MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS 3

“ ASTHMA”

ARRANGED BY

Group 11

Azura.y

Elga Ayu Riscica

SUPPORTING LECTURER:

Rosy Kumalasari,S.Pd

AKADEMI KEPERAWATAN BINA INSANI SAKTI SUNGAI PENUH

2021/2021
 FOREWORD

Praise and gratitude to God Almighty for all the abundance of Grace, Inayah,
Taufik and Hidayah so that we can complete the preparation of this paper in a very simple
form and content. Hopefully this paper can be used as a reference, guide and guide for
readers in the administration of education in the teaching profession.
We hope that this paper will help increase the knowledge and experience of
readers, so that we can improve the form and content of this paper so that in the future it can
be better.
We admit that this paper still has many shortcomings because the experience we
have is very lacking. Therefore, we expect readers to provide constructive input for the
perfection of this paper.

Sungai Penuh, 15 SEPT 2021

Writer
 TABLE OF CONTENTES

FOREWOROID…………………………………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background………………………………………………………………………………....
B. Formulation of the Writing…………………………………………………………………
C. Purpose of Writing………………………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Definition of asthma………………………………………………………………………..
B. Causes of asthma……………………………………………………………………………
C. Sign and symptom of asthma……………………………………………………………….
D. Preventation
asthma………………………………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………
B. Suggestion…………………………………………………………………………………..

REFERENCES
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Asthma is chronic inflammatory disease of the airway causing an increase in
airway hyperresponsiveness that causes recurrent episodic symptoms in the from of
wheezing (breathing sounds), shortness of breath, chest tightness and couting, especially at
night before the early hours of the morning. These symptoms are releted. With widespered,
variable and often reversible airway obstruction with or without treatment. As is know, the
human respiratory tract starts from the mouth and nose, the unites in the neck area tp
become the trachea(thoat) which will enter the lungs. In the lungs, one tracheal airway will
brach into two, one to the the lung and the other to the right lung. After that, each will
branch off again, gradually getting smaller until 23 times and ending in the alveoli, where
gas exchae occurs, oxygen (O2) enters the blood vessels, and carbond dioxide(CO2) is
expelled .

B. Formulation of the problem

1. What is asthma ?
2. What cause asthma?
3. What are the symptoms of asthma?
4. How to prevent asthma ?
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Asthma
Asthma ( in Greek acua, asthma, “ gasping” is acommon chronic inflamamation if
the airway characterized by variable and recurrent symptoms, reversible airway obstruction,
and bronchospasm. Common symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and
shortness of breath.
Asthma is chronic inflammatory disease of the airway causing an increase in
airway hyperresponsiveness that causes recurrent episodic symptoms in the from of
wheezing (breathing sounds), shortness of breath, chest tightness and couting, especially at
night before the early hours of the morning. These symptoms are releted. With widespered,
variable and often reversible airway obstruction with or without treatment. As is know, the
human respiratory tract starts from the mouth and nose, the unites in the neck area tp
become the trachea(thoat) which will enter the lungs. In the lungs, one tracheal airway will
brach into two, one to the the lung and the other to the right lung. After that, each will
branch off again, gradually getting smaller until 23 times and ending in the alveoli, where
gas exchae occurs, oxygen (O2) enters the blood vessels, and carbond dioxide(CO2) is
expelled (Suzane, 2011).
Asthma is a clinical condition characterized by recurrent but reversible bronchial
narrowing and between episodes of bronchial narrowing there is a more normal ventilation
state. This situation in people who are prone to asthma is easily caused by various stimuli,
which indicates a condition of hyperactivity of the bronchi that is typical of bronchial
asthma. Asthma occurs when there is an increased sensitivity to environmental stimuli as
triggers. One of them is due to emotional disturbances, physical fatigue, changes in
wreather, temperature, dust, smoke. Stimulating odors, respiratory infection, dietary factors
and allergi reactions.

B. Causes of Asthma
Asthma is caused by the interaction of environment and genetics which is a
complicated combination and is not yet fully understood. All of these factors influence both
the severity and the response to therapy. The increase in the rateof asthmatics recently is
caused by changes in epigenetic factors (interited in addition to the relationship with DNA
sequences) and a changing environment.
a. Allergic asthma: personal of family history of allergic disease, giving positive sking
reactions to intradermal administration of antigens, increasing serum igE, and giving
positive reactions to specific antigen inhalation tests.
b. Non- allergic asthma (idiosyncrasic): a person without a history of allergies, negative
skin test, and normal serum igE levels.
 c. Mixed allergic and non-allergic asthma cannot be clearly groped bud has causes
between the two groups.

a. Respiratory infections: Respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, influenza,

parainfluenza, mycoplasma pneumonia.
The inflammactory response to viral invection is thought to be related directly with
increased bronchial hyperreactivity.
b. Allergens: pollen household dust, cockroaches, mold spores, animal dander, causes
increased bronchial hyperreactivity with increades exposure to allergens.
Causes increased bronchial hyperreactivitiy with increased exposed allergens.
Allergic asthma depends on the igE response: she release of chemical mediators duo
to mast cell degranulation following an antigen-igE rection.
c. Environment: Cold air, fog, nitrogen dioxide, tobacco smoke.
The mechanism that occurs is thought to be duo to epithelia damage and
inflammation respiratory mucosa.
d. Emotion: anxiety, stress, laughter.
Bronchoconstriction of psychological factors appear to be primarily midiased through
excessive parasympathetic input.
e. Drugs or preservatives
 Aspirin/ NSAID drugs block the cyclooxygenase pathway
 ACE inhibitors cause cough
 Beta blockers: block the adrenaline needed for bronchodiasors
 Drug that caused allergies: penicillins, sulfonamides
 Presentatives containing sulfites can inhibit the cyclooxygenase pathway
f. Stimulus of work of toaser (flour), farmer & gardening (pollen, dust).
Chemical workers ( azo dyes, anthraquinones, ethylenediamine), wood workers
(wood powder).
g. Nocturnal asthma
During sleep at night.
Sigfinicant lung function filure between sleep and aweking
 Diurnal secretion of endogenous cortisone and circulating epinephrine
h. Sport
The severity of the exercise carried out, air temperature, humidity, & state of airway
obstruction.

C. Signs And Symptoms Of Asthma

a. Rere episodic asthma:
 Symptoms appear at night
 Wheezing uccurs less than 3-4 day
 Coughs lasting up to 10-14 day
  Child development is usually not disturbed
b. Episodic asthma often:
 Symptoms appeare at night with cough, accompanied by wheezing
 Frequent awakenings at night due to shortness of breath and coughing
 Attack time is more than 1-2 weeks
c. Chronic or persistent asthma:
 Shortness of breath during actifity
 Changes in the shape of the thorax (pigeon chest, barrel chest)
 There is a horizon sulcus
 Growth disorders (small body)
 Decreaset activity ability
 Often do not go to school so that learning achievement is
 Distrupted some have psychosocial disorders

D. Asthma Preventation
All asthma attacks must be prevented. Asthma attacks can be prevented if the
trigger factorsbare known and can be avolded. Exercise-triggered attacks can be alvolded by
taking medication before exercising. There are preventive efforts that can be done to
prevent asthma attacks, including:
1. Maintaining health
Maintaining health is an integral part of the treatmen of asthma. If the patient is weak and
malnourished, it is not only easy to get sick but also easy to get. Asthma attack and its
complications. Efforts to maintain this health include eating foods that have good
nutritional value, dringking plenty, getting enough rest, recreation and appropriate
sports.
2. Keeping the environment clean
The environtment in which sufferers live daily greatly affects the incidence of asthma
attacks. The condition of the hause, for example, is very important to note. The house
should not be humid, enough ventilation and sunlight. Drainage must be smooth. The
bedroom is a place that needs special attention. We recommend that the bedroom
contains as few items as possible to avoid house dust. Pets, cigarette smoke,, mosquito
spray, or hair spray and others trigger asthma. The work environment also needs
attention, especially if there is a clear relationship between the work environment and
asthma attacks.
3. Avoiding trigger factors
The most common allergen that causes asthma is dust mites, so ways to avoid house dust
must be understood. Other allergens such as cats, dogs, birds, need attention, and also
note that unexpected animals such as cockroaches and rats can cause asthma. Viral
infections of the respiratory tract often trigger asthma. We recommend that people with
asthma stay away from people who are stricken with influenza. It is also advisable to
 avoid crowded or evercrowded places. Avoid excessive fatiguen. Rain, extreme,
temperature changes, running to cantch public trasposrtations or exhausting sport. If you
are going to exercise, do warm-up exercises first and it is recommended to use drugs to
prevent asthma attacks. Stimulating the airways such as cigarette smoke, caf fumes,
gasoline fumes, pain fumes or chemical fumes and other polluted air should be avoided.
4. Use anti asthma drugs
In mild asthma attacks, let alone the frequency is rere. Patients may use bronchodilator
drugs, elther in the form of tablets, capsules or syrups. But, if you want your asthma
symptoms go to away quickly, aerosol is definitely better, in more severe attacks, if is
still possible to aincrease the dose of the drug, it is often better to combine two or three
drugs. For example, first with aerosol or sympathomimetic syrup tablets (relievens
symtoms) then combined is under control, you can try asthma preventation drugs.
 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclution

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways causing an increase in

airway hyperresponsivenesse that causes recurrent episodic symptoms in the form of
wheezing ( breathing sounds), shortnessof breath, chest tightness and coughing especially at
night before the early hours of the morning, these symptom occur in association with
widespread,variable and often reversible airway obstructions with or without treatment.

Asthma is caused by the interaction of environment and genetics which is a

complicated combination and is not yet fully understood. All of these factors influence both
the severity and the response to therapy. The increase in the rate of asthmatics recently is
caused by changes in epigenetic factors ( inherited in addition to the relationship with DNA
sequences) and a changing environment.

Examples of asthma medications are beta-2 adregenergic receptor

agonists,corticosteroids, theophyllinne and anticholinergics.

B. Suggestion

With the preparation of this paper, it is hoped that all readers will be able to
examine and understand what has been written in this paper so that more or iess it can add to
the readers knowledge. Besides that, I also expect suggestions and critisms from readers so
that we can be better oriented inour next paper.
 REFERENCES

Suzane (2011). Asthma simple guide. Jakarta: Erlangga pulblisher

Sandaru, Heru & sukamanto,2009. Bronchial asthma, in: Textbook of Diseases. In volume I 5 th
edition. FKUI Publishing Center. Jakarta.pp.404-414.

http://nursingbegin.com.asuhan-keperawatan-pada-klien-asthma

Peter,2007. Asthma.www.petercom.blogspot.com. Accessed August 14,2011