NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.

Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.

Designation: D 945 – 92 (Reapproved 1997)

Standard Test Methods for

Rubber Properties in Compression or Shear (Mechanical
Oscillograph)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 945; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope D 1207 Recommended Practice for Classifying Elastomeric

1.1 These test methods cover the use of the Yerzley me- Compounds for Resilient Automotive Mountings5
chanical oscillograph for measuring mechanical properties of D 4483 Practice for Determining Precision for Test Method
rubber vulcanizates in the generally small range of deformation Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Industries4
that characterizes many technical applications. These proper- 2.2 SAE Standard:
ties include resilience, dynamic modulus, static modulus, SAE J16 Classification of Elastomer Compounds for Auto-
kinetic energy, creep, and set under a given force. Measure- motive Resilient Mountings6 7
ments in compression and shear are described.2,3 3. Terminology
1.2 The test is applicable primarily, but not exclusively, to
materials having static moduli at the test temperature such that 3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
forces below 2 MPa (280 psi) in compression or 1 MPa (140 3.2 effective dynamic modulus—calculated from the for-
psi) in shear will produce 20 % deformation, and having mula for simple harmonic motion in a damped free oscillation.
resilience such that at least three complete cycles are produced It is a composite index which includes the effect of such
when obtaining the damped oscillatory curve. The range may diverse factors as nonlinearity of stress-strain, changing mo-
be extended, however, by use of supplementary masses and lecular energies, and heat losses.
refined methods of analysis. Materials may be compared either 3.3 point modulus—ratio of total stress (force/area) to total
under comparable mean stress or mean strain conditions. strain (change in dimension/unstressed dimension) at one point
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the of the stress-strain curve. Sometimes called the “secant modu-
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information lus,” it is equal to the slope of a line from the origin to the
only. chosen point.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.4 static modulus—synonymous with “tangent modulus”
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the and is the slope of the tangent to the stress-strain curve at a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- chosen point. It can provide a reference for comparison with
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- the effective dynamic modulus at that point.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific 4. Summary of Test Methods
precautionary statement see Note 2.
4.1 Specimens are loaded by an unbalanced lever and the
2. Referenced Documents resultant deflections are recorded on a chronograph. This
2.1 ASTM Standards: permits calculations to be made of static modulus at any stage
D 832 Practice for Rubber Conditioning for Low- of a stepwise loading or unloading schedule. Creep and
Temperature Testing4 recovery rates, including set under prescribed conditions, can
be obtained. Since the lever is supported on a knife edge, the
system can be impact-loaded to produce a damped free
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-11 on oscillation trace. This trace yields a dynamic modulus, a
Rubber and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.14 on Time and resilience index, an oscillation frequency, and a measurement
Temperature Dependent Physical Properties.
Current edition approved March 15, 1992. Published May 1992. Originally
of stored energy.
issued as D945 – 48 T. Last previous edition D945 – 87.
2
A survey of some aspects of hysteresis and modulus in dynamic performance
5
of polymers is available in a paper by Payne, A. R., “The Role of Hysteresis in Discontinued—see 1971 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 28.
6
Polymers,” Rubber Journal, January 1964, p. 36. Available from Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive,
3
One method of correlating fundamental data from the Yerzley oscillograph with Warrendale, PA 15096.
7
dynamic tests at constant amplitude is described by Baldwin, F. P., in his paper, The Yerzley oscillograph was originally described in detail in the paper by
“Determination of the Dynamic Properties of Rubberlike Materials by Means of a Yerzley, F. L., “A Mechanical Oscillograph for Routine Tests of Rubber and
Modified Yerzley Oscillograph,” The Rubber Age, April 1950. Rubber-Like Materials,” Proceedings, ASTM, Vol 39, 1939, p. 1180; also Rubber
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01. Chemistry and Technology, Vol XIII, No. 1, January 1940, p. 149.

Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 D 945
5. Significance and Use position, B. Therefore, a deformation of 2.5 mm, for example,
5.1 The rubber properties that are measurable by these test will be registered on the oscillogram as a vertical displacement
methods are important for the isolation and absorptionof shock of 25 mm.
and vibration. These properties may be used for quality control, 6.1.3 The masses, MF, MG, and MH, derive from the mass of
development and research. accurately machined disks, 99.06 mm in diameter with a
5.2 Measurements in compression are influenced by speci- central hole 12.7 mm in diameter. Standard masses shall be an
men shape. This shape factor may be described as the ratio of integral or fractional multiple either of 641.252 g (1.41372
the loaded surface area to the unloaded surface area. In lbm) for convenience of testing in inch-pound units or of
applying data from a compression specimen, shape factor must 489.464 g for greater convenience of testing in SI units. The
be incorporated into the mathematical transferral to the appli- lever ratio for the masses is 6.25:1 for the outer mass position
cation. in reference to the inner specimen position. Using the 6.25:1
ratio, each unbalanced mass on the pen end of the beam
6. Apparatus
therefore will produce the following forces on the specimen on
6.1 The essential features of the apparatus,7,8 (illustrated in the inner position at W5r:
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) are as follows: Force Resulting
6.1.1 The beam shall be supported at its center by a Mass Value From 6.25:1 Ratio
knife-edge, A, and shall be so designed that a test specimen SI units 489.46 g 30.0000 N
Inch-pound units 1.4137 lbm 8.8357 lbf
placed beneath the micrometer can be loaded by placing
standard masses alternatively on front and back portions of the 6.1.4 It follows that positioning the masses on the inner
cross-rod, F, at the pen end of the beam. A second knife-edge, mass position, MG, will reduce the load values to half of the
B, and a stabilizing arm, B8, (as shown in Fig. 2), shall be used foregoing values.
to apply load to the test specimen and to maintain parallelism
of the loading platens. Optional knife-edges, C and D, may be PART A—MEASUREMENTS IN COMPRESSION
used to extend the range of the oscillograph.
6.1.2 A pen shall extend lengthwise from the beam to record 7. Test Specimens
deflections on the oscillogram automatically. From Fig. 2, it is
apparent that the deflection of the specimen under test will be 7.1 Solid Rubber Specimens:
magnified by the travel of the pen in proportion to the lever 7.1.1 At least two specimens shall be tested, except that at
ratio which will be 10:1 when the sample is on the inner test least three shall be required if measurement of creep is to be
included. The test specimens for measurements in compression
shall be right circular cylinders chosen from the following
8
alternatives:
Available from Tavdi Co., Inc., P.O. Box 298, Barrington, RI 02806.

FIG. 1 Advanced Yerzley Oscillograph

2
 D 945

FIG. 2 Diagrammatic Sketch of Advanced Yerzley Oscillograph

Shape Primary parallel to each other and at right angles to the axis of the
Factor Practice Diameter cylinder. The area of the circular bases is 15.00 cm2 (2.323
0.390 SI units 19.5 6 0.13 mm
0.375 Inch-pound units 0.75 6 0.005 in.
in.2).
7.2.2 The specimen shall be not less than 6.4 mm (1⁄4 in.)
Reference Area and not more than 29 mm (11⁄8 in.) in thickness. If the material
Shape of Nominal
Factor Height Circle is too thick, it shall be sliced to the required thickness.
0.390 12.5 6 0.25 mm 300 mm2 7.2.3 Unless otherwise specified in the detail specification,
0.375 0.5 6 0.010 in. 0.442 in.2
materials thinner than 6.4 mm (1⁄4 in.) shall be plied up to
7.1.2 The specimens may be molded, or cut from finished obtain the required thickness, in which case the report is to
products and buffed to the specified dimensions. Test speci- include the number of plies.
mens shall be free from porosity, nicks, and cuts. (Molded
specimens are preferred for dimensional accuracy and consis- 8. Conditioning
tency.)
8.1 Expose the test specimens and the apparatus to the
7.2 Cellular Test Specimens:
temperature of the test for sufficient time to ensure temperature
7.2.1 Specimens of cellular rubber shall be prepared as
equilibrium. For testing at low temperatures (below room
follows: The specimen shall be a circular cylinder cut with a
temperature), the section of the oscillograph to be enclosed
circular metal die 43.70 6 0.01 mm (1.720 6 0.001 in.) in
shall be one of those shown by broken lines in Fig. 3. The
inside diameter for cutting the specimen in a drill press or
enclosure shall be equipped with a shelf for storing test
similar device for rotating the die. The pressure applied to the
specimens and supplied with a circulating atmosphere at the
die shall be sufficiently small to keep“ cupping” of the cut
temperature of test. Unless otherwise specified, the cold
surfaces to a minimum. In some cases, it may be necessary to
chamber and testing conditions shall conform to the conditions
freeze the cellular rubber before cutting the specimen in order
specified in Practice D 832. After the test specimens have been
to obtain parallel cut surfaces. To facilitate cutting of the
conditioned at the test temperature, proceed in accordance with
specimen with smooth-cut surfaces and square edges, the die
Section 9. Similar conditioning requirements apply also to tests
may be lubricated with water containing a wetting agent and a
at elevated temperatures.
corrosion inhibitor such as 0.5 % sodium chromate or with
silicone mold release emulsion before each specimen is cut. If
9. Procedure
a lubricant is used, the specimen shall be permitted to dry
before testing. The circular bases of the specimens shall be 9.1 This procedure for solid rubber specimens includes

3
 D 945

FIG. 3 Section of Oscillograph to be Enclosed for Tests at Other than Room Temperature

three categories of test operation which for clarity are de- platen rests snugly against the sandpaper without deforming
scribed separately under subsequent section headings to pro- the test specimens; then lock the micrometer by means of the
vide data for purposes as follows: set screw or lock nut. This setting can be verified as follows:
9.1.1 In 9.4-9.6 for initial creep and set under a given load.
NOTE 1—Silicon carbide particles have an average size of 22 6 2 µm.
9.1.2 In 9.7-9.9 for Yerzley resilience and hysteresis, point
modulus, frequency in hertz, effective dynamic modulus, and 9.2.1 Upon disengaging the release hook the pen end should
maximum impact energy absorbed at a given test load value. retain its position. If it falls noticeably (even 0.02-mm or
9.1.3 In 9.10-9.14 for stepwise loading and unloading and 0.001-in. change may be seen), the micrometer must be
hysteresis loop, and stresses in pascals or in pounds-force per readjusted downward.
square inch at any deformation. 9.2.2 When this adjustment is completed and verified,
9.1.4 Depending on the purpose of any test program, pri- reengage the hook. Now apply a small downward force by
mary reliance may be placed on any one of the foregoing hand on the pen end of the beam. If the added force depresses
categories, on a combination of two categories, or upon all the pen, the micrometer platen is too low. Readjust the
three. It is important, however, to record adequately all data micrometer until the micrometer setting is correct. Opening
required to identify the test conditions fully. and closing the release hook should then have no effect on the
9.2 Lock the beam of the oscillograph in position by means pen position.
of the release hook at the left end of the machine and remove 9.3 Place the graph paper on the chronograph drum and
all masses. Place the test specimen centrally on the lower adjust its position so that the zero position of the pen point is
platen between the grit sides of two pieces of 400 grit A on one of the horizontal lines of the paper. An engineering
sandpaper (Note 1). Adjust the micrometer until the upper grade of graph paper ruled in 1-in. squares and then subdivided

4
 D 945
into ten equal squares per inch shall be used for measurements 9.8 This test is the natural sequel to the previous process for
in inch-pound units. A quality grade of graph paper ruled in creep, 9.4, or may be performed without a preceding creep and
1-cm squares subdivided in millimetre squares is preferable for set evaluation after establishing the horizontal reference line at
measurements in SI units, although it should be noted that for the top of the chart as described in 9.3. With the hook engaged,
4-r/min and 1-r/min speeds of the chronograph 25.4 mm on the verify the position of the test specimen with 400 grit A paper
horizontal scale equals 1 and 4 s, respectively. and the micrometer adjustment in firm but non-deforming
9.4 This section is directed toward measurement of initial contact with the specimen. With the estimated number of
creep and set. With the beam elevated and with the hook masses required to produce a final deformation of 20 % and
engaged prepare to add masses to the pen end of the beam prior with the drum stationary, disengage the hook. Allow the
to recording both the initial impact on the sample and the ensuing oscillations to die out. Note the ultimate static defor-
subsequent creep. Normally the test will be directed toward a mation. If the deformation is not close to 25 mm (or to 1 in.)
final total deformation of 20 % plus the value of the creep. If as observed directly on the oscillogram, add or remove masses
creep of 2 % should develop, the total deformation thus would as needed to attain the required 20 % compression. Rotate the
be 20 % + 2 %, or 22 %. A tolerance of 62 % has been found drum by hand to the left approximately one small square of the
convenient. Trial and error with one sample may be used to oscillogram and disengage the hook. Repeat this conditioning
establish the necessary number of masses. When the load value operation a sufficient number of times to obtain three succes-
is established, proceed. sive lines of the same length. After the last oscillation, the pen
9.5 With the hook engaged, with a fresh test specimen with point should indicate 20 6 2 % deformation of the test
sandpaper in position, with the correct micrometer setting, and specimen.
with the established number of masses installed, turn the drum 9.9 After obtaining three successive lines of the same
on to rotate at 4 r/min in order to draw the horizontal reference length, start the chronograph with the drum rotating at a speed
line at the top of the chart. This will also take up slack in the of 4 r/min, disengage the hook, and record a set of oscillations.
gear train driving the drum. As the drum approaches the If the vertical length of the first oscillation is shorter than the
beginning of the second revolution, change the drum speed to length of the last conditioning line, there has been excessive
1 r/min. About three small squares into the second revolution time between successive trials, and further conditioning as
release the hook, allowing the beam to fall in an impact on the necessary shall be performed until a satisfactory test is ob-
specimen, as indicated in Fig. 4. Allow the drum to rotate one tained. The motor may be stopped when an adequate number of
or more complete revolutions beyond the end of any oscilla- oscillations, at least three, have been recorded for a resilient
tions. Stop the motor. The creep of the sample after the end of composition. When the pen is at rest, rotate the drum counter-
the oscillations will be recorded on the chart for 1 min or more. clockwise by hand and then clockwise through the horizontal
If desired, the creep for a longer time may be recorded by time span of the oscillations to record the final static equilib-
timing a longer period and observing the further slow down- rium position of the beam. Reengage the hook.
ward motion of the pen as a vertical downward trace. The 9.10 This section is directed toward plotting of the load-
amount of further drift after the longer time interval can be compression characteristics of a specimen in a complete
marked by a rotation of the drum one or two small squares to loading and unloading cycle for interpretation of its static
the left and right by hand to form a cross on the trace line. load-bearing characteristics. This procedure may be performed
9.6 Set may be measured at any time by reengaging the before or after the procedure of 9.7, but cannot be performed
hook to remove the load from the specimen, and then carefully prior to the procedure of 9.4, since it would eliminate the
turning the micrometer platen downward a measured distance possibility of measurement of initial creep.
into contact with the sample to close the gap caused by the 9.11 Verify that all masses have been removed from the
short term set. beam and that the sample is properly centered on the lower
9.7 This section is directed toward the measurement of platen.
Yerzley resilience and hysteresis, point modulus, frequency in 9.12 Disengage the hook and apply sufficient pressure by
hertz, effective dynamic modulus, and impact energy absorbed hand on the pen end of the beam to compress the test specimen
by the sample at the test load value. Taken alone, the procedure to 30 % deformation (1.5 in. on the graph for test specimens
described in this section is a rapid and informative test for 0.50 in. in height) and release. Repeat this operation at least 3
comparison of several properties of elastometers. times to condition the specimen for test.

FIG. 4 Typical Compression Oscillogram

5
 D 945
9.13 With the hook still disengaged, rotate the chronograph about 30 % of the required deformation in accordance with
drum to the left clockwise, displacing the graph 4 or 5 small 9.16.1 and release. Repeat this operation 3 times to remove any
divisions to the left of the pen point position. Thus marking trapped air from the specimen.
zero deflection. 9.16.9 With the hook still disengaged, rotate the drum chart
9.14 Chart the loading test by placing the masses, MF or by turning the chronograph drum to the left displacing the chart
MG, one at a time, alternately on front and back ends of the 4 to 5 small divisions to the left of the pen point, thus marking
cross rod and rotating the oscillogram exactly two 1-mm zero deflection.
divisions (or one 0.1-in. division as appropriate to the chart 9.16.10 Obtain at least 4 deflection readings by applying
used) to the left after each mass, except the last mass, has been approximately equal weights to the beam at intervals of 1 min
added. After 50 % deformation has been reached, or all masses and record the corresponding deflections. Select the weights
have been added, whichever comes first, chart the unloading applied to give deflection readings to include values on both
test by rotating the oscillogram to the right exactly in a reverse sides of the required deflection in accordance with 9.16.1. One
number of small divisions and then removing the masses, one minute after the weight is applied, rotate the oscillogram to the
at a time, from alternate sides of the balance beam and rotating left by 2 small divisions and record the deflection in divisions
the oscillogram continuing exactly the same number of small as D. Record the total number of 641.3-g (1.4137-lb) weights
divisions to the right after each mass is removed. Add and on Rod F, Fig. 2, that produced the deflection D as nf in
remove the masses at a uniform rate, using smooth motions. In accordance with 13.10.
general, the time required for making the complete loading and
unloading curve, using 14 masses, ranges from 3 to 3.5 min. PART B—MEASUREMENTS IN SHEAR
Masses added at the G position have half the force value
compared with the F position. For most compositions, the 10. Test Specimens
unloading curve will terminate below the horizontal line from 10.1 At least two specimens shall be tested and three shall
which the loading curve started. be required if measurement of creep is to be included. The test
9.15 When the oscillograph is not in use, leave a test specimens for measurements in shear shall be rectangular
specimen between the platens to prevent damage to the knife sandwiches consisting of two blocks of the composition to be
edges or to avoid personal danger in the event of accidental tested adhered between parallel metal plates having dimensions
release of the hook. as given in Fig. 5 and as follows:
9.16 Procedure for Cellular Material: Dimensions of Shear Specimens
9.16.1 Unless otherwise specified in the detail specification, Nominal Shear
determine the compression resistance of the specimen at a Nominal Shear Area,
compression of 25 % of its original thickness. Primary Practice Thickness, A 2 by B by C

9.16.2 Allow the specimen to rest undeflected and undis- SI units 12.5 mm 600 mm2
torted for at least 12 h before testing for compression resis- Inch-pound units 0.50 in. 0.884 in.2
tance. 10.2 The sandwiches are generally molded using brass or
9.16.3 The specimen shall be free from mechanical damage. steel plates (Fig. 5). Test specimens shall be free from porosity,
Determine the thickness of the specimen in such a manner as nicks, and cuts.
to indicate the perpendicular distance between the center
portion of the top and bottom faces and the value recorded to
the nearest 0.05 mm (0.002 in.), as T.
9.16.4 A perforated plate 64 mm (2 1⁄2 in.) square and a
circular depressor plate 45 mm (13⁄4 in.) in diameter fits into the
micrometer for compressing the specimen.
9.16.5 Lock the balance beam of the oscillograph in posi-
tion by means of the hook at the left end of the machine and
remove all weights. Adjust the hook so that the static equilib-
rium position of the balance beam will be approximately
horizontal when the specimen is under the test deflection
desired.
9.16.6 Place the specimen between the perforated plate and
the depressor plate, adjust the micrometer until it rests on the
depressor plate without distorting the specimen, and lock the
micrometer in this position by means of the available set screw
or lock nut. mm in.
9.16.7 Place the graph paper on the chronograph drum and A 12.5 6 0.02 0.5 6 0.001
B 12.7 6 0.02 0.5 6 0.001
adjust the position so that the zero position of the penpoint is C 23.62 6 0.02 0.884 6 0.001
on one of the horizontal lines of the paper. D 38.10 6 0.033 1.500 6 0.001
9.16.8 Disengage the hook and apply sufficient pressure by E 3.18 6 0.01 0.125 6 0.0005
hand on the pen end of the beam to compress the specimen FIG. 5 Shear Test Specimen

6
 D 945
11. Conditioning 12.3 Place graph paper on the chronograph in accordance
11.1 The conditioning requirements for shear specimens are with 9.3.
the same as that for compression (see Section 8). 12.4 This section is directed toward measurement of initial
creep and set in shear. Proceed in accordance with 9.4, except
12. Procedure refer to Fig. 6 instead of Fig. 4 and omit the use of sandpaper
12.1 This procedure includes three categories of test opera- with the test specimen.
tion which for clarity are described separately under subse- 12.5 Proceed in accordance with 9.5.
quent section headings to provide data for purposes as follows:
12.1.1 In 12.4-12.6 for initial creep and set under a given 12.6 Proceed in accordance with 9.6.
dead load. 12.7 This section is directed toward the measurement of
12.1.2 In 12.7-12.9 for Yerzley resilience and hysteresis, Yerzley resilience and hysteresis, point modulus, frequency in
point modulus, frequency in hertz, effective dynamic modulus, hertz, effective dynamic modulus, and impact energy absorbed
and maximum impact energy absorbed at a given test load by the sample at the test load value. Taken alone, the procedure
value. described in this section is a rapid and informative test in shear
12.1.3 In 12.10-12.14 for stepwise loading and unloading, for comparison of several properties of elastomers.
and hysteresis loop and stresses in pascals or in pounds-force 12.8 Proceed in accordance with 9.8.
per square inch at any deformation.
12.9 Proceed in accordance with 9.9.
12.1.4 Depending on the purpose of any test program,
primary reliance may be placed on any one of the foregoing 12.10 This section is directed toward plotting of the load-
categories, on a combination of two categories, or upon all shear characteristics of a specimen in a complete loading and
three. It is important, however, to record adequately all data unloading cycle for interpretation of its static load-bearing
required to identify the test conditions fully. characteristics. This procedure may be performed before or
12.2 Lock the beam of the oscillograph in position by means after the procedure of 12.7, but cannot be performed prior to
of the release hook at the left end of the machine, and remove the procedure of 12.4, since it would eliminate the possibility
all masses. Remove the locating disk from the lower platen. of measurement of initial creep.
Support the metal plates of the test specimen with the end 12.11 Proceed in accordance with 9.11, referring to Fig. 6.
plates provided to prevent spreading of the specimen under
12.12 Proceed in accordance with 9.12, referring to Fig. 6.
load. Place the test specimen on the lower platen in such a
manner that the ring on the end plate drops into the counterbore 12.13 Proceed in accordance with 9.13, referring to Fig. 6.
of the platen. Early models of the oscillograph require instal- 12.14 Chart the loading test by placing the masses, MF, one
lation of vertical extension rods to accommodate shear speci- at a time on opposite sides of the pen end of the beam and
mens. Adjust the micrometer until the upper platen touches the rotating the oscillogram exactly two small divisions to the left
top surface of the test specimen without deforming it; then lock after each mass, except the last mass, has been added. After
the micrometer by means of the set screw or lock nut. This 50 % deformation is reached, or 14 masses have been added,
setting can be verified as follows. whichever comes first, chart the unloading test by rotating the
12.2.1 Upon disengaging the release hook the pen end oscillogram to the right exactly two small divisions and then
should retain its position. If it falls noticeably, (even 0.02-mm removing the masses, one at a time, from alternate sides of the
or 0.001-in. change can be seen), the micrometer must be balance beam and rotating the oscillogram exactly two small
readjusted downward. divisions to the right after each mass is removed. An equivalent
12.2.2 When this adjustment is completed and verified, alternative procedure suitable for the shear test is to add masses
reengage the hook. Now apply a small downward force by
MG on the cross rod, G, and to correspondingly rotate the
hand on the pen end of the beam. If the added force depresses
oscillogram 1 division for each step.
the pen, the micrometer platen is too low. Readjust the
micrometer. When the micrometer setting is correct, opening NOTE 2—Precaution: When the oscillograph is not in use, leave a test
and closing the release hook should have no effect on the pen specimen between the platens to prevent damage to the knife edges or to
position. avoid personal danger in the event of accidental release of the hook.

FIG. 6 Typical Shear Oscillogram

7
 D 945
PART C—ANALYSIS OF THE NOTE 3—A variant of the resilience calculation is required in SAE J16
OSCILLOGRAM and Recommended Practice D 1207 as follows:
Yerzley Resilience, in percent, shall be determined as the average
13. Calculation computed from the second and third half cycles:

13.1 The following mechanical properties in compression or Yerzley resilience, % 5 @~CD/BC! 1 ~DE/CD!# 3 50 (2)
shear may be obtained directly from their respective oscillo-
where:
grams (Fig. 4 and Fig. 6) and shall be calculated as required in BC 5 vertical distance in millimetres or inches of the
accordance with 13.2-13.12, using the average of the values upstroke of the first cycle of the damped sinusoidal
from the two tests: curve,
13.1.1 Initial creep, expressed in millimetres, inches, or CD 5 vertical distance in millimetres or inches of the
percent, downstroke of the second cycle of the damped
13.1.2 Initial set, expressed in millimetres, inches, or per- sinusoidal curve, and
cent, DE 5 vertical distance in millimetres or inches of the
13.1.3 Yerzley resilience in percent, upstroke of the second cycle of the damped sinusoi-
13.1.4 Yerzley hysteresis in percent, dal curve.
13.1.5 Point modulus in megapascals or pounds-force per 13.5 Yerzley Hysteresis is the percent of impact energy lost
square inch, by the sample due to internal friction. Numerically:
13.1.6 Frequency in hertz,
Yerzley hysteresis 5 ~100 2 Yerzley resilience!, % (3)
13.1.7 Effective dynamic modulus in megapascals or
pounds-force per square inch, 13.6 Point Modulus is calculated by dividing the applied
13.1.8 Impact energy in the rubber spring (maximum) in stress in megapascals or in pounds-force per square inch by the
3
J/m or in inch-pounds per cubic inch of stock, deformation, derived from the vertical distance AJ, expressed
13.1.9 Plot of load versus deformation and recovery on as a decimal fraction of the unstressed height (in compression
unloading, tests) or of the unstressed thickness (in shear tests). The
13.1.10 Stress in megapascals or in pounds-force per square numerical value of point modulus is dependent among other
inch to produce a specified deformation, things upon creep and set in the specimen. Determination of
13.1.11 Deformation in millimetres, inches, or percent re- point modulus based upon deformation from initial sample
sulting from a specified load, and dimension before stressing is analogous to service performance
13.1.12 Static (tangent) modulus in megapascals or pounds- of a new finished part.
force per square inch at a specified load or specified deforma- 13.7 Frequency—Determination of the frequency in hertz
tion. shall be based on counting a convenient number of complete
13.2 Creep, expressed in millimetres, inches, or percent, cycles, then measuring the horizontal distance, JK, traversed
under a given load after any specified time interval shall be by this number of cycles, X, along the axis of the damped
derived from the vertical distance, PQ, on the oscillogram at sinusoidal curve. When the chronograph drum rotates at N rpm
that load and elapsed time. and has a circumference C, calculate the frequency in hertz, f,
13.3 Set, expressed in millimetres, inches, or percent, may as follows:
be obtained on the conclusion of any test by measuring the f 5 ~NCX/60 JK! (4)
distance between the test specimen and the upper platen after
removing the load from the specimen by engaging the hook in where:
the end of the balance beam. Make this measurement by X 5 number of complete cycles under consideration,
JK 5 distance along the axis of the damped sinusoidal curve
turning the micrometer head until the platen again rests snugly
for X cycles,
against the specimen and note the change. This distance is a
N 5 number of revolutions per minute of chronograph, and
measure of the set in millimetres, or in inches. It may be C 5 circumference of oscillogram on drum.
converted to a percentage of the original unstressed dimension
13.8 Effective Dynamic Modulus9 in compression for the
of the specimen. It can be considered a qualitative measure-
specimen positioned at B, Kc, in megapascals based on the
ment for comparison with related samples under approximately
cylindrical specimen 19.5 mm in diameter and 12.5 mm high,
similar conditioning and time factors.
shall be calculated as follows:
13.4 Yerzley Resilience, in percent, shall be computed from
the first cycle as follows: Kc 5 0.996 If 2 (5)
Yerzley resilience, % 5 ~BC/AB! 3 100 ~Note 3! (1) For the comparable shear specimen positioned at B, Ks,as
follows:
where:
BC 5 vertical distance in millimetres or inches of the Ks 5 0.498 If 2 (6)
upstroke of the first cycle of the damped oscillatory
where:
curve, and
AB 5 vertical distance in millimetres or inches of the
downstroke of the first cycle of the damped oscilla-
tory curve. 9
For derivation of K, refer to the paper by Yerzley, F. L.

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 D 945

I 5 moment of inertia of the beam and masses used, kg·m2, The values 0.0813 slug·ft2 and 0.1160 slug·ft 2 are accepted
(see 13.10), and historically calculated values having approximate validity. The
f 5 frequency, Hz. value 0.0307 slug·ft2 for standard masses 3.25 in. in diameter
Similarly, calculate K c, in pounds-force per square inch, likewise has historic acceptance. When metricized, the forego-
based on the cylindrical specimen 0.75 in. in diameter and 0.50 ing value qualifications persist.
in. high, as follows: 13.11 Impact Energy absorbed by the rubber spring (maxi-
mum), Ec, in joules per cubic metre of material at the end of the
Kc 5 209.4 If 2 (7)
first one-half cycle of the damped sinusoidal curve, applied to
For Ks: tests of the 19.5-mm diameter cylinder, 12.5 mm high shall be
2 calculated as follows:
Ks 5 104.7 If (8)
Ec 5 0.8 ~nF 1 0.5n G 2 nH! ~AB!
where: 3 10 3 J/m3, using 489.462g masses (15)
I 5 moment of inertia of the beam and masses used, slug·ft2
(see 13.10). For the comparable shear sample Es:
13.9 Tests for Kc and K s may also be made with the test E s 5 0.4 ~nF 1 0.5n G 2 nH! ~AB! 3 10 3 using 489.462g masses
(16)
specimen at the C and D positions with suitable mathematical
corrections. For example: where:
Kc 5 0.996 If 2
MPa at position B, and Ks 5 0.498 If 2
MPa nF, n G, and nH 5 number of masses at positions F, G,
(9) and H, respectively, and
Kc 5 0.1594 If 2
MPa at position C, and Ks 5 0.0797 If 2
MPa
AB 5 vertical distance in millimetres of the
(10) downstroke of the first cycle of the
2 2 damped sinusoidal curve.
Kc 5 0.0623 If MPa at position D, and Ks 5 0.0311 If MPa
(11) Similarly, calculate E c, in inch-pounds per cubic inch, based
on tests of the 0.75-in. diameter cylinder 0.50 in. high as
13.102 Total Moment of Inertia, I, of the beam in kg·m2 or follows:
slug·ft is the sum of the moment of inertia of the beam and the
moments of inertia of all added masses. This is represented as
follows: Ec 5 4(n F + 0.5n G − nH)(AB), using 1.4137-lbm masses
I 5 ~IB 1 I F ~nF 1 nH! 1 I GnG! (12) For ES:

where:
IB 5 moment of inertia of beam, Es 5 2(n + 0.5nG − nH)( AB), using 1.4137-lbm masses
IF 5 moment of inertia of a single standard mass at
position F and H, where:
IG 5 moment of inertia of a single standard mass at AB 5 vertical distance in inches of the downstroke of the
position G, first cycle of the damped-sinusoidal curve.
nF 5 counted number of whole and fractional masses at 13.12 Static Modulus shall be determined from the slope of
position F, the loading curve ( LM in Fig. 4 and Fig. 6) unless otherwise
nH 5 counted number of whole and fractional masses at specified. The loading and unloading deformation curves may
position H, and be obtained by projecting the horizontal lines scribed by the
nG 5 counted number of whole and fractional masses at pen to intersect the corresponding vertical line from which the
position G. arc originated and then connecting these points of intersection,
For convenience: thus forming the hysteresis loop. A convenient method of
For the I-beam of the Advanced Yerzley Oscillograph: determining the slope of a tangent line to curve LM and
converting it into inch-pound engineering units is as follows:
Place a straightedge in position to form a tangent line to curve
I 5 (0.1356 approx. + 0.00850n5 + 0.03129 n10) kg·m2 us- LM at a point representing the desired static deformation, select
ing 489.46-g masses a point where the extended tangent line crosses an intersection
I 5 (0.1000 approx. + 0.00822n5 + 0.03220 n10) slug·ft2 us- on the paper, and count vertically 10 squares (dx 5 20 %
ing 641.5-g masses deformation) from there; then count the number of squares
The values 0.1356 kg·m2 and 0.1000 slug·ft 2 are represen- horizontally, dy, until the tangent line is intercepted. This
tative values which are normally subject to replacement by number of squares on a compression oscillogram multiplied by
exact measured values for individual beams. 100 equals the static modulus in pounds-force per square inch
For the beam having a cross section of 1 by 1 in.: at the selected deformation. This number of horizontal squares,
dy, on a shear oscillogram multiplied by 25 equals the static
I 5 ~0.0813 1 0.0307n! slug·ft2, using 641.252g masses (13)
modulus in pounds-force per square inch at the selected
For the beam having a cross section of 1 by 1.5 in.: deformation.
I 5 ~0.1160 1 0.0307n! slug·ft2, using 641.252g masses 13.13 Interpretation of Results:
(14) 13.13.1 Calculate the percent deflection of the specimen for

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 D 945
each mass as follows: 14.1.5 Appropriate added notes or observations.
Deflection, % 5 D/T (17)
15. Precision and Bias
where:
D 5 deflection recorded on the oscillogram for each mass, 15.1 This precision and bias section has been prepared in
W, divisions, and accordance with Practice D 4483. Refer to Practice D 4483 for
T 5 thickness of the original specimen, mm (in.). terminology and other statistical calculation details.
13.13.2 Calculate the compressive stress of the specimen 15.2 Although prepared in format in accordance with Prac-
for each mass as follows: tice D 4483, the data generated for this test method precision
SI Equivalents: were obtained prior to the adoption of Practice D 4483. No
records exist for the original (raw) interlaboratory data. The
Compressive stress, Pa 5 n F 3 100 000 (18)
values of within- and between-laboratory standard deviation
Inch-Pound Equivalents: have been used to construct Table 1.
Compressive stress, psi 5 n F 3 20 (19) 15.3 A Type 1 (interlaboratory) precision was evaluated.
where: Both repeatability and reproducibility are short term, a period
nF 5 total number of 641.3-g (1.4137-lb) masses for each of a few days separates replicate test results. A test result is the
deflection, D. value as specified by this test method.
13.13.3 Unless otherwise specified in the detail specifica- 15.4 Three different materials (rubbers) were used in the
tions, test three specimens from each test unit. interlaboratory program, these were tested in 12 laboratories on
13.13.4 Plot the average deflection in percent of the speci- 3 different days. The results of the precision calculations for
mens tested for each mass against the average compressive repeatability and reproducibility are given in Table 1.
stress in pascals (or pounds-force per square inch) of the 15.5 The precision of this test method may be expressed in
specimens tested for each mass and draw a curve through the the format of the following statements which use what is called
points. an “appropriate value” or r, R, (r), or (R), that is, that value to
13.13.5 The compression resistance of the test unit shall be be used in decisions about test results (obtained with the test
the compressive stress required to produce a 25 % deflection as method) for any particular test parameter.
read from the curve.
13.13.6 Record the compression resistance of the test unit to
the nearest 0.7 kPa (0.1 psi).
13.13.7 Record the percent the specimen was compressed.
13.13.8 If a plied-up specimen is tested, record the number
of plies.
14. Report
14.1 Report the following information:
14.1.1 Identification of test specimens,
14.1.2 Date of test,
14.1.3 Temperature of test,
14.1.4 Results from calculations (Section 13), and

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 D 945
TABLE 1 Type 1 Precision

NOTE 1—Sr5 within laboratory standard deviation.

r 5 repeatability (in measurement units).
(r) 5 repeatability (in percent).
SR5 between laboratory standard deviation.
R 5 reproducibility (in measurement units).
(R) 5 reproducibility (in percent).
Within Laboratory Between Laboratory
Parameter or Property Range Mean
Sr r (r)A Sr R (R)A
Yerzley Resilience, (%) 25 to 90 57.5* 0.30 0.85 1.47 1.78 5.0 8.7
Yerzley Hysteresis, (%) 10.0 to 73.5 41.8 0.25 0.71 1.70 0.94 2.66 6.4
Dynamic Modulus, (MPa) 1.9 to 3.8 2.9 0.11 0.32 11.0 0.64 1.83 63
Static Modulus, (MPa) 1.1 to 9.3 5.2 0.38 1.07 20.6 4.57 13.0 250
Impact Energy, (J/m3) 85 to 383 (103) 234 (103) 0.82 (103) 2.31 (103) 1.0 18.7 (103) 53.0 (103) 22.6
Frequency, (Hz) 2.5 to 3.5 3.0 0.01 0.028 0.93 0.01 0.028 0.93
Frequency, (Hz) 3.5 to 8 5.8 0.026 0.074 1.3 0.12 0.32 5.5

15.6 Repeatability— The repeatability, r, of this test method centage of the mean level, (r) and ( R), have equivalent
has been established as the appropriate value for any parameter application statements as 15.6 and 15.7 for r and R. For the (r)
tabulated in Table 1. Two single test results, obtained under and (R) statements, the difference in the two single test results
normal test method procedures, that differ by more than this is expressed as a percentage of the arithmetic mean of the two
tabulated r (for any given level) must be considered as derived test results.
from different or nonidentical sample populations. 15.9 Bias—In test method terminology, bias is the differ-
15.7 Reproducibility— The reproducibility, R, of this test ence between an average test value and the reference (or true)
method has been established as the appropriate value for any
test property value. Reference values do not exist for this test
parameter tabulated in Table 1. Two single test results obtained
method since the value (of the test property) is exclusively
in two different laboratories, under normal test method proce-
defined by the test method. Bias, therefore, cannot be deter-
dures, that differ by more than the tabulated R (for any given
level) must be considered to have come from different or mined.
nonidentical sample populations.
15.8 Repeatability and reproducibility expressed as a per-

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