Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the reviewed local and foreign literature and

studies related to the present study. These literatures and studies are related

to the study since these also deal with

Foreign Literature

The USGS has launched the new USGS Map Locator and
Downloader, a Web tool designed to deliver topographic maps
easier, faster and less expensively than before.

Using open source software and the Google Maps programming

interface, the Map Locator and Downloader allows customers to find
the topographic maps they need, by searching zip code, address, or
navigating on an interactive map. Users can pan, zoom, change the
map to see satellite imagery or a seamless USGS topographic map
view, order printed maps or download a scanned map image in
GeoPDF® format.

An example of a navigation style is the free mobile phone Java application

called “Google Maps for Mobile” launched by Google. The application includes
GPS (Global Positioning System) like location service which makes possible to

identify the location of the user without using GPS receivers, where the

location information is derived through the nearest wireless networks and cell

sites. The software is used to search for the known wireless networks and cell

sites databases to localize the user and also technique of signal strength

triangulation from cell antennas is utilized where the location of the antennas

are used to supplement the location discovery. The order of services utilized

for location finding in the application is as follows: GPS-based services,

WLAN- or WiFi- based services and at last the cell triangulation-based

services (Google Maps for Mobile, 2011b).

Besides the enhanced location finding services the application includes

various services supporting car and pedestrian navigation such as Navigation

(Beta), Places with Hotpot, 3D Maps, Compass Mode, Offline Reliability,

Latitude, Street View, Traffic, etc. (Google Maps for Mobile, 2011a). The

Navigation service is providing turn-by-turn GPS navigation service combined

with voice assistance for both cars and pedestrians. The Place with Hotpot

service is provides an easy method of search for POIs (Point of Interest) and

even provides the personalized advices from Google. The 3D Maps service

provides 3D map view functionality, with enhanced twist with two finger

functionality. The Compass Mode service is rotating the maps to direct the

user. The Latitude service is supplying the application with location sharing
functionality which helps to find the friends and allow friends to find own

position. The Street View service provides the service for enhancing the place

finding by providing street-level images and also helps the user to find one's

bearings on the ground. The Traffic service provides online traffic situation and

aids to find the fastest route (Google Maps for Mobile, 2011a).

All these services collectively are providing advance navigation functionality to

the user and as it was mentioned Offline Reliability and further Offline

Rerouting are assisting the user in the case of connection failure; however the

Internet connection is required to exhaust all the services of the application

(Google Maps for Mobile, 2011a).

The Global Positioning System (GPS) uses a set of satellites and ground

receivers to determine the location of a GPS-enabled device. A GPS's

receiver location is calculated by comparing time signals from several

satellites, of which each has to have a direct line of sight to the receiver. At

least three satellites are necessary to determine the receiver's two-

dimensional location (i.e. latitude and longitude). To achieve additional and

more accurate information, for example altitude, four or more satellite signals

are required. The 24 satellites orbit the earth twice a day, transmitting radio

signals from approximately 12,000 miles above the Earth. The satellite

system, based on spy satellites utilised during the Cold War, was originally

developed by the USA Department of Defence to help troops and missiles

locate themselves on maps. In the 1980s, the US government made the

system available for civilian use. Once a GPS receiver has been acquired, the

location identifying service is free to use and accurate to an average of 15

metres. However, the drawbacks for GPS receivers that have been integrated

into mobile phone handsets are that GPS receivers consume a considerable

amount of battery power, are fairly expensive, and location positioning does

not tend to work from inside buildings as a direct line of sight with satellites is

needed. In addition, in urban areas the GPS signal can bounce of building

walls and distort the result (Monmonier, 2002; Lyon, 2005).

Local Literature

Foreign Studies

With the location tracking capabilities of global positioning system (GPS)

devices, we may gather more detailed information on adolescents' travel. In

addition, GPS-enabled devices such as cell phones allow a mode of contact

with the study participant in several ways – monitoring study compliance,

troubleshooting problems with the device or data collection, and collecting

additional information pertaining to health-risk behaviors. This is a unique

application of GPS-enabled cell phones and addresses several key limitations

in research relating to contextual determinants of health. In a population where

it is often difficult to assess accurate and reliable information on behaviors,

GPS offers a timely, objective, and potentially more acceptable method of

evaluating contextual exposure.

GPS technology has been used in a variety of applications to measure

exposures or activities. GPS technology has greatly expanded the scope of

space-time analyses by allowing the recording of not only trip origins and

destinations, but also the routes traveled. Traditionally, GPS technology has

been used for business and leisure applications: e.g. guiding agricultural

machinery for planting and pesticide application.(Holton,2000)

According to Mr. Eric Groves, director of Development, PLNU, the idea of

using the Vital-Signz system grew out of the school’s desire to recognize the

efforts and contributions of the benefactors that made construction of the

facility possible. Interactive Touch Screen Vital Visitor Center from Vital Signz

helps university fundraising programs add high-tech touch to donor

recognition. “We were thrilled when it was suggested to us that we could

profile each Smeehall honoree with a photo and biography, complete with

scrolling names and rotating photo,” Mr. Groves recalled. “The dynamic screen
and layout draws the attention of students and visitors and invites them to

interact and discover what the graphic artists, and photographers in which

creates a rich experience for both tourists unfamiliar with the area art sense of

recognition and pride in residents.” Mr. Corwin stated. “The use of our

technology at Point Loma Nazareno University highlights the exciting

possibilities that the Vital-Signz Virtual Visitor Center brings to public touch-

screen kioks.”

Krones has introduced a new system called Checkmat 753 HF that it claims

offers simple-to-use fill level inspection for bottles through touch screen

technology. The company says that the unit inspects up to 72,000 bottles per

hour with maximized accuracy. It accepts bottles of any size, shape or colour

and even paper or plastic labels will not affect the measurements. However,

the technology can not be used for cans. It describes the system as offering

“accurate, safe inspection coupied with an outstanding price-performance ratio

and simple, user-friendly operator control.” A spokesperson for Krones said

the main advantage of the Checkmat 753 HF for producers is the simplicity of

its operation through the touch screen. He also said it was relatively

inexpensive, but did not confirm the price. The touch screen on the new

Krones xPanel terminal is said to allow user-friend operator control of the unit.
Local Studies

Synthesis

Bibliography

Holton W: Farming from a new perspective: remote sensing comes down to earth.

Environ Health Perspect. 2000, 108: A130-A133. 10.2307/3454428.

Mark Monmonier(2002)

Google Maps for Mobile, 2011a

Google Maps for Mobile, 2011b

Linda rano 2006