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Multiplication of Vectors

Unit vectors have a magnitude of 1 and describe only a direction in space, not distance. A Cartesian vector can be represented as the sum of its components in the x, y, and z directions multiplied by the unit vectors i, j, and k. The magnitude of a Cartesian vector is calculated using the Pythagorean theorem, and its direction is given by the inverse cosine of the ratio of each component to the total magnitude. Vector operations include addition, subtraction, scalar (dot) product, and vector (cross) product. The dot product results in a scalar and the cross product a vector that is perpendicular to both original vectors.

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RaynardBenedictBelen
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184 views10 pages

Multiplication of Vectors

Unit vectors have a magnitude of 1 and describe only a direction in space, not distance. A Cartesian vector can be represented as the sum of its components in the x, y, and z directions multiplied by the unit vectors i, j, and k. The magnitude of a Cartesian vector is calculated using the Pythagorean theorem, and its direction is given by the inverse cosine of the ratio of each component to the total magnitude. Vector operations include addition, subtraction, scalar (dot) product, and vector (cross) product. The dot product results in a scalar and the cross product a vector that is perpendicular to both original vectors.

Uploaded by

RaynardBenedictBelen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT VECTORS

A unit vector is a vector that has a magnitude of 1, with no units. Its only purpose
is to describe a direction in space.
A = Ax + A y Ax = 3 Ay = 4
A=3+4
A = 3î + 4ĵ
CARTESIAN VECTOR REPRESENTATION

A = AXî + Ayĵ + Azƙ

B = -2î + 5ĵ + 8ƙ Bx = -2 By = 5 Bz = 8
MAGNITUDE OF A CARTESIAN VECTOR

From the blue right triangle From the gray right triangle
A2 = A,2 + Az2 A’2 = Ax2 + Ay2
A2 = Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2 A = Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2
DIRECTIONS OF A CARTESIAN VECTOR

cos θx = Ax/A cos θy = Ay/A cos θz = Az/A


Examples:
Given two vectors a = 4i – 3j + k and b = -i + j + 4k. Find (a) a + b, (b) a – b, and (c) a
vector c such that a – b + c = 0.
Solutions:
a. a + b = (4i – 3j + k) + (-i + j + 4k)
a + b = 3i -2j + 5k
a + b = (3)2 + (-2)2 + (5)2
a + b = 6.16 units = c
cosθx = cx/c θy = cos-1 cy/c θz = cos-1 cz/c
θx = cos-1 3/6.16 = cos-1 2/6.16 = cos-1 5/6.16
θx = 60.860 θy = 710 θz = 35.740
b. a – b = (4i – 3j + k) – (-i + j + 4k)
a - b = 5i - 4j – 3k
c. a - b + c = 0
c=b–a c = (-i + j + 4k) – (4i – 3j + k)
c = -5i + 4j + 3k

If a – b = 2c, a + b = 4c, and c = 3i + 4j, then what are a and b?


a – b = 2c
a + b = 4c
2a = 6c
a = 3c = 3(3i + 4j)
a = 9i + 12j

a – b = 2c
b = a – 2c
= (9i + 12j) – 2(3i + 4j)
= (9i + 12j) – (6i +8j)
= 3i + 4j

MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
a. Scalar Product ( Dot Product)
A  B = AB cos θ A • B = B • A
Θ = is the angle between A and B

B  A

If θ = 900, A  B = 0 if θ = 00 then the product is maximum


Example: Find the dot product of a = 100 N 300 and b = 150 N 1500
b
θ 1500 a
0
30

θ = 1500 – 300 = 1200


a  b = abcos θ = (100 N)(150 N)(cos 1200) = - 7500 N2
2. A = 3i + 4j B = 8i – 4j
Find A • B
A =  32 + 42 = 5 B =  82 + (-4)2 = 8.94
ΘA = tan-1  Ay/Ax = tan-1  4/3 = 530 θB = tan-1 4/8 = 26.60

530
26.60
B
Θ = 530 + 26.60 = 79.60
A • B = (5)(8.94)(cos 79.60) = 8.06 units
PROPERTIES OF UNIT VECTORS IN DOT(SCALAR) PRODUCT
z
ƙ
ĵ y
î
i • j = (1)(1)(cos 900) = 0 x i • i = (1)(1)(cos 00) = 1
j•k=0 j•j=1
k•i=0 k•k=1

A = Axi + Ayj + Azk B = Bxi + Byj + Bzk


A • B = (Axi + Ayj + Azk)•(Bxi + Byj + Bzk)
= (AxBx)i2 + (AxiByj) + (AxiBzk) + (AyjBxi) + (AyBy)j2 + (AyiBzk) + (AzkBxi)
+ (AzkByj) + (AzBz )k2
A •B = AxBx + 0 + 0 + 0 + AyBy + 0 + 0 + 0 + AzBz
A • B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
A •B = AB cos θ = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
AxBx + AyBy + AzBz AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
cos θ = -------------------------- or θ = cos-1 ----------------------------
AB AB

Example:
A • B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz = (3)(8) + (4)(-4) + (0)(0)
= 24-16 = 8 units
Ax B x + Ay B y + Az B z 8
Θ = cos-1 -------------------------- = cos-1----------- = 79.60
AB (5)(8.94)
b. Vector Product (cross product)
A x B = ABsin θ
Θ = 900, the product is maximum
Θ = is zero, the product is zero
A x B = B x A, A x B = - B x A or –A x B = B x A
If A and B are expressed in rectangular form (or unit vector notation)
Ax B =C
PROPERTIES OF UNIT VECTORS IN VECTOR PRODUCT
i x i = (1)(1)sin 00 = 0 i x j = (1)(1)(sin 900) = k jxi=-k
jxj=0 jxk=i k x j = -i
kxk=0 kxi=j i x k = -j

A x B = (Axi + Ayj + Azk) x (Bxi + Byj + Bzk)


= 0 + AxByk - AxBzj - AyBxk + 0 + AyBzi + AzBxj - AzByi + 0

C = (AyBz – AzBy)i + (AzBx – AxBz)j +(AxBy - AyBx)k


Cx = AyBz – AzBy Cy =AzBx – AxBz Cz = (AxBy - AyBx)
Determinants
AxB=C
i j k i
A Ax Ay Az Ax
B Bx By Bz Bx
Cx = AyBz - AzBy Cy = AzBx – AxBz Cz = AxBy – AyBx

C =  Cx2 + Cy2 + Cz2


Θx = cos-1 Cx/C θy = cos-1 Cy/C θz = cos-1 Cz/C
i x j = (1)(1)(sin 900) = k j x k = (1)(1)(sin 900) = i k x j = -i
i x i = (1)(1)(sin 00) = 0
jxj=0
kxk=0

ixj=k j x i = -k
jxk=i k x j = -i
kxi=j i x k = -j
Example: Given: A =-i + 3j -5k, B = 2i – 8j -10k and C = 2i – 2j – 6k
Find A • ( C x B) CxB=D
i j k i
C 2 -2 -6 2
B 2 -8 -10 2
Dx = (-2)(-10) – (-6)(-8) = 20 - 48 = -28
Dy = (-6)(2) – (2)(-10) = -12 + 20 = 8
Dz =(2)(-8) – (-2)(2) = -16 + 4 = -12
D = -28i + 8j – 12k

A • D = AxDx + AyDy + AzDz


= (-1)(-28) + (3)(8) + (-5)(-12) = 28 + 24 + 60 = 112 Units
For the vectors in the figure below, calculate (a) a • b, (b) a x b,(c) a x c, and
(d) b x c.

Θbc = tan-1 a/b = tan-1 4/3 = 530


c=5 b =3 θac = cos-1 a/c = cos-1 4/5 = 370

a=4 y
a. a • b = ab cos θ = (4)(3)(cos 900) = 0 b
b. a x b = ab sin θ = (4)(3)(sin 900) = 12k x
c. a x c = ac sin θ = (4)(5)(sin 1430) = -12k a
b. b x c = bc sin θ = (3)(5)(sin 1270) = 12k c z

Show that a • (b x a) is zero for all vectors a and b.


Let a = axi + ayj + azk and b = bxi + byj + bzk

c=bxa
i j k i
b bx by bz bx
a ax ay az ax

cx = byaz – bzay cy = bzax – bxaz cz = bxay - byax

a • c = axcx + aycy + azcz


a • c = ax(byaz – bzay) + ay(bzax – bxaz) + az(bxax – byax)
= axazby – axaybz + axaybz – ayazbx + axazbx - axazby
a•c= 0

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