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2. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS y
(a) ax2 + bx + c = 0
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
x =
2a
Sum of roots:
b a b
α+β= − 0
a x
Product of roots
c
αβ =
a
_ _ +
(b) Form quadratic equation from
2 given roots:
x2 - (sum of two roots)x + _ + +

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product of two roots = 0
+ a _ b
+
3. QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
(a) Types of roots
b2 - 4ac > 0 → 2 different
(distinct) roots. 4. INDICES & LOGARITHM
b2- 4ac = 0 → 2 equal roots
b2 - 4ac < 0 →no real roots. (a) x = an loga x = n
Index Form Logarithmic Form
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b2 - 4ac ≥ 0 → with real roots
y y y (b) Laws of Indices
1. a n × a m = a n+m

0
2. a n ÷ a m = a n−m
x
0 x
0 x
3. (a n ) m = a nm
b2 - 4ac > 0 b2 - 4ac = 0 b2 - 4ac < 0
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Laws of Logarithm
(b) Completing the Squares 1. logaxy = logax + logay
y = a(x - p)2 + q x
a +ve → minimum point (p, q) 2. loga = logax – logay
y
a –ve → maximum point (p, q) 3. loga xn = n logax
4. loga a = 1
(c) Quadratic Inequalities 5. loga 1 = 0
(x – a)(x – b) ≥ 0 log c b
Range: x ≤ a, x ≥ b 6. loga b =
log c a
(x – a)(x – b) ≤ 0 7. loga b =
1
Range: a ≤ x ≤ b log b a
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 y
(a) s = 0 → at the fixed point O
b
(b) v = 0 → stops momentarily
b
→ maximum / minimum
V = ∫ π x 2 dy displacement
a
(c) a = 0 → v constant
a
→ v maximum/
0 x minimum

11. PROGRESSIONS 13. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Arithmetic Progressions (a)
(a) Tn = a + (n - 1)d y
P(x, y) y
n sin θ =
(b) Sn = {2a + (n - 1)d} r

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2 x
n cos θ =
= (a + l) r r
y
2 y
(c) d = T2 - T1 tan θ =
θ x
0 x x
Geometric Progressions
(a) Tn = arn-1
a(1 − r n )
sin θ
(b) Sn = for r < 1 (b) tan θ =
1− r cos θ
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a(r n − 1) 1
Sn = for r > 1 sec θ =
r −1 cos θ
a
(c) S ∞ = for -1 < r < 1 1
1− r cosec θ =
sin θ
and n ∞
1 cos θ
T
(d) r = 2 cot θ = =
T1 tan θ sin θ
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General (c)
(a) S1 = T1 = a
(b) Tn = Sn – Sn-1 All
Sin Semua
(c) Sum of terms from Ta to Tb +ve +ve
= Sb – Sa-1
Cos
Tan Kos
+ve +ve
12. MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT
LINE
ds dv
dt dt
s → v → a
← ←
∫ v dt ∫ a dt
(d) Special Angles (f) sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
θ 0o 30o 1 + tan2θ = sec2θ
o o
45 60
Sin θ 0 1 1 3 1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ
2 2 2
(g) sin(A ± B)
Cos θ 1 3 1 1
= sinA cos B ± cos Asin B
2 2 2 cos(A ± B)
Tan θ 0 1 1 3 = cosA cosB m sinA sinB
3 tan (A ± B)
tan A ± tan B
=
θ 90o 180o 270o 360o 1 m tan A tan B
Sin θ 1 0 -1 0
Cos θ 0 -1 0 1
(h) sin2A = 2 sinA cosA
Tan θ ∞ 0 ∞ 0
cos2A = cos2A – sin2A

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= 2 cos2A – 1
(e) Trigonometric Graphs = 1 – 2 sin2A
y = a sin bx
y 2 tan A
tan 2A =
a 1 − tan 2 A

14. VECTORS
0 __
90 180
__ 270
__ __
360 x (a) Addition of Vectors
b b b b
1. Triangle Law
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-a
b
a +
y = a cos bx
y b
a

a
2. Parallelogram Law
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0 __
90 180
__ 270
__ __
360 x
b b b b

b
-a b a +

y = a tan bx
y

3. Polygon Law
B
0 __
90 180
__ 270
__ __
360 x
b b b b
A C

E
uuur uuuv uuuv uuuv D uuuv
AE = AB + BC + CD + DE
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