CHAPTER 5 &6 DIFFERENTIATION &ITS APPLICATIONS

𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛
1. lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2. lim = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑
3. lim = 1 CHAIN RULE: 𝑑𝑥 f[g(x)]=[f’g(x)g’(x)]
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥
𝑒 −1
4. lim = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥
log(1+𝑥) 𝑑
5. lim 𝑥
= 1 * 𝑑𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔 (𝑥)] = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ± 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑥→0
PRODUCT RULE
CONTINUITY- If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑑
𝑥→𝑎̅ 𝑥→𝑎 *𝑑𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔 (𝑥)] = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑
then 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous at x = a) *𝑑𝑥 [𝑐𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑐𝑓 ′ (𝑥).
QUOTIENT RULE
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)
If y= f(x),𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 f(x) = f ‘ (x)=y1 *𝑑𝑥 (𝑔(𝑥)) = [𝑔(𝑥)]2
𝑑𝑦
𝑑 ( 𝑥) = 1, 𝑑 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
6. 𝑑𝑥
n
(x ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
−> { 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 1 1 𝑑 1 *𝑑𝑥 (𝑢𝑣𝑤) = 𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢𝑤 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑤 𝑑𝑥
( ) = 2, (√𝑥) = 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
𝑑 SECOND DERIVATIVE:
7. (𝑐) = 0 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
8. (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) = . (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑒 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦" = 𝑦2 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑎 IMPLICIT FUNCTION:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
9.
𝑑
(sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥 ,
𝑑
(cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 (𝑦) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
(tan 𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥, (cot 𝑥) = −cosec 2 𝑥 (𝑦 2 ) = 2𝑦. 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 Note: PARAMETRIC FORM:

(sec 𝑥)= sec x tan x
𝑑𝑥
log ex = x
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡
logx If y = f(t) and x = g (t), then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)= -cosec x cot x e =x
𝑑
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 𝑑 −1 TANGENTS & NORMALS

10. (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = , (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥) = 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
= slope of tangent to the curve at the point (x,y).
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 Equation of tangent at the point (x1 ,y1) to the
12. (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) = ,
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
curve is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = ](x , y )
𝑑𝑥 1 1
(x - x1)
𝑑 −1 1
13. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥) = − 1+𝑥 2,

𝑑 −1
Equation of the normal is
14 . 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) = −1
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1 y - y1 = 𝑑𝑦 (x - x1).
] (x1 ,y1 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
15. (𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) = ,
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1

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 NOTE:
1. If a tangent at (x1,y1) of a given curve is parallel to x-axis then Slope of tangent = 0
2. If a tangent at (x1,y1) of a given curve is parallel to Y-axis then Slope of normal = 0

For increasing function, f’ (x)>0

For decreasing function f’ (x)<0

First Derivative Test for Maxima / Minima

(i) If f” (x) < 0 at a stationary point i.e. where f’ (x) = 0 , then f(x) is local maximum and if f” (x)>0
at a stationary point , then f (x) is local minimum at that point
(ii) If f”(x)=0 and f”’ (x) ≠ 0, then there is a point of inflexion.
(iii) If f’ (x) changes sign from +ve to –ve in the neighborhood of a stationary point (L→R), then
f(x) is local maximum at that point.
(iv) If f’ (x) changes sign fro –ve to + ve in the neighborhood of a stationary point then f(x) attains
local minimum local minimum value at that point

Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c ∈ I. Let f be twice differentiable at c.
Then
(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f ′(c) = 0 and f ″(c) < 0 The values f (c) is local maximum value of f .

(ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f ′(c) = 0 and f ″(c) > 0 In this case, f (c) is local minimum value of f .

(iii) The test fails if f ′(c) = 0 and f ″(c) = 0. In this case, we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is

a point of maxima, minima or a point of inflexion.

Working rule for finding absolute maxima and/or absolute minima

Step 1: Find all critical points of f in the interval, i.e., find points x where either f ′(x) = 0 or f is not differentiable.

Step 2: Take the end points of the interval.

Step 3: At all these points (listed in Step 1 and 2), calculate the values of f .

Step 4: Identify the maximum and minimum values of f out of the values calculated in Step 3. This maximum

value will be the absolute maximum value of f and the minimum value will be the absolute minimum value of f .

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Contact No :- 9811387390,