Module – I

Quality estimation:
Principles of estimation, methods and units, Estimation of materials in
buildings,
Module -II
Topics Principles of general and detailed specification for various types building
Covered works.
Analysis of rates, description, Prime cost, Schedule rates, Analysis of rates
for various types of works.

1. Estimating and Costing in Civil Engineering Theory & Practice, B.N.

Dutta, UBS Publishers
2.Civil engineering contracts and estimates by B.S. Patil, University Press.
Books

Under Review
 Module – I
ESTIMATE AND ESTIMATION

WHAT IS AN ESTIMATE ……

 Before taking up any work for its execution, the owner or builder should have
a thorough knowledge about the volume of work that can be completed
within the limits of his funds or the probable cost that may be required to
complete the proposed work.
 It is therefore necessary to prepare the probable cost or estimate for the
proposed work from its plan and specification.
 Otherwise, it may so happen that the work has to be stopped before its
completion due to the shortage of funds or of materials.

 Besides the above , an estimate for any public construction work is required
to be prepared and submitted beforehand so that sanction of necessary
funds may be obtained from the authority concerned .
 Thus an estimate for any construction work may be defined as the process
of calculating the quantities and costs of the various items required in
connection with the work .

 It is prepared by calculating the quantities, from the dimensions on the

drawings for the various items required to complete the project and
multiplied by unit cost of the item concerned.
 To prepare an estimate , drawing consisting of the plan , the elevation and the
section through important points, along with a detailed specification giving specific
description of all workmanship , properties and proportion of materials , are
required.

PURPOSE OF ESTIMATING:-

 To ascertain the necessary amount of money required by the owner to complete

the proposed work . For public construction work, estimates are required in
order to obtain administrative approval , allotment of funds and technical
sanction.

 To ascertain quantities of materials required in order to programme their

timely procurement. To procure controlled materials, if any, like cement ,
steel, etc. quantities of such materials are worked out from the estimate of
the work and attached with the application for verification.
  To calculate the number of different categories of workers that is to be
employed to complete the work within the scheduled time of completion.

 To assess the requirements of tool , plants and equipment required to

complete the work according to the programmed.
 To fix up the completion period from the volume of works involved in the estimate.

 To draw up a construction schedule and programmed and also to arrange

the funds required according to the programming.

 To justify the investment from benefit cost ratio.(for ideal investment ,this
ratio should be more than one)
 To invite tenders and prepare bills for payment.

 An estimate for an existing property is required for valuation

TYPES OF ESTIMATE
 ROUGH COST ESTIMATE

 PLINTH AREA ESTIMATE

 CUBICAL CONTENT ESTIMATE

 A QUANTITY ESTMATE

 APPROXIMATE QUANTITY METHOD

 DETAILED OR ITEM RATE ESTIMATE

 REVISED ESTIMATE

 SUPPLEMENTARY ESTIMATE

 A COMPLETE ESTIMATE

ROUGH COST ESTIMATE

IT is prepared to decide the financial policy matter.it is prepared on basis of

practical knowledge and cost of similar works. The competent sanctioning
authority accords “Administrative approval
  These estimates are also referred to as rom estimate and are useful for go
/no kind decision making which essential refers to whether the project
should or should not be pursued
 Some of the methods they can be useful for such estimates are investment
per annual capacity turnover and capital ratio.

PLINTH AREA ESTIMATE

 IT Is prepared on the basis of plinth area of the building multiplied by plinth

area rate prevalent in the region.

 Plinth area rates are fixed from the cost of similar buildings constructed in
the locality having similar finishing’s and amenities

 The cost of construction is determined by multiplying plinth area with plinth area
rate. The area is obtained by multiplying length and breadth (outer dimensions of
building). In fixing the plinth area rate, careful observation and necessary enquiries
are made in respect of quality and quantity aspect of materials and labor, type of
foundation, height of building, roof, wood work, fixtures, number of stores etc.

CUBICAL CONTENT ESTIMATE

 This estimate is worked out on the basis of the cubical contents of proposed
building to be constructed and then applying to it the rate per cubic meter.

 This is more accurate than plinth area estimate.

 The cubic content rates are deduced from the cost of similar buildings
constructed in the same locality

 This method is generally used for multi-storied buildings. It is more accurate

that the other two methods viz., plinth area method and unit base method.

 The cost of a structure is calculated approximately as the total cubical

contents (Volume of buildings) multiplied by Local Cubic Rate.

 The volume of building is obtained by Length x breadth x depth or height. The

length and breadth are measured out to out of walls excluding the plinth off set
A QUANTITY ESTIMATE OR QUANTITY SURVEY

 This is complete estimate or list of quantities for all items of work required to
complete the concerned project.
 The quantity of each individual items of work is worked out form respective
dimensions on the drawing of the structure to find the cost of an item in
quantity is multiplied by the rate per unit from that item.
 The purpose of the bill quantity i.e. to provide a complete list of quantities
necessary for the competition of any engineering project and when price
given to the estimated cost of the project.
APPROXIMATE QUANTITIES

 Regarded as the most reliable and accurate method of estimating, provided

that there is sufficient information to work on. Depending on the experience
of the surveyor, measurement can be carried out fairly quickly using
composite rates to save time.
 The rules of measurement are simple, although it must be said; they are not
standardized and tend to vary slightly from one surveyor to another.
One approach involves grouping together items corresponding to a
sequence of operations and relating them to a common unit of
measurement; unlike the measurement for a bill of quantities,
 where items are measured separately
 Composite rates are then built up from the data available in the office for that
sequence of operations
 All measurements are taken as gross over all but the very large openings
 Initially, the composite rates require time to build up, but once calculated
they may be used on a variety of estimating needs
 Reasonably priced software packages are now available. An example for a
composite is shown below for substructure:
 This is an approximate estimate to find out an approximate cost in the short
time and thus enable the authority concerned to consider the financial
aspect of the scheme for according sanctioned the same.
 Such an estimate is framed after knowing the rates of similar works and form
practical knowledge in various ways for various types of work such as

 Plinth area or square meter method.

 Cubic rate or cubic meter method.
 Serve unit or unit rate method.
 Bay method.
  Approximate quantities with bill method.
 Cost comparison method
 Cost from materials and labor.

DETAILED OR ITEM RATE ESTIMATE

 This estimate is an accurate and is based on the plan and sanctions of the
building.
 The quantity of items under each sub head of work are calculated from the
dimensions taken from drawing and then total cost is worked out in a form
called abstract of cost
 This include the detailed particulars for the quantities ,rate and cost of all the
items involved for satisfactory completion of a project
 Quantities of all items of work are calculated from their respective dimension
on the drawing on a measurement sheet .multiplying these quantities by their
respective rate in separate sheet, the cost of all items of work are worked out
individually and then summarized
 A detail estimate is accompanied by

 Report
 Specification
 Detailed drawing showing plane Design data and calculation
 Basis of rates adopted in the estimate

REVISED ESTIMATE

 IT Is also a detailed estimate and is prepared a fresh when the original sanctioned
detailed estimate exceeds by 10% or more ,either due to rates being found insufficient or
due to some other reasons
 It is always possible that in spite of all precaution in the planning stages it becomes
clearly during execution the actual cost of a project will exceed the original estimate ,now
generally a certain cushion of the cost is available ,if the exceedance is higher
 It is prepared on the basis on estimate on which sanction was obtained showing the
existing sanction and the progress made up to date
 The revised estimate should be accompanied by comparative statement showing the
original and revised rate and quantity

SUPPLEMENTARY ESTIMATE

 This is a fresh detailed estimate of the additional work in additional work in addition to
the original one and is prepared when additional work is required to supplement the
original work
 There is always a like hood that while executing a certain project it may be considered
worthwhile to carry out additional work, which was not foreseen in initial stages and
therefore not actual for the preliminary estimate
  Execution of such work required drawing up and approval of supplementary estimate
and the exercise is essential similar to that of drawing up the estimate for the main work
it is naturally expected that the cost of additional work will be much smaller than the main
work
 In case where a substantial section of a project in abandoned or where material
deviation from the original proposals are expected to result in substantial savings the
estimate is revised by the department and intimated to engineer in charge for execution
of work
 But in case where the saving is due to a material deviation of structural nature from the
design originally approved supplement estimate is prepared for a revised technical
sanction
 The method of preparation of supplementary estimate is the same as that of detail
estimate and it should be accompanied by full report of the circumstances which render
it necessity.
 The abstract must show the amount of original estimate and the total of sanctioned
required including the supplementary amount.

COMPLETE ESTIMATE

 This is an estimated cost of all items which are related to the work in addition to main
contractor to the detailed estimate
 One may think that an estimate of a structure includes only the cost of land and the cost
items to be included.
 INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNIT

The Traditional Metric System (MKSA system)- Metre, Kilogram, Second, Ampere
System) does not include the unit of Thermodynamic temperature and the unit of Luminous
intensity. The International Conference adopted the International System of Units (SI) which
includes six basic units. The six basic units with their symbols are- Metre(M) for length,
Kilogram (Kg) for mass, Second(S) for time, Ampere(A) for electric current, Degree Kelvin(K) for
thermodynamic temperature and Candela(Cd) for luminous intensity. The SI unit covers the co-
herent units of the system (the basic units, supplementary units and the co-herent derived units
and decimal multiples and sub-multiples of the units formed by the uses of the prefixes. The co-
herent units only are designated SI units.

Basic SI Units

 Units of Length- Metre(M)-

 Unit of Mass-Kilogram (Kg)-.

 Unit of Time- Second(s)-

 Unit of Electric Current- Ampere(A)-

0
 Unit of Thermodynamic Temperature- Kelvin (K)- The degree Celsius ( C) is equal to
0
Kelvin (1 C-1K)

 Unit of Luminous Intensity- Candela (cd)-

Supplementary Units- In the International System of units, the quantities, plane angle and solid
angle are treated as independent quantities with SI units radian (rad.) and steradian (sr.) respectively.
 One radian is the angle between two radii of a circle which cuts off on the circumference
an equal in length to the radius.
One steradian is the solid angle which having its vertex in the centre of a sphere cuts of
an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of square with sides of length equal to the
radius of the sphere.

METHOD OF ESTIMATING

The quantities like earth work, foundation concrete, brickwork in plinth and super
structure etc., can be workout by any of following two methods:
a) Long wall - short wall method
b) Centre line method.
c) Partly centre line and short wall method.

LONG WALL-SHORT WALL METHOD:

In this method, the wall along the length of room is considered to be long wall while
the wall perpendicular to long wall is said to be short wall. To get the Measurement of
Materials and Works length of long wall or short wall, calculate first the centre line lengths
of individual walls. Then the length of long wall, (out to out) may be calculated after adding
half breadth at each end to its centre line length. Thus the length of short wall measured
into in and may be found by deducting half breadth from its centre line length at each end.
The length of long wall usually decreases from earth work to brick work in super structure
while the short wall increases. These lengths are multiplied by breadth and depth
to get quantities

B) CENTRE LINE METHOD:

This method is suitable for walls of similar cross sections. Here the total centre line
length is multiplied by breadth and depth of respective item to get the total quantity
at a time. When cross walls or partitions or verandah walls join with main all, the
centre line length gets reduced by half of breadth for each junction. such junction or
joints are studied carefully while calculating total centre line length. The estimates
prepared by this method are most accurate and quick.

C) PARTLY CENTRE LINE AND PARTLY CROSS WALL METHOD:

This method is adopted when external (i.e., alround the building) wall is of one
thickness and the internal walls having different thicknesses. In such cases, centre
line method is applied to external walls and long wall-short wall method is used to
internal walls. This method suits for different thicknesses walls and different level of
foundations. Because of this reason, all Engineering departments are practicing this
method.
 HOW TO PREPARE A DETAILED ESTIMATE

 Detailed Estimate:The unit-quantity method is followed to prepare a

detailed estimate.In this method the rates per unit work of one item including profit are
considered first and the total cost for the item is found,by multiplying the cost per unit of rate by
the number.

 The procedure for the preparation of a detailed estimate is divided into 2 parts:

DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES .

MEASUREMENT FORM: -

Item no Description -No length Breadth - Height Content Remark

or or Depth or
particulars quantity

Abstract of estimate form

Sl Description or Quatity Unit Rate Unit of Amount

.no particulars Rs. P. rate Rs. P.

Functions of an abstract of estimate

The main functions of an abstract of estimate are:

 The total estimated cost and the different items of works required to complete
project can be known.
 Basis on which % rate tenders are called after excluding the amount for
contingency and work-charged establishment.
 A part of tender document and a contractor can arrive at his own rates from the
schedule of work described in the description column.

 This is the basis on which bills are prepared for payment. Comparative costs of
different items of works can be known.

Data required for preparing detailed estimate

 DRAWING
 SPECIFICATIONS(both general and detailed)
 RATES
 UPDATED MODE OF MEASUREMENT
 STANDING CIRCULARS
FACTORS CONSIDERED DURING DETAILED ESTIMATION

1. Quantity of materials

2. Availability of materials
3. Transportation of materials

4. Location of site

5. Local labour charges

Principle of Units for Various Items Of Works-

The units of different works depend on their nature, size and shape. In
general, the units of different items of work are based on the following principle:-

i) Mass, voluminous and thick works shall be taken in square unit or

volume. The measurement of length and breadth or height shall be taken
to compute the volume or cubic contents.
ii) Shallow, thin and surface works shall be taken in square units or in area. The
measurement of length and breadth or height shall be taken to compute the area.
iii) Long and thin work shall be taken in linear or running unit, and linear
measurement shall be taken.
iv) Piece work, job work, etc.,shall be taken in number.

The units of payments and measurement of various items of work in metric

system are same except for earthwork. Earthwork is measurement in cu m but
payment is made per 100 cu m(per % cu m).
THE UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS AND PAYMENTS FOR VARIOUS ITEMS OF
WORK AND MATERIALS

SL. Particulars of Items Units of Units Unita of

NO. measurements in payment in payment in FPS
MKS MKS
Earthwork-
1. Earthwork in excavation in
ordinary soil, earthwork in
mixed soil with kankar cu m Per % cu m % cu ft
bajri,etc.earthwork in hard
soil.
2. Rock excavation cu m Per % cu m % cu ft
3. Earth filling in excavation
in foundation. cu m Per % cu m % cu ft
4. Earth filling in foundation cu m Per % cu m
Trenches % cu ft
5. Earth filling in plinth cu m Per % cu m % cu ft
6. Earthwork in
banking,cutting,in road cu m Per % cu m % cu ft
and
irrigation channel.
7. Surface dressing and
levelling,cleaning,etc sq m Per sq m % sq ft
8. Cutting of trees(Girth no.
specified) Per no. Per no.
9. Pudding,puddle clay core cu m Per % cu m % cu ft
10. Sand filling cu m Per cu m % cu ft
11. Quarrying of stone or cu m Per cu m % cu ft
Boulder
12. Blasting of rock (blasted
stone stacked and then cu m Per cu m % cu ft
measured)
Concrete-
1. Lime concrete(L.C)in cu m Per cu m % cu ft
foundation
2. Lime concrete(L.C) in roof sq m per sq m % sq ft
terracing,thickness specified
3. Cement concrete(C.C) cu m per cu m per cu ft
4. Reinforced cement cu m per cu m per cu ft
concrete(R.C.C.)
5. C.C. or R.C.C. Chujja,sun cu m per cu m per cu ft
shade
6. Precast C.C.or R.C.C. cu m per cu m per cu ft
7. Jali work or jaffri work or
C.C. tracery sq m per sq m per sq ft
panels(Thickness specified)
8. Cement concrete bed cu m per cu m per cu ft
 D.P.C.-
9. Damp proof course-Cement
concrete,rich cemen sq m per sq m % sq ft
mortar.asphalt,etc.(Thicknes
s specified)
Brickwork-
1. Brickworkin foundation
and cu m per cu m % cu ft
plinth in super structure,in
arches,etc., in
cement,lime
or mud mortar
2. Sun dried brickwork cu m per cu m % cu ft
3. Honey-comb sq m per sq m %sq ft
brickwork,thickness
specified
4. Brickwork in jack arches,if cu m per cu m % cu ft
measured separatly
5. Jack arch roofing sq m per sq m % sq ft
including
top finishing
6. Brickwork in well steining cu m per cu m % cu ft
7. Half-brickwork with or sq m per sq m % sq ft
without reinforcement
8. Thin partition wall sq m per sq m % sq ft
9. Reinforced brickwork cu m per cu m % cu ft
(R.B.WORK)
10. String course,drip
course,weather meter per m per r ft
course,coping
etc.(Projection specified)
11. Cornice(Projection and type meter per m per r ft
specified)
12. Brickwork in Fire cu m per cu m % cu ft
place,Chullah,Chimney
13. Pargetting Chimney,fire meter per m per r ft
place flue
14. Brick edging (by road meter per m per r ft
side)
STONE WORK-
1. Stone masonry,Random
Rubble masonry,Coursed cu m per cu m % cu ft
Rubble masonry,Ashlar
masonry in walls, in
arches,etc.
2. Cut stone work in lintel cu m per cu m per cu ft
beam,etc.
3. Stone slab in
roof,shelve,etc.,stone sq m per sq m % sq ft
chujjas,stone sun shed
etc.
4. Stone work in wall facing sq m per sq m per sq ft
or
lining( Thickness
specified)
WOOD WORK-
1. Wood work, door and and
window frame or Cu m per cu m per cu ft
chowkhat,rafter beams,roof
trusses,etc.
2. Door and window shutter
or
leaves,panelled,battened,gla Sq m per sq m per sq ft
zed,part panelled and part
glazed,wire
gauged,etc.(Thickness
specified)
3. Door and window fittings
as No. per no. per no.
hinges tower bolts,sliding
bolts,handles,etc.
4. Timbering,boarding(Thickn sq m per sq m per sq ft
ess specified)
5. Timbering of trenches(Area sq m per sq m per sq ft
of face supported)
6. Sawing of timber sq m per sq m per sq ft
7. Woodwork in partition,ply sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
wood,etc.
8. Ballies(Diameter specified) meter per m per r ft
Steel work-
1. Rolled steel per cwt
joists,channel,angles,T- quintal per q
irons,flats,squares,rounds,et
c.
2. Steel reinforcement quintal per q per cwt
bars,etc.,in R.C.C.,R.B
work
3. Bending,binding of steel quintal per q per cwt
reinforcement
4. Fabrication and hoisting of steel
work…….. Quintal Per q Per cwt
5. Expended metal(X,P.M), size
specified….. sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
6. Fabric reinforcement, wire
netting………. sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
7. Iron work in stress… Quintal Per q Per cwt
8. Gusset plate (Minimum rectangular
size from which cut)….. Quintal Per q Per cwt
9. Cutting of iron Joists & channel….. Cm Per cm Per inch
10. Cutting Angles, Tees & Plate….. sq m Per sq m Per sq inch
11. Threading in iron….. Cm Per cm Per inch
12.Welding,solder of sheets, plates
(Welding of rails, steel, trusses, rods Cm Per cm Per inch
per
no.)
13.Boring holes in iron no. Per no. Per no.
14.Cast iron(C.I) pipe, Dia. specified Metre Per m Per ft.
15.Rivets,Bolts and nuts,Anchor
bolts,Lewis bolts,holding down Quintal Per q Per cwt
bolts,etc.
16.Barbed wire fencing Metre Per m % r ft
17.Iron gate
(may also be by weight,quintal) sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
18.Iron hold fast
(may also be by no.) Quintal Per q Per cwt
19.Iron railing(heigt and types Metre Per m Per r ft
specified)
20.Iron grill,collapsible gate
(may also be by weight,quintal) sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
21.Rolling shutter sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
22.Steel doors and windows(type and
fixing specified) sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
Roofing-
1.Tiled roof----Allahabad tile,Faizadad
tile,Mangalore tile,etc. including battens sq m Per sq m % sq ft
2.Country tile roof including bamboo
jaffri… sq m Per sq m % sq ft
3.Corrugated iron(G.C.I)roof,Asbestos sq m Per sq m % sq ft
cement (A.C)sheet roof
4. Slate roofing, timber roofing Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
5.Thatch roofing including
bamboo jaffri (Thickness
specified) Sq m Per Sq m % sq ft
6.Eave board(Thickness specified) Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
7.R.C.C., R.B. slab
roof(excluding
steel) Cu m Per cu m Per cu ft
8.Lime concrete roof over and
inclusive of tiles,or bricks, or
stones slabs, etc,( Thickness Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
specified)
9. Mud roof over and inclusive
of
tiles, or bricks, or stone slab, Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
etc,(T hickness and type
specified)
10. Ridges,valleys,gutters,
(Girth
specified) Metre Per m Per r ft
11. Tar felting,Bituminous
painting Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
12.Insulating layer in roof of
sand
and clay,asphalt,etc. Sq m Per sq m %sq ft.
13.Expansion,contraction or
construction joint… Metre Per m Per r ft
14.Ceiling--- Timber,A.C. Sheet
plain,cloth,Cement plaster on
XPM, Paste board,etc… Sq m Per sq m Per sq ft.
15.centering and shuttering
Form
work ---Surface area of R.C.C.
or
R.B. work supported(may also
be
per cu m(cu ft)of R.C.C. or R.B. Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
work)
Plastering, Pointing and Finishing
:-
1. Plastering – Cement, sq m per sq m % sq ft
motar,
lime motar, mud, etc.
(Thickness, proportion
specified).
2. Pointing – Struck, fluch, sq m per sq m % sq ft
weather, etc.
3. Dado (Thickness and type sq m per sq m % sq ft
specified)
4. Skirting (Thickness type and metre per m per r ft
height specified)
5. Cement motar or lime motar sq m per sq m % sq ft
 rubbing
6. White washing, colour sq m per sq m % sq ft
washing, cement washing
(number of coat specified)
7. Distempering (number of sq m per sq m % sq ft
coats specified)
8. Snow cement washing or sq m per sq m % sq ft
 finishing (number of coat
specified) sq m per sq m % sq ft
9. Painting, varnishing (number
of coat specified) sq m per sq m % sq ft
10. Polishing of wood work
(number of coat specified) no. per no. per no.
11. Painting letters and figures
(height specified) sq m per sq m % sq ft
12. Oiling and clearing of door
and windows sq m per sq m % sq ft
13. Coaltarring (number of coat
specified) sq m per sq m % sq ft
14. Removing of paint or sq m per sq m
varnish
15. Gobrilepping (powder % sq ft
wash)

Flooring---
1.2.5 cm (1”) C.C over 7.5 cm Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
(3”) L.C. Floor ( Including L.C.)
2.Conglomerate floor, artificial
patent stone Floor 2.5 cm (1”) Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
C.C. over 7.5 cm (3”)
L.C.(including L.C)
3.4 cm ( 1½ “) thick stone floor Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
over 7.5 cm (3”) L.C.
(including
L.C)
4.2.5 cm (1”) marble flooring Sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
over
7.5 cm (3”) L.C. (including L.C.
5.Mosaic or terrazzo or Sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
granolithic floor over 7.5
cm(3”)
L.C.(including
L.C.)
6.Brick flat floor over 7.5 Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
cm(3”)
L.C. (including L.C.)
7.Brick on edge floor over 7.5 Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
cm
(3”) L.C. (including L.C.)
8.2.5 cm (1”) or 4 cm (1/2”) Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
C.C.
floor
9.Mud flooring finished gobri Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
lepping
10. Apron or plinth protection Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
(may be of
C.C.,L.C.,brick,etc.)
11.Door and window sill (C.C Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
or
cement mortar plastered)
Miscellaneous Items -
1. Ornamental cornice Metre per m per r ft
(projection, type specified)
2. Molding string course, drip
course, beading, throating, etc. Metre per m per r ft
3. Ornamental pillar caps,
pillar
base, flowers, brackets, etc. no. per no. per no.
4. Railing (Height and type
specified) Metre per m per r ft
5. Surface drain
large(item wise)-
(i) Masonry cu m per cu m % cu ft
(ii) Plastering sq m per sq m % sq ft
6. Surface drain small (size, Metre per m per r ft
material, etc. Specified)
7. Pipe – rainwater, sanitary, Metre per m per r ft
water pipe, etc. (Dia,
Specified)
8. Laying pipe line – sanitary, Metre per sq m per r ft
water pipe, etc. (Dia, depth,
bedding etc. Specified)
9. Jungle clearance sq m or hectre per hecter % sq ft or per
acre

10. Silt clearance in irrigation cu m per % cu % cu ft

m
channels ( similar to
earthwork)
11. Trestle crate (size, type, no. per no. per no.
etc.
specified)
12. Cleaning flues no. per no. per no.
13. Cotton cords in sky light no. per no. per no.
14. Easing doors and windows no. per no. per no.
15. Fixing doors and windows no. per no. per no.
16. Supply and fixing of hinges,
tower bolts, hasp and staples,
handles and hardwares, no. per no. per no.
etc.
17. Glazing sq m per sq m Per sq ft
18. Glass panes (supply) sq m per sq m Per sq ft
19. Fixing of glass panes or
cleaning no. per no. Per no.
20. Renewing of glass panes no. per no. per no.
21. Well sinkling(masonary or
tube well) Metre per m per r ft
22. Pile driving or sinking Metre per m per r ft
23. Furnitures – chairs, tables, no. per no. per no.
etc.
(size, shape specified)
24..Painting furniture no Per no Per no
25.Caning chairs no Per no Per no
26.Pitching of brick, cu m Per cu m % cu ft
stone,kankar,etc
Li channel,tunnel etc.(Brick
pitching may also be on area
in sq m)
27.Lining of irrigation channel,tunnel
,etc.materials ,thickness specified
Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
(Thick lining may be in
volume basis in cu m)
28.Kankar quarrying
kankar supply Cu m Per cu m % cu ft
29.Kankar consolidation ,road
metal consolidation Cu m Per cu m % r ft
30.Dag belling (May
also be per km)
31.Bituminous road surfacing Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
32. Dismanting-------- - - -
Cu m Per cu m % sq ft
33. Distaming of brick masonary
34.Grouting(Bituminous Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
grounting of road metal,cement Metre Per m Per r ft
grounting of concrete)

35.Grounting of cracks ,joints,etc.

36.Electric wiring of electrifaction Per point
Point Per point
light ,fan,plug points
37.Watercloset(W.C)Wash hand Per no.
basin,manahole,etc.
No. Per no.
Materials---- % nos.
% nos. Per %
1. Supply of bricks
2. Supply of sand,surkhi,cinder,etc. % cu ft Per
Cu m nos.
3.Supply of cement….....4.Supply of cwt Per
Bag of 50 kg.
lime unslaked maund Per
Quintal Per cu m
maund
5.Supply of time slaked (may Quintal Per bag
also be in volume basis in cu m) or per % cu ft
6. Supply of brick ballast, Cu m quintal
stone ballast, aggregate, etc. Per % cu ft
7.Broken bricks, kankar, etc. Cu m quintal
8.Supply of timber % cu ft
9.Supply of steel Cu m Per cu m Per cwt
10.Supply of bitumen, Qulntal Per ton
tar 11.Supply of coal Tonne Per cu m Per ton
12.Supply of A.C.sheets Tonne Sq ft
13.Supply G.I. sheet Sq m Per cu m Per cwt
14.Supply of switches, plugs Quintal Per q Per no.
15.Supply of insulated electric No. Per Per cwt
Quintal tonne Per cwt
Quintal Per
tonne Sq
m
Per quintal
Per no.
Per quintal
Per quintal
wire
16.Supply of bare electric wire No. Per no. Per no.
17.Tents, sholdaries No. Per no. Per no.
18.Supply of W.C. no. Per no. Per no.

19. Supply of wash hand basin

( size specified) no. Per no. Per
20. Supply of cowl, mica no. Per no. no. Per
valve, itersepting trap, etc. no.
(size specified)
21. Supply of bibcock, no. Per no.
stopcock, ballcock, etc. Per
(size specified) Metre Per m.
22. Ferrule, C.I. tank, water no
metre,
Per r

ft
etc.
23. supply of pipe, C.I. pipe, S.W.
pipe.Hume pipe, A.C. pipe,
G.I. pipe, etc. (diaspecified) Kq or quintal Per kq Per cwt
24. Supply of lead, lead wool Kg Per kg Per lb

25.Spunyarn
26.Supply of varnish, oil, etc. Ltre Per litre Per gl
27. supply of paint readymix Litre Per litre Per gl
28.Supply of stiff paint Kg Per kg Per lb
29. Explosive for blasting Kg Per kg Per lb
Estimation of materials in single storeyed flat roof building
Example 1: From the given figure below calculate the detailed and abstract
estimate for the single roomed building (Load bearing type structure) by
a) long wall & short wall method (b) Centre Line Method
S.No. Particulars of Items No. L B H Q Explanation
1 Earth Work
excavation
for foundation 2 6.2 0.9 1.4 15.264 L=5.3+.45+.45 =6.2
a) Long walls D= 0.3+0.5+0.6 =
1.4
2 3.4 0.9 1.4 8.568 L= 4.3-0.45-0.45=
b) Short walls 24.192 3.4
3
M
2 C.C.(1:4:8) bed for
foundation
a) Long walls 2 6.2 0.9 0.3 3.348
b) Short walls 2 3.4 0.9 0.3 1.836
5.184 m3
3 R.R.Masonry in CM
(1:6) for
a) Footings
i) Long walls 2 5.9 0.6 0.5 3.54 L= 5.3+0.3+0.3=5.9
ii) Short walls 2 3.7 0.6 0.5 2.22 L=4.3-0.3-0.3 = 3.7
b) Basement 0.6 L= 5.3+0.225+0.225=
i) Long walls 2 5.75 0.45 0.6 3.105 5.75
ii) Short walls 2 3.85 0.45 2.079 L=4.3-0.225-0.225 =3.85
m3
Total 10.94

4 Brick masonary with

CM
(1:6) for super
structure
a) Long Walls 2 5.6 0.30 3.00 10.08 L=5.3+0.15+0.15=5.6
b) Short walls 2 4.0 0.30 3.00 7.20 L=4.3-0.15-0.15=4.0
c) for parapetwall
a) Long Walls 2 5.6 0.2 0.75 1.68
b) Short walls 2 4.4 0.2 0.75 1.32
Deductions for
openings
a)Doors 1 1.0 0.3 2.1 0.63
b) Windows 3 1.5 0.3 1.2 1.62
Net Brick Masonry Total 18.03 m3

5 R.C.C. (1:2:4) for

a) Roof slab 1 5.6 4.6 0.12 3.090
b) Lintels over
i) Doors 1 1.2 0.3 0.15 0.054
ii) Windows 3 1.5 0.3 0.15 0.202
c) Beams
i) Long beams 2 5.6 0.3 0.3 1.008
ii) short beams 2 4.0 0.3 0.3 0.720
 Total 5.074 m3
6 Sandfilling for
basement 1 4.85 3.85 .48 8.96 L=5.0-0.075-0.075=4.85

7 C.C.(1:4:8) for 1 4.85 3.85 0.1 1.86 B=4.0-0.075-0.075=

flooring 3.85

8 Flooring with 1 5.0 4.0 -- 20.0 m2

Mosaic
tiles

9 Plastering with CM
(1:6)for super
structure
Inside 1 18.0 -- 3.0 54.0
For walls
Out side
For walls 1 20.4 -- 3.87 61.2
Basement outside 1 21.6 -- 0.6 12.96
Parapet wall
a) Inside 1 18.8 -- 0.75 14.1
b) top 1 19.6 0.2 --- 3.92
Deductions for
opeinings
Doors 1x2 1.0 -- 2.1 4.2
Windows 3x2 1.5 -- 1.2 10.8
Net Plastering 131.18
m2
10 Plastering for Ceiling 1 5.0 4.0 -- 20.0 m2
With CM(1:5)
11 White Washing with 151.18 (=131.18+20=151.18)
Two coats with
cement
Same as quantity of
plastering for walls
and
ceiling
12 Colour washing with 151.18 (=131.18+20=151.18)
two coats Same as
quantity of plastering
for walls and ceiling

13 Supply & Fixing of

best country wood for
a) Doors 1 1 No.
b) Windows 3 3No

14 Painting with ready

mixed synthetic
enamel
paits with two coats
over primary coat for
new wood for
a) Doors 2¼x1 1.0 --- 2.1 4.725
 b) Windows 2¼x3 1.5 --- 1.2 12.15
Total 16.875 m2

15 Petty supervision and

contingencies at 4%
and rounding off.

b) centre line method

Sl. Particulars of No. L B H Q Explanation
No. Items
1. Earth Work L=2(5.3+4.3)=19.2
exevation 1 19.2 0.9 1.4 24.192 m3
for foundation
2 C.C.(1:4:8) bed for
foundation 1 19.2 0.9 0.3 5.184 m3
3 R.R.Masonry in CM
(1:6) for
a) Footings 1 19.2 0.6 0.5 5.76
b) Basement 1 19.2 0.45 0.6 5.184
Total 10.944
4 Brick masonry with
CM(1:6)for super-
structure 1 19.2 0.3 3.0 17.28
For parapet wall 1 20.0 0.2 0.75 3.00 m3
Deductions for
openings
a)Doors 1 1.0 0.3 2.1 0.63
b) Windows 3 1.5 0.3 1.2 1.62
Net Brick Masony = 18.03 m3
5 R.C.C. (1:2:4) for
a) roof slab 1 5.6 4.6 0.12 3.090
b) Lintels over
i) Doors 1 1.2 0.3 0.15 0.054
ii) Windows 3 1.5 0.3 0.15 0.202
c) beams 1 19.2 1.3 0.3 1.728
Total 5.074
m3
6 Sandfilling for 1 4.85 3.85 0.48 8.96 L=5.0-0.075-0.075=4.85
basement
7 C.C.(1:4:8) for 1 4.85 3.85 0.1 1.86 B=4.0-0.075-0.075=3.85
flooring
8 flooring with Mosaic 1 5.0 4.0 -- 20.0
tiles
9 Plastering with CM
(1:6)for super \
structure
Inside
For walls 1 18.0 -- 3.0 54.0
Out side
 For walls 1 20.4 -- 3.87 61.2
Basement outside 1 21.6 -- 0.6 12.96
Parapet wall
a) Inside 1 18.8 -- 0.75 14.1
b) top 1 19.6 0.2 --- 3.92
Deductions for
opeinings
Doors 1x2 1.0 -- 2.1 4.2 L=5.0-0.075-0.075=4.85
Windows 3x2 1.5 -- B= 4.0-0.075-0.075=3.85
1.2 10.8
Net Plastering = 131.18 m2
10 Plastering for Ceiling 1 5.0 4.0 -- 20.0 m2
With CM(1:5)
11 White Washing with 151.18 m2
two coats with (131.18+20=151.18)
cement
Same as quantity of
plastering for walls
and
ceiling
12 Colour washing with 151.18 m2
two coats (131.18+20=151.18)
Same as quantity of
plastering for walls
and
ceiling
13 Supply & Fixing of
best
country wood for
a) Doors 1 1 No.
b) Windows 3 3No
14 Painting with ready
mixed synthetic
enamil paints with
two coats over
primary coat for new
wood for
a) Doors 2¼x1 1.0 --- 2.1 4.725
b) Windows 2¼x3 1.5 --- 1.2 12.15
Total 16.875
m2
15 Petty supervision
and
contingencies at 4%
and rounding off
Abstract estimate of single roomed building (load bearing structure)

S.No Description of item Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount

1. Earth work excaation 24.192 m3 465 10m3 1125.00
2. Cement concrete(1:4:8) 5.184 m3 4545 1m3 8009.30
3. RR.masonry in C.M.(1:5) 10.94 m3 1391 m3 15217.50
4. Sand filling in basement 8.96 m3 195.20 10m3 175.00
5. Brick masonry in country 18.03 m3 2291 m3 41306.73
bricks of standard size in
CM(1:8)
6. R.C.C. (1:2:4) for lintels, 1.984 m3 6030 m3 11963.52
beams etc.
7. R.C.C.(1:2:4) for slabs, 3.09 m3 6030 m3 18633.00
8. Cement concrete (1:5:10) 1.86 m3 1452 m3 2700.72
for flooring
9. Supplying and fixing of 2.1 m2 1650 m2 3465.00
country wood for doors.
10. Supplying and fixing of 5.4 m2 2300 m2 12420.00
country wood for windows
and ventilators.
11 Plastering to all exposed 151.18 m2 582 10m2 8798.70
surfaces of brick work and
basement with C.M (1:5)
12 White washing with best 151.18 m2 116 10m2 1753.68
shell lime
13 Flooring with spartek tiles 20 m2 4230 10m2 8460.00
set in C.M (1:3)
14 Painting with ready mixed 16.875 m2 335 10m2 565.31
enamel paint Total 134593.46
15 Povision for water supply 16824.18
and sanitary arangements
@12.5%
16 Provision for 10094.50
electrification
@7.5%
17 Povision for architectural 2691.86
appearance @2%
18 Provision for unforeseen 2691.86
items 2%
19 Provision for P.s.and 5383.73
contingencies @4%
Grand Total Rs. 172279.65
 Module – II

Under Review
 Module-II
Exact statement of the particular needs to be
WHAT IS SPECIFICAT………
satisfied, or essential characteristics that a
customer requires (in a good, material, method,
process, service, system, or work) and
which a vendor must deliver. Specifications are
written usually in a manner that enables both
parties (and/or an independent certifier) to
measure the degree of conformance. They are,
however, not the same as control limits (which
allow fluctuations within a range), and
conformance to them does not necessarily mean
quality (which is a predictable degree of
dependability and uniformity).

Specification for various types building works

GENERAL SPECIFICATION OF A FIRST-CLASS BUILDING

Foundation and plinth foundation and plinth

shall be of 1-class brick work in lime mortar or 1:6
cement mortar over lime concrete or 1:4:8 cement
concrete

Damp proof course

D.C.P shall be 2.5 cm thick cement concrete

1:1:3,mixed with one kg of imperious per bag of
cement or other standard water proofing materials
as specified and painted with two coats of
bitumen
Superstructure

Superstructure shall be of 1-class brickwork with

lime mortar or 1:6 cement mortar. lintels over
doors and window shall be of R.C.C
Roofing

Roof shall be of R.C.C slab with an insulation

B INTERIOR D ESIGN
layer and concrete polished.
lime concrete
terracing
above,
supported
over R.S joist
or R.C.C
beam as
required.
Height of
rooms shall
not be less
than 3.7m(12
feet)
Flooring

Drawing
room and
dining room
floors shall be
of mosaic.
Bathroom
and W.C
floors and
dado shall be
mosaic.
Floors of
bedrooms
shall be
colored and
polished of
2.5 cm
cement
concrete
over7.5 cm
lime
concrete.
Floors of
other shall be
of2.5 cm
cement
concrete over
7.5 cm lime

B INTERIOR D ESIGN
Finishing

Inside and outside walls be of 12mm cement lime plastered 1:1:6.Drawing ,dining and
bedrooms –inside shall be distempered ,and other –inside white washed 3 coats. Outside
shall be colored snowcem washed two coats over one coat of white wash.

Doors and windows

chaukhats shall be seasoned teak wood. Shutters shall be teak wood 4.3 cm thick paneled
glazed or partly glazed as required, with additional wire gauge shutters. All fittings shall be of
brass. Doors and windows shall be varnished or painted two coats with high class enamel
paint over one coat of priming. Window shall be provided with iron gratings or grills.

Miscellaneous

Rain water pipes of cast iron or of asbestos cement shall be provided and finished
st
painted. Building shall be provided with 1 class sanitary and water fittings and
electrical installations.1 meter wide 7.5 cm thick C.C 1:3:6 apron shall be provided all
all round the building

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS OF A SECOND CLASS BUILDING

st
Foundation and plinth-Foundation and plinth shall be of 1 class brickwork with
lime mortar over lime concrete.
Damp proof course-D.P.C. shall be of 2 c.m (3\4”) thick cement concrete 1:2 mixed with
1 kg of imperious per bag of cement or other standard water proofing materials.

Superstructures-Superstructures shall be of 2nd class brickwork in lime mortar.

Lintels over doors and windows shall be of R.B.
Roofing-Roof shall be R.B. slab with 7.5 cm lime concrete terracing above (or flat
terraced roof supported over wooden battens and beams ,or Jack arch roof).
Verandah roof may be of A.C. sheet or Allahabad tiles.
Flooring-Floors shall be 2.5 cm (1”) cement concrete over 7.5 cm (3”) L.C. Verandah
floor shall be of brick tile or flag stone over lime concrete, finished cement painted.

Finishing-Inside and outside walls shall be of 12 mm cement mortar plastered 1:6

ceiling shall be cement plastered 1:3 inside shall be white washed 3 coats, colour
washed two coats over one coat of white wash.
Doors and windows-Chaukhat shall be of R.C.C. or well seasoned sal wood
shutters of shisham wood or deodar wood 4 cm(1 ½”) thick, panelled, glazed or partly
panelled and partly glazed as required, fitted with iron fittings with iron fittings. Doors
and windows shall be painted two coats over one coat of priming.
Miscellaneous-Rain water pipes shall be of cast iron finished painted. Electrification,
and sanitary and water fittings’ may be provided if required.

GENERAL SPECIFICATION OF 3RD CLASS BUILDING:

 FOUNDATION AND PLINTH:

nd
Foundation and plinth shall be of 2 class brick work in lime mortar in a
lime concrete. Damp proof course shall be 2cm thick cement mortar1:2 mixed with
standard water proofing compound.

 SUPER STRUTURE:

Superstructure shall be second class brick work in mud mortar. Door and window
nd
opening shall be provided with arches of 2 class brick work in lime mortar.

 ROOFING:
Roof shall be of mud over tiles or brick or G.I sheet or A.C. sheets sloping roof.

 FLOORING
Floor shall be of brick-on-edge floor over well rammed earth.
 FINISHING
Inside and outside wall shall be plastered with lime mortar and white
washed three coat.
 DOORS AND WINDOWS
Chaukhat shall be salwood, and shuttered of chir mango or other country wood.

SPECIFICATION OF 4TH CLASS BUILDING

 FOUNDATION AND SUPER STRUCTURE:

Foundation and superstructure shall be of sun-dried in mud mortar. Door and
nd
window opening shall be provided with arches of 2 class brick work in lime
mortar or with wooden plank.
 ROOFING
Roofing shall be of tile roof over bamboo and wooden supports.
 FLOORING
Floor shall be kutcha or earthen floor finished with”gobri” washing.
 DOOR AND WINDOW
Door and window shall be chir or mango wood.
What is detailed Specification.

 The detailed specification is a detailed description and expresses the

requirements in detail.
 The detailed specification of an item of work specifies the qualities and
quantities of materials, the proportion of mortar, workmanship, the method of
preparation and execution and methods of measurement.

 The detailed specification of different items of work is prepared separately and

describes what the works should be and how they shall be executed & constructed.
 Detailed specifications are written to express the requirements clearly in a
concise form avoiding repetition & ambiguity.
 The detailed specification is arranged as far as possible in the same sequence
of order as the work is carried out.
 The detailed specifications if prepared properly are very helpful for the
execution of work.
 The detailed specifications form an important part of contract document.
 Every engineering departments prepares the detailed specifications of the
various items of works & get them printed in book form under the name’
Detailed specifications.’
 When the work, or a structure or project is taken up, instead of writing detailed
specification every time, the printed Detailed Specifications are referred
DETAILS SPECIFICATION OF BRICKWORK 1ST CLASS
st
Bricks -- All bricks shall be of 1 . class of standard specification made of good brick
earth thoroughly burnt and shall be of deep cherry red or copper color bricks shall be
regular in shape and there edges should be sharp and shall emit clear ranging sound on
being struck and for hall be free from cracks, chips, flaws, and lumps of any kind.

Mortar-mortar shall be specified, and materials of mortar shall be of standard

specification. For cement mortar cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard
specification. Sand shall be sharp, clean and free from organic and foreign matters for
rich mortar coarse or medium cement should be used and weak mortar local fine sand
may be used. Proportion of cement sand mortar may be of (1:3 to 1:6 as specified)
materials of mortar shall be measured to have the required proportion with measuring
box. Lime surkhi (or sand or cinder) mortar if specified shall be mixed in the specified
proportion by grinding in mortar mill at least three hrs. on the same day of use. Lime shall
be fresh and slaked and screened at site of work.Soaking of bricks-bricks shall be fully
soaked in clean water by submerging in a tank for a period of 12 hrs immediately before
used. Soaking shall be continued till air bubbling is ceased.

Laying-bricks shall be well bonded and laid in English bond unless otherwise
specified. Every course shall be truly horizontal and shall be truly in plumb. Vertical
joints of consecutive course shall not come directly over one another; vertical joints in
alternate course shall come directly over one another. broken bricks shall not be
used mortar joints shall not exceed 6mm. in thickness and joints shall be fully filled
with mortar. where frogs shall be placed down-word at an angle of 45 degree.

Curing point-the brick work shall be caped wet for a period of at least 10 days after
lying. At the end of days works. The tops of wall shall be flooded with water by
making small weak mortar edging to contain at least 2.5cm. Deepwater.

Protection-the brick work shall be protected from the effect sun, rain, frost etc.
during the construction and until such time it is green and likely to be damaged.
Scaffolding-necessary and suitable scaffolding be provided to facilitate the construction
of the brick wall. Scaffolding shall be sound and strong and support and member
sufficiently strong so as to withstand all loads likely to come upon them.

Measurement-brick work shall be measured in cu m.(cu ft.).Different kind of brick

work with different mortar shall be taken under separate items. The thickness of wall
shall be taken as multiple of half brick as half brick 10cm.,1 brick 10cm,1 brick
20cm,1.5 brick 30cm, so on. Brick work arch-in addition to the above type of arch-
rough case arch or axed or gauged arch as the case may be, and the centring of the
arch should be specified.
 nd rd
Detailed specification of brickwork 2 &3 class, Brickwork in mud
mortar pointing (cements or lime mortar).

Brickwork II class and III class

For II class brickwork bricks shall be of second class and mortar shall be as specified,
may be kankar lime or white lime and surkhi (or sand) of 1:2 to 1:3 proportion. Mortar
joints shall not exceed 10mm (3/2”) in thickness. Bricks shall be soaked in water for at
least three hours immediately before use. Other details are same as for item 7 above.

For III-class brickwork brick shall be III class if otherwise not specified. Mortar shall
be as specified and mortar joints shall not exceed 12mm (3/4”) in thickness. Bricks
shall be dipped into a tub of water before use.
Pointing (cement or lime mortar)-

The joints of the brickwork shall be raked out to a depth of 20mm (3/4”) and the
surface of the wall washed and cleaned and kept wet for two days before pointing.
The materials of mortar cement and sand, or lime and surkhi or sand, or kankar lime as
specified, shall be of standard specification. The materials of mortar shall be first dry
mixed by measuring with boxes to have the required proportion as specified (1:2 or 1:3
for cement sand mortar, 1:1 for lime surkhi mortar or kankar lime mortar), and then mixed
by adding water slowly and gradually and thoroughly mixed.

Mortar shall then be applied in the joints slightly in excess and pressed by a proper tool
of the required shape. Extra mortar if any is removed and surface finished. Mortar shall
not spread over the face of bricks, and the edges of the bricks shall be clearly defined to
give a neat appearance. After pointing the surface shall be kept wet for seven days.

Flush pointing- The mortar shall be pressed into the ranked, cleaned and wet joints
and shall be finished off flush and level with edges of brick to give a smooth
appearance. The edges shall be neatly trimmed with a trowel and straight edge.
Ruled pointing- The mortar shall be passed into the ranked, cleaned and wet joints
and a groove of shape and size of 5 to 6mm deep shall be formed running a forming
tool of steel along the center line of the joints. The vertical joints also shall be finished
in a similar way at right angles to the horizontal line. The finished work shall give a
neat and clean appearance with straight edges.
Weather or truck pointing- The mortar shall be applied on the cleaned and wet joints
and horizontal joints shall be pressed and finished with a pointing tool so that the joints is
sloping from top to bottom. The vertical joint shall be finished as ruled pointing.
Raised or Trucked pointing- The mortar shall be applied in raked, cleaned and wet
joints in excess to from raised bands. The mortar shall be pressed and run with proper
tool to from bands of 6mm(1/4”) raised and 10mm (3/8”) width or as directed.

Detailed specification of rain force bricks work.

nd rd
Brick work 2 class&3 class-

For second class brick work brick shall be of second class and mortar shall be as
specified. may be kankar line or white line and surkhi of 1:2to1:3 proportion. mortar joints
shall not exceed 10mm(3/4”)in thickness .bricks shall be soaked in water for at least
three hour immediately before use. Other details are same as for item 7 above.

For third class brick work bricks shall be third class if otherwise not specified.
Mortar shall be as specified and mortar joint shall not exceed 12mm in thickness.
Bricks shall be dipped into a tub of water before use.
Brick in mud mortar-
nd rd
Bricks shall be specified may be 2 class & 3 class. The mud should be made of
selected earth of tenacious so that it sticks and binds bricks. The earth should be
soaked in water at least one day before and then worked up with water by labourer
treading it, until it is perfectly free of bricks isn’t require. other details of laying
protection scaffolding and measurement will be similar to item 7 above.

Reinforced brick work (R.B. work)-

Material-Bricks shall be strictly of first class quality and selected first class bricks
shall be used. mortar shall be consist of cement & coarse sand of 1:3 proportion.
Cement shall be fresh pot-land cement. sand shall be coarse of 5mm (3/16”)size &
down and sharp clean and free from foreign matters.

Centring and shuttering-

The centring and shuttering shall be made with planking or shitting of bamboos
packed together at the required level supported on runners of beams and covered
with a thin layer of about 2.5cm thick of earth finished of with a light sprinkle of sand.
The centring shall be simple in construction so that it could be easily removing
without disturbing the structure. The planking shall be kept clear of the bearing for
slab and will rest on cross beams only planks shall not be led too close as to tender
them liable to jam. The top surface of centring shall be given a camber of 2mm for
every 30cm of span up to a maximum of 3mm of slab and1.5mm for every 30cm of
span to maximum of span to maximum of 4cm for lintels.

Mixing of Mortar-

Mortar of cement and sand shall be mixed in the proportion of 1:3 first by mixing dry
and then adding water slowly and gradually and mixing by turning at-least 3 times to
get uniform plastic mix of consistency so that the mortar tagged round the rain force-
domain shall never be used.
Laying-

All bricks shall be thoroughly shocked with water for not less than 6hours immediately
before used. Bricks shall be led with frogs downward over the centering in straight line
parallel to the direction of reinforcement bars leaving the required gap for mortar
changed. reinforcement has to be placed shall not be less than 4times the diameter of
the bar so as to provide a cover of 12mm (1/2”) on all sides of the still bar. other joint
where than will not be any bar may be 6mm to 10mm thick.

After the bricks have been led and arranged over the hole area fresher mixed mortar
shall be placed in to the gaps in between the bricks to a thickness of 2.5mm
(1”)reinforcing rods previously cut to the correct Len and bend and hocked as per design
shall be placed exactly at the centre of the joint and perished down into the mortar to
leave 12mm.Newly led portion shall not be disturbed at all points is completely
surrounded on all sides by mortar.

Centering and shuttering shall be removed slowly and carefully without any shock not
earlier than 10 days. after removal of centring if the work is found defective and rods
are expose and visible to sufficient extend the work shall be dismantled and
reconstructed. In such a case no extra payment shall be made for reconstruction they
should be covered with reach cement mortar.

For double layers the upper layer shall be led with joints of 10mm(3/8”)thickness with
1:3 cement and coarse sand mortar immediately the bottom layer if there are top bars
provided in the upper layer the joint shall be thicker as per bottom layer.
2.5cm to 4cm (1”to1”)thick cement concert of 1:2:4 proportion may be provided over
the one layer of R.B.work if specified to have a greater compressive strength.
Finishing-
Plastering of underside and side shall be done immediately after opening of the centring with
fresh cement and courses and mortar of 1:3 proportion to a minimum thickness of
12mm(1/2”).Before plastering the surface shall be given a work of need cement with water.

SPECIFICATION OF PLASTERING CEMENT MORTAR OR LIME MORTAR

INTRODUCTION

 Plastering is the process of cone rough surface of walls, columns, ceilings and
other building components with thin coat of plastic mortars to form a smooth
durable surface.

 The coating of plastic material (i.e. mortar) is termed as plaster.

  Plastering on external exposed surfaces is known as rendering.

 The joints of the brickwork shall be raked out to a depth of 18 mm and the surfaces of
the wall shall be washed and kept wet for two days before plastering.
MATERIALS

 The materials of mortar, cement and sand or lime and surkhi or sand, or
kankar lime, as specified should be of standard specifications.
 The materials or mortar shall be first dry mixed, by measuring with boxes to
have the required proportion.
 Then water added slowly and gradually and mixed thoroughly.

THICKNESS

 The thickness of plastering shall be usually 12 mm applied in two or three coats.

 To ensure uniform thickness of plaster, patches of 15 mm * 15 mm(6’’) strips,

1m (3’) apart or 10 cm(4’’)wide shall be applied first at about 2m(6’) apart to
act as a guide.
 First mortar shall be dashed and pressed over the surface and then brought to
a true smooth and uniform surface by means of float and trowel.
TYPES

 External plastering shall be started from top and worked down towards floor.

 Internal plastering shall be started wherever the building frame is ready and
centering of the roofs slabs have been removed.
 Ceiling plastering shall be completed before starting of wall plaster.

COATINGS

 The first coat is of 10mm. The first coat shall be applied on the prepared
raked cleaned and wetted surface by dashing the mortar.
 The second coat is of 10 to 6mm. When the first coat has set, the second
coat of plaster shall be applied and brought to true even surface and then
lightly roughened with a wooden float to provide bond for finishing coat.

 Finishing coat is of 5 to 6mm. The finishing coat shall be applied on the

wetted surface of the second coat and finished smooth to true even surface by
float and trowel.
TESTING
  The work shall be tested frequently with a straight edge and plumb bob.

 At the end of the day the plaster shall be cut clean to line.

 When the next day’s plastering is started and edge of the old work shall be
scrapped, cleaned and wetted with cement slurry.

 At the end of the day the plastering shall be closed on the body of the wall and
not nearer than 15cm to any corner.
PRECAUTIONS

 Curing shall be started as soon as the plaster has hardened sufficiently not to
be damaged when watered.
 The plaster shall be kept wet for at least 10 days.

 Any defective plaster shall be cut in rectangular shape and replaced.

PROPORTIONS OF MORTAR

 Cement sand mortar--- -1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6

 Cement, lime, sand mortar--- -1:1:6 ; C:L:S

 Lime surkhi or sand mortar-- - -1:1, 1:2

 Kankar lime mortar-- - -kankar lime alone

 For ceiling plastering 1:3 cement mortar with coarse sand is generally used.

 Detailed Specification of 2.5 cm cement concrete floor

2.5cm (1”) cement concrete floor
The cement concrete shall be of proportion 1:2:4 or 1:21/2:31/2 as specified.
Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard specification. The coarse
aggregate shall be hard and tough (granite stone) of 20mm (3/4”) gauge, well
graded and free from dust, dirt, etc. The sand shall be coarse of 5mm (3/16”)
maximum size and down, well graded, clean and free from dust, dirt and
organic matters.
 The floors shall be levelled and divided into panels of size not exceeding 1
metre in its smaller dimensions and 2 metres in large dimensions. Glass or
aluminium strips 3mm thick and depth equal to thickness of floor shall be fixed
on the base with cement mortar. Required camber of slope shall be given in
the floor for draining wash water.
 Mixing of concrete shall be done either by hand mixing or by mechanical
mixer. In case of hand mixing first cement and sand mixed thoroughly and the
dry mix of cement and sand mixed with ballast dry till stone ballast are well
coated with dry mix of cement and sand and then mixed by adding water
 slowly and gradually to the required quantity and mixed thoroughly to have
uniform plastic mix. The quantity of water must not exceed 30litres per bag of
cement. Concrete for one panel only shall be mixed in one lot. Alternate panels
shall be laid on alternate days. The floor shall be laid in two layers. The lower
layer being 25 mm thick and upper layer 3 mm thick. The base shall be made
rough and cleaned and soaked with water thoroughly and then given a cement
wash just before laying. Concrete shall be placed gently and evenly and
compacted by beating with wooden ‘thapies’ and then the surface shall be
tamped with the wooden tampers. The surface shall then be smoothened with
wooden floats
and any unevenness shall be removed by adding 1:2 cement sand mortar. The
whole operation of laying shall be completed within 30 minutes. After laying the
surface shall be laying undisturbed for 2 hours and then covered with wet bags
and after 24 hours cured by flooding with water and kept flooded for at least 7
days. The surface of floor may be polished if specified. It is important that same
brand of cement should be used for the whole floor of one room and the
proportions are maintained strictly to have a uniform colour. Junctions of floor with
wall plaster, dado and skirting shall be rounded off neatly.
 Coloured floor- For coloured finish the surface shall be finished be finished with
coloured cement or with a mixture of ordinary Portland cement and coloured
pigment of the desired colour in the proportion of 3 of cement and one of colour (or
4:1 or 5:1). For coloured floor the thickness of the two layers shall be 19 mm and 6
mm. For polished floor the thickness of the surface cement finishing should be 2.5
mm to allow for grinding and polishing.
 Base- In ground floor c.c. floor is to be laid on a 7.5 cm (3”) base of lime concrete
or weak cement concrete as per standard specifications. If the bases consists of
cement concrete it shall be allowed to set for about 7days. In case the base is of
weak cement concrete the flooring shall commence within 48 hours of laying the
base.
 In first floor or upper floor if c.c. floor is to be laid on RCC slab. The surface of
RCC slab shall be made rough with brushes while concrete is green. Before laying
the c.c. floor the surface shall be cleaned, wetted and a neat cement wash shall
be applied to get a good bond. A base of lime concrete may also be provided over
the RCC slab if specified. The base shall be provided with the slope required for
the flooring.
 The thickness of c.c. floor for office building, school building, and in upper floor
should be 4 cm (1.5”).
White washing -

Fresh white lime slacked at site of work should be mixed with sufficient water to
make a thin cream. The approximate quantity of water required in making the cream is 5
litters of water to 1 kg of lime. It shall then be screened through a coarse cloth and gum (glue)
in the proportion of 100 grams of gum to 16litres (three chat tacks of gum to 6 gallons) of
wash shall be added .the surface should be dry and thoroughly cleaned from dust and dirt.
The wash shall be applied with ‘moon’ or jute brush, vertically and horizontally alternately and
the wash kept stirred in the container while using. Two or three coats shall be applied as
specified and each coat shall be perfectly dry before the succeeding coat is applied over it.
After finishing the surface shall be of uniform colour. The white wash should not splash on the
floor and other surfaces. In old surface the surface should be cleaned and repaired with
cement mortar where necessary and allowed to dry before white wash is applied . For final
coat blue pigment powder should be mixed to the required quantity with the lime water to give
a bright white surface.

Colour washing -
Colour wash shall be prepared with fresh slaked white lime mixed with water to
make thin cream adding the coloured pigment to the required quantity to give the
required tint. Gum (glue)in the proportion of 100 gm of gum to 16 litres (three chat tacks
of gum to six gallons)of wash shall be added. The colour wash may be applied one or
two coats as specified. The method of application should be same as for white
washing(item 17). For new work the priming coat shall be of white wash.

Distempering-

The distemper shall be of best quality and the colour should be as specified. The
distemper should be mixed and prepared and water added, as laid down in the
instructions of the manufacturer. First a paste is made by adding little hot water to the
distemper powder and stirred thoroughly, and the paste is allowed to stand for a few
minutes. The paste is then thinned with water to have a thin cream to the consistency of
oil paint and stirred thoroughly all the time while applying. If the surface is rough, it should
be smoothened with sand paper.

The surface must be perfectly dry before distempering is commenced. In new

cement plaster the surface shall be washed over with a solution of zinc sulphate , one
kg zinc sulphate ,one kg zinc sulphate in 10 litres of water and then allowed to dry .in
old surface , the surface shall be repaired with plaster of Paris where required and
then whole surface sand papered and washed and allowed to dry.
The number of coats shall be two or as specified. The distemper shall be kept well
stirred in containers and shall be applied with broad brushes first horizontally and
immediately crossed vertically. Brushing should not be continued too long to avoid brush
marks. The second coat shall be applied after the first coat is dried up. After each day’s
work the brushes shall be washed and kept dry .distempering should be done during dry
weather but not during too hot weather, nor wet weather.

Oil distemper- oil distemper is similar to ordinary dry distemper in powder form .in
the oil distemper compound (dry powder) oil is mixed by the manufacturer while
manufacturing. For application of oil distemper it is mixed with the required quantity of
water and then applied on the surface .the methods of preparation and application
are similar as described above.
Snowmen washing-

General- Snowmen consists of a base of white cement mixed with finely

powdered colouring pigment to have the desired colour and with the addition of small
quantities of other ingredients. it gives a water proof surface. Snowmen is sold by the
manufacturer in 50 kg drums, 25kg drums and 5kg tin of various colours. The snowed
of the desired colour may be chosen.

Mixing- only fresh snowmen should be used. Hard or set snowcem should not
be used. The contents should be made loose by rolling and shaking the container
before opening the container. First a paste shall be prepared by mixing 2 parts of
snowcem powder with one part of water by volume and immediately this should be
thinned by adding another one part of water to have a uniform solution of consistency
of paints.

[Mix 1 litre (2 pints) of water with 3kg (7lbs) of snowcem powder to get a paste
,dilute this with another 1 litre (2 pints) of water which will give approximately 3 litres
(6pints) of snowcem for application .]

Application-The surface should be cleaned to remove loose dust or dirt by use of

a soft wire brush. The surface shall then be wetted by sprinkling with water and shall
be allowed to run off. The fresh mixed snowcem shall then be applied with broad
good quality brush. The first coat shall be well brushed into the surface to form a
good bond. Snowcem should be used within an hour of mixing and should be kept
stirred during application. At the end of the day each application of snowcem the
surface should be wetted with fine water spray for curing.
After a day or two a second coat of snowcem of similar preparation should be
applied on the wetted surface and the second coat should be applied carefully to give
a uniform and good finished appearance.

The approximate covering capacity of 50 kg of snowcem for two coats on

plastered surface is 100 sq m (1000 sq ft).
Other cement washing compound as supercem , Aquacem, Durocem, etc., may
also be used similar to snowcem.

Decorative cement colour washing (similar to snowcem)-

For decorative as well as water repellent washing on the external surface of

buildings, white cement mixed with colour (pigment) and other ingredients may be
used. The quantities(proportion) of the different ingredients in percentage basis as
well as per bag of cement are given below):-

Ingredients percentage by weight per bag of cement

(1)White cement 75% 50 kg

(2)Slaked lime (clean, screened) 10% 6.5 kg
(3)Powdered glue 10% 6.5 kg
(4)Alum 2% 1.3 kg
(5)Alumininum stearate ½% 0.33 kg
(6)Plaster of paris 2 ½% 1.63 kg

To get the desired colour and shade, powdered metallic colour should be mixed
with white cement to the extent of 5% to 10% of the white cement by weight (2.5
kg to 5 kg per bag of cement)

Mixing and preparation- slaked lime should be dissolved in cold water and
powdered glue and powdered alum should be dissolved in hot water in separate
containers or drums. The solution should be thin and should be screened through
a piece of cloth, and prepared and kept ready in advance of application.

At the time of application white cement, plaster of Paris aluminium stearate and
colour should be mixed intimately in the above mentioned proportions and the
mixture added to the slaked lime solution and stirred continuously. The alum and
glue solutions should then be added and stirring continued. Fresh water should
then be added to bring the solution to the consistency of a cream similar to oil
paint. The final mixed solution should consist of all the ingredients in the
proportion mentioned above. The mixing should be by batches of about ¼ bag of
cement at a time with other ingredients in the same proportion. A uniform
consistency should be maintained for all batches of mix. Only as much quantity as
can be used within half an hour should be prepared and mixed at a time.

Application of wash- Before the wash is applied, the surface should be rubbed
and cleaned of all loose dust and dirt, and washed with water and wetted. The
mixed cement wash should then be applied evenly with broad distemper brushes.
Second coat should be applied after 4 hours and during this period the surface
should be kept moist.

Curing- after application of the cement the surface should be kept moist for at
least two days by frequent light sprinkling of water. Surface should be protected
from hot sun and drying winds by hanging hessian cloth on the scaffolding and
periodically wetting it with water.
 Covering capacity-one bag of white cement (50kg) mixed with other
ingredients will cover an area of 80 sq m to 100 sq m (800 sq ft to 1000 sq ft) for
two coats over plastered surface.

One expert washer(white washer) and one boy coolie can wash 30 sq m to 40
sq m (300 sq ft to 400sq ft)per day for first coat, and 40 sq m to 50sq m(400 sq ft
to 500 sq ft). per day for second coat.
painting-

The brand of the paint shall be specified and ready-made paint of the required
colour should be used. If thinning is required, pure turpentine may be added to the
required extent. The surface shall be made perfectly smooth by rubbing with sand
paper of different grades, first with coarse one and successively with fine sand
papers. All holes and open joints should be filled with strong putty or with a mixture of
glue and plaster of Paris and smoothened by rubbing with sand paper. In steel work,
all ruses and scales shall be perfectly removed by scrapping and brushing.

Calculation of dry materials & ANALYSIS OF RATES

Definition: In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors affecting the
rate of that item are studied carefully and then finally a rate is decided for that item.
This process of determining the rates of an item is termed as analysis of rates or rate
analysis. The rates of particular item of work depend on the following.
1. Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion and
constructional Operation method.
2. Quantity of materials and their costs.
3. Cost of labours and their wages.
4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyance charges.
5. Overhead and establishment charges
6. Profit

Cost of materials at source and at site of construction.

The costs of materials are taken as delivered at site inclusive of the transport local
taxes and other charges.
Purpose of Analysis of rates:
1. To work out the actual cost of per unit of the items.
2. To work out the economical use of materials and processes in completing the
particulars item.
3. To work out the cost of extra items which are not provided in the contract Bond, but
are to be done as per the directions of the department.
4. To revise the schedule of rates due to increase in the cost of material and Labour
or due to change in technique.
Cost of labour -types of labour, standard schedule of rates
The labour can be classified in
to 1) Skilled 1st class
2) Skilled 2nd Class
3) un skilled
The labour charges can be obtained from the standard schedule of rates 30%
of the skilled labour provided in the data may be taken as Ist class, remaining 70% as
II class. The rates of materials for Government works are fixed by the superintendent
Engineer for his circle every year and approved by the Board of Chief Engineers.
These rates are incorporated in the standard schedule of rates.

Lead statement: The distance between the source of availability of material and
construction site is known as "Lead " and is expected in Km. The cost of conveyance of
material depends on lead. This statement will give the total cost of materials per unit
item. It includes first cost, conveyances loading, unloading stacking, charges etc.
The rate shown in the lead statements is for metalled road and includes loading and
staking charges. The environment leads on the metalled roads are
Arrived by multiplying by a factor a)
for metal tracks - lead x 1.0
b) For cartze tracks - Lead x 1.1 c)
For Sandy tracks - lead x 1.4

Under Review
 Module-III

Under Review
Introduction:

A project is composed of jobs, activities, functions or tasks that are

related one to the other in some manner, and all of these should be completed
in order to complete the project.
A project is a temporary endeavor involving a connected sequence of
activities and a range of resources, which is designed to achieve a specific
and unique outcome and which operates within time, cost and quality
constraints and which is often used to introduce change.

Characteristic of a project:

A unique, one-time operational activity or effort

Requires the completion of a large number of interrelated activities
Established to achieve specific objective
Resources, such as time and/or money, are limited
Typically has its own management structure
 Need leadership

Examples:

1. A unique, one-time operational activity or effort

2. Requires the completion of a large number of interrelated activities
3. Established to achieve specific objective
4. Resources, such as time and/or money, are limited
5. Typically has its own management structure
6. Need leadership

Project management:

• The application of a collection of tools and techniques to direct the use

of diverse resources towards the accomplishment of a unique,
complex, one time task within time, cost and quality constraints.
• Its origins lie in World War II, when the military authorities used the
techniques of operational research to plan the optimum use of
resources.
• One of these techniques was the use of networks to represent a system
of related activities
Project Management Process:

• Project planning
• Project scheduling
• Project control
• Project team