Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon
Status and Potentials of Renewable Energy
Technologies in Lebanon and the Region
(Egypt, Jordan, Palestine, Syria)
Desk Study Compiled by:
Green Line Association
February 2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................... v
ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................. vi
I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1
1. WHY RENEWABLE ENERGY? ........................................................................... 1
1.1 The Energy versus Environment Crisis: Climate Change, Global
Warming and Air Pollution ......................................................................... 1
1.2 Non‐renewable Energy Sources: Fossil Fuels Use .................................... 1
1.3 Economic Aspects in Conventional Energy Sources ................................. 2
1.4 Environmental Benefits of Renewable Energy within
Sustainable Development Concept and Conservation of
Natural Resources.......................................................................................... 2
1.5 Socio‐Economic Benefits of Renewable Energy ........................................ 4
II. LEBANON ................................................................................................................... 4
2. STATUS OF ENERGY SECTOR IN LEBANON ................................................ 4
2.1 General Description and Indicators ............................................................. 4
2.2 Oil Supply ........................................................................................................ 7
2.3 Fuel Oil ............................................................................................................. 8
2.4 Diesel Oil.......................................................................................................... 8
2.5 Natural Gas...................................................................................................... 9
2.6 Renewable Energy .......................................................................................... 9
3. EXISTING RENEWABLE ENERGY OPTIONS AND THEIR
SUSTAINABLILITY IN LEBANON .................................................................. 11
3.1 Tides and Waves........................................................................................... 12
3.2 Geothermal Energy ...................................................................................... 12
3.3 Solar Energy .................................................................................................. 12
3.4 Wind Energy.................................................................................................. 21
3.5 Hydropower .................................................................................................. 22
3.6 Biomass .......................................................................................................... 28
4. COST‐BENEFIT ANALYSIS: FOSSIL FUELS VERSUS RENEWABLE
ENERGY SOURCES ............................................................................................. 31
4.1 Solar Water Heaters...................................................................................... 33
4.2 Hydropower expansion, water pricing and economic return ............... 36
4.3 Free market effects on the growth of renewable energies ...................... 36
4.4 Cost efficient technologies........................................................................... 39
ii
5. ENERGY POLICIES AND LEGISLATION IN LEBANON............................ 39
5.1 Overview of the Existing Energy Legislation in Lebanon ...................... 39
6. BARRIERS TO THE ADOPTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
TECHNOLOGIES IN LEBANON ...................................................................... 41
6.1 Policy Barriers ............................................................................................... 41
6.2 Legislative Barriers ....................................................................................... 42
6.3 Information Barriers ..................................................................................... 43
7. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEMES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES............................................................................................................... 44
7.1 Solar ................................................................................................................ 45
7.2 Wind ............................................................................................................... 47
7.3 Hydropower .................................................................................................. 47
7.4 Biomass .......................................................................................................... 51
8. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEBANON ................................... 52
8.1 Policy .............................................................................................................. 52
8.2 Legislation...................................................................................................... 53
8.3 Administration.............................................................................................. 53
8.4 Research and Information ........................................................................... 54
8.5 Outreach......................................................................................................... 54
III. THE REGION: EGYPT, JORDAN, PALESTINE, SYRIA .................................... 54
9. OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE ARAB WORLD ............. 54
9.1 Energy Policy in the Arab World ............................................................... 54
9.2 Renewable Energy Potential and Projects................................................. 55
9.3 Recommendations and Barriers for the Arab World............................... 56
10. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN EGYPT, JORDAN, PALESTINE AND
SYRIA ..................................................................................................................... 57
10.1 Egypt............................................................................................................... 57
10.2 Jordan ............................................................................................................. 58
10.3 Palestine ......................................................................................................... 60
10.4 Syria ................................................................................................................ 61
ANNEX 1 – LAW 462/2002: STRUCTURING THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR.......... 64
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................... 77
iii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Tariff used by EDL for residential consumers.................................... 5
Table 2: Installed electricity capacity .................................................................. 6
Table 3: Expected installation and needed capacity forecast .......................... 6
Table 4: Oil imports to Lebanon .......................................................................... 8
Table 5: Estimates on the sales of local companies ......................................... 17
Table 6: Energy Efficiency and Solar thermal utilization demonstration
projects. ......................................................................................................... 20
Table 7: SWH systems installed in representative countries......................... 21
Table 8: Installed Hydropower plants and their productivity...................... 25
Table 9: Future Hydropower plants (Kamar, 2004)........................................ 28
Table 10: Fuel used for thermal power plants ................................................. 32
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Electricity consumption in Lebanon (Jibran, 2002) ........................ 10
Figure 2: Average monthly consumption (1998‐2003) ................................... 10
Figure 3: Annual Installations of SWH systems in Lebanon......................... 11
Figure 4: Average daily solar insolation throughout the year ...................... 13
Figure 5: Progress of advanced SWH systems installations.......................... 15
Figure 6: Price per installed square meter........................................................ 16
Figure 7: Annual Installations of SWH systems in Lebanon. Source: ALMEE
2003 ................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 8: Year on year percentage increase in SWH systems installed ...... 19
Figure 9: Annual installations by sector in square meters. Source: ALMEE
2003. ............................................................................................................... 19
Figure 10: Predictions for SWH systems installations.................................... 21
Figure 11: Monthly rainfall at various sites ..................................................... 23
Figure 12: Average monthly flow of coastal rivers......................................... 23
Figure 13: Average annual rivers flow ............................................................. 24
Figure 14: Hydropower contribution as a percentage of total generated
electricity (2003) ........................................................................................... 26
Figure 15: Cumulative cash flow for glazed domestic SWH......................... 35
Figure 16: Cumulative cash flow for an evacuated tube domestic SWH .... 36
Figure 17: Comparison between oil prices and SWH installation................ 38
Figure 18: Correlation between oil increases and increases in SWH
installation between 2002 and 2005........................................................... 39
Figure 19: Predictions for SWH systems installations.................................... 46
Figure 20: Future percentage contribution of hydropower to total electricity
consumption according to four scenarios ................................................ 50
v
ABBREVIATIONS
Agence de l’Environnment et de la Maitrise de l’Energie, ADEME
France
Agence Française de Developpment AFD
American University of Beirut AUB
Association Libanaise de Maitrise de l’Energie et de ALMEE
l’Environnment
Association Libanaise des Industriels du Solaire ALIS
Billion Cubic Meter BCM
British thermal unit per pound Btu/lb
Central administration for Statistics CAS
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia ESCWA
Electricité du Liban EDL
Fonds Française pour l’Environnment Mondial FFEM
GigaWatt GW
GigaWatt hour GWh
Hectare ha
Industrial Research Institute IRI
Lebanese Solar Energy Society LSES
Megawatts hour MWh
Million Cubic Meters MCM
Ministry of Energy and Water MEW
Ministry of Environment – Lebanon MOE
Municipal Solid Waste MSW
Non Governmental Organization NGO
Photovoltaic PV
Renewable Energy Technology RET
Solar thermal collectors STC
Solar water heating SWH
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC
vi
I. INTRODUCTION
1. WHY RENEWABLE ENERGY?
Energy production and consumption have serious negative impacts on the
environment. The dependence on energy to maintain life and the increased
urbanization have led to the increase in consumption of fossil fuels for the
production of energy. Burning fossil fuels has resulted in the production of
greenhouse gas emissions. These emissions include many pollutants and
particulates that are the main cause of air pollution. Additionally, emissions of
greenhouse gases lead to an acceleration of the process of global warming and
thus to climate change. Global climate change poses risks to human health and
ecosystems and has become the leading global environmental problem. Evidently,
the global recognition of the gravity of climate change justifies the need to
promote alternative energy sources.
1.2 Non‐renewable Energy Sources: Fossil Fuels Use
Non‐renewable energy sources are energy sources that are extracted from the
earth as liquids, gases and solids and that cannot be replenished in a short period
of time.
Fossil fuels are non‐renewable sources of hydrocarbons; primarily coal, fuel oil
and natural gas (Wikipedia, 2007) that are exploited to generate over 85% of global
energy demand (Herzog et al., 2004). Fossil fuels are primarily used in the
transportation, manufacturing, residential heating, and electric‐power generation
industries.
The global consumption of these conventional sources has made them prone to
depletion. On the other hand, burning of fossil fuels leads to the emissions of
noxious gases which are harmful to people and the environment. The shift to
renewable sources of energy will ensure the production of energy in a sustainable
manner. Energy security has become a serious concern with the growing energy
1
and electricity demand. The simultaneous use of both renewable and conventional
sources can extend the availability of fossil fuels for the future generations.
1.3 Economic Aspects in Conventional Energy Sources
The demand on conventional energy sources is increasing globally putting
pressure on energy supply and thus leading to higher energy prices. While in
some countries, nuclear energy is facing heavy opposition by the communities and
some politicians, and while coal is being abandoned, oil and its byproducts seem
to be the mostly demanded sources of energy. The price of oil has nearly tripled
during the last few years with no visible decreases in sight, as any oil price
changes in the period might significantly affect the income and GDP of oil
producing countries and large companies. Such changes might seriously affect the
economies and hence the stability of these countries. The need for oil and control
of its flow are the reasons for the major foreign military interventions that are
taking place in West Asia these days.
On the other hand, combustion of conventional energy sources is leading to
climate change thus affecting important economic resources such as agriculture,
forestry, fisheries and water resources.
The emergence of the concept of environmental benefit within sustainable
development, “development that meets the needs of the present generation
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
(Brundtland, 1987) incurred a transformation in the approach towards
environmental management. While environmental problems were formerly
approached as independent issues, sustainable development proposed resolving
them while keeping in mind social and economic considerations and disparities
between developed and developing countries. The concept has been integrated
into climate change and energy priorities raised within the Earth Summit in Rio de
Janeiro (1992) and World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD 2002),
within the right to development, exchange of technologies and information
exchange.
2
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
launched during the Rio Earth Summit also states that “energy plays a crucial role
in sustainable development ‐ its availability influences all fields of social,
economical and political activities; it affects the state of the environment and the
climate”. Setting and implementing guidelines that regulate emissions and
promotes the use of renewable energy sources amongs others can significantly
contribute to sustainable development and the enhancement of livelihoods
specifically in the rural areas.
Sustainable energy sources are basically non‐degradable energy sources that incur
minimal if any damage to the ecosystems and environment. These energy sources
include solar power, wind power, geothermal power, tidal power, wave power…
Cost of Environmental Externalities: Health Cost and Benefit
The adoption of renewable energies will reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
from burning fossil fuels, thus reduce air pollution and slow the process of climate
change. Although the direct link between some health problems and diseases and
fuel emissions has not been conclusively established yet, studies indicate that
regular exposure to nitrogen oxides, lead and carbon monoxides at certain levels
might probably lead to chronic and adverse health effects such as cancer,
respiratory problems and irritation. The emissions from burning fossil fuels
contain considerable levels of toxins and particulate matter. Acute exposure to
such emissions can result in different health implications. Nitrogen dioxide can
increase the incidence of lower respiratory tract infection in children and decrease
the responsiveness of airways in people who suffer from asthma. According to the
World Health Organisation (WHO), the people mostly affected by exposure to
nitrogen oxides are children, the elderly, asthmatics and individuals with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease. Particulate matters, especially the fine particles
such as PM10, are usually inhaled and are deposited on the pulmonary region.
They can irritate the respiratory tract, narrow airways, intensify asthma and
bronchitis and increase rates of respiratory infections. Therefore, the use of
renewable energies that do not require the combustion of polluting fossil fuels will
reduce air pollution and the adverse health effects caused by it.
3
1.5 Socio‐Economic Benefits of Renewable Energy
With climate change and energy as global priorities, the link between
development priorities and energy has increased. Increased job opportunities and
employment is one of the socio‐economic benefits from using renewable energies.
Long‐term money saving of electricity bills, reduction of cost in generating
electricity and reduction of expenditures for generating electricity are also other
benefits. Use of renewable energy sources will contribute to a reduction in
emissions of some noxious gases thus leading to a healthier environment.
Additionally, studies have shown that using renewable energies and poverty
reduction are affiliated especially that renewable energy technologies are
generally situated in rural or marginal regions with lower levels of investment or
employment. Renewable energy can thus help reduce poverty in rural areas and
reduce pressures for urban migration (UN, 2005).
II. LEBANON
2. STATUS OF ENERGY SECTOR IN LEBANON
2.1 General Description and Indicators
Due to several factors, Lebanon’s official agencies have been unable to produce
comprehensive, basic and detailed data about the different sectors of the
government. However, main exports, imports and production numbers have been
produced regularly by the Ministry of Commerce. In addition, other statistics
have been produced by the Central Administration for Statistics. These sources
generally provide overall figures only. Extensive field studies have been left to
researchers to tackle. A clear example of the basic lack of data is that the most
recent census for the country is approximately 70 years old. However, several
energy‐related estimates have been generated by local and international
organizations and the following is a quick overview of the status of energy use in
Lebanon (Houri and Korfali, 2005).
4
Lebanon lacks all major traditional sources of energy. Accordingly, 99% of its
primary energy needs are imported. In the electricity sector alone, the main
electricity company, EDL (Electricité du Liban), imports around $500 million
worth of fuel each year to generate the electricity needed. In addition, and despite
large government investments in the power sector, demand still exceeds supply
and blackouts are common in peak demand times. Losses on the grid are reported
amounting to 56% (in 1997), 15% of which is the technical loss (Chedid et al, 2001)
while the rest is attributed to theft. ALMEE (2001) has reported electric losses
adding up to 44% mainly due to illegal connections and technical losses. Although
this number has been steadily going down in the past couple of years a significant
problem still exists. To partially fulfill this growing need, Lebanon resorts to
importing electricity from Syria.
Electricity generation and distribution is a monopoly of EDL with some
concessions made to smaller companies. In 2001, EDL used 573,071 tons of diesel
and 1,355,081 tons of fuel oil (Jizzini, 2002). This is used to produce electricity at
an average cost of $0.078/kWh. This value rises and falls depending on fossil fuel
derivatives market. With the presence of various problems, political and
otherwise, this has resulted in a total debt of $2.4 billion. Government loans of
$200‐500 million are annually passed in an effort to prevent EDL from going
bankrupt. The increased costs and spiraling debt, in addition to insufficient
supplies have resulted in frequent outages throughout the year, mainly in the
summer, resulting in significant damage to the economy and the tourism industry.
Despite its troubles, EDL follows a social pricing that provides electricity at low
cost for small consumers. This pricing is shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Tariff used by EDL for residential consumers
5
According to a UN (2001a) report, Lebanon’s installed electricity capacity in 1999
was as shown in Table 2. However, the full potential is yet to be used due to
incomplete grid networking. In addition, hydropower is rarely completely
utilized due to dry years or the need to divert water for irrigation.
Table 2: Installed electricity capacity
Table 3: Expected installation and needed capacity forecast
6
Several values were obtained for total per capita energy consumption varying
from 2.0 MWh/capita in 1998 (Chedid et al., 2001) to 2.6 MWh/capita in 2000
(ESCWA, 2001) to 2.35 MWh/capita in 2000 (Nationmaster, 2003).
2.2 Oil Supply
Lebanon is not an oil producing country, but is located in proximity to oil
producing countries.
Until 1988, the Lebanese government retained a monopoly over the petroleum
market, but at present some eight private companies are licensed to import, store
and distribute refined products. Specifications of products are prepared and
issued by the Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW)/ General Directorate of
petroleum (Abi Said, 2005).
This fact offered an advantage by making Lebanon a refinery center for part of the
crude oil exported from Saudi Arabia and Iraq by pipelines to two coastal refinery
stations (Zahrani in the South, and Tripoli in the North). Unfortunately, these
refineries stopped working since 1975 due to the civil war in the country and the
following foreign occupation and other types of political intervention. Lebanon
has since then been forced to import its petroleum products from the international
market.
The energy balance for Lebanon shows that gasoline, diesel and electricity
represent over 90% of the total energy consumption, which highlights the
importance of the thermal electricity production and transport sector. The capacity
of storing oil products in Lebanon is currently more than 400 Ktons distributed on
210 storage tanks all over the coast. The government is planning to expand its
owned storage tanks facilities at Dora, through reclamation of 800,000 m2 of land.
Table 4 shows the amounts of fuels imported to Lebanon to fulfill its various
energy needs. The lack of local oil resources generates a heavy reliance on oil
imports and results in a heavy drain (more than $1 Billion in 2001; Hammoud,
2002) of foreign currency from an already indebted economy. According to a
report compiled by Ecodit (2002), $805 million were spent on imported energy in
1999.
7
Table 4: Oil imports to Lebanon
Oil imports (2002) Thousand Tons
Oil 1230.1
Diesel 1688.3
Kerosene 132.8
Fuel‐oil 1590.5
Butane gas 110.9
2.3 Fuel Oil
Fuel oil has the second highest importance rate in Lebanon with 33% as compared
to diesel which has the highest amounts of importation of 35%.
Fuel oil is used by the two major power plants in Jiyyeh and Zouk Mikael in
addition to some small generators that serve their factories and industrial facility.
The fuel oil ʺRFO 6ʺ is among the most polluting petroleum by‐products. It is
enriched by certain chemicals to enhance its combustion and heat production
properties. This increases the pollution resulting from its emissions especially in
the absence of filters and other treatment means.
2.4 Diesel Oil
Diesel is used in transport, industry, heating, and mainly in thousands of back‐up
private generators complementary to the electricity produced by EDL which
continuously experiences failures and shortages.
The quality of the diesel imported to Lebanon is very low. Additionally, there is
no enforcement of a regular maintenance for the vehicles using diesel. This
increases the emissions and pollution caused by those vehicles.
For heating purposes, diesel is burned in primitive units that do not have any sort
of emissions treatment. The case is similar for the generators providing the
industry and the households with electricity.
EDL has installed in the early 1990ʹs two thermal power plants in Zahrani and
Beddawi that are primarily designed for burning natural gas. Due to the
unavailability of natural gas, the two power plants are being operated using
8
diesel. This is increasing the maintenance requirements of the two power plants,
reducing their efficiency and increasing their emissions and hence their
environmental cost.
2.5 Natural Gas
The Lebanese market imports at present liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mainly for
domestic and commercial use, through a single licensed private importer (Abi
Said, 2005). Lebanon is in the process of converting its power generating plants
from oil to natural gas. To help meet this demand, a natural gas pipeline that links
the Baniyas plant in Syria to the Deir Ammar‐Beddawi power plant in northern
Lebanon was completed in March 2005. This pipeline will allow Syrian natural gas
from the Syrian Petroleum Company to flow into Lebanon for the first time
providing 53 million cubic feet per day. Syrian officials indicated that this amount
could eventually double to 105 million cubic feet per day. Furthermore, a
multilateral agreement governing another pipeline ʺThe Arab Pipelineʺ from
Egyptian natural gas sources to Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey and extending to
Europe is taking shape, on the institutional, administrative, financial, executive
and operational levels (Abi Said, 2005).
2.6 Renewable Energy
Renewable energy plays a minor role in the energy mix in Lebanon. Its use has
been limited to hydropower whose share has been dropping with increased
electricity production and consumption to reach 5‐12% in recent years (CAS, 2003),
depending on rainfall and thermal plants productivity. Other forms of renewable
energy are not being used on a grid scale and few applications exist in individual
houses (Houri, 2005).
Hydropower
Figure 1 shows the progress of energy consumption over the past three decades
indicating the share of hydropower, which has dropped from a maximum of 79%
in 1969 (not shown in graph) to 42% in 1974 to 3.5% in 2001. The strong fall in
energy consumption in the years 1976, 1989 and 1990 was due to the civil war that
9
extended from 1975 to 1990. The graph clearly shows a decreasing absolute and
percentage contribution from renewable energy sources over the years.
Exceptional weather and heavy rains in 2002 have raised the hydropower
contribution to 6.7%.
10000
9000
Hydro Thermal + import
8000
Production (GWh)
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
Year
Figure 1: Electricity consumption in Lebanon (Jibran, 2002)
In order to further understand the annual energy consumption patterns, figure 2
illustrates the monthly variations in energy consumption averaged over five years.
This graph indicates that peak consumption occurs in the middle of summer and
winter; however, it does not account for the frequent outages/blackouts occurring
during these peak times. If the actual demand is taken into account, the bars
corresponding to the peak times would be even higher.
Thermal Hydro Import
900
800
Consumption (GWh)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Figure 2: Average monthly consumption (1998‐2003)
10
Solar Thermal
Due to its abundant solar resources and the maturity of the solar thermal industry,
Lebanon stands to benefit greatly from the utilization of solar water heating
(SWH). While solar energy has rarely been used to generate electricity, energy
savings from the use of solar thermal collectors are wide spread. Plans for the
implementation of solar thermal collectors (STC) have been thoroughly studied
(Kablan, 2003; Chedid, 2002; Sakkal et al., 1993). However, local acceptance has
neither been due to published research nor due to government support. It has
been simply a case of observed saving and simplicity of use. Figure 3 shows the
increasing use of SWH systems. It shows a healthy upward trend (Houri and
Korfali, 2003). No figures are currently available to quantify the thermal energy
collectively produced through these systems.
120000
100000
Annual Installations
Square meters
Total Area
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Figure 3: Annual Installations of SWH systems in Lebanon
3. EXISTING RENEWABLE ENERGY OPTIONS AND THEIR
SUSTAINABLILITY IN LEBANON
Several renewable energy options exist for Lebanon and in considering the best
renewable energy alternative, it is important to consider all potential renewable
energy sources, their costs, market availability, suitability for the selected location,
significance of the energy produced and return on investment. It is to be kept in
11
mind that no one single option will constitute the overall solution for the current
energy crisis but rather a combination of these options.
3.1 Tides and Waves
Lebanon has 225 km of waterfront, which is relatively long compared to its area.
However, the Mediterranean Sea is an almost closed sea with minimal variation in
tides and relatively small waves for most of the year. These factors, in addition to
immaturity of technology, make tides and waves unsuitable for consideration.
3.2 Geothermal Energy
Three tentative sites have been identified that may carry some economic value.
The first is in the town of Sammaqiye near the Syrian border. This area belongs to
the general District of Akkar, which used to be an active volcanic area a long time
ago. This ancient activity is illustrated in the volcanic rock commonly found in the
area. In the early 1970ʹs, a well was dug down to around 550 m and 70ºC hot
water, rich in sulfur, erupted to a height of 30 m above ground. Another case of
hot underground water was observed in the town of Qubayat (also in Akkar).
Both of these sites have not been developed yet. While both sites do not provide
water hot enough to generate electricity, they could serve to offset some of the
water and space heating needs. The Third site is off the shore of Tyre in Southern
Lebanon where thermal vents have been discovered covering an area of 800 m at a
depth of 60 m below sea level. These sites are documented both on film and
remote sensing maps and images.
3.3 Solar Energy
3.3.1 Solar PV
With the majority of towns and villages connected to the electric grid, solar
photovoltaic (PV) in its current status is not economical and cannot compete with
electricity supplied with the traditional oil‐based methods. An exception exists for
isolated remote applications such as transmission and relay towers. Some
attempts by solar power enthusiasts and some municipalities have been installed
12
but are not considered to be cost efficient especially when compared to the
subsidized electricity prices. The above applies to the well established solar PV
market. Needless to say, none of the options under development today such as
solar towers and solar concentrators are installed or even being considered at any
level as a means to produce electricity. Without a well known and established
technology, these systems will not be considered for Lebanon.
3.3.2 Solar Thermal Collectors
3.3.2.1 Solar Insolation in Lebanon
Lebanon is located at 33°N and 35°E with altitudes varying from sea level to 3000
meters, average daily solar insolation varies between 2 and 6 kWh/m2 depending
on the source and location (Ghaddar, 1999; ESCWA, 2001; Chehab, 2005). Figure 4
illustrates measured average daily insolation for each month based on data
obtained from the American University of Beirut (AUB) weather station in 1998 in
Beirut (Ghaddar, 1999). This graph shows the wide variations, more than double
the insolation, obtained between summer and winter months.
8000
7000
Average daily insolation (Wh/m2)
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Figure 4: Average daily solar insolation throughout the year
13
3.3.2.2 Residential houses and heating needs
Based on a study by the engineering department in Saint Joseph University, 70%
of residential houses use electricity to heat their water. 25% use diesel and only 5%
use gas, wood, solar and other sources of energy. A similar study conducted at
AUB showed that 60% of household use electric heaters, 31% use diesel and 9%
use natural gas, wood and solar energy, the latter making no more than 1%
(Chedid, 2002). A much larger urban sample covering more than 500 households
indicated that 2.8% of households use solar thermal collectors for water heating
either alone or with a backup system while 82% were found to use electricity
(Houri and Korfali, 2003). The calculated consumption for an average 3 kW
residential electric water heater is 6480 kWh/yr according to EDL and 2555 kWh/yr
according to ALMEE in an average year. These widely different numbers are due
to the lack of representative studies conducted in residences that would check the
electric consumption of a given water heater under field conditions.
The residential and commercial sectors consume 80% of the electricity in Lebanon.
For these two sectors, electric space heating consumes 31% of their total energy
while domestic water heating (for commercial and residential application)
consumes 22% of the total (ALMEE, 2001). The average consumption of 60°C hot
water is estimated to be 30 l/person or 150 l/household. According to Chehab
(2005), the main consumer of hot water is the residential sector with 108,000
m3/day, followed by hotels consuming 1140 m3/day, health establishments
consuming 478 m3/day, and educational institutions with 220 m3/day.
3.3.2.3 Types of installation
Individual SWH installations for domestic use had dominated the market up till
1996. Since then a strong growth in collective systems has been observed with the
annual installed collective systems increasing from 132 in 1997 to 164 in 2000, i.e.
24% increase in annual installations. During the same period, the number of
individual systems increased from 1268 to 1490, i.e. 17.6% increase. Only 3
systems of more than 50 m2 were installed in 2000. The progress of advanced
SWH, using forced circulation, is illustrated in figure 5. This progress shows a
clear increase in these systems providing higher efficiency. This also indicates that
14
investors and larger establishments are manifesting increased interest. Solar
market growth is being aided by decreasing costs per unit as illustrated in figure 6.
Numbers up to 2000 are sourced from ALMEE (2001). Numbers from 2001 to 2004
are predictions based on an 8% annual reduction in installed cost.
The available systems on the market today are open and closed cycle. The closed
cycle systems are more expensive especially that they are mostly imported.
However, they are expected to have a longer lifetime since well water is
commonly used in Lebanon. This water tends to be rich in calcium carbonate and
other salts that may form solid crystals inside the system. A typical installed
system (4 m2, 200L) could cost anywhere from $700‐$1500 depending on type and
manufacturer. Vacuum systems are new in the market and are significantly more
expensive and are being marketed for industrial applications; however, the recent
drastic price drop has encouraged some residential applications. Lebanon’s
residents generally reside in multi‐floor apartments and space is at a premium in
the cities, even roof space. This means that space may be a limiting factor in SWH
system installations. With minor behavioral modifications and sharing of hot
water resources among the building residents, vacuum collectors could prove
more successful in harnessing the solar radiations to provide hot water for city
residents since they provide more hot water per unit area.
90
Pumped circulation
80
Pumped circulation with heat exchangers
70
Number of Systems
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Figure 5: Progress of advanced SWH systems installations.
15
400
350
300
Dollars ($)
250
200
150
100
50
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
Figure 6: Price per installed square meter.
3.3.2.4 Local manufacturers and importers
Due to the simple technology involved in making solar water heaters (SWH),
several local manufacturers have been able to compete with imported systems.
Initially most of these systems used the thermosyphon concept with an open loop
system but lately, some have been able to go into the closed loop and forced
circulation systems. Some of the local solar‐collectors manufacturers have
organized themselves under the umbrella of Lebanese Association for Solar
Industrialists (ALIS) in an effort to improve their collective influence on decision
makers in Lebanon. Table 5 shows a list of local producers and importers with an
estimate of their annual production/import for the year 2004. These numbers are
educated estimates and are not in line with those reported by ALMEE (2003) for
the year 2001 especially that the market is not declining. The lack of a clear
reporting mechanism on the production, import and installation of SWH systems
plays a major factor in the diversity of numbers obtained.
16
Table 5: Estimates on the sales of local companies
3.3.2.5 Market penetration
SWH installations are making headway on account of their own economical
return. Figure 7 shows the increasing use of SWH systems both on annual
installation basis and total collector area. It shows a healthy upward trend. Total
installed in 2000 is estimated to be around 15,000, and the total area of around
100,000 m2 installed avoid the emission of 35,000 tons of CO2 per year. Of the
collectors installed in 2000, less than 20% are imported
17
120000
100000
Annual Installations
Total Area
Square meters
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Figure 7: Annual Installations of SWH systems in Lebanon. Source: ALMEE 2003
However, when the percentage annual increase is analyzed (figure 8), it is seen
that the economic hardships people are going through due to a faltering economy,
result in the annual percentage increase going down. This is despite the fact that
the market is nowhere near saturation yet. Profiling SWH systems users showed
that the wealthier portion of the society is the one utilizing these energy saving
systems (Houri and Korfali, 2003). This was gauged by identifying certain
variables like house age, annual electricity consumption, average apartment area
and price. All these variables indicated that SWH users live in more expensive
modern and bigger houses, and use more electricity than the average consumer.
SWH systems are yet to be common among the more impoverished classes who
need it most. Nevertheless, the results obtained indicating 2.8% of households
consuming SWH are an improvement over previously published results indicating
that a maximum of 1% of households are using SWH (Chedid, 2002).
18
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Figure 8: Year on year percentage increase in SWH systems installed
Figure 9 illustrates the sectors installing SWH systems. It clearly shows that based
on area, individual houses and houses in buildings are the major contributors in
this field. Unfortunately, swimming pool owners are paying minimal attention for
this technology and the industry seems oblivious to its existence. Significant
work, education, and awareness need to be done to illustrate the importance of
SWH as and energy saving alternative.
16000 Others*
Swimming pools
14000 Industry
Individual houses
12000 Apartments in buildings
Installation Area (sq. m)
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Figure 9: Annual installations by sector in square meters. Source: ALMEE 2003.
*Others: include hospitals, hotels, universities, public buildings etc.
19
3.3.2.6 Demonstration Projects
Through the collaboration of several agencies (ALMEE, ADEME, MOE, AFD,
FFEM), five demonstration projects have been conducted in Lebanon in order to
present the importance of energy efficiency and the role of solar water heating in
reducing energy bills. These projects and their highlights are summarized in
Table 6. These projects have resulted in an overall savings of around 1500 KWh/yr
for an average 150 m2 residence.
Table 6: Energy Efficiency and Solar thermal utilization demonstration projects.
3.3.2.7 Future prospects
Solar thermal collectors are wide spread and their market is growing with
increasing fuel prices (Houri, 2006). The market is still expected to grow and
according to the Lebanese Solar Energy Society (LSES) figure 10 is suggested to
show the future market of SWH systems. Any effort by the government or local
NGO’s to promote these systems will greatly and rapidly enhance their use.
20
35,000
30,000
Square meters
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
Figure 10: Predictions for SWH systems installations
The extent of the success of SWH systems is a direct function of government
regulation. Table 7 compares the situation in Lebanon to similar neighboring
countries where SWH systems have been very successful. This is because of
regulation forcing housing developers to install these systems on all new houses
and providing incentives for residents of older houses to install SWH systems.
Table 7: SWH systems installed in representative countries
3.4 Wind Energy
There is significant evidence to support the presence of strong sustained winds in
various areas in Lebanon, specifically the north. This evidence is mainly based on
the tree deformation index, which suggests speeds of 7‐8 m/sec to be present in
selected sites. With the absence of a wind map for Lebanon, attempts at
measuring the wind have been done on small scale and by individuals or small
organizations (Houri, 2001). Few individual attempts have been made at
installing small wind turbines (100ʹs of watts) in the south, Mount Lebanon and
21
Beqaa. Some of these systems were self made while others were installed by wind
enthusiasts for private use and without prior detailed studies of winds in the area.
The largest wind turbine installed is a 300 kW wind turbine installed in the area of
Ammiq which also suffers from the lack of prior wind studies which has resulted
in its sitting idle most of the time. Another 7.5 kW wind turbine was installed in
the area of Khiam, South Lebanon, but was felled by the most recent bombing in
the south. With wind energy growing more competitive every day, wind turbine
installation preceded by a good wind‐monitoring plan seems to be the future.
However with the strongly regulated electricity generation and distribution
system existing in Lebanon, and due to the monopoly of one company on
electricity (EDL), it is up to the government to promote and install wind farms and
connect them to the grid. A regulatory change could open up the market for
entrepreneurs fairly rapidly; especially that electricity generation in Lebanon is
relatively expensive. The ministry of energy has recently signed a contract to
produce the first detailed map of wind energy in Lebanon which is expected to be
completed by the summer of 2007.
3.5 Hydropower
3.5.1 Water balance
Lebanon is famous for its waters in an otherwise water deficient region. However,
the Lebanese topography and the short rainy season result in the loss of a large
percentage of the water without proper utilization. To further understand the rain
distribution over the seasons, figure 11 illustrates average monthly rainfall at
selected sites. This graph clearly shows that most of the rainfalls between the
months of November and April in most areas of Lebanon. The precipitation is
mainly in the form of rain although between December and February, most of the
precipitation on mountains is in the form of snow. This property serves to
provide additional water flow for rivers in spring as the rising temperatures start
melting the snow. This pattern is illustrated in figure 12 showing the flow of
various coastal rivers where peak flow has a one‐month delay over peak rainy
period (Houri, 2006).
22
Monthly Rainfall at various sites
250
Beirut
Zahle
200 Cedars
Marjayoun
Ryak
150
mm of rain
100
50
0
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
Figure 11: Monthly rainfall at various sites
250
Kassmieh
Awali
El Damour
200
Beirut
El Kalb
150 Ibrahim
Flow
El Jouz
Abou Ali
100
Bared
Araka
50 Oustwan
El Kabir
0
Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Month
Figure 12: Average monthly flow of coastal rivers
23
Meteorological data from selected stations indicate that the average rainfall in the
1996‐2000 period is 9 to 14% lower than the global average (Ecodit, 2002). This has
resulted in a significant decrease in hydropower generation. Compounding this
problem is the fact that more water is needed to irrigate drier agricultural lands.
With global warming on the rise, this pattern is expected to continue. Lebanon
receives 8600 million cubic meters (MCM) of precipitation; however, 50% is lost to
evaporation, 8% to neighboring countries and 12% into the underground water,
leaving around 2600 MCM available. This value falls down to 1300 MCM of
controllable surface water and 400 MCM of controllable underground water
(Fawaz, 1992). Figure 13 shows the average annual river flow of various rivers.
The Litani river flowing in the Bekaa area is clearly the most important one.
900
800
River Flow (MCM/yr)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Jaouz
Damour
Abu Aswad
Ostwan
Araqa
Bared
Ibrahim
Awali
Zahrani
Hasbani
Kalb
Litani
Kabir
Beirut
Siniq
Abu Ali
Asi
Figure 13: Average annual rivers flow
3.5.2 Available and projected hydropower plants
The significance of utilizing water to generate electricity has been locally
recognized for a long time. Accordingly, several hydropower plants have been
installed while others were studied and planned. Table 8 details the constructed
hydropower plants to date and their productivity over various periods of time.
Hydropower generation varied from 273 GWh to 1204 GWh with an average of
722 GWh over the past 20 years (Kamar, 2004). The data shown indicates that
hydropower productivity has dropped around 33% below the pre 1975 levels.
This can be readily attributed to increased water consumption for expanding
24
domestic, industrial and agricultural applications, in addition to decreasing rains.
One can also notice that relatively strong rivers like Litani, Qadisha and Ibrahim
have more than one hydropower plant on their path. One can also clearly see that
these plants are generally old varying between 36 and 71 years old. General
efficiencies for similar, properly maintained, systems are reported to be around
75% (Turbogen, 2004).
Table 8: Installed Hydropower plants and their productivity
25
Weekly
Bared 1 1954 3x4.5 = 13.5 (1,1 48
Bared 50 60
MCM)
Bared 2* 1962 2.5+1.2 = 3.7 None 14
Chekka 2x2.1+1.1=5.
Jaouz 1950 None 17 N/A N/A
Cement 3
2x0.8+0.3=1.
Kalb Hraiche* 1953 None N/A N/A N/A
9
2x0.4+0.3=1.
Bardouni Wadi el 1923 None N/A N/A N/A
Arayech* 1
15
10
5
0
n
ar
l
b
ay
n
ov
r
ct
p
ec
Ju
Ap
Ju
Ja
Au
Fe
Se
O
M
N
D
Figure 14: Hydropower contribution as a percentage of total generated electricity
(2003)
26
3.5.3 Future water use for hydropower and agriculture
Future plans for the utilization of water are dependant on several factors including
energy needs, domestic water needs and the needs for irrigation. According to the
Ministry of Energy and Water (1999), the water deficit is about 1 BCM /year for a
mean precipitation year. Irrigated area will increase from 80,000 hectares today to
280,000 hectares in 2009. For that purpose 37 dams and lakes are planned for the
coming years with a total capacity of 622 MCM of water storage.
Irrigation and domestic needs may be partially met by a planned “800 m channel”
irrigation project designed to serve West Bekaa and South Lebanon, and is
expected to irrigate 15,000 ha using up to 120 MCM: 100 MCM for agriculture and
20 MCM for domestic uses benefiting 168,000 people and up to 335,000 in the
summer. All of the irrigation projects together will add 322,255 ha of irrigated
areas and will result in the loss of more than 400 GWh in hydropower generation
in an average year (Hajjar, 1997).
A detailed water policy for Lebanon has been studied and presented by El‐Fadel et
al (2001), while Jurdi et al (2001) studied the management of the Litani river basin.
These studies have emphasized that Lebanon will be suffering from a water deficit
by 2010 and that significant (and wise) utilization of surface water for agricultural
and domestic water use is warranted. By 2010, water demand for irrigation,
domestic and industrial sectors will be 1897 MCM, reaching 2589 MCM by 2020
(El‐Fadel et al, 2000).
All of the above factors and uses have to be taken into consideration when plans
for new hydropower are studied (Houri, 2005). Hydropower is definitely an
economical alternative but not without some environmental concern.
With the exception of the unusually rainy season in 2002‐2003 in which the share
of hydropower rose to 12.9% of generated power, the share of hydropower is
decreasing as Lebanon is getting less rain each year and more of the water is
diverted for irrigation. New dams on major rivers may raise the hydropower
share (As‐Safir, 2003), but of 21 planned dams with an estimated cost of $547
million, only few are designed for electricity generation (205 MW total, Table 9)
while others are designed for water flow control and providing fresh drinking
27
water. Currently, around 860 MCM of water are used in hydropower plants with
a maximum of 1700 MCM in wet years and a minimum of 350 MCM in dry years.
The planned hydropower plants, in the view of many workers in the field, fail to
utilize the full potential of hydropower in Lebanon. For example, Ibrahim River
alone is said to have the potential for generating 193 MW for six months of the
year while currently, it has an installed capacity of only 32.5 MW (Karam, 2004).
Table 9: Future Hydropower plants (Kamar, 2004)
Limited space in Lebanon (10,400 km2) and high population density 413
person/km2, in addition to inappropriate weather conditions have made Biofuel
use in Lebanon a very limited process. The scarce amounts of water available are
poorly managed and water rationing is common. Being dependent on food
28
imports from abroad, any water available is quickly directed to the use of deserted
lands for food production. Therefore the use of land to simply generate biomass is
not a wise decision. However, with proper management, one can find several
sources of energy within the Biofuel context. Due to its relatively low energy
demand: 4,963,000 tons of fuel, and 1650 MW of electricity, effective solutions
offsetting a significant portion of the energy bill can be readily developed.
Currently Biomass use is restricted to traditional wood harvesting for coal and
firewood. This is an inefficient method of forest product use in addition to the
destructive effects it is having on forested areas in Lebanon. In addition, some
trial projects for the generation of biogas from animal wastes have been
constructed but are generally used for heat generation and not for electricity.
Although Lebanon has little forest cover, it has significant other sources of
biomass (Houri, 2004), namely municipal solid waste (MSW). If burnt, the 400
tons of MSW produced on a daily basis could provide 30% of the electricity needs,
however, due to lack of emission controls and a strong resistance from locals and
NGO’s this alternative is not being considered. As a matter of fact, in a country
like Lebanon with little natural resources, MSW is far more valuable if the raw
material is recovered and recycled. Glass, paper, aluminum and some types of
plastics are examples of material that can be completely recycled locally. Biogas
generation from sewer and farm waste decomposition has the potential of
offsetting 2.8% of the electric needs. Some plans are currently under way for
large‐scale utilization of biogas on a dairy farm.
Three main sources of biofuel will be discussed: waste (mostly organic), biogas
from residential and farming waste, and biodiesel.
3.5.1 Energy from Non‐Separated Waste
Ayoub (1995) has established the basic characteristics of waste in Lebanon
indicating that 62.4% of municipal solid waste is food waste and 11.3% is paper
and cardboard. The heating value was found to be 8032 Btu/lb. Currently
Lebanon produces around 3940 tons per day of solid waste. The main focus of
energy from waste should be on urban areas. These areas provide a high
29
concentration of waste that could make energy harvesting an economical
alternative. 5.2 MWh/ton may be produced (Bioenergy, 2002) which implies that if
all the solid waste in Lebanon is burnt, it can produce 854 MW (52% of Lebanon’s
production) and if only the collected trash of Beirut and Tripoli (two largest cities)
are burnt, 484 MW (29% of production) may be obtained. Local resistance to this
highly polluting technology is expected based on previous local experience. Lack
of emission regulation combined with the need of strict control, in addition to high
technical demands precludes the use of this technology in Lebanon.
3.5.2 Biogas
With the high food waste content of municipal solid waste, biogas is expected to
be produced at a significantly high rate. This has been most recently illustrated in
a huge spontaneous fire that occurred in Tripoli’s landfill. The Naameh landfill
(used for Beirut’s MSW) contains 3 million tons of waste with an average annual
addition of 600,000 tons and can produce 23,000 m3/day of biogas. Similarly
Tripoli’s landfill can generate 3000 m3/day of biogas. Since Biogas can generate
5.84 kWh/m3 (Bioenergy, 2002), these two sites can produce 6.3 MW, 0.4% of the
national electricity consumption.
From the currenlty closed landfill site at Burj Hammoud, a 9 million dollars
investment in biogas collection could produce 6.47 MW for 15 years offsetting
0.4% of Lebanon’s electric needs (Ecodit, 2002).
The Ministry of Agriculture reports that Lebanon has 76,000 cows, 378,000 lambs,
436,000 goats and 10 million chickens. Since lambs and goats are generally freely
roaming, one can assume that only cow and chicken manure can be economically
used for biogas generation to make electricity. 15.2 MW can be generated from
cows (PGE, 2002; Discovery Farms, 2001), in addition to 8.6 MW from chicken
(Escobar and Heikkila, 1999). The electricity produced will offset 1.4% of
Lebanon’s electricity. The presence of these cow herds and chicken in
concentrated large farms will help in applying this technology. Extra savings
would be expected on site from the generated heat.
30
Biogas may be produced also by the anaerobic decomposition of municipal
wastewater. Lebanon produces 249 Million m3 of municipal wastewater. The
planned traditional aerobic treatment of wastewater plants consumes 400 kW per
100,000 residents (Smedt, 2002); for Lebanon, 16 MW would be needed. With the
use of anaerobic digestion, only 1.6 MW would be needed. With full utilization of
the biogas generated for electricity production, the process can become completely
self‐sufficient. Utilizing the anaerobic decomposition option will result in close to
16 MW of avoided electricity consumption (1 % of Lebanon’s electric needs)
Application of the biogas technology on currently polluting and discarded
products can offset 3.2% of Lebanon’s electric needs, in addition to major
reduction in emissions, pollution, offensive smells, waste, and foreign currency
spending. These processes require little space, create jobs and are generally
accepted by the neighboring community.
3.5.3 Biodiesel
Lebanon imports 80,000 tons/yr of cooking oil. With a moderate estimate of only
50% potential recovery, 40,000 tons of waste cooking oil will be available to work
with, in addition to large amounts of beef and lamb tallow. Assuming that the
average consumption of Lebanese is along the world average (Worldwatch, 1998),
i.e. 36 kg/person/yr, and knowing that the Lebanese population prefers mostly
lamb meat, which produces 44g tallow/kg of meat and edible fat one can conclude
that approximately 6,353 tons of tallow are being currently disposed of
improperly. With an average yield of 85% biodiesel from oil and fat, Lebanon can
easily produce 39,400 tons of Biodiesel. This would offset 0.8 % of total Lebanese
fuel oil imports.
Without going into the abstract benefits of the use of renewable energy and the
disadvantages of fossil fuel dependency, this section will deal with the direct cost‐
benefit analysis relevant to Lebanon.
31
Environmental Impact: In order to put the residential electricity consumption into
an environmental perspective, the potential emissions must be estimated. To
generate electricity, EDL uses a mix of fuels for its various plants. Only 6.7% of
electricity is being generated from clean hydropower while the rest is generated
by highly polluting thermal plants. Table 10 (Bazzi, 2002) summarizes the use of
various fossil fuels in thermal plants to generate electricity in Lebanon. Assuming
that all power plants are working to capacity (which is not always the case) and
accounting for the hydropower share, the average kWh produced consumes 45.84
g of 2% sulfur diesel, 70.57 g of 1% sulfur diesel and 138.76 g of gas oil. According
to AEAT (AEAT, 2003), and based on averaged emissions from various power
stations, the average residential consumer produces 1.6 tons of CO2, 7.3 kg of SO2,
2.7 kg of NOx and 180 g of PM10. A 15% technical loss is taken as an average in
electricity transmission (ESCWA, 2001). The assumed technical grid losses can
only be estimated, as Lebanon suffers from a lack of accurate reports and from
illegal connections to the grid. According to the UN (2001a), grid losses in the
ESCWA region vary between 14 and 22% due to several technical and
maintenance problems. Implementation of residential power saving programs can
have a significant impact on the local and global environment especially when the
lack of appropriate scrubbing technologies at the power plants is taken into
consideration.
Table 10: Fuel used for thermal power plants
Average fuel
Nominal % of
Fuel used Sulfur content consumption
capacity production
(g/kWh)
Fuel Oil 2% 331 17 289
Fuel Oil 1% 607 31 244
Gas oil N/A 1010 52 286
Total ‐‐ 1948 100 ‐‐
32
4.1 Solar Water Heaters
A quick cost analysis indicates that the average payback period of a SWH installed
system under local conditions to replace electric heaters is 4‐5 years. A 4m2 system
can fully provide the hot water needs for a family of five for six months of the year
with minor water use adjustments. It can significantly reduce the electric bills in
the remaining months. It is this visible savings that is motivating people to
purchase SWH systems.
Social and environmental benefits are abounding. SWH systems work quietly, use
a renewable energy source, reduce the electricity bill for the consumer, and save
the country millions of dollars in avoided new power plant costs. They have a
long lifetime (up to 20 years) and are reliable. They provide jobs and income for a
highly unemployed population. They also help in reducing the health bill by
reducing the pollutants that would have been generated by power plants.
Increased awareness about the environment and renewable energy may creep in
through the intent of citizens to save money. Since most residents today rely on
electric heaters for water, 60‐80% of the residential electricity used may be saved
by the adoption of SWH systems especially if their use for space heating is
adopted.
SWH systems are expected to save 80% of energy consumed for water heating.
According to ALMEE (2003), 400,000 solar water heaters over 10 years will save
8% of total electricity and will avoid the need to increase electricity capacity by 100
MW avoiding a total installation cost of $100 Million. These systems would also
reduce the energy bill by $30 million over 10 years in addition to significant
savings due to reduced pollution. To fulfill the hot water needs in Lebanon, 1.5
Mm2 are needed. With a total installed area of approximately 100,000 m2 by the
year 2000, the market is still wide open for further development. It is estimated
that the cost of solar heated water is $0.24/L, which is less than electrically heated
water ($0.27/l), but more than diesel heated water ($0.20/L).
33
Case Study
In order to understand the significance of the implementation of SWH in
residential houses, the following case study is presented. The system utilizes a
thermosyphon system that has proven itself. The system chosen is the Kypros
solar water heater (Kyprossolar, 2002), with 2 panels installed (2 m2 each) with a
200L hot water tank. The local current price of this system is $900 including
installation. The system used is very suitable for the Lebanese water as it utilizes a
heat exchanging fluid and does not pass the water directly through the panel.
This is very convenient for the salt laden groundwater used for the residence.
Since the weather in Lebanon is generally warm and maximum heat capacity
would be needed in winter, the solar thermal panels will be tilted to have latitude
plus 15 degrees or approximately 50° from horizontal. The water tank also
contains an auxiliary electric heating element for extended cloudy days.
The Kypros solar heater should produce 3230 kWh/yr. Another calculation
method would be through a general assumption made indicating that water
heating constitutes 25% of the electricity bill for the average household and that
solar water heating can offset 80% of the water heating requirements (Cansolair,
2002). This indicates that the average household can save 20% of its electric need.
With an average household consumption of 6907 KWh/yr (Houri and Korfali,
2005), this means that an average house can save 1381 kWh/yr, which translates to
$184/yr since the system will offset only the higher priced fraction ($0.133/kWh).
34
Renewable Energy Technology (RET) Screen analysis. While the above analysis gives
a good rough idea, a more detailed analysis using the RET Screen modeling tool
provides for a more professional analysis taking into account actual availability of
the system and its productivity throughout the year. In this case, a 2.5 m2 flat plate
glazed collector with 114 L storage capacity placed at a slope of 33.8 º (latitude for
Beirut), will result in a green house gas reduction of 1.42 tons of CO2 per year. The
summary of results obtained by the RET Screen analysis is illustrated in figure 15
showing the cumulative cash flow for a domestic SWH. According to this graph,
the system will pay for itself within 7 years while producing $2,610 in cash savings
during its 20‐years lifetime. This is done taking into account most variables like
system cost, installation, discount rate and miscellaneous expenses.
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,000
500
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
-500
-1,000
-1,500
-2,000
Years
Figure 15: Cumulative cash flow for glazed domestic SWH.
A new emerging technology is the evacuated tube SWH whose prices are
dropping rapidly. Figure 16 shows a similar SWH to the above, also for domestic
use, but in this case using evacuated tubes. This system will pay for itself within
8‐9 years and will save $2060 during its lifetime. It will save 1.78 tons of CO2 per
year.
35
2500
2000
1500
500
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
-500
-1000
-1500
Year
Figure 16: Cumulative cash flow for an evacuated tube domestic SWH
4.2 Hydropower expansion, water pricing and economic return
The analysis of hydropower economic returns is far more complex as several
needs have to be taken into consideration. Those needs vary from the basic fresh
water needed for the population (for household use and irrigation) in an area
where water is a valuable commodity, to the environmental and touristic needs.
If we take the three hydropower plants using water from the Litani River at
around 820m and delivering it at around 30m as an example, 1 m3 of water going
through these three plants will produce 1.7 kWh (0.9 + 0.4 + 0.4). With a total
production cost of $0.025 / kWh versus $0.1464/kWh for thermal generation, actual
savings would be $0.206/m3. This number implies that water prices for irrigation
in areas benefiting from the Litani reservoir should not be less than 20 cents per
m3. This result clearly indicates that agricultural use and productivity must be
carefully monitored to insure that crop productivity exceeds a $1360/ha limit.
When taking into consideration the environmental impact of dependence on
hydropower rather than thermal power, this number is bound to go even higher.
4.3 Free market effects on the growth of renewable energies
A recent study has shown an interesting correlation between the rise in oil prices
and the growth of solar thermal market demand (Houri, 2006a). The trend of
36
apathy towards solar has suddenly changed in the past few years with the rapid
increase in diesel prices. On one hand, consumers using diesel are directly
impacted by the increasing prices of diesel and are scrambling for money‐saving
alternatives, and on the other hand, the electricity company (EDL) is feeling the
need to lower its costs by encouraging consumers to save on electric usage. While
this latter attempt is weak at best, the first driver has been strong enough to move
the market.
4.3.1 Diesel Prices Growth
Up to 1999, oil prices have been at their lowest since the seventy’s. However, this
trend has changed with the emerging economies especially in China and India
requiring more of the dwindling supplied of oil. Oil producing countries have not
been able to keep up with the demand and this has forced oil price to skyrocket.
In the years 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005 respectively the average increases in crude
oil prices by 7%, 18%, 29% and 20% respectively. Most analysts estimate that this
trend will continue and a $100 per barrel is not an unreasonable price to expect in
the near future. Since Lebanon does not produce oil or even refine it, local prices
are heavily dependant on international price variations. Accordingly, the
economy overall has been suffering from these latest oil price hikes.
4.3.2 Solar Water Heating Market Growth in Lebanon
One sector that stands to benefit from the rising fuel prices is the renewable
energy sector in general and more specifically the solar water heating sector. The
solar thermal market has been growing at an increasing rate with annual
installations increasing from 7095 m2 in 2001 to 16,848 m2 in 2005. Percentage
wise, installations increased by 16%, 22%, 35% and 24% in the years 2002, 2003,
2004 and 2005 respectively. This, compared to an almost constant population
growth of 1% (Human Development Report, 2005), is indicative of market forces
rather than natural increase. A comparison between the growth in solar hot water
(SHW) system and global oil prices is shown in figure 17 and clearly illustrates the
closeness of this relationship.
37
Further analysis of the relationship between these two increases yielded a direct
correlation between the two as illustrated in figure 18. This clear correlation
should be taken into consideration when planning for renewable energy systems
adoption all over the world and especially in countries lacking the regulatory
framework for their adoption.
Oil Increases
SHW increases
40
% increase
30
20
10
0
2002 2003 2004 2005
Figure 17: Comparison between oil prices and SWH installation
4.3.3 Expected Results of Freeing Up Diesel Prices
The effects of the most recent rise in oil prices has been blocked from the public by
the government’s decision to fix diesel prices at around $0.5/liter and to bear the
extra cost itself. The liberation of prices will result in an increased cost up to
$0.6/L today and up to $0.9/L in the next five years if the predicted prices of
$100/barrel are reached. This constitutes an increase of 20% today and 50% over
the next five years which according to the correlation established in the previous
sections could lead to an increase of 25% in the coming year and around 51% over
the next five years in SWH systems installations. Not to over simplify the factors
involved in the adoption of SWH system installations, the indicated percentages
do not take into account the issues of market saturation, consumer education, and
potential rises in electricity costs. However, with the current status, none of these
factors are expected to have a significant effect in the short to medium term: the
SWH market which is estimated to be around 3 million square meters is far from
being saturated as the overall installed area is still around 0.12 million square
meters. The consumer education factor may be balanced out by the fact that the
38
more educated, wealthier population has significantly moved forward in the
application of SWH systems. No wide scale program is in sight to educate the
general public yet.
40
SHW installation
y = 0.851x + 8.5061
30
increases
R2 = 0.9401
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40
Oil increases
Figure 18: Correlation between oil increases and increases in SWH
installation between 2002 and 2005
4.4 Cost efficient technologies
It is clear that Lebanon, within the framework of current legislation and economic
status, will not be able to benefit from any renewable energy technology that is
unable to cross the 0.07 cents/kWh barrier which is considered to be the cost of
electricity generation in Lebanon. Again no exact figures are available to this
effect and some studies put this number at around 11 cents/kWh. Wind, solar
thermal and some from of biomass have been able to cross this line internationally
and they are the ones that can be considered locally. Costs of environmental
benefits are still not being considered.
5. ENERGY POLICIES AND LEGISLATION IN LEBANON
5.1 Overview of the Existing Energy Legislation in Lebanon
Legislative texts in Lebanon are issued in the form of decisions, decrees or laws.
While decisions can be legally issued by ministers, decrees are issued by the
39
council of ministers, and laws by the Parliament after being proposed by a
Minister or Member of Parliament, and consultation with relevant parliamentary
committees; it is published in the official gazette only after the approval of the
President of the Lebanese Republic.
Law 462/2002 (annex 1), on the management of the energy sector, is the main form
of legislation on energy in Lebanon. The law defines the role of the government in
the energy sector, documents production, transport and distribution of energy and
sets the legal steps required to privatize the management of the energy sector
whether partially or completely.
Law 462 states that private electricity producers are only allowed to produce
electricity for private use and it cannot be distributed to others. Thus, legally, it is
prohibited to produce and to sell electricity. This is something that has to be
changed through the law in order to ensure the proper and legal implementation
of renewable energy technologies. For instance, household feed‐in is not possible
without legal backup. If ratified, the feed‐in law would allow the production and
the sale of electricity by the public to the government, and therefore contributing
to the government’s electricity distribution network.
Currently, solar water heating is the only type of renewable energy technologies
that can be legally used in Lebanon since there is no legislative endorsement for
other types such as the concentrated solar thermal power (CSTP) and wind energy
(both are used for electricity production). In order to ensure sustainable
development, a new national energy strategy based on renewable energy should
be adopted.
5.2 Essential Components
Sustainable Energy Policy: Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation
A new national energy strategy (or policy) should include energy efficiency and
energy conservation. For example, the current construction law does not include
heat insulation for buildings or making space for solar water heaters on the roofs
40
of the buildings. Such basic construction concepts should be included in the
national energy strategy since they contribute to energy conservation in buildings
and facilitate the use of solar water heaters by the community.
As for energy efficiency, most of the Lebanese citizens are not familiar with energy
saving appliances. Only few institutions/projects in Lebanon are dedicated to
promote energy efficiency, let it be in households, in offices, in schools or even at
governmental institutions. If practiced, energy efficiency can save a lot of energy
and thus make the used conventional energy resources last longer. Adopting a
national sustainable energy strategy is the key.
6.1 Policy Barriers
The main barrier to the adoption of renewable energy technologies in Lebanon is
the lack of political will to do so. Lebanon, like most developing countries, has no
long‐term strategic planning, especially on issues related to the environment.
Sustainable development has only been enforced in some projects due to specific
requests from developed donor countries funding these projects. Climate change
is still not on the radar of the Lebanese government, and the country totally
follows the Arab League’s positions on this issue. The Arab League energy policy
is heavily influenced by oil producing countries, especially Saudi Arabia, which
clearly has been hindering renewable energy development.
In terms of energy security, which is increasingly being understood by Lebanese
government as a requirement and necessity for a stable economy, renewable
energy is not being seriously considered as an option without any logical
justification. The short‐term objective of the Ministry of Water and Energy is to
insure continuous supply of fuel oil, and its long‐term objectives are to hook up to
the natural gas pipeline from Syria and to privatize the electricity sector.
Privatization of the energy production sector has proven that it can increase the
adoption of renewable energy. Nevertheless if the privatization process is not
41
done properly, privatization can lead to monopoly and other bad practices.
Around the World, examples show that renewable energy has only been able to
kick‐start when there is a national or local authority supporting it.
The Lebanese government has to understand the benefits of a long‐term
sustainable development strategy and a sustainable energy strategy. It has been
proven that energy security can only be achieved with the adoption of an
aggressive renewable energy and energy efficiency strategy.
Lebanon also has to start getting involved in climate politics, and the government
has to fully understand this issue and its impact on the country. A recent study
released at COP12 in Nairobi has shown that mitigating the climate change impact
of one ton of CO2 will cost us 85 US dollars, while the cost of reducing this one ton,
by renewable energy and energy efficiency, is only 25 US dollars.
6.2 Legislative Barriers
The lack of vision and political will by the government to develop renewable
energy and promote energy efficiency has led to the lack of any serious legislation
that supports it. Renewable energy is scarcely mentioned in existing Lebanese
energy laws and there is no established administrative structure in place to
develop the sector.
The development of an appropriate renewable energy and energy efficiency policy
and legislation is a crucial step for any serious take on renewable energy. In
countries like Germany, Spain and Italy, the establishment of a renewable energy
feed‐in‐law has led to exponential increase in renewable energy production. The
lack of such legislation in Lebanon creates a great barrier for renewable energy,
since there is no clear process and standards for the development of that sector. It
also eliminates market security for renewable energy development by the private
sector. The private sector needs to feel that renewable energy projects will
generate profit, and this requires government support, which is translated in
renewable energy policy and legislation.
Government is currently subsidizing the electrical sector. These subsidizes are
creating another barrier, since they are making electricity produced by fuel oil
appear to be cheap, thus hindering the development of alternative energy,
42
especially renewable energy. The real cost of fuel oil is being masked by the fact
that currently the government is filling the gap between the cost of electricity
produced and the revenues collected from public electricity bill.
6.3 Information Barriers
Another important barrier for the development of renewable energy is the lack of
accurate data and research on the different aspects of the subject. For renewable
energy investment to take off, the feasibility of the different renewable energy
technologies needs to be assessed. For example, wind atlas and solar map for
Lebanon are essential basic information that is still not available in Lebanon. At
the time when this report was written, the government was in the process of
developing a wind atlas, but until this study is finalized wind energy companies
will not be able to assess the market of wind energy in Lebanon.
Universities, NGOs and research centers in Lebanon need to conduct scientific and
technical studies related to renewable energy, energy efficiency, energy security
and climate change. All of this information will encourage renewable energy
technology, and identify opportunities for renewable energy development.
The lack of awareness on the importance and potential of renewable energy, not
only among government officials, but also among scientist, researchers, NGO and
the general public is delaying the fast up‐take of the technology. Awareness on
why we need renewable energy and the threat of climate change is almost non‐
existent. In Sweden, 99% of the population has exact understanding of the climate
change issue, and as a result the government has passed an energy strategy to
have 100% renewable energy by 2020. Generating awareness on the necessity of
renewable energy on all levels is considered as the main driver for prioritizing
renewable energy in energy policies and plans.
Access to information, although secured on the legislative level, is not yet
practiced in the public and the private sectors. This has hindered the
dissemination of information related to renewable energy, and thus any institute
that requires conducting any renewable energy research needs to reinvent the
wheel and duplicate existing research.
43
7. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEMES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
Promotion of renewable energy use in Lebanon may follow two different
pathways: The first depends on providing appropriate condition for individuals
and organizations to move into the renewable energy sector, and the second relies
heavily on government initiated projects. Keeping in mind the current status of
the Lebanese public sector, the first pathway seems to be a more reasonable one.
Some schemes cut across all renewable energy sectors and will be listed here while
others are sector specific and will be mentioned in the appropriate sections. Most
of the following implementation schemes avoid asking the government to ʺpayʺ.
a. Establishing a feed‐in‐law that allows energy producers to sell or at least
offset part of their electricity load through renewable energy installations.
b. Remove taxes and customs charges on all renewable energy items such as
solar thermal collectors, PV panels, wind turbines, etc...
c. Provide financial incentives for renewable energy users on houses in the
form of added construction space permits. This proved to be very effective
when new laws for the thermal insulation of buildings were considered.
d. Establish quality labels for all renewable energy products.
e. Remove government subsidies on electricity and fuel in all its forms which
would encourage the population to adopt energy saving and renewable
energy alternatives, while at the same time reducing governmental
expenses that could be used to justify reduced taxes on renewable energy
products.
f. Encourage Energy efficiency technologies as a first step in reducing the
electricity bill altogether.
g. Encourage education in the field of renewable energy on all levels starting
from introducing people to what they are all the way up to promoting
University research and generating qualified graduates in these fields.
h. Establish a credit systems for renewable energy similar to that adopted for
small industries and housing which is very successful. This credit system
provides low interest loans for those interested in renewable energy
installations.
44
7.1 Solar
Adoption of laws similar to those implemented in neighboring countries could
give the industry a large boost. Solar thermal water heating is the most promising
renewable energy form utilizable today. The experiences gained from
neighboring countries only serve to support the need to promote SWH systems at
all levels: domestic, industrial and commercial. Environment often conflicts with
human requirements and the need for extra cash. In the case of SWH,
environmental protection and the use of renewable energy are able to provide
residents with their needs in an economical way. This is illustrated in the fact that
despite the lack of government subsidy, SWH systemsʹ sales are increasing
resulting in job creation and emerging industries. A simple decrease in the Value
Added Tax (VAT) on SWH could result in further increase in the rate of adoption
of such systems.
SWH installation should be made mandatory on all new buildings and should be
included in any renovation plan. This regulation should be accompanied by a
certification program that insures product quality for the consumer and that the
contractor is abiding by the law.
A strong education campaign should be launched at all levels to promote SWH
systems. Based on previous experiences, namely in the leaded versus unleaded
gasoline issue, it has already been proven (at least in Lebanon) that years of
education about the social, economical and environmental benefits of using
unleaded gasoline lead only to 20% adoption of unleaded gasoline (which could
be attributed to new cars that require unleaded gasoline). Less than a 10% cost
increase of leaded fuel over unleaded fuel lead to 80% adoption of unleaded fuel,
further proving that the financial concern plays the most important role in
consumer choices.
An increase in electricity prices will result in a definite increase in the demand on
SWH systems but that increase will be opposed by increased energy costs on a
generally impoverished working class that cannot afford the high upfront costs of
such systems. The use of micro‐credits will facilitate technology adoption by the
lower income and poorer population groups; since the monthly payments would
45
be close to the savings they will be getting on their electricity bills. Increased
awareness about the environment and renewable energy may creep in through the
intent of citizens to save money.
It remains to be said that without government financial intervention, these
systems will not be able to compete with diesel water heating used in large
establishments and factories. In such cases, and in urban areas with limited sun
exposure, collective and evacuated tube systems will present a viable alternative.
Future Prospects
According to ALMEE, 5% annual growth in installations is expected. Other
sources have more optimistic view regarding the future of SWH reaching up to
25% annual increase. According to LSES, figure 17 is suggested to show the
increase in annual installation of SWH systems. Regardless of which estimates are
more accurate, any effort by the government or local NGO’s for the promotion of
SWH will greatly and rapidly enhance the use of these systems.
35,000
30,000
25,000
Square meters
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Figure 19: Predictions for SWH systems installations
System effectiveness has spurred an active import trade in various brands of solar
thermal collectors. However, with the absence of quality standards, customers
were going after the best name or the cheapest product. Some ongoing effort is
46
being made by various organizations such as IRI, LSES and AUB in order to
implement quality standards. These efforts are yet to be fruitful.
7.2 Wind
7.3 Hydropower
The use of Hydropower must take into consideration water needs in various areas.
A complete policy will thus be needed and a shift in the consideration of water use
for agriculture has to be addressed. The value of the potential energy embedded
in water must be levied on farmers of higher lands but not on coastal farmlands.
Such a policy will not be popular among farmers but will drive the agricultural
sector to use water efficiently, planting trees that do not consume a lot of water
similar to what is going on in the town of Aarsal. Alternatively, more efficient
irrigation methods like drip irrigation should be used. With the 800 m project
planned, 99‐105 MCM will be used at a cost of $1360‐1442/ha per year.
A first most reasonable step is that the old hydropower turbines should be
replaced to take advantage of improved efficiencies in newer system of 88 to 90%
47
instead of 75% for older systems. This process alone should raise the hydropower
generated from 678 GWh in 2002 to 813 GWh in the future with no additional
installations. Unfortunately, no plans are currently in place for such a
replacement.
7.3.1 Agricultural and domestic needs for water
The discussion of water significance in energy generation would not be complete
without analyzing the importance of this same water in fulfilling the immediate
needs for the local population. It is important to note that according to ESCWA
(2001) ʺNo clear or reliable records on water use are available in Lebanon.
Moreover, certain departments are reluctant to provide or release data to users.ʺ
The need for fresh water is expected to rapidly rise to 2840 MCM by the year 2015
with agriculture accounting for 60% of the consumption assuming constant
growth rate and no change in water techniques used. By then, Lebanon will be at a
significant water deficit (El‐Fadel et al, 2001). The percentage of houses connected
to the water network varies between more than 90% in the Beirut area and less
than 50% in North Lebanon. Connecting the remaining households to the water
mains will result in increasing demand. This increasing demand will consume the
additional water provided through water conservation measures in all sectors
(aging network, households and industry).
According to the Ministry of Agriclture, the total agricultural area is 248,000 ha,
42% of which is irrigated lands. Green houses occupy between 2018 and 5000 ha.
Surface water is used for 48% of irrigated lands while wells irrigate the remaining
52%. Only 36% of the irrigated land uses sprinklers or drip irrigation systems and
the remaining 64% is watered by wasteful gravity surface flow. The agricultural
sector contributed $1.5 Billion to the national GDP in 1995 (i.e. 12.4%) while
consuming around 1000 MCM. With the assumption that irrigated lands
contribute two thirds of the total agricultural income, these numbers indicate that
each cubic meter used in agriculture adds a total value of $1 to the GDP. One has
to seriously consider whether this is the best use for water. Some of the greatest
examples of appropriate allocation of resources come from remote areas: two
million cherry and apricot trees were planted in Aarsal, north Bekaa, since the
48
sixties and need no irrigation while 52,421 ha of the Lebanese territories are
planted with olives which also need no irrigation. Shifting to such agricultures
could significantly improve the overall water situation in Lebanon while
maintaining rural agricultural income.
While domestic and industrial needs cannot be compromised, the huge water
consumption in the agricultural sector needs to be economically scrutinized versus
the potential benefits of water use for generation of electricity. The main
population centers are on the coast but the largest agricultural areas are in the
Bekaa valley and parts of the south. Average altitude of these areas is between 800
and 900 m. This means that water use for irrigation at these altitudes results in a
significant loss of potential energy embedded in the water. Qaroun lake capacity
is 220 MCM: 160 MCM are used for irrigation and power, 60 MCM are stored over
the dry season.
Despite the significant need for water, 140 MCM are wasted from the Qaroun lake
over a period of 70 days in an average year. This is because of the need to insure
that sufficient water is available in the lake throughout the summer months.
Sudden heavy rains sometimes exceed the hydropower plants capacity and the
excess water has to be vented through the dam and accordingly wasted to the sea.
This problem can be more efficiently dealt with by the construction of more dams
downriver, namely near the Khardali area.
7.3.2 Hydropower future scenarios
Future potential for hydropower to fulfill Lebanese energy needs may follow
different scenarios. These scenarios are listed below with the main aspects of each
one explained. The results are plotted in figure 18 showing the different
contributions possible (Houri, 2006).
Scenario 1: Business as usual. This scenario assumes that no hydropower projects
will be installed and no major irrigation projects implemented that would affect
the amount of water reaching hydropower plants. This scenario would most
accurately describe the situation till 2008.
49
Scenario 2: Focus on hydropower. This scenario assumes that all hydropower
plants planned will be constructed within a year; in addition, old turbines will be
replaced with new more efficient ones.
Scenario 3: Focus on irrigation. This scenario assumes that irrigation and other
water utilization projects will be implemented within a year while no hydropower
projects will be constructed. The planned irrigation projects will reduce
hydropower output by more than 62%.
Scenario 4: Full water utilization. This scenario assumes that a major decision to
use up all the water resources available for irrigation and hydropower is taken. A
national effort will be undertaken to insure that minimal amounts of water are
wasted into the sea.
14.0
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4
12.0
10.0
% Contribution
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Year
Figure 20: Future percentage contribution of hydropower to total electricity
consumption according to four scenarios
These scenarios indicate that hydropower will play a minor, yet important, role in
the overall picture of electricity generation in the future. This role will constantly
diminish since the water resources are constant and energy needs are increasing.
By 2020, scenario 3 indicates that hydropower will constitute a mere 1.2% of
50
electricity generation; while according to the best‐case scenario for hydropower,
scenario 2, it will constitute 6.9 %.
While water use for hydropower strongly competes with other domestic and
agricultural needs at higher altitudes, supplying water to the coastal cities
accommodating more than 60% of the population does not exert any significant
pressures on the alternative water use for hydropower. Projects aimed at carrying
fresh water from Awali River at the outlet of a hydropower plant to Beirut are a
clear example that the same water can be used for hydropower and coastal
irrigation or domestic applications. The problem arises with the inner parts of the
country, namely the Bekaa area that lies above 800 m in altitude. Water use there,
greatly diminishes the available hydropower. These areas can greatly benefit from
domestic wastewater treatment to provide water for irrigation. Such a plan serves
to reduce water and fertilizer demands by the agricultural sector, and improves
river water quality. Several scenarios regarding the future of hydropower were
presented and, due to the limited supply of fresh water, all of these scenarios show
a decreasing percentage contribution from hydropower to the total electricity
generation reaching between 1.2 and 6.9% by 2020. Hydropower is definitely an
economical alternative but not without some environmental and socioeconomic
concern. Hydropower can and should be fully utilized with significant savings to
be expected. This utilization should be well thought of in conjunction with other
water needs.
7.4 Biomass
Despite its lack of huge forest and water reserves, Lebanon has a potential for the
utilization of biomass for the generation of electricity and offsetting oil imports.
The distribution of biofuel energy producing facilities around Lebanon will help in
minimizing the electric power generation and losses in transmission lines. Further
biomass expansion seems to be difficult as most minor wood sources are already
being used for rural house heating. Refinement and expansion of the indicated
technologies could result in an improvement of the overall output. The raw
materials used are generally harmful waste products and the application of the
two favored technologies: Biogas and Biodiesel will result in great environmental
51
benefits with minimal damage. These benefits may be summarized as low or zero
emissions, reduced methane emissions, minor land use requirements, significant
waste minimization, pollution prevention, pathogen control, renewable sources,
good public perception, reduced fossil fuel imports, reduced national debt, local
production enhancing self reliance and reducing unemployment, and CO2 neutral.
The main drawback is the need for a significant upfront investment.
Demonstration projects on a large scale play an important role in ensuring the
success of this technology: a biogas generator in a farm or in a landfill will serve to
show the financial benefits of implementing such a system. However, with the
lack of any environmental restraints on waste dumping, operators do not feel the
need to implement such costly technologies without clear financial returns.
Successful experiences of managing olive oil waste products to generate
electricity, specifically from Spain, should be transferred as the Lebanese olive oil
industry can definitely benefit from those technologies.
8. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEBANON
In 2006, Green Line organized a national workshop on energy and climate change.
Then in January 2007, the Lebanese Committee for Environment and
Development, with the collaboration of the Lebanese Environmental Party,
conducted another workshop on renewable energy potential. Based on these two
workshops and this study, the following recommendations are suggested for the
development of renewable energy in Lebanon.
8.1 Policy
On the policy level, the Lebanese government is recommended to:
Develop a national energy strategy, which includes ambitious
renewable energy targets. The energy strategy should take into
consideration long‐term energy security, as well as, energy efficiency
and climate change impact costs.
Adopt a strong position against climate change, and play an active role
in climate change negotiations on regional and international levels.
Lebanon should push for a CO2 reduction target for the developing
52
target in the second commitment phase of the Kyoto protocol (2013‐
2017).
Adopt a policy to gradually transfer subsidies from fossil fuel
technologies to renewable energy ones.
Adopt a decentralized policy for energy production that would allow
commercial Renewable Energy investment in power generation and
collection of fees.
Develop a sustainable transport strategy, which encourages non‐
motorized modes and public transport, as well as, alternative renewable
fuels.
8.2 Legislation
On the legislative level, the Lebanese government is recommended to:
Develop and implement a renewable energy feed‐in‐law.
Develop and implement an energy efficiency law, which enforces
energy audits, energy intensity taxes for electrical equipment, energy
intensity labeling and clear energy efficient targets.
Fully implement law number 462 by developing the required
implementing decrees.
Develop and implement a renewable energy certification directive,
which includes standards and procedures for renewable energy
technology production and use.
Modify the construction law to enforce energy efficiency and renewable
energy use in the design of structures.
8.3 Administration
On the administrative level, the government is recommended to:
Create a renewable energy and energy efficiency and conservation
department in the Ministry of Energy and Water.
Establish the ʺenergy organizational committeeʺ as identified in law 462.
Increase and facilitate cooperation and communication between the
different public authorities and institutes related to the energy and
climate change sectors.
53
8.4 Research and Information
On the research and information level, energy related government authorities,
universities and other scientific and research institutes are recommended to:
Establish and regularly update a national energy database including
information on renewable energy and energy efficiency potential.
Establish and regularly update a national climate change database,
which includes all research and scientific studies related to the climate
change issue.
Increase national, regional and international networking and
information exchange on energy and climate change issues to enhance
local expertise and knowledge.
8.5 Outreach
As lack of awareness has been identified as one of the main barrier to the
development of renewable energy, the following recommendations are suggested:
The establishment of independent institutions, which aim to promote
renewable energies for sustainable development, as well as, energy
efficiency in public and private institutes.
The adoption of educational programs that promote energy use
awareness and sustainable development through incorporating such
programs in schools and other educational institutes.
The implementation of public awareness campaigns to promote renewable energy,
energy efficiency and climate change.
III. THE REGION: EGYPT, JORDAN, PALESTINE, SYRIA
9. OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE ARAB WORLD
9.1 Energy Policy in the Arab World
The Arab energy sector is characterized by a huge oil and gas sector and most of
the electrical production is based on fossil fuels. The Arab countries hold 61% of
the world oil reserves, and 26 % of the world gas reserves. They produce nearly 30
54
% of the world oil production, and 11 % of the world gas production. This has
made the GCC countries the major contributors to regional economic growth, as
well as, the major influencer of energy policy in the region. This was very evident
in ʺthe Abu Dhabi Declaration on Environment and Energy 2003ʺ ratified on 3rd of
February 2003. The declaration clearly shows that the Arab World energy policy is
to have no commitment towards renewable energy development. It states that the
Arab countries have the right to undertake the development and use of their
energy resources, and that they should not be binded by any CO2 emissions
reduction within a specific time frame. This insured that oil producing countries
have no limitation on oil production and use. In the power generation sector, the
switch from more carbon intensive fuels to natural gas was the most commonly
reported activity.
The political will to develop renewable resources in oil rich countries is very low,
and there are no serious plans in the short and medium terms. On the other hand,
some small oil producing countries and some oil importing countries have been
showing more interest in renewable energy. This trend is also noticeable in the
climate change policy of Arab World countries. While most small oil producing
and oil importing Arab countries have submitted their first national
communications to the UNFCCC on climate change, only one country of the GCC
group, Bahrain, has done so.
9.2 Renewable Energy Potential and Projects
The Arab region enjoys tremendous potential for renewable energy resources.
Solar potential varies between 1460‐3000 KWh/m2/year, while wind resources are
particularly high in Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Morocco and Mauritania. Large‐scale
grid connected wind power exists in Egypt, Jordan, and Morocco, while stand
alone wind units are in use in Morocco, Jordan, and Syria (ESCWA, 2005). Solar
Energy applications though have not been widely promoted in the region yet,
some solar water heaters, and small scale photovoltaic applications are in use in
some countries such as Tunisia, Morocco, Syria, Egypt, and Jordan. Enormous
biomass resources in the form of Biogas, agriculture residues, and wood fuel exist
in Jordan, Syria, Sudan, Egypt, and Algeria. In addition, in Arab rural areas (46%
55
of population) the dominant energy source is unprocessed biomass (ESCWA,
2005).
In the transport sector, measures envisioned by Arab countries covered
development of road transportation master plans; introduction of electric or
compressed natural gas vehicles, encouragement of early adoption of hybrid
vehicles, discouragement of the use of private vehicles, improvement of the public
transport systems, introduction of vehicle emission standards, improvement of
road infrastructure, and switching from diesel to electric traction on railways.
In the demand side, projects included efficient lighting systems, certification and
labeling of appliances and building and dissemination of improved stoves for
cooking in rural areas (ESCWA, 2005).
9.3 Recommendations and Barriers for the Arab World
Some of the major challenges facing the Arab energy sector as identified by
ESCWA (2005) are:
‐ improving accessibility to modern energy services,
‐ meeting the growing demand on energy resulting from population and
economic growth, and
‐ switching from fossil fuel based economies to renewable energy systems.
Nevertheless, to achieve the above, a number of barriers need to be overcome.
These barriers are: lack of appropriate legislation, lack of market incentives, weak
institutional capacities, lack of financing mechanisms, lack of information and
awareness, and weak research and development capabilities.
Many Arab countries have stressed their need for transfer of renewable energy
technology from developed countries to their own. GEF and other bilateral and
multilateral donor organizations have been playing a crucial role in facilitating the
technology transfer to some Arab countries, but the effort is still minimal
(ESCWA, 2005).
Other than providing financial assistance to renewable energy projects, the
International community should support Arab countries in building the needed
institutional structures for renewable energy development. It should also provide
enhanced assistance to national education systems to increase awareness.
56
Political will at the country level is essential for renewable energy development.
Arab countries are encouraged to participate in the global climate debate. In
addition, oil exporting countries should cooperate and facilitate with other Arab
countries to develop renewable energy policies and strategies.
10. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN EGYPT, JORDAN, PALESTINE AND SYRIA
10.1 Egypt
Egypt electric generating capacity was 17.06 gigawatts (GW) as of 2004, with plans
to add 8.38 GW by mid‐2012. Around 84% of Egyptʹs electric generating capacity
is thermal (natural gas), while the rest is hydropower from the Aswan High Dam
(EIA, 2006 a). All oil‐fired plants have been converted to run on natural gas as
their primary fuel. In order to satisfy its energy needs, Egypt is building several
new power plants and is considering limited privatization of the electric power
sector.
Like most other Arab countries, Egypt is expanding the gas market by developing
gas infrastructure, attracting foreign investments, and encouraging private sector
participation in different aspects of the gas industry.
What sets Egypt ahead of other Arab countries is renewable energy development.
Egypt established the New and Renewable Energy Authority in the late nineties,
as well as, a climate change unit in the Ministry of Environment. Egypt has also
formed a unique national interagency committee on climate change, which
represents governmental and non‐governmental stakeholders from scientists,
international institutes and the private sector.
This political and administrative support to renewable energy development and
increased concern about climate change, coupled with great solar, biomass and
wind resources, led to the development of several renewable energy projects. Such
projects include large‐scale grid‐connected wind farms, integrated solar
thermal/natural gas power plant, heat supply from solar energy, photovoltaic
remote electrification systems.
One example is a part‐solar power plant at Kureimat as a BOOT project, which
will have 30 MW of solar capacity out of a total planned capacity of 150 MW (EIA,
57
2006 a). Such technology is hoped to be the main energy supplier in desert areas.
Another example is a commercialized and grid‐connected wind farm at Zaafarana
with a capacity of 225 MW, with plans to expand to 850 MW by 2010.
On the transport level, Egypt has been encouraging the switching to natural gas. It
also introduced policies to promote public transport, to develop non‐motorized
transport facilities in middle size provincial cities, to manage and decrease traffic
demand, and to substitute the old vehicle fleet.
On the electrical demand side, Egypt efficiency measures include certification of
refrigerators and other home appliances, improvement of building codes to reduce
energy intensity, and energy efficiency policies in the industrial and residential
sectors.
Egypt has also introduced climate change and renewable energy programs in the
educational system, especially at the university level.
10.2 Jordan
Although Jordan lacks resources, the electricity sector has been constantly
growing by 5% annual average and covering 99% of the country. Total installed
capacity is around 1,636 MW generated by around twelve gas and diesel plants
(Abu Ghazaleh, 2005). Gas generation has been on the increase since the gas
pipeline hookup with Egypt in 2003. Jordan has little oil and gas resources, but is
rich in oil shale which is the third largest reserve in the World. The government is
trying to exploit this resource, which can become economically viable with
increasing oil costs. Jordan is also trying to privatize the electricity sector.
With the approval of the new energy master plan, Jordan will under go major
modernization in the energy sector in the coming 10‐15 years. Around $3 billion of
public and private sector capital is expected to be spent for the transformation.
This plan will generate a huge opportunity for renewable energy development.
The plan includes projects related to legislative reform, electricity tariff levels,
energy demand, power sector development, gas distribution and renewable
energy.
58
Jordan is showing great interest in exploiting all the available sources of energy,
including renewable energy. A comprehensive plan for renewable energy has
been prepared, and the government has been studying the commercial viability of
large scale electricity generation from renewable resources, including solar energy,
wind, and biogas.
According to the Natural Resources Authority, Jordan has huge renewable
resources potential, and the government has set a target of having 5% of all energy
production to come from renewable energy by 2015. Presently, Jordan has a 1 MW
biogas plant that utilizes methane from organic waste decomposition for
electricity production. It also has a 2 MW wind farm at Hofa and Al‐Ibrahimiyah
in the north (EIA, 2006 b). There is an area of 1.35 million m2 of installed solar
water heaters panels in Jordan, and a 150 KWh of installed photovoltaic power.
There are 25 solar water heaters factories in Jordan which produce 4000 solar
water heater annually.
Future plans include three wind parks with a total capacity of 125‐150 MW, and a
hybrid Solar Power Plant (CSP) with a capacity of 100‐150 MW. 60% of the wind
turbine parts in the wind parks are supposed to be provided by local wind turbine
manufacturers.
As for Biogas energy, a biogas factory has been operating at Rusaifaeh dump,
producing 6 GWh of electricity. Expansions are under way to increase the total
capacity of the factory to 5 MW.
In the transport sector, the government passed a law that encouraged taxi owners
to replace their old cars with modern cars by exempting the purchase of a new taxi
from all taxes and duties.
Other initiatives included geothermal energy research, power supply by PV
systems to remote villages, water desalination using renewable energy hybrid
systems, energy efficiency program and solar and wind energy resources
assessment and mapping.
Jordan has also been playing a role in promoting renewable energy outside the
country. In September 2006, Jordan hosted the ʺglobal conference on renewable
59
energy approaches for desert regionsʺ, which aimed to diversify energy generation
by expanding the use of renewable energy resources.
10.3 Palestine
The Palestinian Authority (PA) has been importing most of its energy needs from
Israel. There are no power plants in the West Bank, which makes energy security
an important goal in Palestine. In late August 2006, Jordan signed a deal with the
Palestinian Authority to provide the Jericho region with power imports. The Gaza
Strip has a single diesel‐fired power plant at Nusseirat which was crippled in a
July 2006 bombing. The 140 MW Gaza plant supplied two‐thirds of Gaza’s power
needs (EIA, 2006 b), and was offline at the time this report was written. The
Palestinian Energy Authority has negotiated with Cairo to provide a short‐term
solution to Gaza’s power shortages.
Electrification does not reach all Palestinian territories and improving coverage
while reducing dependency on electricity imports is the Authority’s main goal.
This dependence in electricity import has also increased electricity costs making
Palestinians pay one of the highest electricity costs in the world (more than 11
cents/KWh) (EIA, 2006 b).
Due to the difficult political and social situation, there is no comprehensive energy
strategy in Palestine, and no renewable energy program. Although renewable
energy can play a big role in increasing energy security, the Palestinian Authority
is not taking renewable energy policy into consideration. Instead, to reduce
imports by two thirds, Palestine is looking to exploit natural gas resources found
off Gaza’s coastline.
Palestine is going through a major reconstruction and development of its
infrastructure, including the energy sector. This provides a unique opportunity for
the Palestinian Authority to develop a reliable and secure energy system based on
renewable energy. Independent renewable energy projects provide decentralized
and reliable electricity generation, which is urgently needed in Palestine. This
requires a comprehensive assessment of renewable energy potential in all its
forms. Unless these issues are tackled, the renewable energy can not be put in use
commercially and the energy crisis can not be solved.
60
Although renewable energy is not doing so well on the policy level, there are
several encouraging initiatives in other sectors. The Energy Research Centre
(ERC), which was established in 1996 at An‐Najah National University (ANNU)
has been conducting research, development, system design, feasibility studies and
training in renewable energy and energy conservation. The centre has expanded
its objectives to include the impacts of energy on global environment, health and
social development. It has also been building a strong network between
governmental institutes and other NGO’s working on energy.
The main renewable energy technology used in Palestine is solar water heating.
Due to the high costs and the influence of Israel’s enforcement of solar water
heating in households, about 70% of households use solar water heaters in
Palestine. In addition, there are 15 solar water heating factories in West Bank and
Gaza. Still proper legislation is required to further develop this sector.
10.4 Syria
As of 2005, the total installed electric generating capacity in Syria was around 7.5
GW, with fuel oil and natural gas being the primary fuels for 11 thermal facilities,
in addition to 1.9 GW of hydroelectric capacity on the Euphrates River. Syrian
electric power demand is growing at more than seven percent annually, and many
rural areas (around 700 villages) have no access to electricity. This has made
satisfying electricity demand a national development priority. According to the
Ministry of Electricity, 3,000 MW of capacity are going to be added by 2010, at a
probable cost of around $2 billion (EIA, 2006 b). Syria is also converting all its
electricity production to be from natural gas.
Syria has also ambitious renewable energy programs. According to the Minister of
Energy, Syria aims to produce five percent of total electrical energy production
from renewable energies by 2010 (EIA, 2006 b). Also on the policy level, the
government has also been developing the required legislation and regulations for
61
renewable energy development, which aim is to encourage the use of renewable
energy, as well as, energy efficiency. This includes building insulation code and
energy efficiency labeling for home appliances.
Another boost to renewable energy was the development of the Syrian Renewable
Master Plan. The plan calls for a US$ 1.48 billion investment in renewable sources,
with a focus on wind power, bio‐energy, solar hot water systems, and
photovoltaic (UN‐DESA, 2004). The master plan document was produced with the
involvement of different stakeholders, and it outlines plans and programs with
specific goals and objectives for renewable energy development.
As a result of this policy, several projects are being implemented, including a
program of wind turbines that is supposed to generate around 100 MW of energy
by 2008 (EIA, 2006 b), and plans to build two wind farms in Homs with a total
power of 250 MW. Syria also has 15 solar water heaters factories, and pilot projects
to install solar water heaters in hospitals, university dorms and institutions in the
industrial sector are underway. Solar PV development has high potential in rural
electrification, especially in Al Badia areas, which is a vast semi‐desert region in
the central and eastern part of the country. This area supports a large number of
Bedouins that currently have no access to electricity. Currently, Syria is producing
80 KWh from the application of PV in rural areas. The country also has several
pilot projects which use biogas to produce electricity, including biogas production
from the treatment of wastewater in Damascus.
On the administrative level, the National Energy Research Center was established
in 2003 to carry out research in the areas of wind, solar and other renewable
energy sources. As a result, renewable energy resources in Syria have been
surveyed and the potential of solar, wind and biomass applications have been
analyzed. The average solar radiation was found to be 5.2 kWh/m2 per day, while
wind speed measurements in some regions of the country reached more than 13
m/sec (Al‐Mohamad, 2001). This puts wind as another promising source of
renewable energy in Syria. Concerning biogas potential, estimation show that the
daily wastes of humans, animals and agriculture is higher than 300 million cubic
62
meters per year (Al‐Mohamad, 2001), thus providing, as well, a huge source of
energy.
On the educational level, Syria has started in 2005 an EU‐funded TEMPUS project,
which aims to incorporate renewable energy and energy efficiency programs and
trainings in higher education. The TEMPUS project is designed to develop a
curriculum for renewable energies, train teaching staff accordingly, establish new
experiments, and organize the transfer of knowledge and exchange of experience
among the partner universities.
63
ANNEX 1 – LAW 462/2002: STRUCTURING THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR
64
ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ إﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ وﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ،وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪة ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ وﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ
ﻼ ﻋﻦ اﻵﺧﺮ وﻇﻴﻔﻴًﺎ وإدارﻳًﺎ وﻣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ .ﻋﻠﻰ أن هﺬﻩ اﻹﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺤﻮل دون إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ
اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ وﻳﻜﻮن آﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘ ً
ﻗﻴﺎم ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺷﺮآﺔ ﻣﺨﺼﺨﺼﺔ أو أآﺜﺮ ،ﺑﺄآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺎط واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻟﻤﺬآﻮرة.
ﺗﺤﺪد أﺳﺲ هﺬﻩ اﻹﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺮاﺳﻴﻢ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻮزراء ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ إﻗﺘﺮاح اﻟﻮزﻳﺮ.
65
-ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ:
-١إﺟﺮاء ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺼﺎت ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﻘﺪرات ﺗﺘﻌﺪى ٢٥ﻣﻴﻐﺎوات وﻟﻠﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺪد ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻲ
اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻦ أﻟﻔًﺎ.
-٢إﺟﺮاء إﺳﺘﺪراﺟﺎت ﻋﺮوض ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺬي ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز ٢٥ﻣﻴﻐﺎوات وﻟﻠﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﻋﺪد ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻦ أﻟﻔًﺎ.
ج -ﺷﺮآﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ:
ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﻜًﺎ ﻟﺸﺮآﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﺮﺳﻮم ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻮزراء ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ
إﻗﺘﺮاح اﻟﻮزﻳﺮ ،إﺑﺮام ﻋﻘﻮد ﻹدارة أو ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ أو ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ أو ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع
اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ أي ﺷﺮآﺔ ﻣﺨﺼﺨﺼﺔ أو اي ﺷﺮآﺔ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص.
66
ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة ﺷﺮوط اﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮص ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮم اﻹﺷﺘﺮاﻋﻲ رﻗﻢ ٥٩/١١٢ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ
) ١٩٥٩/٦/١٢ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ( ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺷﺮﻃﻲ اﻟﺴﻦ واﻟﻤﺒﺎراة ،ﻻ ﻳﺠﻮز ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ رﺋﻴﺲ وأﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺌﺎت
اﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
-١ﻣﻦ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة أو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻊ أي ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎن أو ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎن ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ،أو ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎن أو
ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎن ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء أو ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ،أو ﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة أو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﺑﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء
ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎن.
-٢ﻣﻦ أﻋﻠﻦ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﻪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺪﻓﻊ أو أﻋﻠﻦ إﻓﻼﺳﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴًﺎ.
-٣ﻣﻦ ﺻﺪر ﺑﺤﻘﻪ ﻗﺮار ﺗﺄدﻳﺒﻲ ﻗﻀﻰ ﺑﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ أو اﻟﻠﻮم.
اﻟﻤﺎدة -١١اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﻀﺎت
ﻳﺘﻘﺎﺿﻰ آﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ واﻻﻋﻀﺎء ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀًﺎ ﺷﻬﺮﻳًﺎ ﻣﻘﻄﻮﻋًﺎ ﻳﺤﺪد ﺑﻤﺮﺳﻮم ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻮزراء ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻗﺘﺮاح
وزﻳﺮي اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ واﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ.
67
اﻹﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت واﻟﺘﺮاﺧﻴﺺ واﻷذوﻧﺎت اﻟﺴﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل وﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ وﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ اﻹﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ
اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﺗﻮازن أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت وذﻟﻚ وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬة ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻹﻃﺎر.
-١٣دراﺳﺔ وإﻗﺮار ﻃﻠﺒﺎت أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﺘﺮاﺧﻴﺺ واﻷذوﻧﺎت ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺧﺺ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﻤﻬﺎ واﻟﻤﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ
ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻣﺪاد أو اﻟﻌﻄﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰات أو ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻘﺎهﺮة.
-١٤وﺿﻊ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺳﻨﻮي ﻋﻦ أﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻮزراء ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻮزﻳﺮ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺸﻬﺮ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻲ آﻞ ﺳﻨﺔ
ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﻳﻨﺸﺮ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺪة اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ وﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺘﻲ إﺗﺨﺬﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬًا ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺎم
اﻟﻤﻨﻮﻃﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ،وﻣﺪى ﻣﺴﺎهﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻷهﺪاف اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن.
-١٥اﻟﻌﻤﻞ آﻮﺳﻴﻂ وآﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺤﻜﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺰاﻋﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ أﺣﻜﺎم هﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻴﻦ اﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﺘﺮاﺧﻴﺺ،
وآﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻓﺎت ودﻳ ًﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ أﺻﺤﺎب ﺗﺮاﺧﻴﺺ اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ وﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ.
-١٦إﺗﺨﺎذ أي ﻗﺮارات أو إﺟﺮاءات أو أﻋﻤﺎل أو ﻣﻬﺎم أﺧﺮى ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ هﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن واﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل.
اﻟﻤﺎدة -١٥اﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ
-١ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻮارد دﺧﻞ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
أ -اﻟﺒﺪﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ واﻷذوﻧﺎت ،واﻟﺒﺪﻻت اﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺪدهﺎ أﺻﺤﺎب
اﻟﺘﺮاﺧﻴﺺ واﻷذوﻧﺎت ﻟﻘﺎء ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﺧﻴﺺ واﻷذوﻧﺎت واﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ واﻹﺷﺮاف ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ وإﻃﻼع
اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﻤﻬﺎﻣﻬﺎ.
ب -ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﺗﻮرة إﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺪى % ١ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ .ﺗﺤﺪد اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻤﺮﺳﻮم ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ
اﻟﻮزراء ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ إﻗﺘﺮاح اﻟﻮزﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎد إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻳﻀﻌﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ وﻣﻮازﻧﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ.
ج -هﺒﺎت وﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪات ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺮوﻃﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة أو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﺑﻘﻄﺎع
اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ،وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻮزراء.
-٢ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪات اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮص ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ أﻋﻼﻩ ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ إﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴًﺎ وﻟﻤﺪة أﻗﺼﺎهﺎ ﺳﻨﺘﺎن ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ،
إﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺴﺎهﻤﺎت ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮازﻧﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ أو ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺴﺎهﻤﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻳﻘﺮرهﺎ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻨﻮاب
وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﻤﻮازﻧﺔ ﺗﻀﻌﻬﺎ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎً ،ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺗﻤﻮّل ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ وﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ إﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺴﻨﺘﻴﻦ وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻷﺣﻜﺎم
اﻟﻔﻘﺮة /١/ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺎدة.
-٣ﻳﺪوّر إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮازﻧﺔ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ أي ﻋﺠﺰ أو ﻓﺎﺋﺾ ﺳﻨﻮي ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪى اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ اﻟﻤﺪوّر ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ
ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮازﻧﺔ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺨﺰﻳﻨﺔ .وﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ أن ﺗﻠﺤﻆ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮازﻧﺘﻬﺎ إﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻷﻏﺮاﺿﻬﺎ
اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺪى هﺬﻩ اﻹﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮازﻧﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ.
-٤ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﺎﺋﺾ اﻷﻣﻮال اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻤﻬﺎﻣﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺨﺰﻳﻨﺔ آﻞ ﺳﻨﺔ.
-٥ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت هﺬﻩ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺪﻗﻴﻖ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ وﻟﻠﺘﺪﻗﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﺘﺪﻗﻴﻖ واﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻷﺣﻜﺎم
اﻟﻤﺎدة ٧٣ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن رﻗﻢ ٣٢٦ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ) ٢٠٠١/٦/٢٨ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﻮازﻧﺔ اﻟﻌﺎم .(٢٠٠١
68
-١ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ وﻣﺒﺪأ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ،ﺗﻀﻊ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﻤﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪات
واﻟﺴﺠﻼت واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت .ﻳﺤﻖ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﺑﺎﻹﻃﻼع ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ أو اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺦ أو ﺻﻮر ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ،أن ﻳﺘﻘﺪم ﺑﻄﻠﺐ
ﺧﻄﻲ ،ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺗﺤﺪد اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺒﺪل اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ.
-٢ﺗﻨﺸﺮ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ آﻞ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺪة اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ وﻓﻲ ﺻﺤﻔﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧًﺎ ﻋﻦ وﺿﻌﻴﺔ
اﻷﺻﻮل واﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدات ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ وﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮازﻧﺘﻬﺎ.
69
-٦ﻻ ﻳﺠﻮز ﻷي ﺷﺨﺺ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ أو ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء إﻻ وﻓﻖ اﺣﻜﺎم هﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن واﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻌﻬﺎ
اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬًا ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻻﺣﻜﺎم .آﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ،ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻣﻦ دون اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ
اﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ،ﺗﻌﺮض ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮص ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن.
70
ﺛﺎﻧﻴ ًﺎ :اﻟﻨﻘﻞ
ﺛﺎﻟﺜ ًﺎ -اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ
71
-٤ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت وﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ووﺻﻼت اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﻴﻦ وﻏﺮف اﻟﻌﺪادات وأﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺘﻌﺪاد واﻟﻘﻄﻊ.
-٥ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ واﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ واﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺪوري ﻟﻌﺪادات اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ وﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻌﺪادات واﻟﻔﻮﺗﺮة
واﻟﺠﺒﺎﻳﺔ.
-٦ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎت واﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ وإزاﻟﺘﻬﺎ وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﻸﻧﻈﻤﺔ واﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻋﻴﺔ اﻹﺟﺮاء دون أن ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ أﻳﺔ
ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮآﺔ اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺗﺰوﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻤﻨﻌﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺴﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت
اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻳﺤﺘﺮم ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ هﺬا اﻟﺒﻨﺪ ،ﻓﺘﺮة ﺳﻤﺎح ﺗﺤﺪدهﺎ ﺷﺮآﺎت اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ وﺑﻤﻮاﻓﻘﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ .ﻳﻜﻮن
ﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺴﺪﻳﺪ آﻠﻔﺔ إﻋﺎدة وﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ وﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﺴﺆو ً
اﻟﻌﺪادات واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻌﻬﺎ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ.
-٧إﺟﺮاء اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت واﻟﻤﻨﺎورات ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت وﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ.
-٨ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﻖ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺑﺪون أي ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ .وﺗﻜﻮن ﺷﺮآﺎت اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ
اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ وإﻳﺼﺎل اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺤﺪد وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺮوط اﻟﻤﺬآﻮرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ وﺷﺮوط
اﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ وأﺣﻜﺎم هﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻌﻬﺎ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ.
-٩ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ﺑﺪون أي ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ أو ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺮر ،وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻤﺪﻳﺪ وﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺷﺒﻜﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ وﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ أﺻﺤﺎب ﺗﺮاﺧﻴﺺ
ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ،ﺗﺒﻌًﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎهﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰات واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ
اﻟﻤﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ وﻗﺖ إﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ.
-١٠ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ أن ﺗﻤﻨﺢ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺼًﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﺼﺮي ﻷي ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻖ اﻟﺤﺼﺮي ﻟﻠﺸﺮآﺔ ،إذا
ﺗﺨﻠﻔﺖ اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ أو أآﺜﺮ ،ﺑﻌﺪ اﻧﺬارهﺎ ﺧﻄﻴًﺎ.
ﺗﻘﻮم ﺷﺮآﺎت اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ واﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ آﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ
اﻟﺰﻳﺎدات اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء.
ﺗﻨﺎط ﺑﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎت واﻟﺤﻘﻮق ذاﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ واﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻋﻴﺔ
اﻹﺟﺮاء.
اﻟﻤﺎدة -٣٣اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت
-١ﻳﺤﻖ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻹﻃﻼع ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﺷﺮآﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﻨﻘﻞ واﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ،وﻟﻬﺎ أن ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﻦ ﺗﺸﺎء ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت
ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت.
-٢ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت واﻟﺸﺮآﺎت واﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ وﺗﺪﻗﻴﻘﻬﺎ وﻧﺸﺮهﺎ وﻓﻘًﺎ
ﻟﻠﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ واﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬة أو أي أﻧﻈﻤﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ.
-٣ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت واﻟﺸﺮآﺎت واﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء أن ﻳﻤﺴﻜﻮا ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺗﻬﻢ
أآﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﺎﺋﺪة ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎج أو اﻟﻨﻘﻞ أو اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ أو ﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء.
اﻟﻤﺎدة -٣٤اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻓﺎت
ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة أﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮة ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﻘﻒ ﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ،ﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﺳﻌﺎر ﺑﻴﻊ
اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﺘﺪاوﻟﺔ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻔﺮﻗﺎء اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﺪود هﺬا اﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻳﺤﺪدهﺎ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻮزراء ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﺮﺳﻮم
ﻳﺼﺪر ﺑﻨﺎء ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ،وﺗﻮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻞ واﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ﺁﺧﺬة ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص:
-١ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ.
-٢ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪة ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴًﺎ.
-٣ﻓﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ.
-٤ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ و /أو ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ.
-٥أوﻗﺎت اﻹﺳﺘﻬﻼك
72
اﻟﻤﺎدة -٣٦إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ واﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ
-١ﺗﻀﻊ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻣًﺎ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻤﺼﺎدﻗﺔ اﻟﻮزﻳﺮ ﺗﺤﺪد ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ واﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة أﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ واﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ
اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬة ،وﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻞ دورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﻗﺒﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﻔﺘﺸﻴﻦ ،آﻤﺎ ﺗﺼﺪر ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴًﺎ أو ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ إﺧﺒﺎر وارد إﻟﻴﻬﺎ أواﻣﺮ
ﻃﺎرﺋﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ واﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ.
-٢ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﻗﺐ أو اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺶ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻬﺎم اﻟﻤﻜﻠﻒ ﺑﻬﺎ رﺳﻤﻴﺎً ،وآﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ذﻟﻚ ،دﺧﻮل ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ
أو اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ،وﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ او ﻃﻠﺐ أﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ اﻹﻧﺸﺎءات واﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰات اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ أو اﻟﺘﻲ آﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ إﻗﺎﻣﺘﻬﺎ،
واﻹﻃﻼع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺠﻼت واﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪات وﻟﻪ أن ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻧﺴﺨ ًﺎ أو ﻣﻘﺘﻄﻔﺎت ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ،وأن ﻳﻄﻠﺐ إﺑﺮاز أي ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ أو
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ أﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻳﺮاهﺎ ﻣﻔﻴﺪة.
ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﻋﻨﻮة وﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ وﺟﻮد أدﻟﺔ ﺗﺮﺟﺢ ﺣﺼﻮل ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ اﻷﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮص
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن أﺻﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﺎآﻤﺎت اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﻴﺔ وآﺬﻟﻚ اﻷﺻﻮل اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻀﺎﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﻟﻴﺔ.
-٣ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻄﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﻮن واﻟﻤﻔﺘﺸﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮض ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬهﻢ ﻟﻤﻬﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﺳﺮﻳﺔ وﻻ ﻳﺠﻮز ﻟﻬﻢ اﻟﺒﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ
إﻻ أﻣﺎم رؤﺳﺎﺋﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﻴﻴﻦ أو ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺺ .آﻤﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ أﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ آﻞ ﻣﻦ
ﻳﻄﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ أو اﻟﻮزارة.
-٤ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ آﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﺪم ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﻗﺒﻴﻦ أو اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺸﻴﻦ ﺳﺠﻼت أو ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪات أو ﻳﺪﻟﻲ أﻣﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ،
ﺑﺠﺮاﺋﻢ اﻟﺘﺰوﻳﺮ واﻹدﻻء ﺑﺸﻬﺎدة آﺎذﺑﺔ.
اﻟﻤﺎدة -٣٩اﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎت
ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ أن ﺗﻔﺮض واﺣﺪة أو أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ أدﻧﺎﻩ ،ﺗﺒﻌًﺎ ﻟﺠﺴﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ وﻟﻈﺮوف آﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ:
-١ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺮوط اﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ أو ﻓﺮض ﺷﺮوط ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ وﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ أﺣﻜﺎم هﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن.
-٢وﻗﻒ اﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻟﻤﺪة ﻣﺤﺪدة أو إﻟﻐﺎؤﻩ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،وﺣﺮﻣﺎن اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ أو
ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ أو ارﺗﻜﺎب ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺔ ﻳﻌﻮد ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮهﺎ.
-٣ﻓﺮض اﻟﻐﺮاﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻮد ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮهﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻮء ﺟﺴﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ أو ﺗﻜﺮارهﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﺮض
اﻟﻐﺮاﻣﺔ أﺻﻮل اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ أو اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮي اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻒ اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺎن اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ،وﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات واﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰات
اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ،واﻟﻮاردات اﻟﻤﻘﺪر ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺪى اﻟﻐﺮاﻣﺔ رﺑﻊ ) (١/٤اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﻷﺻﻮل اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺘﻪ .وﻳﺤﻖ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﺮض ﻏﺮاﻣﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ آﻞ ﻳﻮم ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ
اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮﻩ.
-٤ﺗﺘﻮﻟﻰ وزارة اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ إﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎء ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻐﺮاﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺮرة.
73
ﻻ ﺗﺤﻮل اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺨﺬهﺎ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ دون اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﻴﺔ أﻣﺎم اﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ إذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺮﻣًﺎ
ﻣﻌﺎﻗﺒًﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ أﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬة ،إﻻ إذا آﺎن اﻟﺠﺮم ﻳﺸﻜﻞ اﻋﺘﺪاء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻖ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ وﺗﻤﺖ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ
ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺣﻞ ودي رﻋﺘﻪ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ.
إذا ﻗﺮرت اﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﻣﺼﺎدرة اﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰات أو اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ،اﻋﺘﺒﺮت اﻟﻤﺼﺎدرة ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ
وﺗﺒﺎع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺰاد اﻟﻌﻠﻨﻲ ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ اﻟﺨﺰﻳﻨﺔ.
اﻟﻤﺎدة -٤٥أوﺿﺎع اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ واﻻﺟﺮاء واﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﻦ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻮزارة اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ
أو ًﻻ :اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
-١ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻧﺸﺮ هﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺪة اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺼﺪر اﻟﻮزارة اﻟﻤﺮاﺳﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ
اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪة ﻟﻬﺎ واﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﻟﻤﻼآﺎﺗﻬﺎ وﻳﺠﺮي إﻟﺤﺎق اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ واﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻮزارة ،اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء،
واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﻢ ﻣﻤﻦ ﺗﺘﻮاﻓﺮ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ وﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﻢ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻼآﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﻸﺣﻜﺎم
اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺮاﺳﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺬآﻮرة.
-٢أﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺆﺳﺲ ﻓﻴﺠﺮي ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ أو
ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ ،ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺮوط إﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﺣﺎﺟﺔ آﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻲ اﻟﻮزارة وﺳﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻦ
ﺑﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ،وﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻣﻊ وزﻳﺮ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺗﺴﻮى أوﺿﺎع أﺻﺤﺎب
اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﻸﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﻤﺬآﻮرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة -ﺛﺎﻧﻴًﺎ -ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺎدة.
74
-٣ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻷي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ واﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮزارة اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء وﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ أن ﻳﻄﻠﺐ إﻧﻬﺎء ﺧﺪﻣﺘﻪ
ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻧﺸﺮ هﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺪة اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ وﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﺘﺔ أﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ
ﻻ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀًﺎ إﺿﺎﻓﻴًﺎ
إدارﺗﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﺸﺮآﺔ وﻳﻌﻄﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ أو اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻘﺒﻞ إﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺘﻪ أﺻﻮ ً
ﻳﻮازي ﻣﺠﻤﻮع رواﺗﺒﻪ وﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﺷﻬﺮًا ﻋﻠﻰ أﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻟﻴﺮة ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ وﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ
ﻣﺌﺘﻲ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻟﻴﺮة ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ ،إذا آﺎن ﻗﺪ ﻣﻀﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺪﻣﺘﻪ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮات .أﻣﺎ إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻣﻀﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﻣﺪة اﻟﺨﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮات ،ﻓﻴﻌﻄﻰ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀًﺎ إﺿﺎﻓﻴًﺎ ﻳﻮازي راﺗﺐ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ آﻞ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ٣٠ /
ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ل.ل / .ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻟﻴﺮة ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ وﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ٥٠ /ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ل.ل / .ﺧﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻟﻴﺮة ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ.
ﻻ ﻳﺠﻮز اﻟﺮﺟﻮع ﻋﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻹﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﺪى اﻹدارة اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ.
75
اﻟﻤﺎدة -٤٩ﻧﻔﺎذ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن
ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﻮر ﻧﺸﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺪة اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ.
76
REFERENCES
Abi Said, C. 2005. Electric Energy & Energy Policy in Lebanon.
Abu‐Ghazaleh and Co. Consulting (2005). Market Brief on Power Generation
Sector in Jordan [Online]. Available from:
http://commercecan.ic.gc.ca/scdt/bizmap/interface2.nsf/vDownload/ISA_2440/
$file/X_8826016.DOC
AEAT. 2003. National Atmospheric emission inventory: Power stations (on Line)
Available at:
http://www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/airqual/naei/annreport/annrep99/app1_23.html
ALMEE (2001). Energy in Lebanon: Facing the 3rd millennium. A bulletin
published by ALMEE in July 2001.
ALMEE (2003). Solar Thermal Market in Lebanon. A bulletin published by
ALMEE in July 2003.
Al‐Mohamad, A. (2001). Renewable energy sources in Syria. Renewable Energy
2001, Volume 24, pp. 365‐371.
As‐Safir (2003). Dams and Lakes projects. Issue of April 22nd, 2003.
Ayoub, B. (1995) ‘Solid Waste management: an overview’ in Proceeding of The
First National Meeting on Environmental Management for Sustainable
Development in Lebanon. National Council for Scientific Research: Beirut,
Lebanon. pp. 234‐251. .
Bazzi, N. 2002. Electricité du Liban: Brief Overview. Presentation at: The National
Meeting on Indicators and Provisions of Energy in Lebanon. December 10th
2002.
77
Cansolair (2002). Comments on the Report of Bodycote Materials Testing Canada
Inc on the Cansolair Solar Panel [On Line]. Cansolair: Canada. Available
from: http://cansolair.com/bodycoat.html (1/1/03)
Chedid, R. B. (2002) Policy development for solar water heaters: the case of
Lebanon Energy Conversion and Management 43 pp 77‐86.
Chedid, R.; Ghaddar, N.; Chaaban, F.; Chehab, S.; Mattar, T. (2001). Assessment of
energy efficiency measures: The case of the Lebanese energy sector. Int. J.
Energy Res. 25: 355‐374
Chehab (2005). Stimulation of the thermal solar market. Project proposal
presented at the first Regional Workshop on “Synergy: Business opportunities
for CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) project development in the
Mediterranean. Notre Dame University, Lebanon. February 1‐2, 2005.
http://www.discoveryfarms.org/methanepubbw.pdf (20/12/02)
Ecodit. (2002). State of the Environment in Lebanon. Report submitted to the
Ministry of Environment: Lebanon.
EDL (1996) EDL Business Plan 1996‐2002. Published by EDL.
EIA (2006 a). Country Analysis Brief – An overview of the Energy Situation in
Egypt [online]. Available from:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Egypt/Electricity.html (15/1/2007)
EIA (2006 b). Eastern Mediterranean Enegry Data, Statistics and Analysis – Oil,
Gaz, Electricity, Coal [online]. Available from:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/East_Med/Electricity.html (15/1/2007)
78
El‐Fadel, M.; Zeinati, M.; Jamali, D. (2001). Water resources management in
Lebanon: institutional capacity and policy options. Water Policy 3, 425‐448.
El‐Fadel, M.; Zeinati, M.; Jamali, D. (2000). Water Resources in Lebanon:
Characterization, Water balance, and constraints. Water Resources Development,
16(4), 619‐642.
Escobar, G. J. and Heikkila, M. A. (1999) Biogas Production in Farms Through
Anaerobic Digestion of Cattleand Pig Manure: Case Studies and Research
Activities in Europe [on line]. OPET Network: Finland. Available from:
http://www.ecotec.com/sharedopet/password/bessum12.htm (20/12/02)
ESCWA (2001b). Current water policies and practices in selected ESCWA member
countries. UN publication E/ESCWA/ENR/1999/15 p. 63.
ESCWA (2001c). Improving the efficiency of Energy Use in the Buildings sector,
UN: NewYork.
ESCWA (2005). Arab Region State Implementation on Climate Change. Report
prepared by League of Arab States, the United Nations Economic and Social
Commission for Western Asia and the United Nations Environment
Programme, Regional Office for West Asia [online]. Available from:
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd14/escwaRIM_bp2.pdf (15/1/2007)
Fawaz, M (1992). Water Resources in Lebanon. In: Proceedings of the conference
on the status of water in Lebanon, Beirut. November 27‐28, 1992. UNICEF,
Lebanon, pp. 17‐28 (in Arabic).
Fossil Fuel. 2007. Fossil Fuel Definition from Wikipedia [on line]. Available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel (10/11/2006)
Ghaddar, N. (1999) Weather Data Summary For The Year 1998. Published by the
American University of Beirut. Lebanon.
Hajjar, Z. (1997) Lebanese Waters and Peace in the Middle East. Dar al Ilm Lil‐
Malayeen, Beirut, Lebanon. (In Arabic)
79
Hammoud, S. (2002) Energy Consumption Management Paper. Presented at the
National Meeting on the Provisions and Indicators of Energy in Lebanon.
December 10th 2002. Beirut, Lebanon.
Herzog, H. and Golomb, D. 2004. Carbon capture and storage from fossil fuel use.
Houri, A (2001) Wind Energy Potential in Lebanon. Proceedings of “International
Solar Energy Society 2001 Solar World Congress: Bringing Solar Down to
Earth” Vol 4, pp. 1891‐1893. November 25‐30th, 2001. Adelaide Convention
Center. Adelaide, Australia.
Houri, A. (2004). Biomass Potential in Offsetting Energy Needs in Lebanon.
Proceedings of the “World Renewable Energy Congress VIII (WREC VIII)”.
August 28th –September 3rd, 2004. Denver, Colorado, USA.
Houri, A. (2005b). Water Use in Water Poor Countries: Energy, Agriculture or
Domestic. The Case of Lebanon. Ahmad Houri. Proceedings of the “XII
World Water Congress of the International Water Resources Association”. Vol
2. pp. 107‐112. November 22nd ‐ 25th, 2005. New Delhi, India.
Houri, A. (2006a) “Solar Water Heating in Lebanon: Current Status and Future
Prospects” Ahmad Houri. Renewable Energy, 31: 2006, 663‐675.
Houri, A. (2006b). Prospects and Challenges of Using Hydropower for Electricity
Generation in Lebanon. Ahmad Houri, Renewable Energy 31(11): 2006, 1686‐
1697 .
Houri, A. (2006c). Impact of Rising Fossil Fuel Prices on the Use of Solar Thermal
Collectors in Lebanon”. Proceedings of the “World Renewable Energy
Congress IX”, p221. August 19‐25, 2006. Florence, Italy.
Houri, A. and Korfali, S. (2005) Residential Energy Consumption Patterns: The
Case of Lebanon. International Journal of Energy Research 2005; 29: 755‐766.
Houri, A. H. and Korfali, S. I. (2003) Solar Thermal Collectors Perception and
Application in Developing countries. Proceedings of ISES 2003 Conference,
June 14‐19, 2003 Gothenburg, Sweden.
80
Human Development Report, 2005 [on line] available at:
http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/countries.cfm?c=LBN
Jibran G. (2002) Hydropower from Litani River. National Meeting on the
indicators and prospects of Energy in Lebanon. December 10th, 2002 Gefinor –
Rotana, Beirut – Lebanon
Jizzini, N. (2002). LCECP Project database. Presentation at the National Meeting
on indicators and provisions of Energy in Lebanon. December 10th 2002.
Jurdi, M.; Korfali, S. I.; Karahagopian, Y.; Davies, B. (2001) A prototype study for
the management of surface water resources. Water Policy 3, 41‐46.
Kablan, M. M. (2003) Forecasting the demand on solar water heating systems and
their energy savings potential during the period 2001‐2005 in Jordan. Energy
Conversion and Management 2003; 44: 2027‐2036.
Karam, M. (2004) Ibrahim River. Al‐Balad, December 5th, 2004, issue 340 p. 7 (In
Arabic).
Ministry of Energy and Water (1999). Work plan for the years 2000‐2009.
Published June 1999. Beirut, Lebanon
PGE (Portland General Electric, 2002) Introducing Biogas [on line]. PGE: USA.
Available from:
http://www.portlandgeneral.com/community_and_env/environment/biogas.as
p?bhcp=1 (20/12/02)
Sakkal, F.; Ghaddar, N. and Diab, (1993) J. Solar Collectors for Beirut Climate.
Applied Energy 1993; 45: 313‐325.
81
Sfeir, J.P. (2004). Personal Communications.
Smedt, M. D. (2002) Anaerobic Digestion in Waste Water Treatment [On Line].
Scientecmatrix. Available from:
http://www.scientecmatrix.com/seghers/tecma/scientecmatrix.nsf/_/29592AAF
1FD5633EC1256B5A0028FFEE (20/12/02)
UN. (2001a). Options and Opportunities for Greenhouse Gas Abatement in the
Energy Sector of the ESCWA Region. UN: New York.
UN. (2001b). Potential and prospects of Electricity generation from Renewable
Energy Sources in the ESCWA region: Part 2 Thermal solar systems.”
Original: Arabic. E/ESCWA/ENR/2001/4/Add.1. UN: New York.
UN. (2005). Promotion of New and Renewable Sources of Energy including the
Culmination of the World Solar Programme 1996‐2005. UN ‐ General
Assembly (25 July 2005): New York
UN‐DESA (2004). Energy and Transport Newsletter of the Division for Sustainable
Development of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs Services in
intergovernmental processes of the United Nations in the fields of Energy and
Transport – December 2004 [online]. Available from:
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/sdissues/energy/etb_newsletter/etbnewsletter
_dec04.pdf
Worldwatch (1998) United States lead world Meat stampede [on line].
Worldwatch: USA. Available from:
http://www.worldwatch.org/alerts/pr980704.html (20/12/02)
82
This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the
Heinrich Böll Foundation’s Middle East Office. The views expressed herein
are those of the author(s) and can therefore in no way be taken to reflect the
opinion of the Foundation.
83