This document provides information on calibrating common laboratory equipment for accuracy. It describes calibrating a volumetric flask, pipette, and burette to determine their actual volumes. For the volumetric flask, the actual volume was 24.7069 ml compared to the theoretical 25 ml. For the pipette, the actual volume was 19.324 ml compared to the theoretical 20 ml. For the burette, the actual volume was 4.74665 ml compared to the theoretical 5 ml. Sources of error included parallax error and systematic errors in scale reading. Proper technique such as eye position and removing bubbles can improve accuracy.
This document provides information on calibrating common laboratory equipment for accuracy. It describes calibrating a volumetric flask, pipette, and burette to determine their actual volumes. For the volumetric flask, the actual volume was 24.7069 ml compared to the theoretical 25 ml. For the pipette, the actual volume was 19.324 ml compared to the theoretical 20 ml. For the burette, the actual volume was 4.74665 ml compared to the theoretical 5 ml. Sources of error included parallax error and systematic errors in scale reading. Proper technique such as eye position and removing bubbles can improve accuracy.
This document provides information on calibrating common laboratory equipment for accuracy. It describes calibrating a volumetric flask, pipette, and burette to determine their actual volumes. For the volumetric flask, the actual volume was 24.7069 ml compared to the theoretical 25 ml. For the pipette, the actual volume was 19.324 ml compared to the theoretical 20 ml. For the burette, the actual volume was 4.74665 ml compared to the theoretical 5 ml. Sources of error included parallax error and systematic errors in scale reading. Proper technique such as eye position and removing bubbles can improve accuracy.
This document provides information on calibrating common laboratory equipment for accuracy. It describes calibrating a volumetric flask, pipette, and burette to determine their actual volumes. For the volumetric flask, the actual volume was 24.7069 ml compared to the theoretical 25 ml. For the pipette, the actual volume was 19.324 ml compared to the theoretical 20 ml. For the burette, the actual volume was 4.74665 ml compared to the theoretical 5 ml. Sources of error included parallax error and systematic errors in scale reading. Proper technique such as eye position and removing bubbles can improve accuracy.
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INTRODUCTION
The experimental is the basic knowledge for chemistry and it is depends on how we handle the laboratory techniques and careful observation. The common glassware such as pipette, burette, and volumetric flask is usually used in experiment. During the experiment, mistakes such as parallax error, random error and systematic error is commonly occur. This mistakes can be happen due to improper calibrations, misreading instrument , making math mistakes ,spilling chemicals during transfer and so on.
a) Volumetric flask
Volumetric flask is used prepare a chemical solution. It measures volume much
more precisely than beaker. In experiment the volumetric flask that frequently used are 10.00 ml, 25.00 ml, 50.00 ml, 100.00 ml and 250.0 ml.
b) Pipette
Pipette need for taking smaller volume of a sample solution or reagent. There are common size used in laboratories such as 5 ml, 10 ml, 20 ml and 25 ml.
c) Burette
Burette is mainly used in manual titration. It also used to dispense precise and small amount of liquid. Burette have stopcock at the end that allows substances to be drop into other substance at slow rate.
OBJECTIVES
1) To learn the qualitative and quantitative aspects of common laboratory
equipment 2) To expose student to the factors that affect the accuracy of an experiment APPARATUS 1. Analytical balance 2. Burette 3. Pipette (20ml or 25ml) 4. Volumetric flask (25ml) 5. Beaker (50ml) 6. Thermometer 7. Pipette filler or suction bulb 8. Retort stand 9. Burette clamp 10.Dropper
CHEMICAL Distilled water
PROCEDURE
(A) Calibration of Volumetric Flask
1. A 25 ml volumetric flask was cleaned and dried and weighed accurately
using analytical balance. The mass of empty volumetric flask was recorded. 2. Added distilled water until the calibration mark (used a dropper to add the last few drops of distilled water) and weight again (used the same balance). The mass of distilled water and volumetric flask was recorded 3. Temperature of the distilled water was recorded. 4. The actual volume of the volumetric flask was determine. (B) Calibration of pipette
1. 50 ml beaker was cleaned and dried and weigh accurately using analytical balance. The mass of empty beaker was record. 2. A pipette (20 ml or 25 ml) and rinse with distilled water. 3. Filled the pipette with distilled water using the procedure that had been discussed in the introduction part. 4. Drained the water into the beaker and weigh again. The mass of distilled water and beaker. 5. Step 1-4 one more time was repeat and recorded the temperature of the distilled water. 6. From the Table 1, the actual volume of pipette was determine.
(C) Calibration of Burette
1. 50ml beaker was cleaned and weigh accurately using analytical balance. The mass of empty beaker was recorded. 2. Burette was cleaned and rise using distilled water and filled in the burette with the distilled water until the zero mark. (Make sure there are no bubbles in the tip of the burette) 3. 5ml of the water from the burette was drain into the beaker and weigh as soon as possible. The mass was record 4. Step 3 was repeated by draining water from the burette until the following burette reading became 10ml,15ml,20ml.( Each time 5 ml distilled water had been added from the burette) Every time after added 5ml of water ,mass (distilled water+ beaker) were recorded. 5. The temperature of the distilled water was recorded. 6. From the table 1, the actual volume of added addition of 5ml of distilled water was determine. DISCUSSION
1) Pipette
Based on my experiment result, the result that we got is 19.324 ml. It is not satisfy value compared to theoretical value which is 20 ml. The difference between the actual value and theoretical value is ± 0.676 ml. This error is due to parallax error which is our eye is not perpendicular to meniscus. So, after this we must make sure that our eye is perpendicular to the meniscus. 2) Burette Based on our experiment result, the result that we got is 4.74665 ml which is not a satisfy result compared to theoretical value. The theoretical value is 5 ml. The difference between theoretical value an actual value is ± 0.26655ml. This error is due to parallax error which is our eye is not perpendicular to the meniscus. So, after this we must make sure that our eye is perpendicular to the meniscus. 3) Volumetric flask Based on our experiment result, the result that we got is 24.7069 ml. It is not satisfy result compared to the theory said which is 25 ml. The difference between the actual value and theoretical value is ± 0.2931 ml. This occurs due to systematic error. The scale does not read zero when nothing on it. So, after this we must make sure the reading scale is correct.
CONCLUSION
As the conclusion, the experiment was held to determine the qualitative and quantitative aspects of common laboratory equipment and the factors that affect the accuracy of an experiment. QUESTIONS
1. How to overcome or reduce the problems of random error and systematic
error while doing an experiment. To overcome or reduce the problems of random error and systematic error while doing experiment is , if there have several reading, we must take the median to get more accurate answer.
2. In what situation do you use a volumetric flask, conical flask , pipette and graduated cylinder? Explain your answer from the accuracy aspects of these apparatus. A volumetric flask is used to contain a predetermined volume of a substance and only measures that volume for example 250ml. The accuracy of volumetric flask is such (50ml) ±0.05 ml. A conical flask is used to manipulate solutions or to carry titrations. Conical flask are not suitable for accurate measurement. Their volumes are approximate within about 5% accuracy.
A graduated cylinder can generally be considered reliable to within 1 percent.
It should not used to measure volume unless a very crude estimate is desired because their accuracy is poor. A pipette are usually used in titrations. Pipette have high accuracy than others because the meniscus is filled more faster and can get the accurate result. The accuracy of pipette in such as (20,25 ml) ± 0.03 ml.
3. Explain how to read the burette. What are the factors to be considered while using burette?
The eye must be perpendicular with the meniscus when we read the burette. The factors to be considered while using burette are remove the air bubble on tip of burette. REFERENCES 1) https://scienceing.com. 2) Nivaldo J.Tro (2009). Introductry Chemistry (3 th edition). Pearson Practice Hall,Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Education , Inc.
