St.

Paul University Philippines

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

BASIC EDUCATION UNIT

ISO CERTIFIED

May 18, 2020

Dear Parents/ Guardians:

Warm Paulinian Greetings!

It’s been a while and I pray that your family is safe and healthy!

It has always been our mission at St. Paul University Philippines to provide our students with quality
Catholic Paulinian education. In this time of pandemic, we will continue to do so- but now in a different
way- as we transition into the new normal.

For the fourth quarter of School Year 2019-2020, we will take a systematic path and employ a very
manageable approach in administering class instruction. Over the past few weeks, teachers have been
working diligently on their Learning Modules which will be delivered to all the learners to ensure
continuity of learning.

On the succeeding pages, you will find the fourth quarter learning targets of General Biology 2. All
learning tasks of the subject are anchored on the learning competencies your child needs to master.
Since these tasks are to be done at home, I ask that you take time to assist/guide your child to assure
his/her success of education.

Please do also take note that all accomplished tasks may be sent via courier, LBC, email, GC, or any social
media platform you have access to or these may be brought to the SASTE Office located at the 2 nd Floor
of the FLC Building.

I am fully aware that these difficult times are having a significant impact on you, your family, and the
school and so we will remain in constant communication with you and will be available for questions
during this transition. We are confident we can move into this new normal together.

Thank you and looking forward to seeing the accomplishment your child will create. I fervently pray that
we will all be blessed and that we will overcome all the difficulties during this time of uncertainty. Let us
continuously pray and work together, all for the greater glory of God!

Sincerely yours in Christ,

REGINA GRACE T. ENRIQUE

Email address: [email protected]
 St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

BASIC EDUCATION UNIT

PAASCU LEVEL III ACCREDITED
ISO CERTIFIED

DYNAMIC INSTRUCTIONAL PLAN

(SPECIAL EDITION)

General Biology 2
4TH QUARTER

Prepared By:

MRS. KRISTINE JOY CORTES MS. REGINA GRACE ENRIQUE

Subject Teacher Subject Teacher

Checked By: Approved By:

DRA. ANNA MARIE HERNANDEZ DRA. PILAR ACORDA

Subject Team Leader SHS -A coordinator

St. Paul University Philippines

 Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

BASIC EDUCATION UNIT

PAASCU LEVEL III ACCREDITED
ISO CERTIFIED

MODULE 1: REPRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

In the previous quarter you have learned about genetics, for this quarter our topics will
focus on the anatomy and physiology of humans. The first topic that you are about to learn is
reproduction. In this module you will be looking into the two types of reproduction; asexual and
sexual. You will also be learning the different organs involve in reproduction and their
physiology.

OBJECTIVES:

1. To differentiate asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

2. To identify the different types of asexual reproduction
3. To identify the reproductive organs of humans
4. To know the physiology of the reproductive system

LESSON PROPER/DISCUSSION:

Reproduction

Reproduction is the process by which mature individuals produce offspring.

Reproduction is an essential characteristic of all living organisms, because all living
things die eventually and so in order to continue their own kind, organisms must
reproduce.
• There are two types of reproduction: 
– sexual 
– asexual
Asexual reproduction
Formation of new organisms without fusion of gametes (sperm cell/eggcell). It
occurs with only one parent; doesn’t need a male or female individual. Parts of
organism develop into new individual and it requires only 1 parent and the offspring are
an exact copy of the parent---a clone because there is no mixing of two different genes.

Organisms that reproduce asexually cannot develop much variety, because they
are “copying” the original organism exactly. This does not allow for evolution of the
species. Each organism is the exact same as its parent. This process takes a relatively
short period of time. And can produce 1-100s of offspring.

Types of Asexual Reproduction

1. Binary Fission
2. Budding
3. Fragmentation
4. Sporulation
Binary fission
 In binary fission cell splits into two new cells of equal size. Each daughter cell
grows into anew organism.
Single-celled organisms which use asexual reproduction can do so simply by
dividing into two equal halves. (Amoeba, paramecium, euglena). When conditions are
good, such as plenty of water, food, right temperatures, etc., binary fission is a very
effective way of producing many, many offspring. For example, the cell of a Paramecium
can divide, grow, and divide again in the space of 8 hours.

Budding

Budding is where an outgrowth arises from a parent and drops off to develop
into a new organism. An offspring grows out of the body of the parent. Hereditary
material in the daughter cell and parent are exactly the same 

Offspring

Cactus Budding

Green plants also undergo

budding. Offspring may be
produced by runners, bulbs,
rhizomes or tubers.

Fragmentation

Fragmentation is when a body breaks up into two or more parts and these parts
grow into new individuals. Fragmentation can be seen in certain algae such as spirogyra.
In this form, the organism fragments into smaller pieces and each piece forms a new
organism identical to its parent.
 A flat worm will break into distinct pieces and each will regrow
another smaller organism.

Pieces of coral broken off in storms can A new starfish can grow from
one detached arm.
grow into new colonies .

Some plants can grow from cutting them up and replanting

them.

Sporulation

In this form, the parent organism produces tiny spores that it releases. They will then
create an exact copy of the original organism without fertilization.

The mushroom is releasing

unfertilized spores

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

• uses less energy (it is not necessary to find a partner)
• Offspring is usually well adapted to its environment because of the success of its
parent
Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
• The species does not adapt at all or adapts very slowly when circumstances change
 • An asexual species runs the risk of suddenly disappearing because of a catastrophe
that affects all organisms

Exercise 1:
Matching type:
1. Mature organism produces spores a. Binary Fission
2. offspring grows out of the parents body b. Budding
3. individual may form as an outgrowth of the parent c. Fragmentation
4. organisms split into two d. Sporulation
5. mushroom
6. corals
7. body breaks up into two or more parts
8. paramecium

Sexual Reproduction
• Requiring 2 parents
– male and female (egg & sperm)
The egg and sperm join (zygote) to form an entirely new organism. Offspring are
different from the parent organism, because there is already a mixture of genes. This
process creates a variety of genetic make-up which is the driving force behind evolution.
Sexual reproduction produces a greater chance of variation within a species than
asexual reproduction would. This variation improves the chances that a species will
adapt to his environment and survive.

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

• increases the genetic variability in organisms of the same species and even within the
offspring of one couple
• in the long run, allows the best adaptations to be widespread within a species,
especially in changing circumstances
• the variability of organisms within a species guarantees that a higher proportion will
survive in perilous circumstances
Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
• finding a reproductive partner and producing gametes demands the output of a lot of
energy
• Not only do you need two gametes for fertilization, one has to be male, the other
Female
• Genetic “errors” happen more frequently because meiosis is more complex than
mitosis and diploid organisms have more chromosomes to double

Sexual Reproduction in Humans

• In humans two individuals are involved, a male and a female. 
• Special organs known as gonads (testes and ovaries) produce gametes. 
• In males testes produce sperms while in females ovaries produce ova. 
• The fusion of male gamete and female gamete to form a zygote is called fertilization . 

Structure of female reproductive system

Organs Definition/Function Image

• Are two oval cream coloured
 structures found in lower abdomen
below the kidneys. 
Ovaries • have several graafian follicles that
develop and burst open to
release/produce mature ova
• secretes sex hormones (estrogen)
which initiate/control development of
secondary sexual characteristics
• produce hormones estrogen and
progesterone which prepare the uterus
for implantation and subsequent
nourishment of the embryo.

• Are tubes which conduct the ova

produced by the ovaries to the uterus. 
• Fertilization occurs in the upper part
Oviducts
of the oviduct. 
(fallopia
n tube) • are thin narrow and tubular to
increase flowing speed of semen
containing sperms

This image shows how a fertilized egg (zygote) moves from ovaries
to uterus for implantation. It also shows the development of cells
from Day 0 fertilization to Day 9 implantation

The lining of Oviducts

contains cilia, a hair like
projection of cells which
propel the ovum towards
the uterus

• The uterus is a hollow muscular organ

found in the lower abdomen. 
Uterus • The embryo develops inside the
uterus. 
• The embryo is implanted into the
inner uterine wall- the endometrium
which nourishes the embryo.
 Embryo – a human offspring in the early
stages following conception up to the
end of the 8th week, after which it is
classified as a fetus.

•a ring of muscles that separates the

uterus from the vagina. 
Cervix   • It forms the opening to the uterus 
• has valves that close the lower end of
the uterus to ensure continued
pregnancy during gestation period is
capable of dilating
• has narrow entrance/neck-like
entrance to uterus that enables quick
swimming of sperms to uterus
• has suction mechanism that draws
up/pulls sperms into uterus
• has a “W” shape that fits well with
the glands of the penis to ensure
sperms are deposited at the right point

• Is a tube that opens to the outside

and it acts as the copulatory and birth
Vagina canal through the vulva. 
• it is elastic and muscular to enable
good accommodation or penetration of
the penis thus proper deposition of
sperms and for easy parturition
• allows menstrual flow
• has sensitive labial walls which
secrete/produce lubricating substances
that ensure/enable/facilitate good
coition
• capable of considerable enlargement,
due to elastic muscles, to
accommodate baby during parturition.

Exercise 2: Label the Image

1. 2.

3.
4.

5.
Structure of male reproductive system

Organ Definition/Function Image

• Each testis is a mass of numerous
Testis coiled tubes called seminiferous
tubules. 
• Each is enclosed within a scrotal
sac (scrotum) that suspends them
between the thighs. 
• This ensures that sperms are
maintained at a temperature lower
than that of the main body. 

• The lining of seminiferous tubules

Seminiferous consists of actively dividing cells
tubules  which give rise to sperms. 
• Between the seminiferous tubules
are interstitial cells which produce
the male hormones called
androgens e.g. testosterone. 
• The seminiferous tubules unite to
form the epididymis, which is a
coiled tube where sperms are
stored temporarily.

Prostate gland • Secretes an alkaline fluid. 

• All these fluids together with
spermatozoa form semen. 
Urethra • Is a long tube through which the
semen is conducted during
copulation. 
• It also removes urine from the
bladder. 

• Is an intro-mittent organ which is

Penis inserted into the vagina during
copulation . 
• is highly vascularised/spongy
• has a sensitive glands
• becomes erect to allow entry into
the vagina

• contains the testes outside the

Scrotum body on whose walls the process of
spermatogenesis takes place
• scrotum suspends testis between
the thighs. 

• long and coiled tube for the

Epididymis purpose of sperm storage

• muscular tube
Vas deferens • upon contraction pushes sperms
out and allows ejaculation
• Vas deferens (sperm duct) is the
tube through which sperms are
carried from testis to urethra. 
Exercise 3: complete each statement

1. The _________ stores the sperm

2. _________ is an organ that delivers
sperm to the vagina
3. The sperm are made
4. _______ secretes an alkaline fluid. 
5. The _______ ensures that sperms
are maintained at a temperature.
6. _________give rise to sperms. 
7. It serves as a passageway of urine
and sperm.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT:

DIRECTIONS: Mark an "M" next to any part of a male's body, an “F" next to any part of a
female's body, or "E" if the part could belong to either a male or a female. So your choices are
"M", "F", and "E”.
_______1. Penis _______8.epididymis
_______2. Scrotum _______9. Ovary
_______3. Cervix _______10. Prostate gland
_______4. Vagina
_______5. Testicle
_______6. Fallopian tube
_______7. Vas deferens

SUMMATIVE ASSSESSMENT:

DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks. Complete each statement.

1. The outside parts of the male reproductive system are the penis and the ____________.
2. Sperm are made in the __________. They are stored in the ________ and then they travel
through the ________ and the urethra, which leads out of the penis.
3. A baby grows for nine months in the _____________.
4. When an egg cell leaves the ____________, it travels through the _________ on its way to the
uterus.
5. The opening of the uterus into the vagina is called the ___________.
6. The _________ carries sperm and urine down the penis.
7. Fertilization happens in the __________, and implantation happens in ___________.
8. ___________ is the canal that receives the penis during copulation.
9. The ovary produces two female hormones namely _____________ and ___________.
10. The gonad of the female is the ____________, it produces a gamete called _____________.

DIRECTIONS: Mark an "S" next to any characteristic of sexual reproduction, an “A" next to any
characteristic of asexual reproduction, or "E" if the characteristic belong to either a sexual or a
asexual. So your choices are "S", "A", and "E”.

_____1. One parent _____6. Doesn’t require too much energy

_____2. Mixing of genes _____7. Great variation
_____3. Clone _____8. Can easily adopt to environment
_____4. Involves two parents _____9. Involves gamete
_____5. Produce offspring _____10. Cell splits into new cells
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT ANSWER KEY:

DIRECTIONS: Mark an "M" next to any part of a male's body, an “F" next to any part of a
female's body, or "E" if the part could belong to either a male or a female. So your choices are
"M", "F", and "E”.
___M__1. Penis ___M__8.epididymis
___M__2. Scrotum ___F__9. Ovary
___F__3. Cervix ___M__10. Prostate gland
___F__4. Vagina
___M__5. Testicle
___F__6. Fallopian tube
___M__7. Vas deferens
 St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

BASIC EDUCATION UNIT

PAASCU LEVEL III ACCREDITED
ISO CERTIFIED

MODULE 2: MENSTRUAL CYCLE

INTRODUCTION

In the previous module you have learned about reproduction. In this module you will be
learning about the physiology of female reproductive system, specifically the menstrual cycle.
You will be looking into the phases of menstrual cycle, including the hormones involve and
bodily changes.

OBJECTIVES:

1. To define menstrual cycle

2. To identify the different phases of menstrual cycle
3. To identify the hormones involve
4. To identify the changes in females body

LESSON PROPER/DISCUSSION:

What is a menstrual cycle?

• a cycle of bodily changes controlled by female hormones that cause a regular bleed
•  'Period', 'menstruation' or 'menses' are all words used to describe the blood loss women
experience. Cycle begins at menarche (the first period; 9-16 yrs old) and ends
with menopause (the final period; 45-55 yrs old)

The menstrual cycle is more than just the  period! The menstrual cycle starts with the first day of
the period and ends when the next period begins. An entire menstrual cycle usually lasts
between  24 and 38 days 

In this example, menstrual cycle starts from January 1 and ends January 29.
Another cycle begins in January 30 until February 27
Why do you have a menstrual cycle?

• The role of the menstrual cycle is to prepare the body for pregnancy. When a pregnancy does
not occur, a period results. 

The main reason why females have menstrual cycle is to prepare the body for a pregnancy, so basically
females’ body is always ready for pregnancy monthly. This started from when they begin their monthly
periods.

How does the menstrual cycle occur?

• Occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries.
• These hormones produce certain changes in the ovaries and uterus

Hormonal changes cause menstrual cycle.

The Cycle

The menstrual cycle is divided into two phases the pre-ovulation

(before ovulation) and post-ovulation (after ovulation). Each phase
is divided into two cycle the ovarian cycle and uterine cycle.

Act 1: The first part of the cycle

Uterus: Menstruation/period

• When: From the time bleeding starts to the time it ends

• What: Old blood and tissue from inside the uterus is shed through the vagina
A normal period may last up to 8 days, but on average lasts about 5 or 6

Ovaries: Follicular phase

• When: From the start of the period until ovulation
• What: Signals from the brain tell the ovaries to prepare an egg that will be released
• The pituitary gland produces a hormone called follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
• FSH tells the ovaries to prepare an egg for ovulation (release of an egg from the ovary).
• About halfway through the follicular phase (just as the period is ending) one follicle in one of the
ovaries will undergo oogenesis.
• This dominant follicle is the one prepared to be released at ovulation.
• The dominant follicle produces estrogen which peaks just before ovulation happens
• Follicular phase lasts 10-22 days
Uterus: Proliferative phase

• When: From the end of the period until ovulation

• What: The uterus builds up a thick inner lining
• While the ovaries are working on developing the egg-containing follicles, the uterus is
responding to the estrogen produced by the follicles, rebuilding the lining that was just shed
during the last period.
• This is called the proliferative phase because the endometrium (the lining of the uterus)
becomes thicker.
• The endometrium is thinnest during the period, and thickens throughout this phase until
ovulation occurs.
• The uterus does this to create a place where a potential fertilized egg can implant and grow

Interlude: Ovulation

• When: About midway through the cycle, ovulation divides the two phases
• What: An egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube
• When estrogen levels are high enough, they signal to the brain causing a dramatic increase
in luteinizing hormone (LH)
• This spike is what causes ovulation (release of the egg from the ovary) to occur.
• Ovulation usually happens about 13-15 days before the start of the next period.

Act 2: The second part of the cycle

Ovary: Luteal Phase

• When: From ovulation until the start of the next period

• What: The sac that contained the egg produces estrogen and progesterone
• Once ovulation occurs, the follicle that contained the egg transforms into corpus luteum and
begins to produce progesterone as well as estrogen
•  Progesterone levels peak about halfway through this phase 
• The hormonal changes of the luteal phase are associated with common premenstrual symptoms
that many people experience, such as mood changes, headaches, acne, bloating, and breast
tenderness.
• If no fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum will start to break down between 9 and 11 days after
ovulation 
• This results in a drop in estrogen and progesterone levels, which causes menstruation luteal
phase typically lasts about 14 days
Uterus: Secretory Phase

• When: From ovulation until the start of the next period

• What: The lining of the uterus releases or secretes chemicals that will either help an early
pregnancy attach if an egg was fertilized, or help the lining break down and shed if no egg was
fertilized
• During this phase, the endometrium prepares to either support a pregnancy or to break down
for menstruation.
• The secretory phase gets its name because the endometrium is secreting (producing and
releasing) chemical messengers.
• The most notable messengers are the prostaglandins, which are secreted by endometrial cells.
• Two prostaglandins in particular called, “PGF2α” and “PGE2”, cause the uterine muscle to
contract (cramp)
• prostaglandins, cause the blood vessels to constrict and tissue of the endometrium to break
down
• Menstruation begins, and the whole cycle starts all over again.

Exercise 1: matching type

1. end of the period until ovulation a. Menstruation/period
2. Progesterone levels peak b. Ovulation
3. The uterus builds up a thick inner lining c. Proliferative phase
4. the endometrium prepares to either support a pregnancy d. Luteal Phase
or to break down for menstruation
5. From the start of the period until ovulation e. Secretory Phase
6. lasts 10-22 days
7. happens about 13-15 days before the start of the next
period
8. ovaries to prepare an egg that will be released
9. a drop in estrogen and progesterone levels
10. An egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube

What is normal bleeding?

There is a range of normal bleeding. Normal menstrual bleeding has the following features:

• Your period lasts for 3-8 days

• Your period comes again every 24-38 days (measured from the first day of one period to the first
day of the next)
 • Some women have short, light periods and others have longer, heavy periods. Your period may
also change over time.

When to see your doctor

There are many reasons you might need to see your doctor about your periods, including:

1. changes in the pattern of your periods

2. increasingly heavy periods
3. long periods of more than eight days
4. periods that come fewer than three weeks apart
5. periods coming more than two to three months apart
6. painful periods that cause you to stay home
7. bleeding between periods
8. bleeding after intercourse.

What causes menstrual cycle irregularities?

Menstrual cycle irregularities can have many different causes, including:

• Pregnancy or breast-feeding. A missed period can be an early sign of pregnancy. Breast-feeding
typically delays the return of menstruation after pregnancy.
• Eating disorders, extreme weight loss or excessive exercising. Eating disorders — such as
anorexia nervosa — extreme weight loss and increased physical activity can disrupt
menstruation.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Women with this common endocrine system disorder may
have irregular periods as well as enlarged ovaries that contain small collections of fluid.
• Premature ovarian failure. Premature ovarian failure refers to the loss of normal ovarian
function before age 40. Women who have premature ovarian failure —might have irregular or
occasional periods for years.
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). This infection of the reproductive organs can cause irregular
menstrual bleeding.
• Uterine fibroids. Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths of the uterus. They can cause heavy
menstrual periods and prolonged menstrual periods.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT:

The Story of the Menstrual Cycle: Complete the statement. Put check () mark before the word that
corresponds to the sentence.

Once upon a time, there was a female reproductive system. Each month, the
_____uterus
_____vagina
invited a thick, soft lining to grow along its walls, which was made up of tissue and blood that contained
the nutrients that would be needed to nourish a fertilized
_____ovary
_____ ovum
Once the lining had grown, it waited for the ovaries to do their job. You see, the ovaries contained
special reproductive cells, each called an
_____ovum
_____cervix
Each month, one of the reproductive cells would reach maturity and be released from the
_____ovaries
_____fallopian tubes
This month, it was the right one that got to release a reproductive cell. The left one would have to wait
until the next month. After the reproductive cell is released it went toward the
_____ovaries
_____ fallopian tubes
which waved their numerous arms, grabbed the reproductive cell that was just released and gently
guided it into one of the tubes. The reproductive cell traveled slowly down the tube. After about a day of
travel, it began to dissolve. When it had disappeared, the brain sent a message to the
 _____ovum
_____lining
telling it that a fertilization didn’t occur, so it could leave the uterus. Slowly, it passed through the
_____vagina
_____cervix
into the
_____vagina
_____cervix,
and out of the female’s body. As soon as the lining was gone, the uterus invited a new lining to start to
grow. This time around, it would be the left
_____ovary
_____uterus
and the left
_____vagina
_____fallopian tube
that would do all the work. Then, the process would start all over again. This process is called
menstruation. The End.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT:

Words to use: Follicular, Ovulation, degenerates, Luteal, thicken, thicken, estrogen,

Menstrual, continues to produce progesterone, released

Peak in FSH Peak in Estrogen Peak in LH Peak in Progesterone and Estrogen

Phase:______ Phase: _______ Phase:_____ Phase: ________

Causes follicle Uterine lining Egg is Uterine lining

to mature. begins to _________ continues to
___________ ____ _____________

Follicle begins
to produce Fertilization Fertilization
___________ occurs. does not
Corpus occurs.
luteum Corpus
___________ luteum
___________ ___________
___________

Answer the following questions briefly:

1. Describe and explain what happens to the lining of the womb during menstrual cycle.
2. What is the average length of the human menstrual cycle?
3. Describe the function of each of these chemical involved.
a. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
b. Estrogen
c. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
4. Describe what happens during the first five days of the menstrual cycle and explain why
this is important.
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT ANSWER KEY:

The Story of the Menstrual Cycle: Complete the statement. Put check () mark before the word that
corresponds to the sentence.

Once upon a time, there was a female reproductive system. Each month, the
___uterus
_____vagina
invited a thick, soft lining to grow along its walls, which was made up of tissue and blood that contained
the nutrients that would be needed to nourish a fertilized
_____ovary
___ovum
Once the lining had grown, it waited for the ovaries to do their job. You see, the ovaries contained
special reproductive cells, each called an
___ovum
_____cervix
Each month, one of the reproductive cells would reach maturity and be released from the
___ovaries
_____fallopian tubes
This month, it was the right one that got to release a reproductive cell. The left one would have to wait
until the next month. After the reproductive cell is released it went toward the
_____ovaries
___fallopian tubes
which waved their numerous arms, grabbed the reproductive cell that was just released and gently
guided it into one of the tubes. The reproductive cell traveled slowly down the tube. After about a day of
travel, it began to dissolve. When it had disappeared, the brain sent a message to the
_____ovum
___lining
telling it that a fertilization didn’t occur, so it could leave the uterus. Slowly, it passed through the
_____vagina
___cervix
into the
___vagina
_____cervix,
and out of the female’s body. As soon as the lining was gone, the uterus invited a new lining to start to
grow. This time around, it would be the left
___ovary
_____uterus
and the left
_____vagina
___fallopian tube
that would do all the work. Then, the process would start all over again. This process is called
menstruation. The End.
 St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

BASIC EDUCATION UNIT

PAASCU LEVEL III ACCREDITED
ISO CERTIFIED

MODULE 3: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Introduction
You have learned in the previous module Menstrual Cycle and its importance in human
body. At this point you shall learn how nutrients and blood circulates in our body by studying
the Circulatory System.

Objectives:

This module is designed for you to:

1. Define blood ciculation;
2. Identify the structures of circulatoty systems; and
3. Describe how blood circulates throughout the human body.

Lesson Proper:

WHAT IS CIRCULATION?

What messenger makes trillions of stops in just thirty seconds? Your blood!

In just under thirty seconds, your blood moves (circulates) through your entire body. It
reaches every one of your trillions of cells.

Blood carries things to each cell that are needed. These things include oxygen and
nutrients. In exchange, the blood picks up waste from the cells, including carbon
dioxide, heat and excess water.

The heart pumps blood throughout the body through a closed system of tubes. These
tubes that carry the blood are called blood vessels. There are three types of blood
vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. This blood is rich in oxygen and nutrients. It
is brought to the cells of the body.

Veins carry blood from the body cells back to the heart. This blood contains waste
materials.

Capillaries connect arteries and veins and are very tiny. The majority of the blood
vessels in your body are capillaries.

The circulatory system is made up the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Circulation, or
transport, is a vital function. Life cannot go on without it.

Blood vessels are found in almost every part of the body.

 If laid end to end, your blood vessels would stretch out to about 161,000 km! (About 4
times the distance around the equator!)

Look at Figure. It shows arteries and veins within the

human body. Each artery and vein branches out to tiny
capillaries.

Write the correct term in each blank to answer the

questions or complete the sentence.

1. What pumps blood through your body?

______________

2. Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are
called _______________.

3. Vessels that carry blood back to the heart are called

______________.

4. Blood moves from arteries to veins through tiny blood

vessels called ________________.

5. The heart, blood vessels and blood make up the

______________________.

Examine the parts of Figure , then answer the questions below

1. Arteries branching away from the heart become ____________________________________.

(smaller and smaller OR larger and larger)

2. Veins leading back to the heart become ________________________________________.

(smaller and smaller OR larger and larger)

3. Most of our blood vessels are ______________________________.

(arteries, veins or capillaries)

Match each term in Column A with its description in Column B. Write the correct letter in the
space provided.

Column A Column B
________ 1. circulation a) carry blood away from the heart

________ 2. heart b) pumps blood

________ 3. arteries c) connect arteries and veins

________ 4. veins d) transport of materials in living things

________ 5. capillaries e) carry blood back to the heart

TRUE or FALSE – In the space, write a ‘T’ or ‘F’

_______ 1. Circulation is the transport of materials in living things.

_______ 2. Life stops when circulation stops.

_______ 3. Blood is pumped by the brain.

_______ 4. Blood circulates through the body only a few times a day.

_______ 5. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

_______ 6. Arteries transport carbon dioxide to the cells.

_______ 7. Veins carry blood away from the heart.

_______ 8. Veins pick up waste materials from the cells.

_______ 9. Capillaries connect arteries and veins.

_______ 10. Capillaries are the largest blood vessels.

II. A CLOSER LOOK AT BLOOD

Have you ever taken a first aid course? An important rule in first aid is: “Treat Serious Bleeding
First.” If a person loses a lot of blood, they can die quickly.

Blood is the transport tissue in your body. It carries needed materials to the cells and carries
waste materials away from the cells.

The liquid part of blood is called plasma. The solid part of blood is made up of different kinds of
blood cells.

Plasma is 90% water and is beige in color. Plasma contains digested food, chemicals, and waste
products. These substances are carried to and from the cells by the plasma.

The three kinds of blood cells that make up the solid part of blood are: red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets.

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is red and gives blood its color. It links up
with oxygen and carries this oxygen to all parts of the body. The same hemoglobin in the red
blood cells also picks up most of the carbon dioxide waste that is made by the cells.

White blood cells are larger than red blood cells fight infection and disease. They destroy
harmful bacteria, viruses and other small invaders.

Platelets are pieces of cells that are small and colorless. They help to stop bleeding by giving off
a chemical that helps blood to clot.
Figure A shows the what blood is made up of. Study Figure A, then answer the questions.

1. What percent of blood is liquid? _________

2. What is the name of the liquid part of blood?

__________________

3. a) The liquid part of blood is made up mostly of

_________________. (Hint – look back to the reading.)

b) What percent? _______

4. All of the blood cells together make up _______% of

blood.

5. Red blood cells make up _______% of blood; white

blood cells make up ______ %.

Study Figure B, then answer the questions.

1. Which blood cells are the largest? __________________________

2. Which type of blood cell is most numerous? _________________________

3.Which cells are shaped like ‘pinched’ disks? ______________________________

Study Figures C and D, then answer the questions.

1. What kind of blood cells is shown?

_____________

2. Describe briefly what is happening in Figure C.

________________________________________
_

________________________________________
_
3. When you cut yourself, which part of the blood helps you to stop bleeding? ___________

4. White blood cells also come to the area of a cut. Why? ____________________________

5. Take an educated guess at this one – What happens to the number of white blood cells when
germs are in the body? _________________________________________________

Answer the following questions about red blood cells.

1. Oxygen is _______________________________. (needed by cells OR a cell waste)

2. Which blood cells pick up and carry oxygen? ______________________________________

(red blood cells OR white blood cells OR platelets)

3. What substance in red blood cells joins with oxygen? ______________________

4. Where does the blood pick up this oxygen? a) in the heart b) in the arteries and veins c) in
the lungs

5. What gives blood its color? ________________________

Some Interesting Facts About Blood!!!!!

 Blood makes up approximately 9% of a person’s weight. For example, if you weigh 100
pounds, 9 pounds is blood. (Can you figure out how many pounds of blood your body has?)

 An adult has about 5.7 liters of blood.

 There are about 600 times as many red blood cells as there are white blood cells. One drop of
blood contains about 5 million red blood cells. That means that there are about 25 trillion red
blood cells in the body of an average adult!

 Blood cells are produced in the marrow of bones – especially in the backbone, breast bone
and ribs.

 Every second, from 1 to 2 million red blood cells die! New cells are made to take their place.

 Plasma carries red and white blood cells. White blood cells, however, can also move by
themselves!

Formative Assessment:

PART I – Fill in the Blanks – Choose a word from the word pool for each blank. Some words may
be used more than once. Some words may not be used at all.

veins heart blood white blood cells hemoglobin

capillaries white blood cells platelets
arteries vessel plasma red blood cells

1. ____________________ carry blood away from the heart.

2. The structures in the blood that are used to fight disease are called
_______________________.

3. The substance in the blood that gives it its red color is _______________________.

4. The name given to any tube that carries blood is a(n) _______________________.
5. The straw-colored part of the blood that is made up mostly of water is
____________________.

6. ________________________ carry hemoglobin that binds to oxygen and picks up waste

carbon dioxide.

7. The smallest blood vessels are ___________________________.

8. The pumping organ of the human body is the ____________________.

9. The part of the blood that helps a wound to stop bleeding is the ______________________.

Summative Test:

Ten substances carried by the blood are listed in the chart below. Indicate whether each
substance is carried to the cells or away from the cells. Place a checkmark in the proper boxes.

Formative Assessment Answer Key

1. Arteries
2. White blood cells
3. Hemoglobin
4. Blood Vessels
5. Plasma
6. Red Blood Cells
7. Capillaries
8. Heart
9.Platelets

St. Paul University Philippines

 Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

BASIC EDUCATION UNIT

PAASCU LEVEL III ACCREDITED
ISO CERTIFIED

MODULE 4: AN INTRODUCTION TO RESPIRATION

INTRODUCTION

You have learned in the previous module the parts and function of the Circulatory
System . At this point you shall learn how air goes in and out in the human body by studying
the Respiratory System.

OBJECTIVES:

This module is designed for you to:

1. Define respiration;
2. Identify the structures of respiratory systems; and
3. Describe how air circulates throughout human body.

Lesson Proper:

What is Breathing and Respiration?

All living things need energy to live – you, bacteria, grass and dogs! Energy is needed for
the cells in your body to function to keep you alive.

Living things get energy the same way your car gets its energy - by burning a fuel. In a
car, energy is released when oxygen from the air combines with the gasoline in the
engine.

In animals, oxygen is combined with food that has been broken down and energy is
released. This life process is called respiration. Respiration is the release of energy by
combining oxygen with digested food (glucose).

Here is what happens:

digested food + oxygen Æ energy and waste products

Respiration can also be shown in this way:

Glucose (fuel) + oxygen Æ energy + water (waste) + carbon dioxide (waste)

In many animals, breathing is done by the action of the lungs. Breathing in is taking air into the
lungs and forcing the air out of your lungs.

Breathing and respiration are related, but they are not the same. Breathing is the action of air
going into and out of your lungs. Respiration is using the oxygen in that air to release energy
from the food that you eat.
Answer these questions about respiration:

1. What brings oxygen to all parts of the body? _____________

2. What does respiration make that living things need? ________

3. What waste materials does respiration give off? __________

How Does Breathing Take Happen?

Why does your chest move when you breathe? Some people think that air in the lungs makes
their chest move in and out. This is incorrect. It is actually the moving of your chest that makes
your lungs expand and contract.
Your chest size changes when you breathe because of the actions of your rib muscles and your
diaphragm muscle.

Choose the correct word and write it in each blank.

1. When you inhale (see Figure D), a) the ribs move______________.( inward OR outward)

b) the diaphragm moves _______________________ ( upward OR downward)

c) there is now __________________ space in the chest area. (more OR less)

d) air rushes _____________ to fill this space. ( in OR out)

2. When you exhale (see Figure E), a) the ribs move _________________________. ( inward
OR outward )

b) the diaphragm moves _____________________. ( upward OR downward )

c) there is now _________________ space in the chest area. ( more OR less)

d) because of this pressure, air moves _____________________ the lungs. (into OR out of )

What causes you to breathe?

Breathing happens automatically. When the amount of carbon dioxide in your blood increases
to a certain level, a message is sent to your brain. Your brain then sends a message to your
diaphragm and rib muscles to increase the size of your chest cavity. This causes air to move
into the lungs.

Each of the following goes with either inhaling or exhaling. Place a checkmark in the box where
you think each statement belongs.
II. What is the Respiratory System?

Almost all living things (except some bacteria) need oxygen to live. The lungs are the organs
involved with breathing. They are the main organs that make up the respiratory system. The
function of the respiratory system is to take oxygen into the lungs and to get rid of water and
carbon dioxide.

This is the path that air takes when you inhale and exhale:

1. Air enters the body through the nose or mouth. 2. The air moves goes into the throat and
passes through the windpipe or trachea. 3. The trachea divides into two tubes called bronchi.
Each bronchus extends into one of the lungs. 4. Inside of the lungs, the bronchi branch into
smaller and smaller tubes. At end of the smallest tubes are air sacs called alveoli. Each alveolus
is surrounded by capillaries.

When the air is in the air sacs or alveoli, two important things happen:
• The blood picks up oxygen from the alveoli.
• The alveoli pick up carbon dioxide from the blood.

When you exhale, you breathe out the carbon dioxide. Some waste water and heat are also
exhaled.

The respiratory tract is made up of the structures that air passes through when we breathe.
The respiratory tract is shown in Figure A. Use Figure A to answer the questions or complete
the sentences.
 1. The respiratory tract starts with the _________________ and the ___________________.

2. The respiratory tract ends with millions of tiny ______________________.

3. The parts of the respiratory tract are listed below, but they are not in order. Rewrite
them in the order in which air goes through the body.
• bronchi
• mouth and nose
• air sacs (alveoli)
• trachea
• branching tubes

_________________ Æ _________________ Æ __________________ Æ

_________________ Æ __________________

4. Each bronchus extends into a(n) _____________________.

Formative Assessment

I. The following is a diagram of an air sac, or alveolus. The lungs have millions of
alveoli. Alveoli are very tiny. Answer the following questions about alveoli
1. Air that enters the air sacs is rich in ___________________________. oxygen OR
carbon dioxide

2. Air that leaves the air sacs is rich in ___________________________. oxygen OR carbon
dioxide

3. Air sacs are surrounded by ________________.

4. The capillaries around the air sacs take in _____________________ and give off oxygen OR
carbon dioxide _____________________. oxygen or carbon dioxide

5.List the three waste materials that the lungs excrete. ______________, _______________,
________________

II. Match each term in Column A with its description in Column B. Write the correct letter in
the space provided.

Column A Column B

____ 1. exhaling a) where gases are exchanged

____ 2. inhaling b) windpipe

____ 3. air sacs c) breathing in

____ 4. trachea d) surround the air sacs

____ 5. capillaries e) breathing out

Summative Assessment

Complete each statement using a term or terms from the list below. Write your answers in the
spaces provided. Some words may be used more than once.

alveoli windpipe nose inhaling bronchi capillaries mouth exhale smaller and smaller

1. Breathing in is called _______________________.

2. We inhale through the ______________________ or ______________________.

3. The trachea is the scientific name for the _______________________.

4. The trachea divides into two tubes called _______________________.

5. In the lungs, the tubes branch into _______________________ tubes.

6. The lungs have millions of tiny air sacs called ________________________.

7. Air sacs have many ____________________________.

Formative Assessment Answer Key

I. 1. Oxygen
2. Carbon Dioxide
3. Capillaries
4. Oxygen- Carbon dioxide
5. Carbon Dioxide, heat and water

II. 1. e
2. c
3. a
4. b
5. d