Subject Area – Grade Level

Self-Learning Module (SLM)

Quarter 1 – Module 1: Title
First Edition, 2020

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John F. Villalobos Juliet C. Sagot
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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the polarity of molecules. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.
The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module contains the competency on how to determine if

a molecule is polar or non-polar given its structure. (S11/12 PS-IIIC-
15)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define operationally polar and nonpolar molecule.

2. identify the basic molecular shape and the type of bond of the
molecule
3. classify the type of molecule whether polar or nonpolar;
4. draw the Lewis structure of a given molecule;
5. calculate the electronegativity difference of a given molecule;

What I Know

Before we begin with our lesson, let us check how much do you know
about polarity of molecules by answering the following questions.

PRE-TEST. Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on the
separate sheet of paper.

1. What factors describe the polarity of a molecule?

a. Bond length and molecular size
b. Bond polarity and molecular size
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 c. Bond length and molecular shape
d. Bond polarity and molecular shape

2. Which of the following statements describes a nonpolar

molecule?
a. It has dipoles.
b. It has zero net dipole moment.
c. It has a positive and negative end.
d. It has partial separation of charges.

3. Which of the following is a polar molecule?

a. CO2 (linear)
b. BeCl2 (linear)
c. CH4 (tetrahedral)
d. H2O (bent-shaped)

4. Which of the following is a nonpolar molecule?

a. CCl4 (tetrahedral)
b. SO2 (bent-shaped)
c. H2O (bent-shaped)
d. d. NH3 (trigonal planar)

5. Which of the following steps will NOT help you identify if a

molecule is polar or nonpolar?
a. Determine the net dipole moment.
b. Change some of the atoms in the molecule.
c. Draw the structure or shape of the molecule.
d. Identify the polarity of the individual bonds present in
the molecule.

6. Oxygen gas (O2), a very important gas for humans, is a

nonpolar molecule. Which of the following statements
support this? a. It contains only a nonpolar bond.
b. It has positive and negative ends.
c. It does not have a symmetrical shape.
d. The dipole moments do not cancel out.

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7. Why is hydrogen chloride considered a polar molecule?
a. Because it has positive ends.
b. Because the net dipole moment of the molecule is zero.
c. Because it is linear and the dipole moments cancel out.
d. Because the bond between hydrogen and chlorine is
polar.

8. Which of these is polar?

a. CH4
b. CCl4
c. NH3
d. AgCl

9. Which statement best explains why carbon tetrachloride

(CCl4) is nonpolar?
a. CCl4 is symmetrical.
b. Each Carbon-Chloride bond is polar.
c. Carbon and Chlorine are both nonmetals.
d. CCl4 is an organic compound.

10. Which of the following is a diatomic molecule?

a. Oxygen
b. Ammonia
c. Aluminum
d. Carbon dioxide

11. A type of bond is formed between the two chlorine atoms

in a chlorine molecule is called __________. a. Ionic
b. metallic
c. Polar covalent
d. nonpolar covalent

12. When two atoms form a chemical bond by sharing

electrons, the resulting molecule will be ________.
a. Polar only
b. Nonpolar only
c. Either polar or nonpolar
d. Neither polar or nonpolar

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13. The degree of polarity of a bond is indicated by:
a. The charge on the kernel
b. The shape of the molecule
c. Electronegativity difference
d. Ionization energy difference

14. Which electron dot diagram represents a polar molecule?

a. c.

b. d.

15. Which electron dot diagram represents a polar molecule?

a. c.

b. d.

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Lesson

1 Polarity of Molecules

Covalent bond is formed through sharing of electrons between both

non-metals. The resulting molecule may be classified as polar or
nonpolar. There are two factors that determine the polarity of the
molecules. One is based on electronegativity difference and the other
one is on the molecular shape of the molecule which can be predicted
through the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.

What’s In

How did you fare in the test? As you go through this module, you will
be able to deepen your understanding in our topic and do better in
the next test.

In lesson 2, you were able to explain how the concept of atomic

number led to the synthesis of elements in the laboratory. Here in
lesson 3, you will be introduced to the concept of polarity of
molecules.

Chemical bond is a strong force of attraction formed between

atoms in order for them to become stable. There are three types of
chemical bond namely: ionic, covalent and metallic. This module
focuses on the types of covalent bond molecules.

Let us check if you really understood your previous lesson.

A. MATCHING TYPE. Match Column A with Column B. Write the

chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

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 COLUMN A COLUMN B
______1. Chemical Bond A. It is a measure of how strongly atoms attract
bonding electrons to themselves.
______2. Covalent Bond B. It is consists of a chemical symbol surrounded
by one to eight dots representing valence
electrons.
______3. Electronegativity C. These are forces that hold atoms together in a
compound.
______4. Lewis Dot Structure D. It states that atoms gain stability by
having eight valence electrons.
______5. Octet Rule E. It is a bond that exists between both non-
metals.

B. COMPLETION TYPE. Complete the table below Write your answer

on a separate sheet of paper.

Number Number Number

Atomic Mass
Element of of of
Number Number
Protons Electrons Neutrons

Neon 10 10

Bromine 35 80

Argon 18 22

Radon 88 222

Silicon 14 28

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 What is It

Polarity refers to the way in which atoms bond with each

other. When atoms come together in chemical bonding,
they share electrons. A polar molecule arises when one of the atoms
exerts a stronger attractive force on the electrons in the bond. The
electrons get drawn more towards that atom, so that the molecule
exhibits a slight charge imbalance.

The polarity of a bond is determined by a periodic concept called

electronegativity. Electronegativity is an expression of an atom’s
tendency to attract electrons in a chemical bond. In order to determine
the polarity od a bond, you must find the difference in the
electronegativities of the atoms involved. If the difference is between 0.4
and 1.7, the bond will be polar. If the difference is greater, the bond will
have an ionic character. This means that the electrons will be taken from
the less electronrgative element, and spend all of their time orbiting the
more electronegative element. If the difference in the electronegativities
is smaller than 0.4, the bond will be nonpolar covalent. This means that
the electrons will be shared equally between the atoms and the bond will
not have a polar character.

Covalent Bond Defined

Covalent is a bond formed through sharing of electrons. It

exists between both non-metals which are highly electronegative
compared to metals. Due to the different or similar number of valence
electrons of combining atoms, the resulting molecule may exhibit
polarity.

Types of Molecules

Nonpolar molecules have an electronegativity difference of less

than 0.5. It is symmetrical having usual molecular shapes of linear,
tetrahedral or planar.

Polar molecules have an electronegativity difference of greater than

0.5. It is asymmetrical having usual molecular shapes of bent.

However, there is a possibility that the bond is non-polar based on

electronegativity difference but the molecule as a whole is polar
based on its molecular shape.
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Factors in Determining Polarity of Molecules

There are two factors that determine the polarity of molecules.

These are:
1. The polarity of the bonds between atoms which can be
studied based on electronegativity; and
2. The geometrical shape of the molecule which can be
predicted via the valence shell electron pair repulsion
(VSEPR) theory.

What’s More

Perform activity 1.

Activity 1. “Do I Make A Difference?”

Objectives:
1. Calculate the electronegativity difference of the given molecule
2. Classify the types of molecule whether nonpolar or polar
3. Define operationally nonpolar and polar molecule

Materials:
Electronegativity Worksheets, Periodic Table of Elements

Procedures:
1. Using the Periodic Table below, calculate the electronegativity
difference of the given molecules and classify them.

NOTE:
• Nonpolar molecules have an electronegativity difference
of 0 – 0.5.
• Polar molecules have an electronegativity difference of
0.6 – 2.0.
• If electronegativity difference is greater than 2.0, the
bond is ionic.

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 • There is a possibility that the electronegativity difference
is less than 0.05 and the molecule is classified as polar
due to its molecular shape.

2. Refer to the electronegativity values and bonding range given

below.

Molecule Atom 1 Atom 2 Electronegativity Type of

Difference Molecule
(EN) (Nonpolar or
Polar)
1. CCl4 Carbon Chlorine
2. N2 Nitrogen Nitrogen

3. CH4 Carbon Hydrogen

4. H2O Hydrogen Oxygen

5. HF Hydrogen Fluorine

9
Questions:
1. How do you determine the type of molecule, as to polar or
nonpolar molecule that will form between each pair of atoms?
2. How will the electronegativity difference be used to predict
whether the molecule is polar or nonpolar?
3. Define polar and nonpolar molecule based on the activity.

The second factor that determines the polarity of molecules is the

geometrical shape which can be predicted through the valence shell
electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.

Show a five-minute video showing the geometric shapes under the

VSEPR theory.(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keHS-
CASZfc)

Questions:
1. What are the five basic molecular shapes under VSEPR theory?
2. What would be the shape of the molecule if it has two electron
regions? How about with three and four electron regions?

Activity 2. LET’S DRAW DOTS and LINE!

Objectives:
1. Draw the Lewis structure of a given molecule.
2. Identify the basic molecular shape, name, and the type of bond.

Materials:
1. Activity sheet
2. Periodic Table of Elements
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Procedures:
1. Draw the molecule.

• Look for the electronegativity values of each element in

your structure. The least electronegative atom represents
the central atom. Hydrogen is the only exception to this,
since it forms one bond only.
• Arrange the remaining atoms symmetrically around the
central atom.

2. Apply the Octet Rule for all atoms, except for hydrogen which obeys
a “Duet” rule.

• Each single bond represents two electrons.

• Begin with the surrounding atoms, place the remaining
electrons around each atom until its Octet is achieved,
with the exception of hydrogen which requires two
electrons only.

• If not enough electrons exist to meet the Octet Rule using

single bonds, then double or triple bonds between two
atoms are required. If short by two electrons, try a double
bond, and if short by four electrons, try a triple bond or
two double bonds.

3. Determine the basic molecular shape.

• Using the Lewis structure as a guide, determine the
appropriate basic molecular shape for the molecule.
• Note how many electrons are shared and unshared. This
will help determine the appropriate basic molecular
shape.

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 Molecule Electron Dot Lewis Basic Type of
Structure of Structure Molecular Molecule
Combining Atoms Shape
Name

Atom 1 Atom 2

Example:
Tetrahedral Nonpolar
CH4

1. CCl4

2. NH3

3. H2O

4. N2

5. SO2

Question:
1. What are the common basic molecular shapes of polar molecule?
Nonpolar molecule?

VSEPR Theory

VSEPR stands for Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory.

VSEPR is an important part of the valence bond theory and is a

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 logical next step in the use of the Lewis structures in organic
chemistry.

VSEPR is used to predict the 3D shapes of the molecules made by

the 2nd period elements. The main focus in this topic is going to be
on the carbon (C), nitrogen (O), and oxygen (O). Those three elements
make the “core” of the organic molecules, so you’re going to be
working with those most of the time.

The premise of the VSEPR is the idea that the electron pairs &
bonds will distribute themselves as far from each other as possible
around the central atom. Think about a bunch of balloons tied to a
single point. That would be a pretty accurate description of the
approach.

Summary of Molecular Shapes

Table 1. Summary of Molecular Shapes

Number of Electron Groups on Number of Molecular

Central Atom Surrounding Atoms Shape

any 1 linear

2 2 linear

trigonal
3 3
planar

Number of Electron Groups on Number of Molecular

Central Atom Surrounding Atoms Shape

3 2 bent

4 4 tetrahedral

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 trigonal
4 3
pyramidal

4 2 bent

Let’s test your understanding of the two factors in determining the

polarity of molecules by performing the next activity.

Activity 3. IDENTIFY ME!

Choose the term from the box that best describes the
statement below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Valence Electron Polar Molecule Lewis

Structure
Electronegativity Nonpolar Molecule VSEPR Theory

________________________1. It has an electronegativity difference of

less than 0.5.
________________________2. It measures the relative tendency of an
atom to attract electrons to itself when
chemically combined with another atom.
________________________3. It consists of a chemical symbol
surrounded by one to
eight dots representing valence
electronegativity difference is less than
0.5.
________________________4. It’s an electronegativity difference is
greater than 0.5.
________________________5. It refers to the outermost electrons

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________________________6. It is a model used to predict the geometry
of individual
molecules from the number of electron
pairs surrounding their central atom.

What I Have Learned

From the very start of our lesson, you have learned a lot about
polarity of molecules. In the succeeding activities, you will make
generalizations of your learnings.
Now after we have done varied activities let us check how far
you understood our lesson.

Answer the following questions as brief as you can.

1. Define operationally polar and nonpolar molecule.
2. What are the different basic molecular shape?
3. Draw the Lewis Dot structure of elements carbon and oxygen.

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4. Based on the electronegativity difference of a given combining
atoms, how will you identify whether the molecule is polar or
nonpolar?

What I Can Do

We’re almost done with our first lesson. This time, let us connect our
lesson to the real-life situation. Below is the list of common polar and
non-polar molecules. Are you familiar with it? Then, answer the task
given.

Table 1. List of Common Polar Molecules

Polar Molecules
Common Name Chemical Formula
1. Water H 2O

2. Ethyl Alcohol CH3CH2OH

3. Sulfur Dioxide SO2

Table 2. List of Common Nonpolar Molecules

Polar Molecules

Common Name Chemical Formula

1. Gasoline C8H18

2. Nitrogen gas N2

3. Oxygen gas O2

Questions:
1. Choose at least one polar and nonpolar molecule. Cite its beneficial
or harmful effect to human and environment.

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 Assessment

Good Job! Let’s now check your understanding of polarity of

molecules. Please read carefully and answer the questions below.

POST TEST. Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on the
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following compounds is tetrahedral?

a. CS2
b. SO3
c. SC4
d. CH4

2. Which of the following is nonpolar?

a. CS2
b. SO3
c. SC4
d. SF4
3. Which molecular structure is most likely conducive to a polar
molecule?
a. Bent
b. Linear
c. Tetrahedral
d. Trigonal Planar
4. A molecular structure that most likely conducive to a nonpolar
molecule.
a. See-saw
b. Tetrahedral
c. Trigonal Pyramidal
d. Trigonal Bipyramidal

5. What forces of attraction is present in a polar molecule?

a. Weaker
b. The Same

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 c. Symmetrical
d. Asymmetrical
6. A molecule with a difference in electronegativity of 1.6 is _______.
a. Polar
b. Ionic
c. Covalent
d. Nonpolar

7. Water is a polar molecule that is good for dissolving _______.

a. Colloids
b. Nonpolar Molecules
c. Amphiphillic Molecules
d. Polar and Ionic Molecules

8. Which element has the highest electronegativity value?

a. Cl c. S
b. O d. Be

9. How would you describe the molecular polarity and the charge
distribution of NF3?
a. Polar molecule, symmetrical distribution of charge
b. Polar molecule, asymmetrical distribution of charge
c. Nonpolar molecule, symmetrical distribution of charge
d. Nonpolar molecule, asymmetrical distribution of charge

10. Polar covalent bonds are caused by_________.

a. unbalanced ionic charges
b. equally shared valence electrons
c. unequal electronegativity values
d. the transfer of electrons from one atom to another

11. Which best describes the shape and polarity of CH4?

a. Tetrahedral Polar
b. Tetrahedral Nonpolar
c. Trigonal Pyramidal Polar
d. Trigonal Pyramidal Nonpolar

12. What is the molecular polarity of H2O and Why?

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 a. It is polar, because its charges are distributed
asymmetrically and its geometric shape is asymmetrical.
b. It is nonpolar, because its charges are distributed
symmetrically and its geometric shape is symmetrical.
c. It is polar, because its charges are distributed
symmetrically and its geometric shape is symmetrical.
d. It is nonpolar, because its charges are distributed
asymmetrically and its geometric shape is asymmetrical.

13. When two atoms form a chemical bond by sharing electrons, the
resulting molecule will be __________.
a. Polar only
b. Nonpolar only
c. Either polar or nonpolar
d. Neither polar or nonpolar

14. Why is hydrogen chloride considered a polar molecule?

a. Because it has positive ends.
b. Because the net dipole moment of the molecule is zero.
c. Because it is linear and the dipole moments cancel out.
d. Because the bond between hydrogen and chlorine is polar.

15. Which of these is polar?

a. CH4
b. CCl4
c. NH3
d. AgCl

Additional Activities

Congratulations! You’ve done it well. I know you’ve learned so many

things about polarity of molecules. Now for your additional activity,
answer the following questions as brief as you can. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

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 1. List down at least five common substances found in your kitchen.
Identify whether each substance is a nonpolar or polar.
2. Why is table sugar soluble in water but not in oil?

CRITERIA EXPERT ACCOMPLISHED CAPABLE BEGINNER SCORE

(5pts.) (4pts.) (3pts.) (2pts.)

CONTENT • Piece was • Piece was • Piece had • Piece had no

written in an written in an little style style
extraordinary interesting style • Gives some • Gives no new
style • Somewhat new information
• Very informative and information and very
informative well organized but poorly poorly
and well organized organized
organized
GRAMMAR Virtually no Few spelling, A number So many
USAGE & spelling, punctuation or of spelling, spelling,
MECHANICS punctuation or grammatical punctuation punctuations
grammatical errors or and
errors grammatical grammatical
errors that it
errors
interferes the
meaning

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