a d d itio n , a n d f r e q u e n tly
R e q u ir e d p o w e r
a ff e c t e d b y t h e d r iv in g im p e d a n c e , w h ic h t h e s e a r e c o m b in e d in t o a C D N d e s ig n e d F o r c a b le s f o r w h ic h C D N s a r e n o t
ty p e fa c to r o u tp u t fr o m a m p lifie r
s h o u ld b e 5 0 W . T o a c h ie v e a n a c c u r a te f o r p a r t ic u la r s c r e e n e d c a b le s . “ s u it a b le ” ( a n d t h e in t e r p r e t a t io n o f
C D N 0 d B 7 W “ s u it a b le ” is e n tir e ly u p t o t h e t e s t e r ) t w o
c o m m o n - m o d e im p e d a n c e t h is 5 0 W m u s t
B C I -1 4 d B 1 7 6 W A s c a n b e s e e n fr o m T a b le 1 , t h e C D N o th e r n o n - in v a s iv e in je c tio n m e t h o d s a r e
b e c a r e f u lly c o n t r o lle d , b u t t h e a m p lif ie r 's
o u t p u t im p e d a n c e c a n v a r y q u it e w id e ly . E M - C la m p -6 d B 2 8 W r e q u ir e s th e le a s t p o w e r a n d is a ls o th e p r o v id e d . T h e s e u s e th e E M - C la m p a n d
T o d e a l w it h t h is , a n a tt e n u a t o r o f a t le a s t m o s t d e fin it iv e m e t h o d , s in c e it t h e c u r r e n t in je c t io n p r o b e . T h e E M - C la m p
6 d B is r e q u ir e d b e t w e e n t h e a m p lif ie r a u t o m a t ic a lly a n d a c c u r a t e ly c o n t r o ls t h e ( d e s c r ib e d e a r lie r ) is s p e c ific a lly d e s ig n e d
o u t p u t a n d t h e t r a n s d u c e r . N a t u r a lly , t h is in je c te d s o u r c e im p e d a n c e ( s p e c if ie d in f o r t h is t e s t a n d a lth o u g h it lo o k s s im ila r t o
m e a n s th a t th re e -q u a rte rs o f th e T a b le 2 ) a n d t h e d e c o u p lin g o f th e A E , t h e f e r r it e a b s o r b in g c la m p ( 't o t a l p o w e r
t h a t is , t h e c a b le e n d a w a y f r o m t h e E U T . c la m p ') u s e d f o r s o m e k in d s o f e m is s io n s
T h e R F te s t w a v e fo rm is ty p ic a lly 8 0 % a m p litu d e m o d u la te d (A M ) w ith a 1 k H Z T h e r e fo r e th e C D N is th e p r e fe r r e d c h o ic e te s ts , it is in fa c t q u ite d iffe r e n t. It is
s in e w a v e o f t r a n s d u c e r . U n f o r t u n a te ly , it a ls o d e s c r ib e d in A n n e x A o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 .
r e q u ir e s a s p e c if ic ty p e o f n e tw o r k f o r
T h e E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 t e s t le v e l is a lw a y s s p e c if ie d f o r t h e u n m o d u la te d w a v e , s o fo r e x a m p le T h e E M - C la m p is d e s ig n e d to g iv e
e a c h ty p e o f c a b le t o b e t e s t e d , s in c e it
a 1 0 V r m s te s t h a s a p e a k - to - p e a k v o lta g e o f 5 0 .9 V s ig n ific a n t ( b e tte r th a n 1 0 d B a t s o m e
n e e d s a d ir e c t c o n n e c tio n t o e a c h lin e in
f r e q u e n c ie s ) d ir e c tiv it y , s o t h a t t h e A E e n d
th e c a b le .
o f t h e c la m p is r e a s o n a b ly a d e q u a te ly
B e c a u s e C D N s a r e in v a s iv e , th e y m a y d e c o u p le d . I t r e q u ir e s n o c o n n e c tio n t o t h e
h a v e a s ig n ific a n t e ffe c t o n th e s ig n a ls c a b le u n d e r t e s t a n d is t h e r e f o r e p o p u la r
c a r r ie d in t h e c a b le , p a r t ic u la r ly if t h e s e fo r s itu a tio n s w h e r e m a n y d iffe r e n t ty p e s
a r e b r o a d b a n d . F o r s o m e ty p e s o f c a b le , o f c a b le m u s t b e te s te d , a n d it is a ls o
p a r t ic u la r ly m a in s a n d D C p o w e r , lo w r e a s o n a b ly e ffic ie n t, a s T a b le 1
fr e q u e n c y s ig n a ls , a u d io te le c o m , a n d th e d e m o n s tra te s . E v e n s o , th e c o m m o n -
m o r e c o m m o n t y p e s o f s c r e e n e d c a b le , it m o d e im p e d a n c e is n o t n e a r ly s o w e ll
is r e a s o n a b le t o h a v e a v a r ie t y o f C D N s c o n t r o lle d a s in t h e C D N c a s e , a n d t h e
o n t h e s h e lf w h ic h y o u c a n s e le c t f o r d ir e c t iv it y a n d e f fic ie n c y f a ll o f f a t t h e lo w e r
p a r t ic u la r t e s ts . I f y o u a r e a p r o d u c t f r e q u e n c ie s .
m a n u f a c t u r e r a n d y o u k n o w y o u w ill o n ly T h e t h ir d m e t h o d u s e s t h e B C I s u b s tit u t io n
b e t e s t in g c e r t a in ty p e s o f c a b le , y o u c a n m e t h o d d e s c r ib e d e a r lie r . B C I p r o b e s a r e
c a r r y C D N s ju s t f o r t h e s e t y p e s , b u t th is c o n v e n ie n t a n d e a s y t o u s e , b u t in e f f ic ie n t
o p t io n is n t a v a ila b le t o a g e n e r a l t e s t c o m p a re d to th e o th e r m e th o d s , n e e d a
h o u s e . h ig h e r p o w e r ( a n d m o r e e x p e n s iv e )
a m p lif ie r , a n d p r o v id e s a b s o lu t e ly n o
d ir e c t iv it y o r c o m m o n - m o d e im p e d a n c e
s e t tin g . F o r t h is r e a s o n it s h o u ld o n ly b e
u s e d if t h e r e is n o a lt e r n a tiv e m e t h o d .
33 33 13 64
E x a m p le o f th e E M -c la m p te s t m e th o d C a lib r a tio n o f a C D N fo r E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 te s tin g

F o r b o th E M - C la m p a n d c u r r e n t p r o b e v a r ia t io n s b e t w e e n d iffe r e n t tra n s d u c e r s
m e th o d s , th e s ta n d a r d p o in ts o u t th a t th e c a n c o n tr ib u te to th e la c k o f r e p r o d u c ib ility
o f th e te s t. In o th e r w o rd s , b o th th e c h o ic e A c c o r d in g t o T a b le 1 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 , th e a n d lo a d im p e d a n c e s a r e k n o w n d u r in g
A E is p a r t o f th e t e s t a n d s h o u ld p r e s e n t
a n d q u a lit y o f t h e tr a n s d u c e r a r e c r itic a l to s t a n d a r d t e s t le v e ls a r e : c a lib r a t io n t h e a c tu a l in d ic a te d v o lt a g e f o r
th e p ro p e r 1 5 0 W c o m m o n -m o d e
s t a n d a r d is in g t h e te s t b e tw e e n a n a p p lie d e m f le v e l c a n b e c a lc u la t e d . F o r
im p e d a n c e a n d b e a d e q u a t e ly im m u n e .
la b o r a to r ie s . T e s t L e v e l 1 1 V rm s t h e C D N c a lib r a t io n jig , t h e s o u r c e
T h e f ir s t o f th e s e is n o t a t a ll e a s y t o
T e s t L e v e l 2 3 V rm s im p e d a n c e is 1 5 0 W , th e lo a d im p e d a n c e is
e n s u r e a n d t h e s t a n d a r d d e s c r ib e s u s in g a T h e s a m e c a lib r a t io n s e t - u p a s f o r t h e
c o m b in a t io n o f d e c o u p lin g n e t w o r k s T e s t L e v e l 3 1 0 V rm s a ls o 1 5 0 W a n d t h e m e a s u r in g in s tr u m e n t
C D N a p p lie s w h e n c a lib r a t in g th e E M - T e s t L e v e l X S p e c ia l ( u n s p e c if ie d )
( a s s e m b lie s o f w id e b a n d fe r r it e s le e v e s ) im p e d a n c e is 5 0 W . T h e in d ic a t e d v o lt a g e
C la m p , a n d a m o d if ic a t io n t o it a p p lie s fo r
a n d C D N s t o a c h ie v e it . F o r c o m p le x o r m u s t b e m u lt ip lie d b y 3 to a llo w fo r t h e 5 0 -
t h e c u r r e n t in je c t io n p r o b e . T h e C D N is T e s t L e v e l X is c a lle d a n 'o p e n '
m u lt ip le A E s t h is b e c o m e s c u m b e r s o m e o r t o - 1 5 0 W c o n v e r s io n a n d a g a in b y 2 t o
t e r m in a t e d a t b o t h it s A E a n d E U T p o r t s 2 s p e c if ic a tio n . B a s ic t e s t m e t h o d s t a n d a r d s
im p r a c t ic a l a n d a m o d if ic a t io n o f th e t e s t r e a c h th e o p e n - c ir c u it v o lt a g e , h e n c e t h e
a ll w ir e s s h o r t e d t o g e th e r 2 w it h a 1 5 0 W c a n n o t p o s s ib ly d e a l w it h a ll e v e n t u a lit ie s ,
m e t h o d in v o lv in g a n e x t r a m o n ito r in g i n d i c a t e d v a l u e i s 1 / 6 th t h e d e s i r e d s t r e s s
lo a d , a n d its in p u t p o r t is f e d in e x a c t ly t h e s o t h e 'X ' s p e c if ic a t io n c a n b e s e t b y a
c u r r e n t p r o b e is u s e d . le v e l. T h e c u r r e n t p r o b e c a lib r a t io n jig u s e s
s a m e m a n n e r a s it w ill b e in t h e t e s t p r o d u c t o r g e n e r ic s t a n d a r d c o m m it t e e if
a 5 0 W ra th e r th a n 1 5 0 W s y s te m a n d
p r o p e r . T h e E U T p o r t lo a d is m a d e u p o f th e y fe e l it is m o r e a p p r o p r ia te fo r th e ty p e
C a lib r a tio n a n d le v e ls t h e r e f o r e th e in d ic a t e d v a lu e is h a lf t h e
t h e m e a s u r in g in s t r u m e n t 's 5 0 W in p u t o f e q u ip m e n t c o v e r e d b y th e ir s t a n d a r d .
T h e 'X ' le v e ls c a n a ls o b e s p e c if ie d b y a s tr e s s le v e l, s in c e n o 5 0 - to - 1 5 0 W
im p e d a n c e p lu s a “ 1 5 0 W t o 5 0 W a d a p t e r ” .
T h e b a s is o f th e I E C 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 t e s t is th a t p u r c h a s e r 2 u s u a lly in t h e te c h n ic a l c o n v e r s io n t a k e s p la c e .
T h is a d a p t e r is n o th in g m o r e t h a n a s e r ie s
it u s e s a s u b s titu tio n m e th o d . T h a t is , th e s p e c if ic a tio n th a t f o r m s p a r t o f t h e ir
1 0 0 W r e s is t o r . A lth o u g h t h is r e s is t o r a n d O n c e th e p o w e r le v e l fo r th e r e q u ir e d
s t r e s s is c a lib r a te d in t o a fix e d im p e d a n c e c o n tr a c t w ith th e m a n u fa c tu r e r .
a s s o c ia t e d c o n n e c tin g p a r ts is o b v io u s ly a s t r e s s v a lu e h a s b e e n e s t a b lis h e d a t e a c h
in th e a b s e n c e o f th e E U T , a n d th e n th e
v e r y s im p le p ie c e o f a p p a r a t u s , y o u s h o u ld It is im p o r ta n t to b e a w a re th a t th e te s t f r e q u e n c y t h e n it is s t o r e d in s o ft w a r e a n d
s a m e p o w e r le v e l v e r s u s fr e q u e n c y is r e -
r e m e m b e r t h a t it s a c c u r a c y is f u n d a m e n t a l le v e ls a r e s p e c ifie d a s th e v o lt a g e in to a n r e - p la y e d d u r in g t h e a c t u a l t e s t.
p la y e d in t o t h e E U T it s e lf. T h is m e t h o d
to th e a c c u r a c y o f th e s e t le v e l, a n d m a k e o p e n c ir c u it , n o t t h e v o lta g e th a t is a c t u a lly M o d u la t io n is n o t a p p lie d d u r in g c a lib r a t io n
a v o id s u n w a r r a n t e d p e a k s o r n u lls d u e to
s u r e t h a t it is m a in t a in e d a c r o s s t h e a p p lie d to th e E U T , n o r e v e n th a t w h ic h is 2 t h e te s t le v e ls a r e s p e c if ie d a s t h e
v a r ia t io n s in t h e E U T 's c o m m o n - m o d e p o r t
a p p lic a b le f r e q u e n c y b a n d a n d a t t h e o b s e rv e d o n th e m e a s u r in g in s t r u m e n t u n m o d u la t e d v o lt a g e 2 b u t it is a p p lie d
im p e d a n c e . H o w e v e r , it r e q u ir e s s t a b ility
p o w e r le v e ls a p p lie d . d u r in g c a lib r a t io n . B e c a u s e b o th s o u rc e d u r in g t h e t e s t. T h e s ta n d a r d a llo w s le v e l
o n t h e p a r t o f t h e g e n e r a t io n s y s t e m a n d
t r a n s d u c e r s , a n d it a ls o m e a n s t h a t
1355 1366
s e t tin g t o b e a p p lie d a t t h e o u t p u t o f t h e f o r t h e a p p lie d v o lt a g e a n d s o th e C D N s E x a m p le o f te s t s e t-u p fo r E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6
s ig n a l g e n e r a t o r , b u t th is o f c o u r s e a n d E M - c la m p m u s t b e f u lly b o n d e d to it ,
a s s u m e s th a t t h e p o w e r a m p lif ie r is p r e f e r a b ly b y d ir e c t b o lte d f ix in g . S in c e
a d e q u a t e ly lin e a r a n d s t a b le . M a n y t e s t th e te s t e x te n d s u p to 8 0 M H z , a n y
s o ftw a r e s u ite s u s e a c o u p le r a t th e o u tp u t in d u c t a n c e in t h is b o n d is u n a c c e p ta b le .
o f t h e p o w e r a m p lif ie r , a n d m o n it o r a n d T h e g r o u n d p la n e its e lf n e e d n o t b e
c o n tro l o n th e m e a s u re d o u tp u t p o w e r. e x t e r n a lly g r o u n d e d fo r E M C p u r p o s e s ,
T h is n e g a t e s a n y e f f e c t s o f g a in d r if t in t h e b u t it is a d v is a b le to c o n n e c t it t o t h e
a m p lif ie r . E it h e r m e t h o d is a llo w a b le . f a c ilit y e a r t h f o r s a f e t y .
T h is m e th o d is o f c o u r s e o p e n - lo o p ; t h e r e C a b le r e s o n a n c e s a r e p o te n t ia lly s e r io u s :
is n o r e q u ir e m e n t to c h e c k th e a c tu a l a d is ta n c e o f a ¼ w a v e le n g t h t r a n s f o r m s
a p p lie d le v e l d u r in g t h e te s t , a lth o u g h a a s h o r t- c ir c u it im p e d a n c e in t o a n o p e n
p r u d e n t t e s t f a c ility m a y le a v e a m o n ito r in g c ir c u it , c o m p le t e ly a lt e r in g t h e c o u p lin g
d e v ic e in p la c e m e r e ly to c o n f ir m t h a t p r o p e r t ie s o f t h e s e t u p . A ¼ w a v e le n g t h
n o th in g h a s b r o k e n . B e c a u s e o f th e n a tu r e a t 8 0 M H z is 9 4 0 m m a n d th e r e fo r e n o
o f t h e s u b s tit u t io n m e t h o d , t h e in d ic a tio n c a b le s in c lu d e d in t h e t e s t e n v ir o n m e n t
o n t h is m o n ito r b e a r s n o r e a l r e la t io n s h ip s h o u ld a p p r o a c h t h is le n g t h , e v e n if th e y
t o t h e in te n d e d s t r e s s le v e l. a r e n o t b e in g te s t e d . T h e s ta n d a r d in s is t s
th a t o n th e te s te d c a b le s , th e
B u t in t h e c a s e w h e r e c la m p in je c tio n is
c o u p lin g / d e c o u p lin g d e v ic e s s h o u ld b e
u s e d a n d th e 1 5 0 W A E c o m m o n -m o d e b e tw e e n 1 0 0 a n d 3 0 0 m m fro m th e E U T
im p e d a n c e is n o t a c h ie v a b le , c la u s e 7 . 3 o f a n d t h e c a b le s th e m s e lv e s s h o u ld b e
t h e s t a n d a r d r e q u ir e s th a t t h e a p p lie d m a in ta in e d 3 0 - 5 0 m m a b o v e t h e g r o u n d
c u r r e n t is m o n it o r e d d u r in g t h e te s t s w e e p , p la n e , a s s h o r t a s p o s s ib le a n d u n -
a n d lim it e d if n e c e s s a r y t o t h e v a lu e t h a t b u n d le d . W h e n u s in g t h e c u r r e n t in je c t io n
w o u ld h a v e b e e n a p p lie d in t o a c o m m o n - p r o b e , th e c a b le le n g th o n t h e o t h e r s id e c a n b e tre a te d a s o n e c a b le fo r th e t o c o n t r o l t h e ir C M im p e d a n c e to th e G R P .
m o d e im p e d a n c e o f 1 5 0 W , e . g . 6 6 . 7 m A f o r o f t h e p r o b e ( t h e A E s id e ) s h o u ld a ls o b e p u rp o s e s o f te s tin g . S e p a r a te e a rth p o rts N o te th a t E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 in s is ts o n th e u s e
a 1 0 V e m f le v e l. T h is p r e v e n ts o v e r - te s t in g le s s th a n 3 0 0 m m . o n th e E U T a r e t r e a t e d lik e a n y o th e r c a b le o f C D N s f o r t e s t in g a . c . m a in s a n d d .c .
in s itu a tio n s w h e r e th e E U T c o m m o n -
I f t h e r e a r e m u lt ip le c a b le p o r t s o n t h e p o rt a n d a ls o te s te d , m o s t e a s ily w it h a p o w e r s u p p ly c a b le p o r ts , fo r fu ll
m o d e im p e d a n c e is s u b s t a n t ia lly le s s th a n
E U T , o n ly a lim it e d n u m b e r n e e d b e o n e - lin e C D N (k n o w n a s a C D N -M 1 ). c o m p lia n c e t e s t in g .
1 5 0 W . I t d o e s n 't , t h o u g h , m e a n a 'le v e llin g
lo o p ' ty p e o f te s t. t e s te d , e x c it in g b e t w e e n 2 a n d 5 c u r r e n t W h e n s e v e r a l c a b le p o r ts a r e t o b e t e s te d H a n d - h e ld d e v ic e s a n d k e y b o a r d s n e e d t o
p a th s th ro u g h th e E U T . T h e m o s t in t u r n , t h e id e a l t e s t s e t - u p e m p lo y s C D N s b e t e s t e d w ith a n a r t if ic ia l h a n d , w h ic h is a
T e s t s e t-u p s e n s it iv e c o n fig u r a t io n s s h o u ld b e o n e a c h c a b le , e a c h o n e te r m in a te d in 5 0 W s im p le R C n e t w o r k s im u la t in g h a n d - to -
s e le c t e d , a lt h o u g h n o g u id a n c e is g iv e n t o p r o v id e a 1 5 0 W C M t e r m in a t io n f o r t h e g r o u n d im p e d a n c e . E U T s c o n s is t in g o f
T h e im p o r ta n t a s p e c ts o f th e te s t s e t- u p a s to h o w to d e te r m in e th e s e . O th e r c a b le . T h e C D N o n th e c a b le to b e te s te d s e v e r a l in te r c o n n e c te d u n it s s h o u ld b e
a re to c o n tro l th e c o m m o n -m o d e c a b le s s h o u ld b e c o m p le t e ly d is c o n n e c t e d h a s its te r m in a tio n r e m o v e d a n d th e 6 d B t e s te d b y c o n s id e r in g e a c h s u b - u n it a s a n
im p e d a n c e p r e s e n te d b y th e tr a n s d u c e r s , f r o m t h e E U T , is o la t e d w it h C D N s o r 't h r u - lin e ' a t t e n u a t o r a t t a c h e d in s t e a d , E U T in its o w n r ig h t, w ith a ll o th e r p a r ts
th e E U T a n d its A E , a n d to e n s u r e th a t d e c o u p lin g n e t w o r k s ( e a c h p r o v id in g a d r iv e n w ith R F f r o m t h e a m p lif ie d s ig n a l t r e a te d a s A E . B u t if t h e in t e r c o n n e c t in g
c a b le r e s o n a n c e s a r e a v o id e d . T h e fir s t o f 1 5 0 W c o m m o n - m o d e im p e d a n c e t o t h e g e n e r a to r . E a c h c a b le is t h e n t e s t e d in c a b le s w ill a lw a y s b e le s s t h a n 1 m t h e y
t h e s e is a c h ie v e d b y h a v in g a n a d e q u a t e g r o u n d r e fe r e n c e p la n e ) , o r s im p ly f it t e d t u r n , w it h a ll t h e o t h e r s t e r m in a t e d c a n b e t r e a te d a s in t e r n a l a n d le f t
g r o u n d p la n e fo r th e w h o le te s t a r e a , a n d
w ith 1 5 0 W c o m m o n - m o d e te r m in a tio n s c o r r e c tly . u n te s te d , th e c o m p o n e n t s u b - u n its o f th e
p la c in g t h e E U T a d e fin e d d is ta n c e ( 1 0 c m )
( e . g . jo in a ll th e c o n d u c t o r s t o g e th e r a n d E U T b e in g g r o u p e d to g e th e r a n d c lo s e to
a b o v e t h is g r o u n d p la n e . T h e A E is a ls o O f c o u r s e , E M - C la m p s o r c u r r e n t in je c t io n
c o n n e c t t h e m t o t h e G R P v ia a 1 5 0 W e a c h o t h e r o n th e 1 0 c m in s u la t in g s u p p o r t ,
p la c e d a t t h is h e ig h t if c la m p in je c tio n is p r o b e s c a n b e u s e d in s t e a d o f C D N s
r e s is to r ) . W h e n s e v e r a l c a b le s a r e lo o m e d w ith o n ly t h e “ e x te r n a l” c a b le s s u b je c t t o
u s e d . T h e g r o u n d p la n e is t h e r e fe r e n c e a lt h o u g h a s m e n t io n e d a b o v e it is h a r d e r
t o g e t h e r in th e n o r m a l in s t a lla tio n , th e y te s tin g .
1357 1368
E x a m p le o f a te s t s e t-u p fo r te s tin g m u ltip le c a b le p o r ts M o n ito r in g th e E U T fo r A ls o , t e s t la b o r a to r ie s b o o k th e ir tim e
p e r fo r m a n c e d e g r a d a tio n d u r in g w e e k s ( o r e v e n m o n th s ) in a d v a n c e ,
a n d a fte r th e te s ts a llo c a t in g c u s t o m e r s t e s t in g t im e s lo t s th a t
s h o u ld b e lo n g e n o u g h t o p e r f o r m th e
T h e fu n c tio n a l p e r fo r m a n c e d e g r a d a t io n r e q u ir e d t e s t s . W h e r e c u s t o m e r - s u p p lie d
a llo w e d d u r in g a n d a fte r th e te s ts m a y b e f u n c t io n a l t e s t e q u ip m e n t is u p s e t b y E M C
s p e c if ie d b y p r o d u c t o r g e n e r ic s ta n d a r d s . im m u n ity te s t s , a n d n o q u ic k f ix e s s e e m t o
L a c k in g t h e s e , t h e r e s u lt s s h o u ld b e w o r k , it is p o s s ib le t o r u n o u t o f t im e t r y in g
e v a lu a t e d a c c o r d in g t o C la u s e 9 o f E N t o f ix t h e s u s c e p tib ilit y o f t h e a u x ilia r y o r
6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 ( s e e la te r ) . t e s t e q u ip m e n t , t h e n h a v in g t o w a it a f e w
w e e k s ( m a y b e m o n th s ) u n t il a n o t h e r tim e -
W e ll b e fo r e th e te s ts a r e b e g u n , th e s lo t c a n b e b o o k e d to te s t th e E U T .
f u n c t io n a l s p e c ific a t io n s f o r t h e E U T
s h o u ld b e d e fin e d , a n d s e r io u s t h o u g h t T e s t c o n d itio n s
s h o u ld b e g iv e n t o h o w to m o n ito r it s
C la u s e 8 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 s ta te s th a t th e
p e r fo r m a n c e b o th d u r in g a n d a fte r th e
E U T s h a ll b e t e s t e d w it h in it s in t e n d e d
te s ts , a s r e q u ir e d b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 . T h e
o p e r a t in g a n d c lim a tic c o n d itio n s , a n d t h a t
p e r f o r m a n c e m o n it o r in g s h o u ld a c h ie v e
t e m p e r a t u r e a n d r e la t iv e h u m id it y s h o u ld
s u ffic ie n t le v e ls o f a c c u r a c y a n d
b e r e c o r d e d in th e T e s t R e p o r t. P r o d u c t
r e p e a t a b ility t o b e s u r e t h a t th e f u n c t io n a l
a n d g e n e r ic s t a n d a r d s c o m m itt e e s m ig h t
A s is u s u a l w it h E M C t e s t s t a n d a r d s , E N a d d e d , c o n n e c te d to th e m a in G R P , s o s p e c if ic a tio n s a r e a c tu a lly b e in g m e t . T h is
im p o s e o t h e r c lim a t ic c o n d it io n s w h e n th e y
6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 r e q u ir e s t h a t e q u ip m e n t b e s e t - t h a t t h e in je c t io n d e v ic e s c a n b e lo c a t e d e x e r c is e h e lp s d e t e r m in e in a d v a n c e
c a ll u p th is b a s ic te s t s t a n d a r d , if t h e y
u p a n d o p e r a t e d a s c lo s e a s p o s s ib le t o it s c lo s e to t h e c a b le p o r t. T h e c lo s in g d a te w h e t h e r a n y s p e c ia l t e s t in g a r r a n g e m e n ts
b e lie v e t h a t th e y c o u ld a f f e c t t h e t e s t
n o r m a l o p e r a t io n in r e a l lif e . F o r s o m e fo r c o m m e n ts w a s 7 th M a y 2 0 0 4 , s o n e e d t o b e o r g a n is e d , e q u ip m e n t h ir e d ,
r e s u lts .
e q u ip m e n t t h is w ill m e a n p r o v id in g m a y b e t h is m o d if ic a t io n w ill s o o n b e s p e c ia l c a b le s a n d le a d s m a d e u p , e t c . ,
e le c t r ic a l, m e c h a n ic a l, h y d r a u lic o r p u b lis h e d in t h e f u ll s t a n d a rd . e tc ., w e ll in a d v a n c e o f th e a c tu a l te s tin g . E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 d o e s n o t s a y s o , b u t th e E M
p n e u m a t ic lo a d s , a n d h ig h - p o w e r th r e e - e n v ir o n m e n t in w h ic h t h e t e s t is b e in g
S o m e t y p e s o f a u x ilia r y e q u ip m e n t
p h a s e e le c t r ic a l s u p p lie s , o r s u p p lie s o f c o n d u c te d s h o u ld n o t b e s o s e v e r e a s to
( r e q u ir e d to e x e r c is e th e E U T a s if in r e a l
h y d r a u lic o r p n e u m a tic p o w e r ( e . g . in t e r f e r e w it h t h e E U T a n d in flu e n c e t h e
o p e r a t io n ) , o r f u n c t io n a l t e s t e q u ip m e n t
c o m p r e s s e d a ir ) . W h e n t e s tin g lif t t e s t r e s u lt s . E M C te s t la b o r a t o r ie s s h o u ld
c a n b e u p s e t b y t h e c o n d u c t e d R F t e s t in g
( e le v a t o r ) d r iv e s y s t e m s , f o r in s ta n c e , it is e x p e r ie n c e n o p r o b le m s w it h t h is
o f a n E U T . A p r o fe s s io n a l E M C te s t
n o r m a l t o u s e a la r g e f ly w h e e l w h ic h h a s a r e q u ir e m e n t , b u t w h e n p e r f o r m in g t h e te s t
la b o r a to r y s h o u ld b e a b le t o p r o v id e b a s ic
m o m e n t o f in e r t ia s im ila r t o t h a t o f a lo a d e d in o t h e r lo c a t io n s in t e r fe r e n c e m ig h t b e a
e le c t r ic a l t e s t in s t r u m e n t s t h a t a r e
lif t c a r . p o s s ib ility . H o w t o d e a l w it h in t e r f e r e n c e a t
im m u n e e n o u g h t o t h e in f lu e n c e s o f E M C
t h e te s t in g lo c a t io n is d is c u s s e d in a la t e r
E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 :1 9 9 6 d o e s n o t s h o w h o w to im m u n ity te s t s ( c h e c k w it h t h e m f ir s t ) . B u t
s e c tio n .
d e a l w it h la r g e e q u ip m e n t w h ic h h a s w h e n a u x ilia r y e q u ip m e n t a n d t e s t
c a b le s th a t e n te r h ig h a b o v e th e flo o r . If in s t r u m e n t s a r e p r o v id e d b y t h e T h e te s t p la n
t h e in je c t io n d e v ic e s a r e lo c a t e d c lo s e to m a n u f a c t u r e r ( e . g . s ig n a l o r d is to r tio n
t h e g r o u n d p la n e , a s u s u a l, th e y c a n t h e n a n a ly s e r s , d is p la y s c r e e n s , c o m p u te r s , C la u s e 8 r e q u ir e s a te s t p la n to b e
b e t o o f a r a w a y fr o m th e c a b le s p o r t o n t h e e tc . ) lo n g p e r io d s o f t im e c a n b e r e q u ir e d p r e p a r e d b e f o r e s ta r t in g t o t e s t a n E U T ,
t r y in g t o d e c id e w h e t h e r it is th e E U T o r a n d f o r t h e t e s t p la n t o b e in c lu d e d in th e
e q u ip m e n t . H o w e v e r , a n I E C d r a f t e x is t s
t h e te s t e q u ip m e n t t h a t is f a ilin g , a ll t h e T e s t R e p o r t. In s o m e o f th e o th e r b a s ic te s t
(7 7 B /4 0 6 /C D V d a te d 5 th D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 3 )
w h ic h w ill m o d if y E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 t o d e s c r ib e w h ile b u r n in g m o n e y a t p r e m iu m t e s t s t a n d a r d s in th e E N / I E C 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 s e r ie s a
h o w t o d e a l w it h s u c h e q u ip m e n t . la b o r a to r y r a te s . t e s t p la n is o p t io n a l, b u t in t h is c a s e it is a
E s s e n tia lly , a d d itio n a l h o r iz o n t a l o r v e r t ic a l R E O c a n c re a te c u s to m lo a d s to m e e t r e q u ir e m e n t . T h e fo llo w in g t e s t p la n
a n y r e q u ir e m e n ts in f o r m a t io n is r e q u ir e d …
g r o u n d r e fe r e n c e p la n e s ( G R P s ) a r e
3 9 4 0
i) T h e s iz e o f t h e E U T ; x v ) D e s c r ip t io n s o f t h e a u x ilia r y e q u ip m e n t W h e re th e re a re s e v e ra l m o d e s o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 r e q u ir e s th a t it s h o u ld b e
ii) T h e r e p r e s e n ta tiv e o p e r a tin g r e q u ir e d to o p e r a te th e E U T to o p e r a t io n , t h e t e s t s a r e r e p e a te d f o r e a c h v e r if ie d t h a t t h e E U T s h o w s it s im m u n it y
c o n d it io n s o f t h e E U T ; s im u la t e n o r m a l o p e r a t io n ( f o r e a c h o f m o d e , u n le s s th e r e is a g o o d te c h n ic a l d u r in g t h e t e s ts a s w e ll a s a fte rw a rd s , a n d
iii) W h e th e r t h e E U T is te s t e d a s a s in g le t h e E U T 's o p e r a t io n a l m o d e s ) r e a s o n w h y t h is is n o t n e c e s s a r y . F o r in th e c a s e o f b ) a n d c ) th a t th e tim e
o r m u ltip le u n it; x v i) T h e d e s c r ip t io n s o f t h e e q u ip m e n t e x a m p le , a v a r ia b le s p e e d m o t o r d r iv e in te r v a l d u r in g w h ic h th e e q u ip m e n t s u f f e r s
iv ) T h e t y p e o f t e s t fa c ilit y u s e d a n d t h e u s e d f o r m o n it o r in g t h e E U T 's m a y n e e d to b e r e te s te d if it c a n b e u s e d d e g r a d e d o r lo s t fu n c tio n o r p e rfo rm a n c e
p o s it io n s o f th e E U T ( s ) , a u x ilia r y p e r fo r m a n c e d u r in g a n d a fte r th e te s ts , in d iffe r e n t s p e e d c o n tr o l m o d e s ( e .g . s h a ll b e r e c o r d e d .
e q u ip m e n t a n d c o u p lin g a n d p lu s a d e s c r ip t io n o f h o w it is to b e s e t- o p e n - lo o p , t a c h o f e e d b a c k o r 'v e c t o r ') . I f
d e c o u p lin g d e v ic e s ( i. e . t h e te s t u p a n d u s e d a n y t e s t s a r e n o t c a r r ie d o u t fo r g o o d T h is c la s s ific a t io n is o f f e r e d b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 -
t r a n s d u c e r s ) 2 in e f f e c t a d e s c r ip t io n x v ii) A n e x p la n a tio n o f h o w th e t e c h n ic a l r e a s o n s , th e r e a s o n s s h o u ld b e 4 - 6 a s a g u id e t o im m u n it y s t a n d a r d s
o f th e te s t s e t-u p ; u n c e r t a in t ie s in t h e fu n c t io n a l t e s ts r e c o r d e d in t h e T e s t R e p o r t ( s e e la t e r ) . c o m m it te e s if th e y c a ll u p t h is b a s ic t e s t
v ) T h e c o u p lin g a n d d e c o u p lin g d e v ic e s h a v e b e e n d e a lt w it h , to b e a b le t o m e t h o d in th e ir p r o d u c t o r g e n e r ic
( t e s t t r a n s d u c e r s ) u s e d a n d t h e ir d e t e r m in e w h e t h e r t h e f u n c t io n a l T h is b o o k le t a ls o r e c o m m e n d s th a t t h e s t a n d a r d s . It is v e r y s im ila r t o t h e
c o u p lin g f a c to r s ; p e r f o r m a n c e s p e c if ic a tio n ( s e e la t e r) g e n e r a t o r 's o u t p u t v o lt a g e a n d v o lt a g e 'P e r f o r m a n c e C r it e r ia ' A , B , C ( a n d
v i) T h e f r e q u e n c y r a n g e o f a p p lic a tio n o f r e a lly w ill b e a c h ie v e d o r n o t d u r in g w a v e f o r m a r e m o n it o r e d w it h a n s o m e tim e s D ) a lr e a d y c o m m o n ly u s e d in
th e te s t; th e te s ts . o s c illo s c o p e d u r in g t h e t e s t s t o e n s u r e p r o d u c t im m u n ity s t a n d a r d s , w h ic h fir s t
v ii) T h e r a t e o f s w e e p o f f r e q u e n c y , d w e ll t h a t it r e m a in s a lo w - d is to r tio n s in e - w a v e a p p e a r e d in t h e g e n e r ic im m u n it y
t im e a n d f r e q u e n c y s t e p s ; A ll p o w e r s u p p ly , s ig n a l a n d o th e r a t t h e r e q u ir e d r m s v o lt a g e a t a ll tim e s . s ta n d a rd s .
v iii) T h e t e s t le v e l t o b e a p p lie d ; f u n c t io n a l e le c tr ic a l q u a n t it ie s s h o u ld b e N o te th a t t h e tr a in e d h u m a n e y e c a n
a p p lie d w it h in th e ir r a te d r a n g e s , a n d t h is u s u a lly o n ly d e t e c t s in e - w a v e d is to r t io n o n D e te r m in in g a P A S S o r a F A IL
ix ) T h e t y p e s o f in t e r c o n n e c t in g c a b le s to
b e s u e d a n d th e in te r fa c e p o r t ( o f th e b o o k le t r e c o m m e n d s th a t h o w th is is to b e a n o s c illo s c o p e s c r e e n a t le v e ls o f 2 % o r B e in g a b a s ic te s t m e th o d s ta n d a r d , E N
E U T ) t o w h ic h t h e s e w e r e c o n n e c t e d ; a c h ie v e d a n d v e r if ie d s h o u ld a ls o b e m o re . 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 c a n n o t s p e c ify h o w t o d e t e r m in e
x ) T h e p e r f o r m a n c e c r it e r ia t h a t h a v e r e c o r d e d in t h e te s t p la n . w h e t h e r a n E U T h a s p a s s e d o r fa ile d it s
E v a lu a tio n o f th e te s t r e s u lts
b e e n a p p lie d ; It is a lw a y s a g o o d id e a to c r e a te a te s t t e s ts 2 b u t s e llin g a e q u ip m e n t w it h a d a t a
x i) A d e s c r ip tio n o f th e E U T e x e r c is in g p la n w e ll b e f o r e t h e p la n n e d d a t e s o f t h e C la u s e 9 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 re q u ir e s th e s h e e t t h a t s a y s it a c h ie v e s c la s s if ic a tio n d )
m e th o d . te s ts , to h e lp id e n tify te s tin g a n d E U T 's f u n c t io n a l p e r f o rm a n c e d u r in g a n d ( s e e a b o v e ) is p o t e n tia lly m is le a d in g t o a n
m o n it o r in g r e q u ir e m e n t s w h ils t th e r e s t ill a fte r e a c h te s t to b e a s s e s s e d a g a in s t u n in f o r m e d p u r c h a s e r , a n d a jo k e t o a n y
E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 m a k e s th e p o in t th a t it m a y p e r f o r m a n c e s p e c if ic a tio n s d e f in e d b y its p u r c h a s e r w h o is f a m ilia r w it h t h e s t a n d a r d .
b e n e c e s s a ry to p e rfo rm s o m e e n o u g h t im e t o m a k e c h a n g e s , h ir e
e q u ip m e n t , p e r f o r m p r e lim in a r y t e s t s , e t c . m a n u fa c tu re r (o r th e p e rs o n w h o C la s s if ic a tio n d ) s h o u ld n e v e r b e
in v e s tig a to ry te s tin g t o e s ta b lis h s o m e re q u e s te d th e te s t). It re c o m m e n d s th a t a s s o c ia t e d w it h a P A S S r e s u lt .
a s p e c ts o f th e te s t p la n . T h is h e lp s t o a v o id w a s t in g t im e s o r t in g
o u t u n fo r e s e e n p r o b le m s w h ils t p a y in g t h e r e s u lt s b e c la s s if ie d a c c o r d in g to th e
f o llo w in g s c h e m e … E q u ip m e n t e x p e c t e d to o p e r a t e
T h is b o o k le t a ls o r e c o m m e n d s th a t t h e te s t p r e m iu m te s t la b o r a to r y r a te s . a u t o m a t ic a lly a n d u n a t t e n d e d f o r s e v e r a l
p la n in c lu d e s … a ) N o rm a l p e rfo rm a n c e w it h in t h e h o u r s o r lo n g e r w o u ld p r o b a b ly h a v e t o
T h e te s t p ro c e d u re s p e c if ic a tio n lim its ;
x ii) T h e t y p e d e s ig n a t io n o f t h e E U T a c h ie v e a ) o r b ) fo r a P A S S . B u t if t h e
x iii) I n f o r m a t io n o n t h e c o n n e c tio n s t o b e T h e t e s t p r o c e d u r e is v e r y s im p le : o n c e b ) T e m p o r a r y d e g r a d a t io n o r lo s s o f e q u ip m e n t w a s a lw a y s u s e d b y a n
m a d e ( t y p e s o f p lu g s , t e r m in a ls , e t c . ) t h e E U T a n d t h e ( v e r if ie d ) t e s t g e n e ra to r f u n c t io n o r p e r f o r m a n c e , w h ic h is s e lf - o p e r a t o r , it m ig h t b e p o s s ib le to c la im a
p lu s in f o r m a t io n o n th e ir a r e s e t u p a s d e s c r ib e d a b o v e , a n d th e r e c o v e r a b le ; P A S S r e s u lt w h e n its p e r f o r m a n c e o n t h e
c o r r e s p o n d in g c a b le s a n d a n y o th e r e q u ip m e n t r e q u ir e d t o m o n it o r t h e c ) T e m p o r a r y d e g r a d a t io n o r lo s s o f im m u n ity te s t s w a s c ) 2 u n le s s t h e y c o u ld
a c c e s s o r ie s ( e . g . g e n d e r - c h a n g e r s ) o p e r a t io n o f t h e E U T is in p la c e , th e E U T f u n c t io n o r p e r f o r m a n c e w h ic h r e q u ir e s b e s o v e r y u n s k ille d th a t t h e y c o u ld n o t b e
x iv ) T h e o p e r a tio n a l m o d e s o f th e E U T fo r is o p e r a te d in e a c h o f it s n o r m a l m o d e s o f o p e r a to r in te r v e n tio n o r s y s te m re s e t; e x p e c te d to k n o w h o w to re s to re n o rm a l
th e te s ts ( r e m e m b e r in g th a t e a c h o f o p e r a t io n in t u r n , f u lly lo a d e d a n d d ) D e g r a d a tio n o r lo s s o f fu n c tio n w h ic h is o p e r a t io n 2 in w h ic h c a s e a ) o r b ) w o u ld
t h e E U T s o p e r a t io n a l m o d e s a r e t o b e c o n n e c t e d t o a u x ilia r y e q u ip m e n t th a t n o t r e c o v e r a b le d u e t o d a m a g e o f b e r e q u ir e d .
te s te d , u n le s s w o r s t- c a s e m o d e s h a v e s im u la t e s its r e a l- lif e a p p lic a t io n s . A e q u ip m e n t ( c o m p o n e n ts ) o r s o ftw a re ,
c o m p le te s e q u e n c e o f c o n d u c t e d R F te s ts o r lo s s o f d a ta . If th e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f m o m e n ta ry e rro rs
a lr e a d y b e e n e s t a b lis h e d )
is th e n a p p lie d t o e a c h c a b le in t u r n , a s o r n o n - fu n c t io n a lit y w e r e c o n s id e r e d to b e
d e s c r ib e d e a r lie r . v e r y u n d e s ir a b le , a ) m ig h t b e t h e o n ly
F ilte r in g , s h ie ld in g , a n d is o la tin g tr a n s fo r m e r s
4 1 14 62
o p t io n . B u t if t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s w e r e · I d e n t ific a t io n o f t h e E U T , e . g . b r a n d T e s t la b o r a to r ie s d o in g f u ll c o m p lia n c e A s e le c tio n o f ty p ic a l R E O F ilte r s fo r
a c c e p ta b le , th e n b ) o r c ) m ig h t b e n a m e , p r o d u c t t y p e , s e r ia l n u m b e r , t e s ts to E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 w o u ld p e r f o r m th e A C s u p p lie s
c o n s id e r e d a P A S S . s o ftw a r e v e r s io n , e tc . t e s ts in s id e a s h ie ld e d c h a m b e r , w it h
s p e c if ie d d is t a n c e s b e t w e e n t h e m e t a l
E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 r e q u ir e s th a t th e E U T n o t · I d e n t ific a t io n o f t h e a u x ilia r y a n d te s t
w a lls a n d t h e E U T t o c o n t r o l t h e s t r a y
b e c o m e d a n g e r o u s o r u n s a f e a s a r e s u lt o f e q u ip m e n t , e . g . b r a n d n a m e , p r o d u c t
c o u p lin g . B u t c o n d u c t e d R F im m u n it y t e s ts
its t e s t s . A lt h o u g h n o t m e n t io n e d t h is ty p e , s e r ia l n u m b e r
a r e o fte n d o n e o u ts id e s u c h c h a m b e r s o r
b o o k le t a ls o r e c o m m e n d s t h a t a F A I L
· A n y s p e c ia l e n v ir o n m e n t a l c o n d it io n s in o n - s it e ( e . g . f o r d ia g n o s tic s o r w h e n
r e s u lt is r e c o r d e d if th e E U T e m it s a n y
w h ic h th e t e s t w a s p e r f o r m e d , e .g . c o lle c t in g t e s t e v id e n c e t o s u p p o r t a
s m o k e o r v a p o u r , o r o th e r w is e d is p la y s
in s id e a s h ie ld e d e n c lo s u r e T e c h n ic a l C o n s t r u c t io n F ile f o r a la r g e
a n y b e h a v io u r t h a t is c le a r ly u n a c c e p ta b le
s y s t e m o r a n in s t a lla tio n ) .
2 e v e n if th e is s u e c o n c e r n e d is n o t · A n y s p e c if ic c o n d itio n s n e c e s s a r y t o
c o v e r e d in th e a g r e e d p e r fo r m a n c e e n a b le th e te s t to b e p e r fo r m e d O f c o u r s e , t h e p r o d u c t b e in g t e s t e d m u s t
s p e c if ic a tio n . o p e r a t e p r o p e r ly in t h e f ir s t p la c e , a n d if
· T h e p e r f o r m a n c e s p e c if ic a t io n s d e fin e d y o u a r e te s tin g o n a s ite th a t s u ffe r s fr o m
T e s t R e p o rt b y th e m a n u fa c tu re r, th e re q u e s to r o f h ig h le v e ls o f e le c t r o m a g n e t ic 'n o is e ' it
T h e p o in t o f a T e s t R e p o r t is t h a t it s h o u ld th e te s t, o r th e p u rc h a s e r m a y b e n e c e s s a r y t o u s e f ilt e r in g a n d
a llo w t h e te s t to b e r e p lic a te d e x a c t ly , b y s h ie ld in g t e c h n iq u e s t o b e a b le t o
· A n y e ffe c ts o n th e E U T o b s e r v e d d u r in g
a n y o n e , a t a n y t im e in t h e f u t u r e . S o a n y d is t in g u is h b e tw e e n th e e f fe c t s o f t h e
o r a fte r th e a p p lic a t io n o f th e te s t
in f o r m a t io n n e e d e d t o a c h ie v e t h is s h o u ld a m b ie n t n o is e a n d th e e ffe c ts o f th e te s t. If
d is tu rb a n c e s , a n d th e d u r a tio n fo r w h ic h
b e in c lu d e d in it . I t m a y o n ly b e n e c e s s a r y th is is th e c a s e , th e r e a r e a n u m b e r o f
th e s e e ffe c ts p e r s is t e d
to re fe re n c e o th e r d o c u m e n ts (s u c h a s is s u e s t h a t w ill n e e d t o b e t a k e n in t o
c a lib r a t io n r e c o r d s f o r t h e t e s t e q u ip m e n t) · T h e r a t io n a le fo r th e p a s s /fa il d e c is io n a c c o u n t t o s u p p r e s s t h e in te r f e r in g
a n d n o t in c lu d e t h e m in t h e T e s t R e p o r t 2 (b a s e d o n th e p e r f o r m a n c e c r it e r io n f r e q u e n c ie s e f f e c t iv e ly . S u it a b le f ilt e r in g
a s lo n g a s t h e in f o r m a t io n in t h e T e s t s p e c if ie d in t h e g e n e r ic , p r o d u c t o r a n d s h ie ld in g te c h n iq u e s a r e d e s c r ib e d in
R e p o r t a llo w s a ll th e n e c e s s a r y in fo r m a t io n p ro d u c t - f a m ily s ta n d a rd , o r a g re e d [1 9 ].
to b e d is c o v e r e d . b e tw e e n th e m a n u fa c tu re r a n d th e
A n is s u e t h a t is o f te n o v e r lo o k e d is t h a t t h e
p u rc h a s e r, o r o th e r p e rs o n w h o
T h e re a re n u m e ro u s re fe re n c e s th ro u g h o u t c a b le s a n d E U T s th a t a r e h a v in g R F
re q u e s te d th e te s t)
E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 to w h a t s h o u ld b e in c lu d e d v o lt a g e s a n d c u r r e n t s in je c t e d in t o t h e m
in th e T e s t R e p o rt, e s p e c ia lly C la u s e 8 . · A n y th in g t h a t w a s r e q u ir e d t o a c h ie v e d u r in g t h e t e s t w ill r a d ia te s o m e o f t h is in t o
B u t a lth o u g h t h e t it le o f C la u s e 9 in c lu d e s c o m p lia n c e , fo r e x a m p le s p e c ific t h e a ir , p o s s ib ly c a u s in g a n in te r f e r e n c e
th e w o r d s 'T e s t R e p o r t ' it d o e s n o t in c lu d e c o n d it io n o f u s e ; c o n n e c to r ty p e , c a b le n u is a n c e . S o m e p e o p le a r e o f t h e o p in io n
a lis t o f re q u ir e m e n t s . ty p e a n d /o r m a x im u m le n g t h ; a d d it io n a l t h a t a ll s u c h t e s tin g s h o u ld o n ly b e d o n e
s h ie ld in g , s u p p r e s s io n , f ilt e r in g o r w h e n a s u it a b le lic e n c e h a s b e e n g r a n t e d I f w o r k in g o n e x p o s e d liv e e q u ip m e n t a n
C la u s e 8 r e q u ir e s th e T e s t R e p o rt to g r o u n d in g ; o r s p e c if ic o p e r a tin g b y th e a p p r o p r ia t e a u t h o r it ie s . S o s h ie ld in g is o la tin g tr a n s fo r m e r m a y b e a b le to b e
in c lu d e t h e T e s t P la n in f o r m a t io n it lis t s c o n d it io n s a n d f ilt e r in g t e c h n iq u e s m a y a ls o b e u s e d to h e lp r e d u c e e le c tr ic s h o c k
( s e e i) 2 x i) in t h e 't e s t p la n ' lis t a b o v e ) , r e q u ir e d t o p r e v e n t in t e r f e r e n c e f r o m h a z a r d s . I t is b e s t t o c h o o s e s p e c ia l 'h ig h
a n d a ls o t o in c lu d e t h e te s t c o n d itio n s a n d I t a ls o is a g o o d id e a t o in c lu d e d e t a ils o f o c c u r r in g . is o la tio n ' ty p e s o f tr a n s fo r m e r s , w h ic h
t e s t r e s u lt s ( in c lu d in g t h e t im e ta k e n t o t h e t e s t g e n e r a t o r 's r o u t in e v e r if ic a t io n h a v e a v e r y lo w v a lu e o f p r im a r y - t o -
re c o v e r fro m a n y d e g r a d a t io n o r lo s s o f Im p o r ta n t S a fe ty N o t e : C a re s h o u ld
( id e a lly d a ily ) in t h e r e p o r t , p lu s a s e c o n d a r y c a p a c it a n c e , p lu s c h o o s e
f u n c t io n o r p e r f o r m a n c e , s e e e a r lie r ) , a n d a lw a y s b e ta k e n n o t to p e rfo rm c o n d u c te d
ju d g e m e n t o n w h e th e r th e te s t g e n e r a to r t r a n s f o r m e r s t h a t a r e r a te d f o r t h e lik e ly
a s ta t e m e n t o f c a lib r a t io n . R F im m u n it y t e s tin g , w h e th e r to E N 6 1 0 0 0 -
w a s fu n c t io n in g c o r r e c t ly b e f o r e a n d s u r g e le v e ls ( a t le a s t 6 k V , u s in g t h e IE C
4 -6 o r a n y o th e r m e th o d , if t h e r e is a
d u r in g th e te s ts , e ith e r in th e T e s t R e p o rt 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 5 te s t m e th o d ) to h e lp e n s u re
T h is b o o k le t r e c o m m e n d s a ls o in c lu d in g in p o s s ib ility t h a t it c o u ld c a u s e in te rfe re n c e
o r in s o m e o t h e r Q A c o n tr o lle d d o c u m e n t. s a fe ty .
t h e T e s t R e p o r t it e m s x ii) 2 x v ii) in t h e r e s u lt in g in a c o s tly e q u ip m e n t fa ilu re o r
't e s t p la n ' lis t a b o v e , p lu s t h e f o llo w in g : in c r e a s e d s a fe ty r is k s to p e o p le .
L o w -c o s t a n d /o r n o n - B u y in g s e c o n d -h a n d
c o m p lia n t te s tin g te s t g e a r W h ic h p o r ts to te s t?

1453 1 6 4 4
R E O is o la tin g tr a n s fo r m e r w ith lo w T e s tin g u s in g a lt e r n a t iv e m e t h o d s f r o m S o m e r e n t a l c o m p a n ie s s e ll o ff t h e ir r e n ta l M o s t o f th e g e n e r ic , p r o d u c t, o r p r o d u c t-
p r im a r y to s e c o n d a r y c a p a c ita n c e s t h o s e in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 c a n n o t g iv e a n y e q u ip m e n t a f t e r a f e w y e a r s , a n d s e c o n d - f a m ily im m u n it y s ta n d a r d s t h a t c a ll u p E N
c o n f id e n c e t h a t “ f u ll- c o m p lia n c e ” t e s t s f o r h a n d t e s t g e a r is a ls o a v a ila b le f r o m a 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 o n ly r e q u ir e c o n d u c te d R F
c o n d u c t e d R F im m u n it y w o u ld b e p a s s e d . n u m b e r o f o th e r s o u r c e s . A n u n - e x p ir e d im m u n ity te s t in g o n p o r t s w h ic h a t t a c h t o
B u t s u c h n o n - c o m p lia n t t e s t s m a y b e c a lib r a t io n c e r t if ic a t e o n a s e c o n d - h a n d c a b le s w h ic h c o u ld b e lo n g e r th a n 1 m e t r e
v a lu a b le f o r im p r o v in g t h e r e lia b ilit y o f a p u r c h a s e is w e ll w o r th h a v in g , if o n ly ( s a y ) . T h e 1 m c a b le le n g t h c o m e s f r o m t h e
p r o d u c t , e s p e c ia lly if t h e y s im u la t e t h e b e c a u s e it m a k e s t h e p o s s ib ilit y o f f a c t t h a t a t t h e u p p e r f r e q u e n c y s e le c t e d
c o n d u c t e d R F v o lt a g e s a n d c u r r e n t s th a t e x p e n s iv e r e p a ir s t o a c h ie v e y o u r f ir s t f o r t h e te s t , u s u a lly 8 0 M H z ( t h e p o in t
c o u ld b e p r e s e n t in it s r e a l- lif e c a lib r a t io n le s s lik e ly . w h e r e r a d ia t e d im m u n ity t e s t in g t a k e s
e le c t r o m a g n e tic e n v ir o n m e n t s . o v e r ) 2 a c a b le s h o r te r th a n 1 m lo n g is
W h e n b u y in g s e c o n d - h a n d im m u n ity te s t ju s t t o o s h o r t t o b e f u lly r e s o n a n t.
M a n y e q u ip m e n t r e n ta l c o m p a n ie s h a v e g e a r it is v e r y im p o r ta n t in d e e d t o c h e c k
s t o c k s o f t h e c a lib r a t e d te s t g e a r n e e d e d t h a t it is c a p a b le o f t e s t in g t h e v e r s io n s o f B u t e v e n th e s h o r te s t c a b le c a n s u ffe r fr o m
t o d o c o n d u c te d R F im m u n it y t e s ts th e s ta n d a rd s th a t y o u n e e d to u s e . S o m e la r g e a m o u n t s o f c o n d u c t e d R F v o lt a g e s
p r o p e r ly , a n d w ill r e n t th e m o u t fo r d a ily , o f t h e te s t g e a r is o n ly a v a ila b le s e c o n d - a n d c u r r e n ts if it is c o n n e c te d to o th e r
w e e k ly , o r m o n t h ly p e r io d s . S o th e e a s ie s t h a n d b e c a u s e it is n o t c a p a b le o f e q u ip m e n t . T h e c o n d u c te d R F m ig h t b e
w a y to p e r fo r m t h e s e t e s t s w it h p e r f o r m in g c o m p lia n t t e s t s t o t h e la te s t c r e a t e d b y th e o th e r ite m o f e q u ip m e n t
r e a s o n a b le a c c u r a c y a n d lo w e s t c o s t is v e r s io n s o f t h e r e le v a n t im m u n ity its e lf , o r it c o u ld h a v e p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e
o fte n to h ir e th e e q u ip m e n t a n d d o th e s ta n d a r d s . S u c h e q u ip m e n t s h o u ld c o s t o th e r e q u ip m e n t f r o m lo n g c a b le s t h a t a r e
t e s ts y o u r s e lf . le s s th a n c o m p lia n t t e s t g e a r , a n d m a y a tta c h e d to it. A ls o , if c o n d u c te d R F
Im p o r t a n t S a f e t y N o t e : A lw a y s t a k e a ll im m u n ity te s t in g is e m p lo y e d a t
s a fe ty p r e c a u tio n s w h e n w o r k in g w ith T h e te s t s e t-u p s fo r c o n d u c te d R F s t ill b e u s e f u l f o r p r e lim in a r y in v e s tig a t io n s
im m u n ity a r e n o t d if fic u lt t o a c h ie v e in a w h e r e m o n e y is t ig h t . f r e q u e n c ie s a b o v e 8 0 M H z , t h e
h a z a r d o u s v o lta g e s , s u c h a s 2 3 0 V o r c o r r e s p o n d in g c a b le le n g t h b e lo w w h ic h
4 0 0 V ( 3 - p h a s e ) e le c tr ic ity . If y o u a r e n o t t y p ic a l m a n u f a c t u r in g c o m p a n y , a s th e y
d o n 't n e c e s s a r ily h a v e t o b e p e r f o r m e d in r e s o n a n t e ffe c ts m ig h t b e a b le to b e
q u ite c e r t a in a b o u t a ll o f th e s e d is r e g a r d e d a ls o s h r in k s . F o r e x a m p le , a t
p r e c a u t io n s o b t a in 2 a n d f o llo w t h e s p e c ia l t e s t c h a m b e r s 2 b u t s e e t h e n o te s
a b o v e a b o u t s h ie ld in g a n d filte r in g 2 3 0 M H z a r e s o n a n t c a b le c a n b e ju s t
g u id a n c e o f a n e le c tr ic a l “ h e a lt h a n d 3 2 6 m m lo n g .
s a fe ty a t w o r k ” e x p e r t. W h e n c o n s tr u c tin g p o s s ib ly b e in g n e e d e d t o p r e v e n t t h e te s t
e q u ip m e n t t h a t e m p lo y s h a z a r d o u s fr o m c a u s in g in te r fe r e n c e . S o th is h a n d b o o k r e c o m m e n d s th a t, to
v o lt a g e s , a lw a y s fu lly a p p ly t h e la t e s t S a v in g m o n e y o n t e s t la b s b y d o in g h e lp m e e t th e P r o te c tio n R e q u ir e m e n ts o f
v e r s io n s o f t h e r e le v a n t p a r t s o f E N t e s tin g y o u r s e lf r e q u ir e s s k ill a n d a tt e n t io n t h e E M C D ir e c t iv e 2 a n d / o r t o h e lp
6 1 0 1 0 - 1 , a t le a s t. t o d e t a il. R F t e s t in g , e s p e c ia lly a b o v e a c h ie v e r e lia b le p r o d u c t s t o r e d u c e
1 0 0 M H z , is d if f ic u lt e n o u g h t o d o w a rra n ty c o s ts a n d k e e p c u s to m e rs
a c c u r a t e ly e v e n o n a p u r p o s e - b u ilt t e s t h a p p ily r e t u r n in g t o b u y m o r e p r o d u c t s 2 it
s it e . S o t h e m o r e m o n e y it is d e s ir e d t o is b e s t to te s t a ll s ig n a l p o r ts t h a t c o u ld b e
s a v e , t h e g r e a t e r w ill b e t h e s k ill a n d c o n n e c t e d t o o t h e r e q u ip m e n t f o r t h e ir
a tt e n t io n t o d e t a il r e q u ir e d . c o n d u c t e d R F im m u n it y w it h t h e r e le v a n t
le v e l a n d fr e q u e n c y r a n g e . It is a ls o
r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t a ll p o r t s t h a t c o u ld
c o n n e c t t o c a b le s lo n g e n o u g h t o b e
r e s o n a n t a t t h e h ig h e s t fr e q u e n c y t o b e
te s te d u s in g th e c o n d u c te d te s t m e th o d s ,
a r e a ls o te s te d .
T e s t a s R e a l L ife (T A R L )

1455 1 6 4 6
A p ro d u c t th a t p a s s e s a te s t to E N 6 1 0 0 0 - F o r e q u ip m e n t w ith a lo w - fr e q u e n c y · M o d u la t io n t y p e s o t h e r t h a n a m p lit u d e · F r e q u e n c ie s a b o v e 8 0 M H z . I t is u s u a lly
4 -6 c a n p r o b a b ly b e a s s u m e d to b e m o re r e s p o n s e ( e . g . m o n it o r in g a n d / o r m o d u la t io n . A w id e v a r ie ty o f a n a lo g u e a s s u m e d th a t c o n d u c te d te s tin g u s in g
im m u n e t o R F f ie ld s b e tw e e n 1 5 0 k H z a n d c o n t r o l o f p h y s ic a l p a r a m e te r s o r a n d d ig ita l R F m o d u la tio n s c h e m e s a r e t h e m e t h o d s in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6
8 0 M H z th a n o n e th a t f a ils th e s a m e te s t 2 p h y s ic a l o b je c t s ) t e s t in g b y k e y in g t h e n o w in u s e , a n d s o m e o f th e m h a v e a d e q u a t e ly c o v e r s im m u n ity b e lo w
b u t p a s s in g a te s t to E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 - 6 d o e s R F ( i. e . p u ls in g it O F F a n d O N a g a in ) a t d if f e r e n t e f f e c ts o n E U T S th a n th e s a m e 8 0 M H z , a n d th a t r a d ia t e d t e s t in g u s in g
n o t p ro v e th a t a p ro d u c t is s u ffic ie n t ly a lo w r a te ( e .g . 1 H z ) c a n b e v e r y le v e l o f R F a t th e s a m e fr e q u e n c y u s in g t h e m e t h o d s in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 3
im m u n e to c o n d u c te d R F in its o p e r a tio n a l r e v e a lin g , a n d s u c h a te s t is u s e d b y a m p lit u d e m o d u la tio n . a d e q u a t e ly c o v e r s im m u n ity a b o v e
E M e n v ir o n m e n t. E N 6 0 6 0 1 - 1 - 2 f o r m e d ic a l in s t r u m e n t s · D iffe r e n tia l R F n o is e c u rre n ts a n d 8 0 M H z . B u t th is is a c r u d e d e m a r c a tio n
t h a t m e a s u r e p h y s io lo g ic a l p a r a m e t e r s . v o lt a g e s 2 s u c h a s c a n b e g e n e ra te d b y th a t c a n n o t b e c o rre c t fo r e v e ry ty p e o f
T o h a v e s u ffic ie n t c o n fid e n c e th a t a E U T . S o it is a g o o d id e a t o in c lu d e a n
p r o d u c t w ill b e s u f f ic ie n t ly im m u n e , it is f ir s t d ig it a l a n d s w it c h -m o d e p ro c e s s e s in s id e
A n a p p r o p r ia te T A R L m e t h o d t h a t is o v e r la p in th e f r e q u e n c y r a n g e s
n e c e s s a r y to a s s e s s its w o r s t- c a s e E M e q u ip m e n t a t t a c h e d to th e E U T b y a
a lr e a d y u s e d in t h e a ir c r a ft in d u s t r y is c a b le . c o v e r e d b y th e c o n d u c te d a n d r a d ia te d
e n v ir o n m e n t o v e r th e p e r io d fo r w h ic h d e s c r ib e d in s e c tio n 2 0 o f R T C A D O - t e s tin g . F o r e x a m p le , D O - 1 6 0 E [ 2 3 ]
r e lia b le o p e r a t io n is r e q u ir e d 2 t h e n a p p ly 1 6 0 E [ 2 3 ] . T h e c o n d u c te d R F n o is e is · M u lt ip le s im u lt a n e o u s t h r e a t s . R F t e s ts c o n d u c t e d s u s c e p tib ilit y f r o m
a p p r o p r ia te E M d e s ig n , v e r if ic a tio n a n d in je c te d in to th e c a b le u s in g a n e x p o s u r e t e n d s t o o c c u r f o r lo n g p e r io d s 1 0 k H z to 4 0 0 M H z , a n d r a d ia te d
t e s t t e c h n iq u e s . G u id a n c e o n a s s e s s in g a n a p p r o p r ia te tr a n s d u c e r , a n d th e o f t im e , a n d d u r in g t h o s e p e r io d s m a in s s u s c e p tib ilit y f r o m 1 0 0 M H z t o 1 8 G H z 2
E M e n v ir o n m e n t c a n b e fo u n d in [2 2 ]. f r e q u e n c y r a n g e to b e t e s t e d ( g e n e r a lly t r a n s ie n ts , e le c t r o - s ta t ic d is c h a r g e , a n d w ith a n o v e r la p b e t w e e n 1 0 0 a n d
1 0 k H z - 4 0 0 M H z ) is c o v e r e d in a s e r ie s o th e r t r a n s ie n t E M d is tu r b a n c e s c a n 4 0 0 M H z o v e r w h ic h b o t h t y p e s o f t e s t s
I t is n o t g e n e r a lly p o s s ib le t o s im u la t e a ll
o f s m a ll fr e q u e n c y s te p s . A t e a c h s te p o c c u r . [ 2 4 ] s h o w s t h a t a n E U T 's a re p e rfo rm e d .
t h e p o s s ib ilit ie s o f t h e r e a l- lif e E M
th e m o d u la tio n fr e q u e n c y is s w e p t im m u n ity d u r in g s u c h s im u lta n e o u s E M
e n v ir o n m e n t, b e c a u s e o f tim e s c a le a n d
( 'c h ir p e d ') o v e r t h e w h o le r a n g e o f t h r e a t s c a n b e m u c h le s s t h a n w h e n o n e · F r e q u e n c ie s b e lo w 1 5 0 k H z . T h e r e a r e
f in a n c ia l lim ita t io n s . H o w e v e r , f in a l t e s t s
f r e q u e n c ie s o v e r w h ic h a n a n a ly s is o f t h r e a t is a p p lie d a t a t im e . B u t a ll t e s t in g m a n y s o u r c e s o f R F n o is e b e lo w
s h o u ld a t t e m p t to s im u la t e th e m a jo r
t h e p r o d u c t h a s s h o w n it c o u ld b e to IE C /E N im m u n ity s ta n d a r d s a s s u m e s 1 5 0 k H z , s u c h a s c o m m u ta to r (d .c .)
f e a t u r e s o f th e r e a l- lif e E M e n v ir o n m e n t ,
'e s p e c ia lly s e n s it iv e '. T h e r a t e o f t h e o n e th r e a t a t a tim e . m o t o r s , v a r ia b le - s p e e d a . c . a n d d . c .
f o r t h e m to p r o v id e a n y c o n fid e n c e a t a ll.
W e m ig h t c a ll th is a p p r o a c h : T A R L , s h o r t m o d u la t io n 'c h ir p ' d e p e n d s o n t h e m o to r s d r iv e s b a s e d o n p u ls e - w id th
· H ig h le v e ls o f R F . C lo s e to a p o w e r fu l
f o r T e s t A s R e a l L if e . r e s p o n s e t im e s o f t h e p r o d u c t fu n c t io n s m o d u la t io n , e n e r g y c o n t r o ls u s in g
R F t r a n s m it t e r , t h e R F f ie ld s t r e n g t h c a n
b e in g te s te d . p h a s e - a n g le o r b u r s t - f ir e d c o n t r o l,
b e m u c h h ig h e r th a n th e 1 V /m , 3 V /m o r
T h e t y p e s o f c o n d u c te d R F n o is e t h a t E N s w itc h - m o d e p o w e r c o n v e r te r s ( b o th
T h e u p p e r lim it o f t h e m o d u la t io n 1 0 V / m ( in in d u s t r ia l lo c a t io n s ) a s s u m e d
6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 d o e s n o t te s t fo r in c lu d e t h e o ff - lin e a n d D C / D C , in c lu d in g t h e s o -
f r e q u e n c y n e e d b e n o h ig h e r th a n th e b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 . W it h in 1 0 0 m m o f a
f o llo w in g … . c a lle d 'e le c t r o n ic t r a n s f o r m e r s ' u s e d in
lo w e s t R F fr e q u e n c y te s te d . S o m e c e llp h o n e a n t e n n a t h e fie ld s tr e n g t h c a n
d o m e s t ic lo w - v o lt a g e lig h t in g ) , a n d
· M o d u la t io n f r e q u e n c ie s o t h e r t h a n 1 k H z . c o m p a n ie s in je c t R F in t o th e ir c ir c u it s to e x c e e d 3 0 V / m , a n d a t th is d is t a n c e f r o m
m a in s r e c t if ie r s . M a n y o f t h e s e e m it a
T h e m o d u la tio n fr e q u e n c y o f a n R F d is c o v e r w h a t in te r n a l f r e q u e n c ie s t h e y m o r e p o w e r fu l h a n d h e ld tr a n s m itte r s
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s w it c h in g r a t e . B e lo w 1 5 0 k H z , E N
it is c lo s e t o o n e o f t h e p r o d u c t 's in t e r n a l th o s e fr e q u e n c ie s r a th e r th a n a f u ll- s y s t e m s , e m e r g e n c y s e r v ic e s , C B a n d
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o p e r a t in g f r e q u e n c ie s ( o r t h e ir s w e e p c h ir p , t o s a v e tim e . A m a te u r R a d io e n t h u s ia s ts ) t h e f ie ld s
in s t e a d o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 , b u t t h is is
h a r m o n ic s ) s u s c e p t ib ilit y c a n in c r e a s e w ill b e e v e n h ig h e r s till. W ith in a f e w
o n c e a g a in a c o m m o n - m o d e te s t
b y 2 0 d B , 4 0 d B o r p o s s ib ly m o r e . I n te r n a l A ls o a t e a c h f r e q u e n c y s t e p , th e R F m e t r e s o f a v e h ic le - m o u n te d t r a n s m it t e r ,
m e th o d , a n d a lo t o f th e n o is e s o u r c e s
o p e r a t in g f r e q u e n c ie s in c lu d e d ig ita l w a v e f o r m is a p p lie d u n m o d u la t e d f o r a f ie ld s c a n b e h ig h e r t h a n 1 0 0 V /m
a t t h e s e lo w f r e q u e n c ie s c a n g iv e r is e t o
c lo c k s , t a p e b ia s o s c illa t o r s , R F t im e , a n d t h e n s w it c h e d O F F a n d O N ( e s p e c ia lly t h e ille g a l h ig h - p o w e r C B
d if f e r e n t ia l- m o d e n o is e .
o s c illa t o r s ( in c lu d in g f ly b a c k g e n e r a t o r s a g a in a t a 1 H z r a t e w it h a 5 0 % m a rk - tr a n s m itte r s u s e d b y s o m e tr u c k e r s ,
in T V s a n d V D U m o n it o r s ) , a n d t h e s p a c e r a tio . In e a c h c a s e th e te s t is w h ic h c a n g e n e r a t e 1 5 0 V / m a t a · T e s tin g a t lo w e r le v e ls . A ll ty p e s o f
e n t ir e b a n d w id t h s o f a n y a n a lo g u e a p p lie d fo r lo n g e n o u g h f o r th e E U T d is t a n c e o f a r o u n d 3 m ) . C lo s e t o f ix e d s e m ic o n d u c to r c ir c u its o f a ll ty p e s
c ir c u it s . f u n c t io n s c o n c e r n e d t o r e s p o n d r a d io a n d T V t r a n s m it t e r s , a n d “ I S M ” b e h a v e n o n - lin e a r ly w h e n e x p o s e d to
s ig n ific a n tly . e q u ip m e n t u s e d f o r R F p r o c e s s in g R F 2 s o it is p o s s ib le fo r a c ir c u it t o
m a te r ia ls in in d u s tr y a n d m e d ic in e , fie ld s s u ffe r e rro rs o r m a lfu n c t io n s a t a lo w
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le v e l o f e x p o s u r e , w h ils t o p e r a tin g a s C o n d u c te d n o is e fr o m c o n n e c te d b ) R F a n d / o r m o d u la t io n f r e q u e n c ie s t h a t
in t e n d e d a t t h e m a x im u m t e s t le v e l. T h is e q u ip m e n t w ill b e p r e s e n t a t m u lt ip le c o r r e s p o n d t o a ll o f t h e 'e s p e c ia lly
fa c t is r e c o g n is e d b y m o s t o f th e f r e q u e n c ie s 2 s w itc h - m o d e p o w e r s e n s it iv e f r e q u e n c ie s ' u s e d b y t h e E U T
t r a n s ie n t t e s t m e t h o d s in t h e 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 c o n v e r te r s a n d d ig ita l c lo c k s g e n e r a te a
s e r ie s , b u t n o t b y it s c o n t in u o u s t e s t c o m b o f fr e q u e n c ie s b a s e d o n th e ir c ) E U T e x e r c is in g m e t h o d s t h a t c h e c k a ll
m e th o d s ta n d a rd s (s u c h a s E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 - s w it c h in g r a t e . M a n y m o d e r n p r o d u c t s f u n c t io n s r e m a in c a p a b le o f o p e r a t in g
6 ) . L o w e r le v e l E M th r e a ts a r e m o r e h a v e m u lt ip le d ig it a l c lo c k s , a n d m u lt ip le c o r r e c tly th r o u g h o u t th e te s ts , a s
c o m m o n t h a n h ig h le v e l o n e s , s o te s t in g o ff - lin e a n d D C / D C s w itc h - m o d e d e s c r ib e d in t h e s e c t io n o n 'E x e r c is in g
w ith lo w e r le v e ls , a s w e ll a s a t t h e c o n v e r t e r s , e a c h o f t h e m e m it t in g a c o m b t h e E U T d u r in g t h e t e s t s ' e a r lie r . I t m a y
m a x im u m , c o u ld h e lp e n s u r e r e lia b le o f f r e q u e n c ie s . T h e m o d u la t io n o f a g iv e n in s te a d b e a c c e p ta b le in s o m e
o p e r a t io n . R F f r e q u e n c y w ill o f t e n c o n t a in t w o o r c ir c u m s t a n c e s f o r ju s t t h e p r o te c t iv e
m o r e f r e q u e n c ie s s im u lt a n e o u s ly , r e s u lt in g f u n c t io n s ( e . g . 'a la r m ', 's a f e s h u t d o w n ',
· I n t e n t io n a l R F t h r e a t s . S o m e in m u lt ip le d e m o d u la t e d f r e q u e n c ie s in s id e e tc .) t o r e m a in c a p a b le o f o p e r a tin g
m a n u f a c t u r e r s w ill n e e d to w o r r y a b o u t t h e E U T . In t e r m o d u la t io n b e t w e e n m u ltip le c o r r e c tly th r o u g h o u t th e te s ts .
t h e p o s s ib ilit y o f b a d p e o p le t r y in g to R F s o u r c e s w ill r e s u lt in m a n y n e w … t h e n t h e r e is a g o o d c h a n c e t h a t
in t e r f e r e w it h t h e ir p r o d u c t s , a n d t h is h a s f r e q u e n c ie s b e in g g e n e r a t e d in s id e th e p r o b le m s d u e t o m u ltip le in t e r fe r e n c e w it h
b e e n a b ig c o n c e r n f o r g a m b lin g E U T . D e m o d u la t io n a n d in t e r m o d u la t io n t h e E U T 's 'e s p e c ia lly s e n s it iv e
m a c h in e r y m a n u f a c tu r e r s f o r m a n y f r e q u e n c ie s c a n o c c u r o v e r t h e w h o le f r e q u e n c ie s ', w ill n o t o c c u r in r e a l lif e . B u t
y e a r s . T h e IE C is b e g in n in g t o p u b lis h s p e c tr u m fr o m d .c . to G H z , a n d a t th e lo w it c a n b e h a r d t o k n o w if th e w o r s t - c a s e
s ta n d a r d s d e s c r ib in g th e s e ty p e s o f f r e q u e n c y e n d c a n c a u s e p r o b le m s f o r E M e n v ir o n m e n t h a s b e e n c o r r e c tly
t h r e a t s , a n d h o w t o t e s t f o r t h e m , in it s lo w - f r e q u e n c y in s t r u m e n ta t io n a n d a u d io - a s s e s s e d , a n d c o m p le x c ir c u it s c a n
6 1 0 0 0 - 5 s e r ie s o f s t a n d a r d s . I E C 6 1 0 0 0 - f r e q u e n c y f u n c t io n s . s o m e tim e s b e h a v e in u n fo r e s e e n w a y s
5 - 1 p r o v id e s a n in tr o d u c t io n t o t h is w h e n in t e r fe r e d w it h , s o w h e r e h ig h
is s u e , in c lu d in g a ta b le s h o w in g t h e S o th e r e a r e m a n y p o s s ib le w a y s in w h ic h
r e lia b ilit y o r s a f e ty is r e q u ir e d it is
t y p e s o f t h r e a ts a n d t h e ir a m p lit u d e s a n d t w o o r m o r e o f a n E U T 's e s p e c ia lly
r e c o m m e n d e d t o d e s ig n t h e E U T s o a s to
f r e q u e n c ie s . s e n s it iv e in t e r n a l f r e q u e n c ie s c o u ld b e
e n s u r e t h a t m u lt ip le s im u lta n e o u s
in t e r f e r e d w it h in r e a l lif e . T e s t in g o v e r th e
in t e r f e r e n c e s w ill n o t r e s u lt in a
F in a lly , t h e is s u e o f m u lt ip le t h r e a t w h o le r a n g e w it h a s in g le R F f r e q u e n c y ,
p r o b le m a tic o u tc o m e .
f r e q u e n c ie s n e e d s t o b e c o n s id e r e d . N e a r u s in g s in g le f r e q u e n c y m o d u la tio n ( e v e n if
a n y r a d io o r T V b r o a d c a s t a n te n n a o r R F c h ir p e d , a s a b o v e ) d o e s n o t t e s t s u c h
c o m m u n ic a t io n s b a s e s ta t io n t h e r e w ill b e p o s s ib ilitie s , w h ic h c o u ld h a v e d iff e r e n t
m u lt ip le R F t h r e a t f r e q u e n c ie s a t t h e s a m e in t e r f e r e n c e b e h a v io u r .
t im e . E x a m p le s o f o th e r p o s s ib ly
s im u lt a n e o u s R F s o u r c e s in a t y p ic a l T h is is o n e a r e a in w h ic h in c re a s e d te s tin g
m o d e r n h o m e , o f fic e , o r r o a d s id e in c lu d e is n o t a v iab le o p tio n 2 b e c a u s e th e te s ts
m ic r o w a v e c o o k e r s , W i- F i a n d B lu e to o th w o u ld ta k e m u c h to o lo n g a n d c o s t m u c h
t r a n s m it te r s , a n d c e llp h o n e s . In m e d ic a l to o m u c h . B u t if th e c o n d u c te d R F te s tin g
a n d in d u s t r ia l lo c a t io n s , a n d a ls o in / n e a r is p e rfo r m e d a s d e s c r ib e d a b o v e , u s in g …
b e a u t y s a lo n s u s in g d e p ila t o r s t h e r e c a n
a ls o b e s ig n if ic a n t R F t h r e a t s f r o m “ I S M ” a ) T e s t le v e ls a n d R F fre q u e n c ie s th a t
e q u ip m e n t ( c o v e r e d b y t h e s c o p e o f e x c e e d th e w o rs t-c a s e o p e r a t io n a l E M
C IP S R 1 1 o r E N 5 5 0 1 1 ) th a t u s e R F e n v ir o n m e n t, b y th e a m o u n t o f th e
e n e r g y t o p r o c e s s m a t e r ia ls . m e a s u re m e n t u n c e r t a in ty p lu s th e
v a r ia t io n in u n it - t o - u n it E M C
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[1 ] IE C 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 :1 9 9 6 “E le c t r o m a g n e t ic [ 7 ] E x a m p le s o f in t e r f e r e n c e f r o m [1 3 ] “E M C T e s tin g P a r t 4 2 R a d ia te d [2 1 ] “E M C fo r S y s te m s a n d I n s t a lla t io n s 2
C o m p a t ib ilit y ( E M C ) 2 P a rt 4 : T e s t in g b r o a d c a s t in g t r a n s m it t e r s c a n b e fo u n d in Im m u n ity ” , T im W illia m s a n d K e it h P a r t 4 2 F ilte r in g a n d S h ie ld in g ” , K e it h
a n d M e a s u re m e n t T e c h n iq u e s 2 S e c tio n t h e “ B a n a n a S k in s C o m p e n d iu m ” , v ia a lin k A rm s tro n g , E M C & C o m p lia n c e J o u r n a l, A rm s tro n g , E M C & C o m p lia n c e J o u r n a l,
6 : Im m u n ity to C o n d u c te d D is tu rb a n c e s , f r o m w w w . c o m p lia n c e - c lu b .c o m o r a t: A u g u s t 2 0 0 1 a n d O c to b e r 2 0 0 1 . O n - lin e a t A u g u s t 2 0 0 0 , p a g e s 1 7 -2 6 , h ttp ://w w w .
In d u c e d b y R a d io F r e q u e n c y F ie ld s ” h tt p :/ / w w w . c o m p lia n c e - c lu b . c o m /a r c h iv e 1 h ttp ://w w w . c o m p lia n c e - c lu b . c o m / K e ith c o m p lia n c e - c lu b .c o m / K e it h A r m s t r o n g
/ B a n a n a s k in s . h tm , e s p e c ia lly ( a t th e tim e o f A rm s tro n g P o r t fo lio P o r t f o lio .
[2 ] E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -6 :1 9 9 6 “ E le c t r o m a g n e t ic w r it in g ) n u m b e r s : 1 4 2 , 1 4 3 , 2 5 1 a n d 2 5 2 .
C o m p a t ib ilit y ( E M C ) 2 P a rt 4 : T e s t in g [ 1 4 ] “ C h a m b e r E x it F ilt e r s f o r R a d ia te d [2 2 ] “A s s e s s in g a n E M E n v ir o n m e n t ” , K e it h
a n d M e a s u re m e n t T e c h n iq u e s 2 S e c t io n [ 8 ] “ T w o D im e n s io n a l S im u la t io n a n d E M C T e s t in g ” R ic h a r d M a r s h a ll, E M C A rm s tro n g , d o w n lo a d f r o m t h e 'P u b lic a t io n s
6 : Im m u n ity to C o n d u c t e d D is t u r b a n c e s , M e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e C o u p lin g o f B lu e t o o t h 2 0 0 0 C o n fe re n c e , Y o rk 1 0 /1 1 J u ly 2 0 0 0 , a n d D o w n lo a d s ' p a g e a t
In d u c e d b y R a d io F re q u e n c y F ie ld s ” S ig n a ls In t o C o n d u c t iv e S t r u c t u r e s ” , h ttp ://w w w .y o rk e m c .c o .u k . In fo rm a t io n o n h ttp ://w w w .c h e r ry c lo u g h . c o m .
A . S c h o o f , T . S t a d le r , J . L . t e r H a s e b o r g , t h e s e f ilt e r s a ls o a t : h tt p : // w w w . d e s ig n -
[ 3 ] E u r o p e a n U n io n D ir e c t iv e 8 9 / 3 3 6 /E E C e m c .c o .u k . [ 2 3 ] “ E n v ir o n m e n ta l C o n d it io n s a n d T e s t
I E E E 2 0 0 3 E M C S y m p o s iu m , B o s t o n , P r o c e d u r e s f o r A ir b o r n e E q u ip m e n t ” ,
( a s a m e n d e d ) o n E le c tr o m a g n e tic A u g u s t 2 0 0 3 , S y m p o s iu m R e c o r d [1 5 ] “T h e E M - C la m p a s E c o n o m ic a lly R T C A / D O - 1 6 0 E , D e c e m b e r 9 th 2 0 0 4 ,
C o m p a t ib ilit y . T h e D ir e c t iv e 's o f f ic ia l E U IS B N :0 -7 8 0 3 -7 8 3 5 -0 p p 2 5 8 -2 6 2 . F e a s ib le T o o l f o r S u s c e p t ib ility A n a ly s is ” , h ttp ://w w w .rtc a .o rg
h o m e p a g e in c lu d e s a d o w n lo a d a b le
[ 9 ] “ E le c t r o m a g n e t ic C o m p a t ib ility A s p e c t s N . M o n te y n e a n d J . C a try s s e , E M C
v e r s io n o f th e E M C D ir e c tiv e ; a ta b le o f a ll [2 4 ] “ C o m b in e d E ffe c ts o f S e v e ra l,
o f R a d io - b a s e d M o b ile E u ro p e 2 0 0 0 S y m p o s iu m , B r u g g e , S e p 1 1 -
t h e E N s ta n d a r d s lis t e d u n d e r t h e S im u lt a n e o u s , E M I C o u p lin g s ”, M ic h e l
T e le c o m m u n ic a t io n s S y s t e m s ” fin a l r e p o r t , 1 5 2 0 0 0 , IS B N 9 0 -7 6 0 1 9 -1 4 -2 .
D ir e c tiv e ; a g u id a n c e d o c u m e n t o n h o w to M
a r d ig u ia n , 2 0 0 0 IE E E In te r n a tio n a l
a p p ly t h e D ir e c t iv e ; lis t s o f a p p o in t e d L IN K P e r s o n a l C o m m u n ic a t io n s [1 6 ] “D e s k -to p Im m u n ity T e s t in g a n d S y m p o s iu m o n E M C , W a s h in g to n D .C .,
E M C C o m p e te n t B o d ie s ; a n d p r o g r e s s o n P ro g ra m m e , U n iv e r s ity o f Y o r k D ia g n o s t ic s ” R ic h a r d M a r s h a ll, IE E A
u g u s t 2 1 -2 5 2 0 0 0 , IS B N 0 -7 8 0 3 -5 6 8 0 -2 ,
t h e 2 n d E d itio n E M C D ir e c t iv e ; a ll a t: h ttp ://w w w .e m c .y o rk .a c .u k /re p o rts / C o llo q u iu m o n 'I n - H o u s e E M C p p . 1 8 1 -1 8 4 .
h ttp ://e u r o p a .e u .in t/c o m m /e n te r p r is e / lin k p c p /c o n te n ts .h tm l M e a s u re m e n ts a n d D ia g n o s t ic s ', S a v o y
e le c t r _ e q u ip m e n t / e m c / in d e x . h t m . [ 1 0 ] “ W h y E M C T e s tin g is I n a d e q u a te fo r P la c e L o n d o n 1 4 th N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 0 , IE E E N a n d IE C s ta n d a rd s m a y b e p u rc h a s e d
F u n c t io n a l S a fe t y ” , K e it h A r m s tro n g , IE E E R e fe re n c e : 0 0 /0 9 2 ( s a le s @ ie e . o r g .u k ) f r o m t h e B r it is h S t a n d a r d s I n s t it u tio n ( B S I)
[ 4 ] T h e I E E 's 2 0 0 0 g u id e : “ E M C & a t: o r d e r s @ b s i- g lo b a l.c o m . T o e n q u ir e
2 0 0 4 In te r n a tio n a l E M C S y m p o s iu m , S a n ta [ 1 7 ] “ A N e w A p p r o a c h t o C o u p lin g /
F u n c t io n a l S a fe t y ” , c a n b e d o w n lo a d e d a s a b o u t a p r o d u c t o r s e r v ic e c a ll B S I
C la r a , A u g u s t 9 - 1 3 2 0 0 4 . A ls o : C o n fo rm ity D e c o u p lin g N e t w o r k s fo r E M C T e s t in g ” R
a 'C o r e ' d o c u m e n t p lu s n in e 'I n d u s t r y C u s to m e r S e r v ic e s o n + 4 4 ( 0 ) 2 0 8 9 9 6
m a g a z in e , M a r c h 2 0 0 5 p p 1 5 -2 3 , C M a r s h a ll, Y o r k E M C 9 9 , J u ly 1 9 9 9 .
A n n e x e s ' f r o m h t t p :/ / w w w . ie e . o r g / P o lic y / 9 0 0 1 o r e - m a il th e m a t c s e r v ic e s @ b s i-
d o w n lo a d a b le v ia
A r e a s / E m c / in d e x .c f m . I t is r e c o m m e n d e d [ 1 8 ] “ S u b je c t in g F a ilu r e M o d e s in I m m u n it y g lo b a l. c o m . IE C s t a n d a r d s m a y b e
h ttp ://w w w .c o n fo r m ity .c o m .
t h a t e v e r y o n e d o w n lo a d s t h e 'C o r e ' T e s ts to U n c e r t a in t y A n a ly s is ” . B r ia n p u r c h a s e d w it h a c r e d it c a r d f r o m t h e o n -
d o c u m e n t a n d a t le a s t r e a d s its fir s t fe w [ 1 1 ] “ T h e I E E 's T r a in in g C o u r s e o n E M C J o n e s , T h e E M C & C o m p lia n c e J o u r n a l, lin e b o o k s t o r e a t w w w .ie c .c h , a n d m a n y o f
p a g e s . C o m p ly in g w it h t h is I E E g u id e f o r F u n c t io n a l S a fe t y ( a ls o f o r h ig h - J u n e 1 9 9 7 , P a g e s 7 - 1 0 , w w w . c o m p lia n c e - t h e m c a n b e d e liv e r e d b y e m a il w it h in t h e
c o u ld r e d u c e e x p o s u r e t o lia b ilit y c la im s . r e lia b ilit y a n d le g a l m e tr o lo g y ) ” , v is it c lu b .c o m . h o u r.
h tt p :/ / w w w . ie e . o r g fo r th e ir e v e n t c a le n d a r
[ 5 ] “ E M C - r e la te d F u n c t io n a l S a fe ty 2 to c h e c k th e d a te o f th e n e x t c o u rs e . If n o [ 1 9 ] “ E M C f o r S y s t e m s a n d I n s t a lla t io n s ” ,
A n U p d a t e ” , K e it h A r m s t r o n g , E M C & c o u r s e s a r e lis t e d c o n t a c t t h e I E E 's T im W illia m s a n d K e it h A r m s tr o n g ,
C o m p lia n c e J o u r n a l, Is s u e N o . 4 4 , F u n c t io n a l S a fe t y P r o f e s s io n a l N e t w o r k N e w n e s 2 0 0 0 , IS B N 0 -7 5 0 6 -4 1 6 7 -3
J a n u a ry 2 0 0 3 , p p 2 4 -3 0 , o n - lin e a t: ( v ia th e s a m e IE E h o m e p a g e ) a n d a s k .
h tt p :/ / w w w . c o m p lia n c e - c lu b .c o m /K e ith [2 0 ] “E M C T e s tin g O n - s ite ” , D a g B jö r k lö f,
A r m s t r o n g P o r t fo lio . [1 2 ] “E M C T e s tin g P a rt 1 2 R a d ia t e d C o m p lia n c e E n g in e e r in g m a g a z in e ,
E m is s io n s ” , T im W illia m s a n d K e it h S e p te m b e r/O c to b e r 1 9 9 7 , p a g e s 7 3 - 7 9 in
6 ] V is it h ttp ://w w w .b ro o k m a n s .c o m a n d A rm s tro n g , E M C & C o m p lia n c e J o u rn a l
S e a rc h f o r 'I n t e r f e r e n c e a t B ro o k m a n s t h e ir U S e d it io n , 4 1 - 4 5 in t h e ir E u r o p e a n
F e b ru a r y 2 0 0 1 . O n - lin e a t h ttp ://w w w e d itio n .
P a r k '. A ls o v is it h t t p ://w e b s it e . lin e o n e .n e t / .c o m p lia n c e - c lu b .c o m /K e ith A r m s tro n g
~ g re e n b e lt / B P % 2 0 T ra n s m it.h tm P o r t f o lio .
T h e A u th o r S o lu tio n s fr o m R E O P r o d u c t E x a m p le s

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K e it h A r m s t r o n g g r a d u a t e d in e le c t r ic a l R E O is a n o r ig in a l m a n u fa c tu re r o f h ig h C N W 1 0 2
e n g in e e r in g w ith a B . S c ( H o n s . ) f r o m q u a lity p o w e r e q u ip m e n t , in c lu d in g
S in g le p h a s e ,
I m p e r ia l C o lle g e L o n d o n in 1 9 7 2 , m a jo r in g e le c t r o n ic c o n t r o lle r s , c o m p o n e n ts a n d 2 5 0 V ,
in a n a lo g u e c ir c u it d e s ig n a n d e le c t r ic a l r e g u la t o r s , a ll b a c k e d b y th e h ig h p e rfo rm a n c e
e le c t r o m a g n e tic f ie ld th e o r y , w it h a U p p e r a p p lic a tio n e x p e r tis e d e m a n d e d b y u n it s u ita b le fo r
S e c o n d C la s s H o n o u r s ( C u m L a u d e ) . s p e c ia lis e d , in d u s t r ia l s e c to rs , s u c h a s … .. m o s t a p p lic a tio n s
M u c h o f h is lif e s in c e t h e n h a s in v o lv e d
c o n t r o llin g r e a l- life in t e r f e r e n c e p r o b le m s C o n t r o lle rs d e s ig n e d s p e c if ic a lly f o r u s e in
in h ig h - te c h n o lo g y p r o d u c ts , s y s te m s , a n d th e p a rts a n d m a te r ia ls h a n d lin g in d u s t r y ,
in s t a lla t io n s , fo r a v a r ie ty o f c o m p a n ie s to g e th e r w it h a w id e r a n g e o f
a n d o r g a n is a t io n s in a r a n g e o f in d u s tr ie s . e le c tro m a g n e ts fo r d r iv in g v ib r a to r y C N W 1 0 4
fe e d e rs .
K e ith h a s b e e n a C h a r te r e d E le c tr ic a l
P o w e r c o n t r o lle r s f o r a d ju s t in g a n d 3 p h a s e ,
E n g in e e r ( U K ) s in c e 1 9 7 8 , a G ro u p 1 3 x 4 4 0 V ,
E u r o p e a n E n g in e e r s in c e 1 9 8 8 , a n d h a s r e g u la tin g v o lt a g e , c u r r e n t , f r e q u e n c y o r 3 lin e m a in s f ilt e r
K e ith A r m s tr o n g fr o m C h e r r y C lo u g h w r it t e n a n d p r e s e n te d a g re a t m a n y p o w e r , a s w e ll a s it s lo n g e s t a b lis h e d w it h v e r y h ig h
v a r ia b le t r a n s f o r m e r s ( v a r ia c s ) u p to 1 M V A a tt e n u a tio n
A s s o c ia te s p a p e r s o n E M C . H e is a p a s t c h a ir m a n o f
t h e IE E ’s P r o f e s s io n a l G ro u p (E 2 ) o n a n d s lid in g r e s is t o r s o f a ll ty p e s . T h e s e a re
E le c t r o m a g n e t ic C o m p a t ib ility , is a c o m p le m e n t e d b y a r a n g e o f m o d e rn ,
m e m b e r o f th e IE E E ’s E M C S o c ie t y , a n d e le c t r o n ic , v a r ia b le p o w e r s u p p lie s . C N W 1 1 4
T h is g u id e is o n e o f a c h a ir s t h e IE E ’s W o r k in g G r o u p o n 'E M C C o m p o n e n ts fo r a d a p tin g v a r ia b le s p e e d
s e r ie s . Y o u c a n r e q u e s t a n d F u n c t io n a l S a f e t y '. d r iv e s e m p lo y e d in n o n - s t a n d a rd 3 p h a s e ,
a ll p u b lis h e d a n d fu tu re a p p lic a tio n s ; in c lu d in g in d u c to rs , E M C 3 lin e m a in s f ilt e r
C o n ta c t: K e ith A r m s tr o n g b y e m a il a t f ilt e r s a n d b r a k in g r e s is t o r s . T h e ra n g e o f w ith in c re a s e d
g u id e s b y s e n d in g a n k e it h .a r m s tro n g @ c h e r r y c lo u g h . c o m o r v is it in d u c t iv e d e v ic e s e x t e n d s in t o r a ilw a y a tte n u a tio n

e m a il to m a in @ r e o .c o .u k th e C h e r r y C lo u g h w e b s ite c o m p o n e n ts fo r e le c tr ic a l tr a c tio n a n d
w w w .c h e r r y c lo u g h .c o m r o llin g s t o c k , w h ic h in c lu d e s c h o k e s a n d
o r fro m o u r w e b s ite a t h ig h - f r e q u e n c y tra n s fo rm e rs .
A c k n o w le d g e m e n ts
w w w .r e o .c o .u k C N W 2 0 3
S o m e o f t h e m a t e r ia l w a s p r e v io u s ly S p e c ia l, to r o id a l tr a n s fo rm e r s u s e d in
p u b lis h e d in 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 in t h e E M C s a fe ty , m e d ic a l a n d e n e rg y - s a v in g s y s t e m s
C o m p lia n c e J o u r n a l's s e r ie s " E M C p lu s h ig h -fre q u e n c y tra n s fo m e r s u s e d in
s w itc h - m o d e p o w e r s u p p lie s . 3 p h a s e ,
T e s tin g " : h t t p :/ / w w w . c o m p lia n c e - c lu b .c o m 3 x 4 8 0 V
o r h tt p : // w w w . c o m p lia n c e - c lu b . c o m T e s t e q u ip m e n t s u c h a s lo a d b a n k s a n d b o o k c a s e s ty le
/ K e ith A r m s t r o n g P o r t fo lio . filte r s , w ith v e r y
v a r ia b le A C / D C p o w e r s u p p lie s , h ig h a tte n u a tio n
M a n y t h a n k s a r e d u e t o T im W illia m s o f
E lm a c S e r v ic e s : h t tp : // w w w . e lm a c . c o .u k ; R E O a c tiv e ly s e a rc h e s fo r d e v e lo p m e n t
t im w @ e lm a c .c o . u k , m y c o - a u th o r f o r th a t p a rtn e r s , p a r tic u la r ly in n ic h e m a rk e ts , a n d
s e r ie s c o n s id e r s t h is t o b e a n e s s e n t ia l s t im u lu s
fo r c re a tin g n e w a n d o r ig in a l id e a s .

V ie w fu r th e r p r o d u c ts o n -lin e @ w w w .r e o .c o .u k
R E O - M a rk e t S e c to rs

T r a in S y s te m s In d u c tiv e C o m p o n e n ts A u to m a tio n S y s te m s C o m m u n ic a tio n S y s te m s

C h o k e s a n d h ig h f r e q u e n c y C h o k e s , r e s is t o r s a n d
C o n t r o lle r s f o r v ib r a to r y f e e d e r s F ie ld b u s a n d g s m
tra n s fo rm e rs tra n s fo rm e rs

T e s t S y s te m s P o w e r E le c tr o n ic s C la s s ic s R e n e w a b le S y s te m s

P h a s e - a n g le a n d fr e q u e n c y S o la r tr a n s fo r m e r s
P o w e r s u p p lie s a n d lo a d b a n k s R h e o s ta ts a n d v a r ia c s
c o n t r o lle r s

D r iv e S y s te m s M e d ic a l S y s te m s M o to r C o n tro l S y s te m s

F ilt e r s a n d b r a k in g r e s is t o r s M e d ic a l T r a n s fo r m e r s S o ft-s ta rts

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