Buku 3. Polinomial

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4-25 4.4 Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials 279
Math at Work Aerospace Engineering

Aircraft design is a delicate balance between weight and strength. Saving
1 pound of weight could save the plane’s operators $5000 over 20 years.
Mathematics is used to calculate the strength of each of a plane’s parts and to
predict when the material making up a part will fail. If calculations show that
one kind of metal isn’t strong enough, designers usually have to choose
another material or change the design.
As an example, consider an aluminum stringer with a circular cross sec-
tion. The stringer is used inside the wing of an airplane as shown in the
accompanying figure. The aluminum rod has a diameter of 20 mm and will
Stringer
support a load of 5 104 Newtons (N). The maximum stress on aluminum is
1 108 Pascals (Pa), where 1 Pa 1 N/m2. To calculate the stress S on the rod
we use S (load)(cross-sectional area). Note that we must divide the diame-
ter by 2 to get the radius and convert square millimeters to square meters:
5 104 N 1000 mm
1.6 10
L 2
S 2 2 8
Pa
r (10 mm) 1m
Since the stress is 1.6 108 Pa and the maximum stress on aluminum is 1 108 Pa, the
aluminum rod is not strong enough. The design must be changed. The diameter of the
aluminum rod could be increased, or stronger/lighter metal such as titanium could
be used.
4.4 Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials

In This Section We first used polynomials in Chapter 1, but did not identify them as polynomials.
Polynomials also occurred in the equations and inequalities of Chapter 2. In this
U1V Polynomials section, we will define polynomials and begin a thorough study of polynomials.
U2V Evaluating Polynomials
U3V Addition of Polynomials
U4V Subtraction of Polynomials
U5V Applications
U1V Polynomials
In Chapter 1 we defined a term as an expression containing a number or the product
of a number and one or more variables raised to powers. If the number is 1 or the
power is 1, we usually omit it, as in 1x1 x. Some examples of terms are
4x 3, x 2y 3, abc, and 2.
The number preceding the variable in a term is the coefficient of the variable or the
coefficient of the term. The coefficients of the terms 4x 3, x 2y3, and abc are 4, 1,
and 1, respectively. The degree of a term in one variable is the power of the variable.
So the degree of 4x 3 is 3.
A polynomial is a single term or a finite sum of terms in which the powers of the
variables are positive integers. If the coefficient of a term is negative, we use subtrac-
tion, as in x 4 6y4 rather than x 4 (6y4). So,
4x 3 3x 2, a2 2ab b2, x 4 6y4, and x
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280 Chapter 4 Exponents and Polynomials 4-26
are polynomials. The degree of a polynomial in one variable is the highest degree of
its terms. Consider the polynomial
4x 3 15x 2 x 2.
The degree of 4x 3 is 3 and the degree of 15x 2 is 2. Since x x1, the degree of x
is 1. Since 2 2x0, the degree of 2 is 0. So the degree of the polynomial is 3.
A single number is called a constant, and so the zero-degree term is also called the
constant term. The degree of a polynomial consisting of a single number is 0.
4x3 15x2 x 2
Third- Second- First- Zero-
degree degree degree degree
term term term term
In 4x3 15x2 x 2, the coefficient of x3 (or the term 4x3) is 4. The coefficient of
x2 is 15 and the coefficient of x is 1.
E X A M P L E 1 Identifying coefficients
Determine the coefficients of x 3 and x 2 in each polynomial:
a) x 3 5x 2 6 b) 4x 6 x 3 x
Solution
a) Write the polynomial as 1 x 3 5x 2 6 to see that the coefficient of x 3
is 1 and the coefficient of x 2 is 5.
b) The x 2-term is missing in 4x 6 x 3 x. Because 4x 6 x 3 x can be written as
4x 6 1 x 3 0 x 2 x,
the coefficient of x 3 is 1 and the coefficient of x 2 is 0.
Now do Exercises 1–6
For simplicity we generally write polynomials in one variable with the exponents
decreasing from left to right and the constant term last. So we write
x 3 4x 2 5x 1 rather than 4x 2 1 5x x 3.
When a polynomial is written with decreasing exponents, the coefficient of the first
term is called the leading coefficient.
Certain polynomials are given special names. A monomial is a polynomial that
has one term, a binomial is a polynomial that has two terms, and a trinomial is a poly-
nomial that has three terms. For example, 3x5 is a monomial, 2x 1 is a binomial,
and 4x 6 3x 2 is a trinomial.
E X A M P L E 2 Types of polynomials
Identify each polynomial as a monomial, binomial, or trinomial and state its degree.
a) 5x 2 7x 3 2 b) x 43 x 2 c) 5x d) 12
Solution
a) The polynomial 5x 2 7x 3 2 is a third-degree trinomial.
b) The polynomial x 43 x 2 is a binomial with degree 43.
c) Because 5x 5x1, this polynomial is a monomial with degree 1.

d) The polynomial 12 is a monomial with degree 0.

A polynomial with a variable in it has no value until the variable is replaced with a
number. Example 3 shows how to evaluate a polynomial.
E X A M P L E 3 Evaluating polynomials
a) Find the value of 3x4 x 3 20x 3 when x 1.
b) Find the value of 3x4 x 3 20x 3 when x 2.
Solution
a) Replace x by 1 in the polynomial:
3x4 x 3 20x 3 3(1)4 (1)3 20(1) 3
3 1 20 3
19
So the value of the polynomial is 19 when x 1.
b) Replace x by 2 in the polynomial:
3x4 x3 20x 3 3(2)4 (2)3 20(2) 3
3(16) (8) 40 3
48 8 40 3
77
So the value of the polynomial is 77 when x 2.
If the value of a polynomial is used to determine the value of a second variable y,

then we have a polynomial function. For example,
y 3x 5, y x2 1, y x3, and y 3x4 – x3 20x 3
are polynomial functions. First-degree polynomial functions like y 3x 5 are lin-
ear functions. We discussed them in Chapter 3. We use function notation here just as
we used it with linear functions in Chapter 3. For example, let
P(x) x2 1 and Q(x) 3x4 x3 20x 3.
Then P(2) (read “P of 2”) is the value of the polynomial x2 1 when x 2 and
P(2) (2)2 – 1 3.
In Example 3(b) we found that if x 2, then the value of 3x4 x3 20x 3 is 77.
So Q(2) 77.
E X A M P L E 4 Evaluating polynomials using function notation

a) If P(x) 3x 4 x 3 20x 3, find P(1).
b) If D(a) a3 5, find D(0), D(1), and D(2).
U Calculator Close-Up V Solution

To evaluate the polynomial in a) To find P(1), replace x by 1 in the formula for P(x):
Example 4(a) with a calculator, first P(x) 3x 4 x 3 20x 3
use Y to define the polynomial.
P(1) 3(1)4 (1)3 20(1) 3
19
So P(1) 19. The value of the polynomial when x 1 is 19.
b) To find D(0), D(1), and D(2) replace a with 0, 1, and 2:
D(0) 03 5 5, D(1) 13 5 4, D(2) 23 5 3
So D(0) 5, D(1) 4, and D(2) 3.
Then find y1(1). Now do Exercises 27–32
U3V Addition of Polynomials

You learned how to combine like terms in Chapter 1. Also, you combined like terms
when solving equations in Chapter 2. Addition of polynomials is done simply by
adding the like terms.
Addition of Polynomials
To add two polynomials, add the like terms.
Polynomials can be added horizontally or vertically, as shown in Example 5.
E X A M P L E 5 Adding polynomials
Perform the indicated operation.
a) (x 2 6x 5) (3x 2 5x 9)
b) (5a3 3a 7) (4a2 3a 7)
U Helpful Hint V Solution

When we perform operations with a) The commutative and associative properties enable us to remove the parentheses
polynomials and write the results as and rearrange the terms with like terms next to each other:
equations, those equations are iden-
tities. For example, (x 2 6x 5) (3x 2 5x 9) x 2 3x 2 6x 5x 5 9
(x 1) (3x 5) 4x 6 2x 2 x 4
is an identity. This equation is Note that x2 3x2 (1 3)x2 2x2 and 6x 5x (6 5)x x because
satisfied by every real number. of the distributive property. It is not necessary to write all of these details. You can
simply pick out the like terms from each polynomial and combine them.
b) When adding vertically, we line up the like terms:
5a3 3a 7
4a 3a 7
2
5a 4a2
3
Add.
U4V Subtraction of Polynomials

To add polynomials we add the like terms, and to subtract polynomials we subtract
the like terms. However, since a b a (b), it is usually simplest to change the
signs of all terms in the second polynomial and then add.
Subtraction of Polynomials
To subtract two polynomials subtract the like terms, or change the signs of all
terms in the second polynomial and then add.
Polynomials can be subtracted horizontally or vertically, as shown in Example 6.

Vertical subtraction is used in the long division algorithm in Section 4.8.
E X A M P L E 6 Subtracting polynomials
a) (x 2 5x 3) (4x 2 8x 9) b) (4y 3 3y 2) (5y 2 7y 6)
Solution
a) (x 2 5x 3) (4x 2 8x 9) x 2 5x 3 4x 2 8x 9 Change signs.
x2 4x2 5x 8x 3 9 Rearrange.
3x 2 13x 6 Add.
b) To subtract 5y 2 7y 6 from 4y 3 3y 2 vertically, we line up the like terms as

we do for addition:
U Helpful Hint V 4y 3 3y 2
For subtraction, write the original (5y 2
7y 6)
problem and then rewrite it as
addition with the signs changed. Now change the signs of 5y 2 7y 6 and add the like terms:
Many students have trouble when
they write the original problem and
4y 3 3y 2
then overwrite the signs. Vertical 5y 7y 6
2
subtraction is essential for perform-

ing long division of polynomials in 4y 5y2 4y 8
3
Section 4.8. Now do Exercises 47–60
CAUTION When adding or subtracting polynomials vertically, be sure to line up the

like terms.
In Example 7 we combine addition and subtraction of polynomials.
E X A M P L E 7 Adding and subtracting

Perform the indicated operations:
(2x 2 3x) (x 3 6) (x4 6x 2 9)
Solution
Remove the parentheses and combine the like terms:
(2x 2 3x) (x 3 6) (x4 6x 2 9) 2x 2 3x x 3 6 x4 6x 2 9
x4 x 3 8x 2 3x 15
U5V Applications
Polynomials are often used to represent unknown quantities. In certain situations it is
necessary to add or subtract such polynomials.
E X A M P L E 8 Profit from prints

Trey pays $60 per day for a permit to sell famous art prints in the Student Union Mall.
Each print costs him $4, so the polynomial C(x) 4x 60 represents his daily cost in dol-
lars for x prints sold. He sells the prints for $10 each. So the polynomial R(x) 10x rep-
resents his daily revenue for x prints sold. Find a polynomial P(x) that represents his daily
profit from selling x prints. Evaluate the profit polynomial for x 30.
Solution
Because profit is revenue minus cost, we can subtract the corresponding polynomials to get
a polynomial that represents the daily profit:
P(x) R(x) C(x)
10x (4x 60)
10x 4x 60
6x 60
So the daily profit polynomial is P(x) 6x 60. Now evaluate this profit polynomial
for x 30:
P(30) 6(30) 60
120
So if Trey sells 30 prints, his profit is $120.
Warm-Ups ▼
Fill in the blank. True or false?
1. A of a polynomial is a single number or the 9. The coefficient of x in 2x2 4x 7 is 4.
product of a number and one or more variables raised 10. The degree of the polynomial x2 5x 9x3 is 2.
to whole number powers. 11. The coefficient of x in x2 x is 1.
2. The number preceding the variable in each term is the 12. The degree of x2 x is 2.
of that term.
13. A binomial always has degree 2.
3. The term is just a number.
14. If P(x) 3x 1, then P(5) 14.
4. A is a single term or a finite sum of terms.
15. For any value of x, x2 7x2 6x2.
5. The of a polynomial in one variable is the
16. For any value of x, (3x2 8x) (x2 4x) 4x2 4x.
highest power of the variable in the polynomial.
6. A is a polynomial with one term.
17. For any value of x, (3x2 8x) (x2 4x) 2x2 12x.
7. A is a polynomial with two terms.
8. A is a polynomial with three terms.
Exercises
4.4
U Study Tips V
• Everything we do in solving problems is based on definitions, rules, and theorems. If you just memorize procedures without
understanding the principles, you will soon forget the procedures.
• The keys to college success are motivation and time management. Students who tell you that they are making great grades without
studying are probably not telling the truth. Success takes lots of effort.
U1V Polynomials 30. If P(x) 2x 3 5x 2 12, find P(5).

Determine the coefficients of x 3 and x 2 in each polynomial. 31. If P(x) 1.2x 3 4.3x 2.4, find P(1.45).
See Example 1. 32. If P(x) 3.5x 4 4.6x 3 5.5, find P(2.36).
1. 3x 3 7x 2 2. 10x 3 x 2
3. x4 6x 2 9 4. x 5 x 3 3 U3V Addition of Polynomials
Perform the indicated operation. See Example 5.
x3 7x2 x3 x2
5. 4 6. 2x 1 33. (x 3) (3x 5) 34. (x 2) (x 3)
3 2 2 4
35. (q 3) (q 3) 36. (q 4) (q 6)
Identify each polynomial as a monomial, binomial, or trinomial 37. (3x 2) (x2 4) 38. (5x 2 2) (3x 2 1)
and state its degree. See Example 2.
7. 1 8. 5 9. m 3 39. (4x 1) (x 3 5x 6)
40. (3x 7) (x 2 4x 6)
10. 3a8 11. 4x 7 12. a 6 41. (a2 3a 1) (2a2 4a 5)
42. (w 2 2w 1) (2w 5 w2)
13. x10 3x 2 2 14. y6 6y3 9 43. (w 2 9w 3) (w 4w 2 8)
44. (a3 a2 5a) (6 a 3a2)
15. x 6 1 16. b2 4
17. a a 5
3 2
18. x 2 4x 9 45. (5.76x 2 3.14x 7.09) (3.9x 2 1.21x 5.6)
46. (8.5x 2 3.27x 9.33) (x 2 4.39x 2.32)

Evaluate each polynomial as indicated. See Examples 3 and 4.
19. Evaluate x 2 1 for x 3. U4V Subtraction of Polynomials
Perform the indicated operation. See Example 6.
20. Evaluate x 2 1 for x 3.
47. (x 2) (5x 8) 48. (x 7) (3x 1)
21. Evaluate 2x 2 3x 1 for x 1.
22. Evaluate 3x 2 x 2 for x 2. 49. (m 2) (m 3) 50. (m 5) (m 9)
23. Evaluate 1 x2 x 1 for x 1.
2 2 51. (2z 2 3z) (3z 2 5z) 52. (z 2 4z) (5z 2 3z)
24. Evaluate 3x x 1 for x 1.
2 1
2 3
53. (w 5 w 3) (w4 w2)
25. Evaluate 3x3 x2 3x 4 for x 3.
26. Evaluate 2x4 3x2 5x 9 for x 2. 54. (w 6 w 3) (w 2 w)
27. If P(x) x2 4, find P(3). 55. (t 2 3t 4) (t 2 5t 9)
28. If P(x) x3 1, find P(2). 56. (t 2 6t 7) (5t 2 3t 2)
29. If P(x) 3x4 2x3 7, find P(2). 57. (9 3y y 2) (2 5y y 2 )
58. (4 5y y 3) (2 3y y 2 ) 83. (6z4 3z 3 7z 2) (5z 3 3z 2 2) (z4 z 2 5)

59. (3.55x 879) (26.4x 455.8)
84. (v 3 v2 1) (v4 v2 v 1) (v3 3v2 6)
60. (345.56x 347.4) (56.6x 433)
Add or subtract the polynomials as indicated.

See Examples 5 and 6. U5V Applications
61. Add: 62. Add: Solve each problem. See Example 8.
3a 4 2w 8
85. Water pumps. Walter uses the polynomials R(x) 400x
a6 w3
and C(x) 120x 800 to estimate his monthly revenue
and cost in dollars for producing x water pumps per month.
63. Subtract: 64. Subtract:
3x 11 4x 3 a) Write a polynomial P(x) for his monthly profit.
(5x 7) (2x 9)
b) Find the monthly profit for x 50.
65. Add: 66. Add:
86. Manufacturing costs. Ace manufacturing has determined
ab s6
that the cost of labor for producing x transmissions is
ab s1
L(x) 0.3x 2 400x 550 dollars, while the cost of
materials is M(x) 0.1x 2 50x 800 dollars.
67. Subtract: 68. Subtract:
a) Write a polynomial T(x) that represents the total cost of
3m 1 5n 2
materials and labor for producing x transmissions.
(2m 6) (3n 4)
b) Evaluate the total cost polynomial for x 500.
c) Find the cost of labor for 500 transmissions and the cost
of materials for 500 transmissions.
Add or subtract as indicated. Arrange the polynomials
vertically as in Exercises 61–68. See Examples 5 and 6.
69. Add 2x 2 x 3 and 2x 2 x 4.
70. Add x 2 4x 6 and 3x 2 x 5.
71. Subtract 2a3 4a2 2a from 3a3 5a2 7.
1
Cost (millions of dollars)
72. Subtract b3 4b 2 from 2b3 7b2 9. Total

0.5
Labor
73. (x2 3x 6) (x2 3)
Materials
74. (x4 3x2 2) (3x4 2x)
0
75. (y3 4y2 6y 5) (y3 3y 9) 0 500 1000
Number of transmissions
76. (q2 4q 9) (3q3 7q 5)

Figure for Exercise 86
Perform the indicated operations. See Example 7.

87. Perimeter of a triangle. The shortest side of a triangle is
77. (4m 2) (2m 4) (9m 1) x meters, and the other two sides are 3x 1 and 2x 4
78. (5m 6) (8m 3) (5m 3) meters. Write a polynomial P(x) that represents the
perimeter and then evaluate the perimeter polynomial
79. (6y 2) (8y 3) (9y 2)
if x is 4 meters.
80. (5y 1) (8y 4) (y 3)
88. Perimeter of a rectangle. The width of a rectangular play-
81. (x 2 5x 4) (6x 2 8x 9) (3x 2 7x 1) ground is 2x 5 feet, and the length is 3x 9 feet. Write a
polynomial P(x) that represents the perimeter and then
82. (8x 2 5x 12) (3x 2 9x 18) evaluate this perimeter polynomial if x is 4 feet.
(3x 2 9x 4)
150
Red ball
2x 5 ft
Height (feet)
Green ball
100
50
3x 9 ft Difference
0
0 1 2 3 4
Figure for Exercise 88 Time (seconds)
89. Total distance. Hanson drove his rig at x mph for 3 hours
and then increased his speed to x 15 mph and drove
2 more hours. Write a polynomial D(x) that represents the Figure for Exercise 92
total distance that he traveled. Find D(45).
93. Total interest. Donald received 0.08(x 554) dollars inter-
90. Before and after. Jessica traveled 2x 50 miles in the est on one investment and 0.09(x 335) interest on another
morning and 3x 10 miles in the afternoon. Write a investment. Write a polynomial T(x) that represents the total
polynomial T(x) that represents the total distance that she interest he received. What is the total interest if x 1000?
traveled. Find T (20).
91. Sky divers. Bob and Betty simultaneously jump from
94. Total acid. Deborah figured that the amount of acid in one
two airplanes at different altitudes. Bob’s altitude
bottle of solution is 0.12x milliliters and the amount of acid
t seconds after leaving his plane is 16t 2 6600 feet.
in another bottle of solution is 0.22(75 x) milliliters. Find a
Betty’s altitude t seconds after leaving her plane is
polynomial T(x) that represents the total amount of acid?
16t 2 7400 feet. Write a polynomial that represents the
What is the total amount of acid if x 50?
difference between their altitudes t seconds after leaving
the planes. What is the difference between their altitudes
3 seconds after leaving the planes?
Getting More Involved
95. Discussion
Is the sum of two natural numbers always a natural
number? Is the sum of two integers always an integer?
16t 2 7400 ft Is the sum of two polynomials always a polynomial?
16t 2 6600 ft Explain.
96. Discussion
Is the difference of two natural numbers always a
Figure for Exercise 91 natural number? Is the difference of two rational numbers
always a rational number? Is the difference of two poly-
92. Height difference. A red ball and a green ball are nomials always a polynomial? Explain.
simultaneously tossed into the air. The red ball is given an
initial velocity of 96 feet per second, and its height t seconds 97. Writing
after it is tossed is 16t 2 96t feet. The green ball is given Explain why the polynomial 24 7x3 5x2 x has
an initial velocity of 80 feet per second, and its height degree 3 and not degree 4.
t seconds after it is tossed is 16t 2 80t feet.
a) Find a polynomial D(t) that represents the difference in
98. Discussion
the heights of the two balls.
b) How much higher is the red ball 2 seconds after the Which of the following polynomials does not have
balls are tossed? degree 2? Explain.
c) In reality, when does the difference in the heights stop a) r 2 b) 2 4 c) y 2 4
increasing? d) x 2 x 4 e) a2 3a 9
Mid-Chapter Quiz Sections 4.1 through 4.4 Chapter 4
Simplify. All variables represent nonzero real numbers. Use only 14. (3.5 103) (4 104)
positive exponents in your answers. 4.5 104
1. 24 2. (2)4 15.
9 105
3. 23 12 50 4. x3 x2 x Perform the indicated operations.
a
5. 2
9
b3
6. 7 16. (5x2 3x) (8x2 2x 6)
a b
17. (5x2 3x) (8x2 2x 6)

3
2
7. (2a5b3)5 8. 4 18. 5x3y 2x3y
w
3
aabb
6
9. 74 10. (3x2y3)3 Miscellaneous.
3 2 1 4 4 19. Find the value of the polynomial 3x3 5x2 6x 9
11. w2w y y
a
4 12.
1
3 when x 2.
3b
13. (2xy3)2 (3x3y4)3 20. Find P(1) if P(x) 8x4 9x3 7x2 5.
4.5 Multiplication of Polynomials

In This Section You learned to multiply some polynomials in Chapter 1. In this section, you will
learn how to multiply any two polynomials.
U1V Multiplying Monomials
U2V Multiplying Polynomials
U3V The Additive Inverse of a
Polynomial
U1V Multiplying Monomials
U V Applications
4
Monomials are the simplest polynomials. We learned to multiply monomials in
Section 4.1 using the product rule for exponents.
E X A M P L E 1 Multiplying monomials
Find the indicated products.
a) 2x3 3x4 b) (2ab2)(3ab4) c) (3a2)3
Solution
a) 2x3 3x4 6x7 Product rule for exponents
b) (2ab2)(3ab4) 6a2b6 Product rule for exponents
c) (3a )
2 3
3 (a
3 2 3
) Power of a product rule
27a 6
Power of a power rule
CAUTION Be sure to distinguish between adding and multiplying monomials. You

can add like terms to get 3x4 2x4 5x4, but you cannot combine the
terms in 3w5 6w2. However, you can multiply any two monomials:
3x4 2x4 6x8 and 3w5 6w2 18w7. Note that the exponents are added,
not multiplied.
4-35 4.5 Multiplication of Polynomials 289
U2V Multiplying Polynomials

To multiply a monomial and a polynomial, we use the distributive property.
E X A M P L E 2 Multiplying monomials and polynomials

Find each product.
a) 3x2(x3 4x) b) (y2 3y 4)(2y) c) a(b c)
Solution
a) 3x2(x3 4x) 3x2 x3 3x2 4x Distributive property

3x5 12x3
b) ( y2 3y 4)(2y) y2(2y) 3y(2y) 4(2y) Distributive property

2y3 (6y2) (8y)
2y3 6y2 8y
c) a(b c) (a)b (a)c Distributive property

ab ac
ac ab
Note in part (c) that either of the last two binomials is the correct answer. The last one is
just a little simpler to read.
Just as we use the distributive property to find the product of a monomial and
a polynomial, we can use it to find the product of any two polynomials.
E X A M P L E 3 Multiplying polynomials
Use the distributive property to find each product.
a) (x 2)(x 5) b) (x 3)(x2 2x 7)
Solution
a) First multiply each term of x 5 by x 2:
(x 2)(x 5) (x 2)x (x 2)5 Distributive property

x2 2x 5x 10 Distributive property
x2 7x 10 Combine like terms.
b) First multiply each term of the trinomial by x 3:
(x 3)(x2 2x 7) (x 3)x2 (x 3)2x (x 3)(7) Distributive property

x3 3x2 2x2 6x 7x 21 Distributive property
x3 5x2 x 21 Combine like terms.
Examples 2 and 3 illustrate the following rule.
Multiplication of Polynomials
To multiply polynomials, multiply each term of one polynomial by every term
of the other polynomial and then combine like terms.
U3V The Additive Inverse of a Polynomial

The additive inverse of a is a, because a (a) 0. Since 1 a a, multiply-
ing an expression by 1 produces that additive inverse of the expression. To find the
additive inverse of a b multiply by 1:
1(a b) 1 a (1)b a b b a
By the distributive property, every term is multiplied by 1, causing every term to
change sign. So the additive inverse (or opposite) of a b is a b or b a. In
symbols,
(a b) b a
CAUTION The additive inverse of a b is a b not a b.
The additive inverse of any polynomial can be found by multiplying each term by 1
or simply changing the sign of each term, as shown in Example 4.
E X A M P L E 4 Additive inverse of a polynomial

Simplify each expression.
a) (x 2) b) (9 y2)
c) (a 4) d) (x 2 6x 3)
Solution
a) (x 2) 2 x b) (9 y2 ) y2 9
c) (a 4) a 4 d) (x 2 6x 3) x2 6x 3
U4V Applications
E X A M P L E 5 Multiplying polynomials
A parking lot is 20 yards wide and 30 yards long. If the college increases the length and
width by the same amount to handle an increasing number of cars, then what polynomial
represents the area of the new lot? What is the new area if the increase is 15 yards?
x Solution
If x is the amount of increase in yards, then the new lot will be x 20 yards wide and
x 30 yards long as shown in Fig. 4.1. Multiply the length and width to get the area:
(x 20)(x 30) (x 20)x (x 20)30

30 yd
x 2 20x 30x 600
x 2 50x 600
The polynomial x2 50x 600 represents the area of the new lot. If x 15, then
x 20 yd
x 2 50x 600 (15)2 50(15) 600 1575.
Figure 4.1
If the increase is 15 yards, then the area of the lot will be 1575 square yards.
Warm-Ups ▼
1. To multiply a monomial and a binomial we use the 5. For any value of x, 3x3 5x4 15x12.
property. 6. For any number x, 3x2 2x7 5x9.
2. The sum of two monomials is a if the terms 7. For any value of x, 3x(5x 7x2) 15x2 21x3.
are not like terms.
3. To find the of a polynomial we change the 8. For any number x, 2(3 x) 2x 6.
sign of every term in the polynomial. 9. For any number x, (x 7) 7 x.
4. When multiplying two monomials, we may need the 10. 37 83 (83 37)
rule for exponents.
Exercises
4.5
U Study Tips V
• Effective time management will allow adequate time for school, work, social life, and free time. However at times you will have to
sacrifice to do well.
• Everyone has different attention spans. Start by studying 10 to 15 minutes at a time and then build up to longer periods. Be realistic.
When you can no longer concentrate, take a break.
U1V Multiplying Monomials 4. 3y12 5y15 5. 6x2 5x2 6. 2x2 8x5

Find each product. See Example 1.
1. 3x2 9x3 2. 5x7 3x5 3. 2a3 7a8 7. (9x10)(3x7) 8. (2x2)(8x9) 9. 6st 9st
10. 12sq 3s 11. 3wt 8w7t6 12. h8k3 5h 48. ( 5b2 b 7)

49. ( 3w2 w 6)
13. (5y)2 14. (6x)2 50. (4t2 t 6)
15. (2x3)2 16. (3y5)2 Miscellaneous

U2V Multiplying Polynomials 51. 3x(2x 9) 52. 1(2 3x)
53. 2 3x(2x 9) 54. 6 3(4x 8)
17. x( x y2)
18. x2(x y) 55. (2 3x) (2x 9) 56. (2 3x) (2x 9)
19. 4y2( y5 2y)
20. 6t3(t5 3t2) 57. (6x6)2 58. (3a3b)2
59. 3ab3(2a2b7) 60. 4xst 8xs
21. 3y(6y 4)
22. 9y( y2 1) 61. (5x 6)(5x 6) 62. (5x 6)(5x 6)
23. ( y2 5y 6)(3y)
24. (x3 5x2 1) 7x2 63. (5x 6)(5x 6) 64. (2x 9)(2x 9)
25. x ( y2 x2) 65. 2x2(3x5 4x2) 66. 4a3(3ab3 2ab3)

26. ab(a b2 2
)
27. (3ab a b 2a3b)5a3
3 2 2 67. (m 1)(m2 m 1) 68. (a b)(a2 ab b2)
28. (3c2d d 3 1)8cd 2 69. (3x 2)(x2 x 9)
1 70. (5 6y)(3y2 y 7)
29. t 2v (4t3v2 6tv 4v)
2
1
30. m 2n3(6mn2 3mn 12) U4V Applications
3
Solve each problem. See Example 5.
Use the distributive property to find each product. See Example 3.
71. Office space. The length of a professor’s office is x feet,
31. (x 1)(x 2) 32. (x 6)(x 3) and the width is x 4 feet. Write a polynomial A(x) that
represents the area of the office. Find A(10).
33. (x 3)(x 5) 34. ( y 2)( y 4)
72. Swimming space. The length of a rectangular swimming
35. (t 4)(t 9) 36. (w 3)(w 5) pool is 2x 1 meters, and the width is x 2 meters. Write
a polynomial A(x) that represents the area. Find A(5).
37. (x 1)(x2 2x 2) 38. (x 1)(x2 x 1)
73. Area. A roof truss is in the shape of a triangle with height
39. (3y 2)(2y2 y 3) 40. (4y 3)( y2 3y 1)
of x feet and a base of 2x 1 feet. Write a polynomial A(x)
that represents the area of the triangle. Find A(5). See the
41. ( y2z 2y4)( y2z 3z2 y4) accompanying figure.
42. (m3 4mn2)(6m4n2 3m6 m2n4)
U3V The Additive Inverse of a Polynomial

x ft
Simplify each expression. See Example 4.
43. (3t u) 44. (4 u)
45. (3x y) 46. (x 5b) 2x 1 ft
47. ( 3a2 a 6) Figure for Exercise 73
74. Volume. The length, width, and height of a box are x, 2x, 79. Total revenue. At p dollars per ticket, a promoter expects
and 3x 5 inches, respectively. Write a polynomial V(x) to sell 40,000 1000p tickets to a concert.
that represents its volume. Find V(3). a) How many tickets will she sell at $10 each?
b) At $10 per ticket, what is the total revenue?
c) Find a polynomial R(p) that represents the total revenue

when tickets are p dollars each.
3x 5
d) Find R(20), R(30), and R(35).
2x 80. Selling shirts. If a vendor charges p dollars each for

x
rugby shirts, then he expects to sell 2000 100p shirts at
a tournament.
a) Find a polynomial R(p) that represents the total revenue
when the shirts are p dollars each.
75. Number pairs. If two numbers differ by 5, then what poly-
nomial represents their product? b) Find R(5), R(10), and R(20).
76. Number pairs. If two numbers have a sum of 9, then c) Use the bar graph to determine the price that will give
what polynomial represents their product? the maximum total revenue.
77. Area of a rectangle. The length of a rectangle is

2.3x 1.2 meters, and its width is 3.5x 5.1 meters. Total revenue (thousands
10
9
What polynomial represents its area? 8
of dollars)
7
6
5
4
78. Patchwork. A quilt patch cut in the shape of a triangle has 3
2
a base of 5x inches and a height of 1.732x inches. What 1
polynomial represents its area? 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Price (dollars)
Getting More Involved

81. Discussion
Name all properties of the real numbers that are used
in finding the following products:
a) 2ab3c2 5a2bc b) (x2 3)(x2 8x 6)
1.732x
82. Discussion
5x Find the product of 27 and 436 without using a
calculator. Then use the distributive property to find the
product (20 7)(400 30 6) as you would find the
product of a binomial and a trinomial. Explain how
Figure for Exercise 78 the two methods are related.
4.6 Multiplication of Binomials

In This Section In Section 4.5, you learned to multiply polynomials. In this section, you will learn a
rule that makes multiplication of binomials simpler.
U1V The FOIL Method
U2V Multiplying Binomials
Quickly
U3V Applications U1V The FOIL Method
We can use the distributive property to find the product of two binomials. For example,
(x 2)(x 3) (x 2)x (x 2)3 Distributive property

x2 2x 3x 6 Distributive property
x 5x 6
2
Combine like terms.
There are four terms in x 2 2x 3x 6. The term x2 is the product of the first terms
of each binomial, x and x. The term 3x is the product of the two outer terms, 3 and x.
The term 2x is the product of the two inner terms, 2 and x. The term 6 is the product
of the last terms of each binomial, 2 and 3. We can connect the terms multiplied by
lines as follows:
L
F
(x 2)(x 3) F First terms

O Outer terms
I I Inner terms
O L Last terms
If you remember the word FOIL, you can get the product of the two binomials much
faster than writing out all of the steps. This method is called the FOIL method. The
name should make it easier to remember.
E X A M P L E 1 Using the FOIL method

Find each product.
a) (x 2)(x 4) b) (2x 5)(3x 4)
c) (a b)(2a b) d) (x 3)( y 5)

You may have to practice FOIL a L
F
while to get good at it. However, F O I L
the better you are at FOIL, the a) (x 2)(x 4) x 2 4x 2x 8
easier you will find factoring in
x 2 2x 8 Combine like terms.
Chapter 5. I
O
b) (2x 5)(3x 4) 6x2 8x 15x 20

6x2 7x 20 Combine like terms.
c) (a b)(2a b) 2a2 ab 2ab b2
2a2 3ab b2
d) (x 3)( y 5) xy 5x 3y 15 There are no like terms to combine.
4-41 4.6 Multiplication of Binomials 295
FOIL can be used to multiply any two binomials. The binomials in Example 2
have higher powers than those of Example 1.
E X A M P L E 2 Using the FOIL method

Find each product.
a) (x3 3)(x3 6) b) (2a2 1)(a2 5)
Solution
a) (x3 3)(x3 6) x6 6x3 3x3 18
x6 3x3 18
b) (2a2 1)(a2 5) 2a4 10a2 a2 5
2a4 11a2 5
U2V Multiplying Binomials Quickly

The outer and inner products in the FOIL method are often like terms, and we can com-
bine them without writing them down. Once you become proficient at using FOIL, you
can find the product of two binomials without writing anything except the answer.
E X A M P L E 3 Using FOIL to find a product quickly

Find each product. Write down only the answer.
a) (x 3)(x 4) b) (2x 1)(x 5) c) (a 6)(a 6)
Solution
a) (x 3)(x 4) x2 7x 12 Combine like terms: 3x 4x 7x.
b) (2x 1)(x 5) 2x2 9x 5 Combine like terms: 10x x 9x.
c) (a 6)(a 6) a2 36 Combine like terms: 6a 6a 0.
E X A M P L E 4 Products of three binomials

Find each product.
a) (b 1)(b 2)(b 3)
1

1

b) x 3 x 3 (2x 5)
2 2
Solution
a) Use FOIL to find (b 1)(b 2) b2 b 2. Then use the distributive property
to multiply b2 b 2 and b 3:
(b 1)(b 2)(b 3) (b2 b 2) (b 3) FOIL
(b2 b 2)b (b2 b 2)(3) Distributive property
b3 b2 2b 3b2 3b 6 Distributive property
b 2b 5b 6
3 2
Combine like terms.

1
2
1
2 1

b) x 3 x 3 (2x 5) x2 9 (2x 5)
4
FOIL
1 3 5
x x2 18x 45 FOIL
2 4
U3V Applications
E X A M P L E 5 Area of a garden
Sheila has a square garden with sides of length x feet. If she increases the length by 7 feet
x ft
and decreases the width by 2 feet, then what trinomial represents the area of the new rect-
angular garden?
x ⫹ 7 ft
x ft
x ⫺ 2 ft Solution
The length of the new garden is x 7 feet and the width is x 2 feet as shown in Fig. 4.2.
The area is (x 7)(x 2) or x2 5x 14 square feet.
Figure 4.2 Now do Exercises 93–96
Warm-Ups ▼
1. We can use the property to multiply two 5. (x 3)(x 2) x2 6
binomials. 6. (x 5)(x 1) x2 5x x 5
2. stands for First, Outer, Inner, Last. 7. (a 3)(a 2) a2 a 6
3. The method gives the product of two binomials 8. (y 9)(y 2) y2 11y 18
quickly. 9. (b2 2)(b2 5) b4 3b2 10
4. The maximum number of terms that can result from the 10. (a b)(c d) ac bc bd
product of two binomials is .
Exercises
4.6
U Study Tips V
• Set short-term goals and reward yourself for accomplishing them. When you have solved 10 problems, take a short break and listen to
your favorite music.
• Study in a clean, comfortable, well-lit place, but don’t get too comfortable. Study at a desk, not in bed.
U1V The FOIL Method 3. (a 1)(a 4)

Use FOIL to find each product. See Example 1. 4. (w 3)(w 6)
1. (x 2)(x 4) 5. (x 9)(x 10)
2. (x 3)(x 5) 6. (x 5)( x 7)
4-43 4.6 Multiplication of Binomials 297
7. (2x 1)(x 3) 45. (2x 1)(2x 1)

8. (3x 2)(2x 1) 46. (3y 4)(3y 4)
9. (a 3)(a 2) 47. (z 10)(z 10)
10. (b 1)(b 2) 48. (3h 5)(3h 5)
11. (2x 1)(x 2) 49. (a b)(a b)
12. (2y 5)( y 2) 50. (x y)(x y)
13. (2a 3)(a 1) 51. (a 1)(a 2)
14. (3x 5)(x 4) 52. (b 8)(b 1)
15. (w 50)(w 10) 53. (2x 1)(x 3)
16. (w 30)(w 20) 54. (3y 5)( y 3)
17. (y a)( y 5) 55. (5t 2)(t 1)
18. (a t)(3 y) 56. (2t 3)(2t 1)
19. (5 w)(w m) 57. (h 7)(h 9)
20. (a h)(b t) 58. (h 7w)(h 7w)
21. (2m 3t)(5m 3t) 59. (h 7w)(h 7w)
22. (2x 5y)(x y) 60. (h 7q)(h 7q)
23. (5a 2b)(9a 7b) 61. (2h2 1)(2h2 1)
24. (11x 3y)(x 4y) 62. (3h2 1)(3h2 1)
Use FOIL to find each product. See Example 2. Find each product. See Example 4.
25. (x 2 5)(x 2 2) 63. (a 1)(a 2)(a 5)
26. ( y2 1)( y 2 2) 64. (y 1)( y 3)(y 4)
27. (h 3 5)(h 3 5) 65. (h 2)(h 3)(h 4)
28. ( y6 1)( y6 4) 66. (m 1)(m 3)(m 5)
29. (3b3 2)(b3 4)

1 1
67. x 4 x 4 (4x 8)
30. (5n4 1)(n4 3) 2 2
31. ( y 3)(y 2)
2

1 1
68. w 3 w 3 (w 6)
32. (x 1)(x2 1) 3 3
33. (3m3 n2)(2m3 3n2)

1 1
69. x x (x 8)
34. (6y4 2z2)(6y4 3z2) 2 2
35. (3u v 2)(4u v 6)
2 2

1 1
36. (5y3w 2 z)(2y3w 2 3z) 70. x x (x 9)
3 3
U2V Multiplying Binomials Quickly Miscellaneous

Find each product. Try to write only the answer. See Example 3. Perform the indicated operations.
37. (w 2)(w 1) 71. (x 10)(x 5)
38. (q 2)( q 3) 72. (x 4)(x 8)
39. (b 4)(b 5)

1 1
73. x x
40. ( y 8)( y 4) 2 2
41. (x 3)(x 9)

1 1
74. x x
42. (m 7)(m 8) 3 6
43. (a 5)(a 5)

1 1
75. 4x 2x
44. (t 4)(t 4) 2 4

1 1 95. Area of a sail. A sail is triangular in shape with a base
76. 3x 6x
6 3 of 2x 1 meters and a height of 4x 4 meters. Find
a polynomial A(x) that represents the area of the sail.

1 1
77. 2a 4a Find A(5).
2 2

2 1
78. 3b 6b 96. Area of a square. A square has sides of length
3 3 3x 1 meters. Find a polynomial A(x) that represents
12
1 1 1 the area of the square. Find A(1).
79. x x
3 4 2
3
2 1 1 1
80. t t
4 2 2 Getting More Involved
81. a(a 3)(a 4) 97. Exploration
82. w(w 5)(w 9) Find the area of each of the four regions shown in
83. x (x 6)(x 7)
3 the figure. What is the total area of the four regions? What
does this exercise illustrate?
84. x 2(x2 1)(x2 8)
85. 2x 4(3x 1)(2x 5)
86. 4xy3(2x y)(3x y)
87. (x 1)(x 1)(x 3) 4 ft h
ft
88. (a 3)(a 4)(a 5) h ft h ft
89. (3x 2)(3x 2)(x 5)
90. (x 6)(9x 4)(9x 4)
3 ft 3 ft
91. (x 1)(x 2) (x 3)(x 4)
92. (k 4)(k 9) (k 3)(k 7)
4 ft h
ft
U3V Applications
Solve each problem. See Example 5. Figure for Exercise 97
93. Area of a rug. Find a trinomial A(x) that represents the

area of a rectangular rug whose sides are x 3 feet and 98. Exploration
2x 1 feet. Find A(4).
Find the area of each of the four regions shown in
the figure. What is the total area of the four regions? What
does this exercise illustrate?
x3
a b
b b
2x 1
Figure for Exercise 93 a a
94. Area of a parallelogram. Find a trinomial A(x) that repre-

sents the area of a parallelogram whose base is 3x 2
a b
meters and whose height is 2x 3 meters. Find A(3).
dug84356_ch04c.qxd 9/14/10 12:17 PM Page 299
4-45 4.7 Special Products 299
4.7 Special Products
In This Section In Section 4.6, you learned the FOIL method to make multiplying binomials simpler.
In this section, you will learn rules for squaring binomials and for finding the
U1V The Square of a Sum or product of a sum and a difference. These products are called special products.
Difference
U V Product of a Sum and a
2
Difference
U3V Higher Powers of Binomials
U4V Applications U1V The Square of a Sum or Difference
To compute (a b)2, the square of a sum, we can write it as (a b)(a b) and use
U Helpful Hint V
FOIL:
To visualize the square of a sum,
draw a square with sides of length (a b)2 (a b)(a b)
a b as shown.
a2 ab ab b2
a b
a2 2ab b2
a a2 ab
So to square a b, we square the first term (a2), add twice the product of the two
terms (2ab), and then add the square of the last term (b2). The square of a sum occurs
b ab b2 so frequently that it is helpful to learn this new rule to find it. The rule for squaring a
sum is given symbolically as follows.
The area of the large square is (a b)2. The Square of a Sum

You get the same area if you add the
areas of the four smaller regions:
(a b)2 a2 2ab b2
(a b)2 a2 2(ab) b2.
E X A M P L E 1 Using the rule for squaring a sum

Find the square of each sum.
a) (x 3)2 b) (2a 5)2
Solution
a) (x 3)2 x2 2(x)(3) 32 x 2 6x 9

↑ ↑
Square ↑ Square
of Twice of
first the last
product
b) (2a 5)2 (2a)2 2(2a)(5) 52
4a2 20a 25
CAUTION Don’t forget the middle term when squaring a sum. The square of x 3
is x2 6x 9; it is not x2 9. The equation (x 3)2 x2 6x 9 is
an identity. It is true for every real number x. The equation (x 3)2
x2 9 is true only if x 0.
When we use FOIL to find (a b)2, we see that

(a b)2 (a b)(a b)
a2 ab ab b2
a2 2ab b2.
So to square a b, we square the first term (a2), subtract twice the product of the two
terms (2ab), and add the square of the last term (b2). The rule for squaring a
difference is given symbolically as follows.
The Square of a Difference
(a b)2 a2 2ab b2
E X A M P L E 2 Using the rule for squaring a difference

Find the square of each difference.
a) (x 4)2 b) (4b 5y)2

Many students keep using FOIL to a) (x 4)2 x2 2(x)(4) 42
find the square of a sum or differ- x2 8x 16
ence. However, learning the new
b) (4b 5y)2 (4b)2 2(4b)(5y) (5y)2
rules for these special cases will pay
off in the future. 16b2 40by 25y2
U2V Product of a Sum and a Difference

If we multiply the sum a b and the difference a b by using FOIL, we get
(a b)(a b) a2 ab ab b2
a2 b2.
The inner and outer products have a sum of 0. So the product of the sum a b and
the difference a b is equal to the difference of two squares a2 b2.
The Product of a Sum and a Difference

(a b)(a b) a2 b2
E X A M P L E 3 Product of a sum and a difference

Find each product.
a) (x 2)(x 2)
U Helpful Hint V b) (b 7)(b 7)
You can use c) (3x 5)(3x 5)
(a b)(a b) a b
2 2
Solution
to perform mental arithmetic tricks a) (x 2)(x 2) x2 4
like
19 21 (20 1)(20 1) b) (b 7)(b 7) b2 49
400 1 c) (3x 5)(3x 5) 9x2 25
399.
What is 29 31? 28 32? Now do Exercises 31–42
U3V Higher Powers of Binomials

To find a power of a binomial that is higher than 2, we can use the rule for squaring a
binomial along with the method of multiplying binomials using the distributive
property. Finding the second or higher power of a binomial is called expanding the
binomial because the result has more terms than the original.
E X A M P L E 4 Higher powers of a binomial

Expand each binomial.
a) (x 4)3 b) ( y 2)4
Solution
a) (x 4)3 (x 4)2(x 4)
(x 2 8x 16)(x 4) Square of a sum
(x 8x 16)x (x 8x 16)4
2 2
Distributive property
x3 8x 2 16x 4x2 32x 64
x3 12x2 48x 64
b) (y 2)4 ( y 2)2(y 2)2
( y2 4y 4)( y2 4y 4)
( y2 4y 4)( y2) ( y2 4y 4)(4y) ( y2 4y 4)(4)
y4 4y3 4y2 4y3 16y2 16y 4y2 16y 16
y4 8y3 24y2 32y 16
U4V Applications
E X A M P L E 5 Area
a) A square patio has sides of length x feet. If the length and width are increased by
2 feet, then what trinomial represents the area of the larger patio?
b) A pizza parlor makes all of its pizzas 1 inch smaller in radius than advertised. If x
is the advertised radius, then what trinomial represents the actual area?
Solution
a) The area of a square is given by A s2. Since the larger patio has sides of length
x 2 feet, its area is (x 2)2 or x2 4x 4 square feet.
b) The area of a circle is given by A r2. If the advertised radius is x inches, then
the actual radius is x 1 inches. The actual area is (x 1)2:
(x 1)2 (x2 2x 1) x 2 2x
So the actual area is x2 2x square inches. Since is a number, this trino-
mial is a trinomial in one variable, x.
Warm-Ups ▼
1. The square of a sum, the square of a difference, and the 4. (2 3)2 22 32
product of a sum and a difference are the 5. For any value of x, (x 3)2 x2 6x 9.
products. 6. (3 5)2 9 30 25
2. The product of a sum and a difference is equal to the 7. For any value of x, (x 6) (x 6) x2 36.
of two squares.
8. (40 1) (40 1) 1599
3. The of a binomial is the square of the first term,
9. (49) (51) 2499
plus twice the product of the terms, plus the square of
the last term.
Exercises
4.7
U Study Tips V
• We are all creatures of habit. When you find a place in which you study successfully, stick with it.
• Studying in a quiet place is better than studying in a noisy place. There are very few people who can listen to music or conversation
and study effectively.
Square each binomial. See Example 2.

U1V The Square of a Sum or Difference
Square each binomial. See Example 1. 17. (p 2)2 18. (b 5)2
1. (x 1)2 2. (y 2)2
19. (a 3)2 20. (w 4)2
3. ( y 4)2 4. (z 3)2 21. (t 1)2 22. (t 6)2
5. (m 6)2 6. (w 7)2 23. (3t 2)2 24. (5a 6)2
7. (a 9)2 25. (s t)2 26. (r w)2

8. (b 10)2
27. (3a b)2 28. (4w 7)2
9. (3x 8)2 10. (2m 7)2
29. (3z 5y)2 30. (2z 3w)2
11. (s t)2 12. (x z)2
13. (2x y)2 14. (3t v)2 U2V Product of a Sum and a Difference
15. (2t 3h)2 16. (3z 5k)2 31. (a 5)(a 5) 32. (x 6)(x 6)
33. (y 1)(y 1) 34. ( p 2)( p 2) 74. (0.1y 0.5)2

75. (a b)3
35. (3x 8)(3x 8) 36. (6x 1)(6x 1) 76. (2a 3b)3
77. (1.5x 3.8)2
37. (r s)(r s) 38. (b y)(b y)
78. (3.45a 2.3)2
39. (8y 3a)(8y 3a) 40. (4u 9v)(4u 9v)
79. (3.5t 2.5)(3.5t 2.5)
41. (5x 2 2)(5x 2 2) 42. (3y2 1)(3y2 1) 80. (4.5h 5.7)(4.5h 5.7)
U4V Applications
U3V Higher Powers of Binomials Solve each problem. See Example 5.
Expand each binomial. See Example 4. 81. Area of a square. Find a polynomial A(x) that represents
43. (x 1) 3 the area of the shaded region in the accompanying figure.
44. (y 1)3
45. (2a 3)3 x 3
46. (3w 1)3 3 3
47. (a 3)4
48. (2b 1)4
49. (a b)4 x x
50. (2a 3b)4

x 3
Miscellaneous
82. Area of a square. Find a polynomial A(x) that represents
Find each product. the area of the shaded region in the accompanying figure.
51. (a 20)(a 20) 52. (1 x)(1 x)
x
53. (x 8)(x 7) 54. (x 9)(x 5) 3
3 3
55. (4x 1)(4x 1) 56. (9y 1)(9y 1)
x
57. (9y 1)2 58. (4x 1)2
59. (2t 5)(3t 4) 60. (2t 5)(3t 4)

3
61. (2t 5)2 62. (2t 5)2 Figure for Exercise 82
63. (2t 5)(2t 5) 64. (3t 4)(3t 4) 83. Shrinking garden. Rose’s garden is a square with sides of
length x feet. Next spring she plans to make it rectangular
65. (x2 1)(x2 1) 66. ( y3 1)( y3 1) by lengthening one side 5 feet and shortening the other side
67. (2y3 9)2 68. (3z4 8)2 by 5 feet.
a) Find a polynomial A(x) that represents the new area.
69. (2x 3y
3 2 2
) 70. (4y 2w
5
)
3 2
b) By how much will the area of the new garden differ from

2 2
1 1 2 1 that of the old garden?
71. x 72. y
2 3 3 2 84. Square lot. Sam has a lot that he thought was a square,
200 feet by 200 feet. When he had it surveyed, he
discovered that one side was x feet longer than he thought
73. (0.2x 0.1)2 and the other side was x feet shorter than he thought.
a) Find a polynomial A(x) that represents the new area. Use a special product rule to simplify this formula. What is
the cost of paving the track if the inside radius is 1000 feet
b) Find A(2). and the width of the track is 40 feet?
c) If x 2 feet, then how much less area does he have
than he thought he had?
85. Area of a circle. Find a polynomial A(b) that represents
the area of a circle whose radius is b 1. Use 3.14 for .
w
r
86. Comparing dart boards. A small circular dart board has
radius t inches and a larger one has a radius that is 3 inches
larger.
a) Find a polynomial D(t) that represents the difference in
area between the two dart boards. Use 3.14 for .
b) Find D(4).
t ⫹ 3 in.
t in.
89. Compounded annually. P dollars is invested at annual interest

rate r for 2 years. If the interest is compounded annually, then
the polynomial P(1 r)2 represents the value of the investment
after 2 years. Rewrite this expression without parentheses.
Evaluate the polynomial if P $200 and r 10%.
Figure for Exercise 86 90. Compounded semiannually. P dollars is invested at annual

interest rate r for 1 year. If the interest is compounded
2
87. Poiseuille’s law. According to the nineteenth-century physi- semiannually, then the polynomial P1 r represents the
cian Jean Poiseuille, the velocity (in centimeters per 2
value of the investment after 1 year. Rewrite this expres-
second) of blood r centimeters from the center of an artery
sion without parentheses. Evaluate the polynomial if
of radius R centimeters is given by
v k(R r)(R r), P $200 and r 10%.
where k is a constant. Rewrite the formula using a special 91. Investing in treasury bills. An investment advisor uses the
product rule. polynomial P(1 r)10 to predict the value in 10 years of a
client’s investment of P dollars with an average annual
return r. The accompanying graph shows historic average
annual returns for the last 20 years for various asset classes
(T. Rowe Price, www.troweprice.com). Use the historical
average return to predict the value in 10 years of an invest-
ment of $10,000 in U.S. treasury bills.
92. Comparing investments. How much more would the
investment in Exercise 91 be worth in 10 years if the client
r
R
Average annual return (percent)
20
16.7%
16
12 10.3%
8 7.3%
Figure for Exercise 87 4 3.4%
0
88. Going in circles. A promoter is planning a circular race Large Long-term U.S. Inflation
company corporate treasury
track with an inside radius of r feet and a width of w feet. stocks bonds bills
The cost in dollars for paving the track is given by the formula
C 1.2[(r w)2 r 2].
Figure for Exercises 91 and 92
4-51 4.8 Division of Polynomials 305
invests in large company stocks rather than U.S. treasury 94. Writing
bills?
Is it possible to square a sum or a difference without
Getting More Involved using the rules presented in this section? Why should you
learn the rules given in this section?
93. Writing
What is the difference between the equations
(x 5)2 x 2 10x 25 and (x 5)2 x2 25?
4.8 Division of Polynomials

In This Section You multiplied polynomials in Section 4.5. In this section, you will learn to divide
polynomials.
U1V Dividing Monomials
U2V Dividing a Polynomial by a
Monomial
U3V Dividing a Polynomial by a U1V Dividing Monomials
Binomial We actually divided some monomials in Section 4.1 using the quotient rule for expo-
nents. We use the quotient rule here also. In Section 4.2, we divided expressions with
positive and negative exponents. Since monomials and polynomials have nonnegative
exponents only, we will not be using negative exponents here.
E X A M P L E 1 Dividing monomials
Find each quotient. All variables represent nonzero real numbers.
4x3 10a2b4
a) (12x5) (3x2) b) c)
2x3 2a2b2
Solution
12x5
a) 12x5 (3x2) 4x52 4x3
3x2
The quotient is 4x3. Use the definition of division to check that 4x3 3x2 12x5.
4x3
b) 2x33 2x0 2 1 2
2x3
The quotient is 2. Use the definition of division to check that 2 2x3 4x3.
10a3b4
c) 5a32b42 5ab2
2a2b2
The quotient is 5ab2. Check that 5ab2(2a2b2) 10a3b4.
If a b c, then a is called the dividend, b is called the divisor, and c is called the
quotient. We use these terms with division of real numbers or division of polynomials.
U2V Dividing a Polynomial by a Monomial

We divided some simple polynomials by monomials in Chapter 1 using the distributive
property. Now that we have the rules of exponents, we can use them to divide polyno-
mials of higher degrees by monomials. Because of the distributive property, each term
of the polynomial in the numerator is divided by the monomial from the denominator.
E X A M P L E 2 Dividing a polynomial by a monomial

Find the quotient.
a) (5x 10) 5 b) (8x6 12x4 4x2) (4x2)
Solution
a) By the distributive property, each term of 5x 10 is divided by 5:
5x 10 5x 10
x 2
5 5 5
The quotient is x 2. Check by multiplying: 5(x 2) 5x 10.
b) By the distributive property, each term of 8x6 12x4 4x2 is divided by 4x2:
8x6 12x 4 4x 2 8x6 12x 4 4x 2

2
4x 2 4x 2 4x 2 4x
2x 4 3x 2 1
The quotient is 2x 4 3x 2 1. We can check by multiplying.
4x 2(2x 4 3x 2 1) 8x 6 12x 4 4x 2
Because division by zero is undefined, we will always assume that the divisor is
nonzero in any quotient involving variables. For example, the division in Example 3
is valid only if 4x2 0, or x 0.
U3V Dividing a Polynomial by a Binomial

Division of whole numbers is often done with a procedure called long division. For
example, 253 is divided by 7 as follows:
36 ← Quotient
Divisor → 53 ← Dividend
72
21
43
42
1 ← Remainder
Note that the remainder must be smaller than the divisor and
dividend (quotient)(divisor) (remainder).
This fact is used to check. Since 253 36 7 1, the division was done correctly.
Dividing each side of this last equation by “divisor” yields the equation
dividend remainder
quotient .
divisor divisor
There are two ways to express the result of dividing 253 by 7. One is to state that the
quotient is 36 and the remainder is 1. The other is to write the equation
253 1 1
36 36.
7 7 7
If the division is done in a context where fractions are allowed, then 361 could be
7
called the quotient. For example, dividing $9 among 2 people results in $41 each.
2
However, dividing 9 people into groups of 2 to play tennis results in 4 groups with a
remainder of 1 person.
To divide a polynomial by a binomial, we perform the division like long division
of whole numbers. For example, to divide x2 3x 10 by x 2, we get the first term
of the quotient by dividing the first term of x 2 into the first term of x 2 3x 10.
So divide x 2 by x to get x, and then multiply and subtract as follows:
1 Divide: x x2 x x
2 Multiply: x 2
x23x
10
x2 2x x (x 2) x2 2x
3 Subtract: 5x 3x 2x 5x
Now bring down 10 and continue the process. We get the second term of the
quotient (see the following) by dividing the first term of x 2 into the first term of
5x 10. So divide 5x by x to get 5:
1 Divide: x5 5x x 5
2 Multiply: x 2x2x
30
1
x 2x
2
↓ Bring down 10.
5x 10
5x 10 5(x 2) 5x 10
3 Subtract: 0 10 (10) 0
So the quotient is x 5, and the remainder is 0.

In Example 3 there is a term missing in the dividend. To account for the missing
term we insert a term with a zero coefficient.
E X A M P L E 3 Dividing a polynomial by a binomial

Determine the quotient and remainder when x3 5x 1 is divided by x 4.
Solution
Because the x2-term in the dividend x3 5x 1 is missing, we write 0 x2 for it:
Place x2 in the quotient
because x 3 x x 2.
Place 4x in the quotient
because 4x 2 x 4x.
Place 11 in the quotient
because 11x x 11.
x 2 4x 11
x 4
x 30x2
5
x1
x 4x
3 2
x2(x 4) x3 4x2
4x 2 5x 0 x2 (4x2) 4x2
4x 16x
2
4x(x 4) 4x2 16x
11x 1 5x (16x) 11x
11x 44 11(x 4) 11x 44
43 1 (44) 43
So the quotient is x2 4x 11 and the remainder is 43. To check, multiply the quotient by
divisor x 4 and add the remainder to see if you get the dividend x3 5x 1:
(x 4)(x 2 4x 11) 43 x (x 2 4x 11) 4(x 2 4x 11) 43
x 3 4x 2 11x 4x 2 16x 44 43
x 3 5x 1 The dividend
In Example 4, the terms of the dividend are not in order of decreasing exponents
and there is a missing term.
E X A M P L E 4 Dividing a polynomial by a binomial

Divide 2x 3 4 7x 2 by 2x 3, and identify the quotient and the remainder.
Solution
U Helpful Hint V Rearrange the dividend as 2x3 7x2 4. Because the x-term in the dividend is missing,
we write 0 x for it:
Students usually have the most
difficulty with the subtraction part
of long division. So pay particular x2 2x 3 2x 3 (2x) x 2
attention to that step and double 2x 3
2
x 3
7
x20x4
check your work.
2x 3x
3 2
x2(2x 3) 2x3 3x2
4x 2 0 x 7x 2 (3x2) 4x 2
4x 2 6x 2x(2x 3) 4x2 6x
6x 4 0 x 6x 6x
6x 9 3(2x 3) 6x 9
13 4 (9) 13
The quotient is x2 2x 3 and the remainder is 13. To check, multiply the quotient by
the divisor 2x 3 and add the remainder 13 to see if you get the dividend
2x3 7x2 4:
(2x 3)(x 2 2x 3) 13 2x (x 2 2x 3) 3(x 2 2x 3) 13
2x 3 4x 2 6x 3x 2 6x 9 13
2x 3 7x 2 4 The dividend
CAUTION To avoid errors, always write the terms of the divisor and the dividend in
descending order of the exponents and insert a zero for any term that is
missing.
E X A M P L E 5 Rewriting algebraic fractions

3x
Express in the form
x2
remainder
quotient .
divisor
Solution
Use long division to get the quotient and remainder:
3
3
x 2 x
0
3x 6
6
To check, multiply the divisor and quotient and add the remainder to see if you get the
dividend 3x:
3(x 2) 6 3x 6 6 3x
Because the quotient is 3 and the remainder is 6, we can write
3x 6
3 .
x2 x2
To check we must verify that 3(x 2) 6 3x.

CAUTION When dividing polynomials by long division, we do not stop until

the remainder is 0 or the degree of the remainder is smaller than the
degree of the divisor. For example, we stop dividing in Example 5
because the degree of the remainder 6 is 0 and the degree of the divisor
x 2 is 1.
Warm-Ups ▼
1. The rule for exponents can be used when 5. For any nonzero value of y, y10 y2 y5.
dividing monomials. 7x 2
6. For any value of x, x 2.
2. If a b c, then a is the , b is the 7
7x2
and c is the . 7. For any value of x, x2.
7
3. The terms of a polynomial are written in
8. If 3x2 6 is divided by 3, then the quotient is x2 2.
order of the exponents for long division.
4. The long division process stops when the degree of the
9. The quotient times the remainder plus the dividend
remainder is than the degree of the divisor.
equals the divisor.
10. If the remainder is zero, then the quotient times the
divisor is equal to the dividend.
4.8 Exercises
U Study Tips V
• Eliminate the obvious distractions when you study. Disconnect the telephone and put away newspapers, magazines, and unfinished
projects.
• The sight of a textbook from another class might be a distraction if you have a lot of work to do in that class.
U1V Dividing Monomials U3V Dividing a Polynomial by a Binomial

Find each quotient. Try to write only the answer. Complete each division and identify the quotient and remainder.
See Example 1. See Example 3.
2 3
x8 y9
1. 2 2. 3 27. x 12
x
3 28. x 2 3
x 4
x y 2x 2 3x 6
w12 m20
3. 4.
w3 m10
x x
a14 b19 29. x 3
x22x
1 30. x 4
x23x
2
5. 6. 12
a5 b x2 3x x2 4x
6a12 30b6
7. 8.
2a7 3b2
Find the quotient and remainder for each division. Check
9. a9 a3 10. b12 b4 by using the fact that dividend (quotient)(divisor)
remainder. See Example 4.
11. 12x9 (3x5) 12. 6y10 (3y5)
31. (x2 5x 13) (x 3)
13. 6y (6y)
2
14. 3a b (3ab)
2
32. (x2 3x 6) (x 3)
6x3y2 4h2k4 33. (2x) (x 5)
15. 2 16.
2x y2 2hk3 34. (5x) (x 1)
9x y 5 2
12z y 10 2 35. (a3 4a 3) (a 2)
17. 2 18.
3x y2 2z4y2 36. (w3 2w2 3) (w 2)
37. (x2 3x) (x 1)
U2V Dividing a Polynomial by a Monomial 38. (3x2) (x 1)
Find the quotients. See Example 2. 39. (h3 27) (h 3)
3x 6 40. (w3 1) (w 1)
19.
3 41. (6x2 13x 7) (3x 2)
5y 10
20. 42. (4b2 25b 3) (4b 1)
5
43. (x3 x2 x 2) (x 1)
x5 3x4 x3
21. 44. (a3 3a2 4a 4) (a 2)
x2
6y 9y4 12y2
6
Write each expression in the form
22.
3y2 remainder
8x2y2 4x 2y 2xy2 quotient .
23. divisor
2xy See Example 5.
9ab2 6a3b3 3x 2x
24. 45. 46.
3ab2 x5 x1
25. (x y 3x3y2) (x2y)
2 3
x 3x
47. 48.
26. (4h5k 6h2k2) (2h2k) x3 x1
x1 a5
49. 50.
x a GAS FOR LESS
3x 1 2y 1
51. 52. NEXT EXIT
x y ?
x2 x2
53. 54. TEXACO
x1 x1
x2 4 x ⫹ 6 meters
55.
x2 Figure for Exercise 81
x2 1
56.
x1 82. Perimeter of a rectangle. The perimeter of a rectangular
x3 backyard is 6x 6 yards. If the width is x yards, find a
57.
x2 binomial that represents the length.
x3 1
58.
x1
x3 3 2x2 4
59. 60.
x 2x
Miscellaneous
Find each quotient.
61. 6a3b (2a2b) x yards
62. 14x7 (7x2)
63. 8w9t7 (2w4t3)
64. 9y7z11 (3y3z4)
65. (3a 12) (3)
?
66. (6z 3z 2) (3z)
67. (3x 2 9x) (3x)
68. (5x 3 15x 2 25x) (5x)
69. (12x 4 4x 3 6x 2) (2x 2) Getting More Involved
70. (9x 3 3x 2 15x) (3x) 83. Exploration
71. (t 2 5t 36) (t 9)
Divide x3 1 by x 1, x4 1 by x 1, and x5 1 by
72. (b2 2b 35) (b 5)
x 1. What is the quotient when x9 1 is divided by x 1?
73. (6w2 7w 5) (3w 5)
74. (4z2 23z 6) (4z 1)
75. (8x 3 27) (2x 3) 84. Exploration
76. (8y 3 1) (2y 1)
Divide a3 b3 by a b and a4 b4 by a b. What is
77. (t 3 3t 2 5t 6) (t 2)
the quotient when a8 b8 is divided by a b?
78. (2u3 13u2 8u 7) (u 7)
79. (6v2 4 9v v 3) (v 4)
80. (14y 8y2 y3 12) (6 y) 85. Discussion
Solve each problem. 10x
Are the expressions , 10x 5x, and (10x) (5x)
5x
81. Area of a rectangle. The area of a rectangular billboard is equivalent? Before you answer, review the order of operations
x 2 x 30 square meters. If the length is x 6 meters, in Section 1.5 and evaluate each expression for x 3.
find a binomial that represents the width.
4
Chapter
Wrap-Up
Summary
The Rules of Exponents Examples

The following rules hold for any integers m and n,
and nonzero real numbers a and b.
Zero exponent a0 1 (3)0 1, 30 1
Product rule for exponents am an amn a2 a3 a5, b5 b3 b2
am y3
Quotient rule for exponents amn x8 x2 x6, 7 y4
an y
Power of a power rule (am)n amn (22)3 26, (w3)4 w12
Power of a product rule (ab)n anbn (2t)3 8t3, (3t2)4 81t8
an x3 a3 2 a6
b
a n x 3
Power of a n , 8
4
quotient rule b b 3 27 b
Negative Exponents Examples

1 1
Negative integral If n is a positive integer and a is a nonzero real 32 , x5 5
exponents 1 32 x
number, then an n.
a
1 1
Rules for negative If a is a nonzero real number and n is a positive 51 , 3
x3
exponents 5 x
n 3

1 1 1 1
integer, then a1 , n
an, an , 23
a a a 2
a
n n
2 3 3
2
b 3
and .
b a 3
4-59 Chapter 4 Summary 313
Scientific Notation Examples

Converting from 1. Find the number of places to move the decimal 5.6 103 5600
scientific notation point by examining the exponent on the 10.
2. Move to the right for a positive exponent and to 9 104 0.0009
the left for a negative exponent.
Converting into 1. Count the number of places (n) that the decimal
scientific notation point must be moved so that it will follow the
(positive numbers) first nonzero digit of the number.
2. If the original number was larger than 10, 304.6 3.046 102
use 10n.
3. If the original number was smaller than 1, 0.0035 3.5 103
use 10n.
Polynomials Examples
Term A number or the product of a number and 5x3, 4x, 7
one or more variables raised to powers
Polynomial A single term or a finite sum of terms 2x 5 9x 2 11
Degree of a polynomial The highest degree of any of the terms Degree of 2x 9 is 1.

Degree of 5x 3 x 2 is 3.
Naming a polynomial A polynomial can be named with a letter P x2 1

such as P or P(x) (function notation). P(x) x2 1
Evaluating a polynomial The value of a polynomial is the real number that If x 3, then P 8, or
is obtained when the variable (x) is replaced with P(3) 8.
a real number.
Adding, Subtracting, and Multiplying Polynomials Examples

Add or subtract Add or subtract the like terms. (x 1) (x 4) 2x 3
polynomials (x2 3x) (4x2 x)
3x2 2x
Multiply monomials Use the product rule for exponents. 2x5 6x8 12x13
Multiply polynomials Multiply each term of one polynomial by (x 1)(x2 2x 5)

every term of the other polynomial, and x(x2 2x 5) 1(x2 2x 5)
then combine like terms. x3 2x2 5x x2 2x 5
x3 x2 3x 5
Binomials Examples
FOIL A method for multiplying two binomials quickly (x 2)(x 3) x2 x 6
Square of a sum (a b)2 a2 2ab b2 (x 3)2 x2 6x 9
Square of a difference (a b)2 a2 2ab b2 (m 5)2 m2 10m 25
Product of a sum (a b)(a b) a2 b2 (x 2)(x 2) x2 4

and a difference
Dividing Polynomials Examples

Dividing monomials Use the quotient rule for exponents 8x5 (2x2) 4x3
Divide a polynomial Divide each term of the polynomial by the 3x5 9x

x4 3
by a monomial monomial. 3x
x 7 ← Quotient
Divide a polynomial If the divisor is a binomial, use Divisor → x 2
x25x
4 ← Dividend
by a binomial long division. x2 2x
(quotient)(divisor) (remainder) dividend 7x 4
7x 14
10 ← Remainder
Enriching Your Mathematical Word Power

Fill in the blank. 8. The method is a procedure for multiplying two
1. A is an expression containing one or more variables binomials quickly.
raised to whole number powers. 9. The amount of money invested is the .
2. A is a single term or a finite sum of terms. 10. The value of the principal after a certain period of time is
3. The of a polynomial is the highest degree of any of the .
its terms. 11. The value is the principal that must be invested
today to grow to a specified amount in the future.
4. The coefficient of the first term of a polynomial when it is
written in order of decreasing exponents is the 12. The expression (a b)2 is the of a sum.
coefficient. 13. The expression a b is the
2 2
of two squares.
5. A polynomial with one term is a . 14. If a b c, then a is the , b is the , and
c is the .
6. A polynomial with two terms is a .
15. A notation for expressing large or small numbers using
7. A polynomial with three terms is a .
powers of 10 is notation.
Review Exercises
4.1 The Rules of Exponents 10b5c9 30k3y9
5. 5 6.
Simplify each expression. Assume all variables represent 2b c3 15k3y2
nonzero real numbers. 6 8
7. (b5) 8. (y5)
1. 50 30 2. 40 30
3 4
3. 3a3 2a4 4. 2y10(3y20 ) 9. (2x3y2) 10. (3a4b6)
4-61 Chapter 4 Review Exercises 315

2a 3 3y2 3 (4,000,000,000)(0.0000006)
11. 2 12. 49.
b 2 (0.000012)(2,000,000)

6x2y5

3a4b8
3 4 (1200)(0.00002)
13. 14. 3 50.
3z6 6a b12 0.0000004
4.2 Negative Exponents 4.4 Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials

Simplify each expression. Assume all variables represent Perform the indicated operations.
nonzero real numbers. Use only positive exponents in answers. 51. (2w 6) (3w 4)
15. 23 16. 24 52. (1 3y) (4y 6)
53. (x2 2x 5) (x2 4x 9)

1 1 1 2
17. 18.
7 2 54. (3 5x x2) (x2 7x 8)
19. x5 x8 20. a3a9 55. (5 3w w2) (w2 4w 9)
a 8 a10 56. (2t2 3t 4) (t2 7t 2)
21. 22. 4
a 12 a 57. (4 3m m2) (m2 6m 5)
4 10
23. (x3) 24. (x5)
58. (n3 n2 9) (n4 n3 5)
3 3 5 2
25. (2x ) 26. (3y ) Find the following values.
2 3
a2
a
27.
3b3
28.
5b
59. Find the value of the polynomial x3 9x if x 3.
60. Find the value of the polynomial x2 7x 1 if x 4.
4.3 Scientific Notation 61. Suppose that P(x) x3 x2 x 1. Find P(2).
Write each number in standard notation. 62. Suppose that Q(x) x2 6x 8. Find Q(3).
29. 8.36 106 30. 3.4 107
4.5 Multiplication of Polynomials
31. 5.7 104 32. 4 103 Perform the indicated operations.
33. 4.5 million 63. 5x2 (10x9) 64. 3h3t2 2h2t5
34. 34 trillion
65. (11a7)2 66. (12b3)2
35. 3561 thousand
67. x 5(x 3)
36. 0.6 billion
68. x 4(x 9)
Write each number in scientific notation. 69. 5x 3(x2 5x 4)
37. 8,070,000 38. 90,000 70. 5 4x2(x 5)
39. 0.000709 40. 0.0000005 71. 3m2(5m3 m 2)
72. 4a4(a2 2a 4)
41. 1.2 trillion
73. (x 5)(x2 2x 10)
42. 0.8 million
74. (x 2)(x2 2x 4)
43. 500 thousand
75. (x2 2x 4)(3x 2)
44. 455.6 billion
76. (5x 3)(x2 5x 4)
Perform each computation without a calculator. Write the 4.6 Multiplication of Binomials
answer in scientific notation. Perform the indicated operations.
45. (5(2 104))3 77. (q 6)(q 8)
46. (6(2 103))2 78. (w 5)(w 12)
9 79. (2t 3)(t 9)
(2 10 )(3 10 ) 7
47.
5(6 104) 80. (5r 1)(5r 2)
12
(3 10 )(5 10 ) 4 81. (4y 3)(5y 2)
48. 30 109 82. (11y 1)(y 2)
83. (3x2 5)(2x2 1) 115. (x3 x2 11x 10) (x 1)

84. (x3 7)(2x3 7) 116. ( y3 9y2 3y 6) (y 1)
4.7 Special Products Write each expression in the form
Perform the indicated operations. Try to write only the answers.
remainder
85. (z 7)(z 7) quotient .
divisor
86. (a 4)(a 4)
2x
87. ( y 7)2 117.
x3
88. (a 5)2 3x
118.
89. (w 3)2 x4
90. (a 6)2 2x
119.
91. (x2 3)(x2 3) 1x
92. (2b2 1)(2b2 1) 120.
3x
93. (3a 1)2 5x
x2 3
94. (1 3c)2 121.
x1
95. (4 y)2
x2 3x 1
96. (9 t)2 122.
x3
x2
4.8 Division of Polynomials 123.
x1
Find each quotient.
2x2
97. 10x5 (2x3) 124.
x3
98. 6x4y2 (2x2y2) Miscellaneous
Perform the indicated operations.
6a b c5 9 6
9h t r
79 2
99. 3 100. 5 125. (x 3)(x 7)
3a b7c6 3h t6r2
3x 9 7y 126. (k 5)(k 4)
101. 102.
3 1 127. (t 3y)(t 4y)
9x3 6x2 3x 128. (t 7z)(t 6z)
103.
3x 129. (2x3)0 (2y)0 130. (4y2 9)0
8x3y5 4x2y4 2xy3 131. (3ht6)3
104.
2xy2 132. (9y3c4)2
105. (a 1) (1 a) 133. (2w 3)(w 6)
106. (t 3) (3 t) 134. (3x 5)(2x 6)
107. (m4 16) (m 2) 135. (3u 5v)(3u 5v)
136. (9x2 2)(9x2 2)
108. (x4 1) (x 1)
137. (3h 5)2
Find the quotient and remainder. 138. (4v 3)2
109. (3m3 9m2 18m) (3m)
139. (x 3)3
110. (8x 4x 18x) (2x)
3 2
140. (k 10)3
111. (b 3b 5) (b 2)
2
141. (7s2t)(2s3t5)
112. (r 5r 9) (r 3)
2
142. 5w3r2 2w4r8
113. (4x 9) (2x 1)
2
6h3y5 4

4
k4m2
143. 22 144. 7
114. (9y 2y) (3y 2)
3 2k m 2h y2
4-63 Chapter 4 Review Exercises 317
145. (5x2 8x 8) (4x2 x 3) alarm. Use the bar graph to find the price per smoke
alarm that gives the maximum weekly revenue.
146. (4x2 6x 8) (9x2 5x 7)
147. (2x2 2x 3) (3x2 x 9)
148. (x2 3x 1) (x2 2x 1)
149. (x 4)(x2 5x 1)
(hundreds of dollars)
70
Weekly revenue
60
150. (2x2 7x 4)(x 3) 50
40
151. (x2 4x 12) (x 2) 30
20
152. (a2 3a 10) (a 5) 10
4 12 20 28 36
Applications Price (dollars)
Solve each problem.
153. Roundball court. The length of a basketball court is Figure for Exercise 155
44 feet more than its width w. Find polynomials P(w)
and A(w) that represent its perimeter and area. Find 156. Boom box sales. A retailer of boom boxes knows that at
P(50) and A(50). a price of q dollars each, he can sell 900 3q boom
boxes per month. Find a polynomial R(q) that represents
the monthly revenue for the boom boxes. How many
boom boxes will he sell if the price is $300 each?
157. CD savings. Valerie invested $12,000 in a CD that paid

6% compounded annually for 8 years. What was the
value of her investment at the end of the eighth year?
w ft w ⫹ 44 ft
158. Risky business. Tony invested $45,000 in Kirk’s new

business. If Kirk does well, he will pay Tony back in
5 years with interest at 5% compounded annually. If the
business succeeds, then how much will Tony receive
in 5 years?
154. Badminton court. The width of a badminton court is 159. Saving for a house. Newlyweds Michael and Leslie
24 feet less than its length x. Find polynomials P(x) want to have $30,000 for a down payment on a house in
and A(x) that represent its perimeter and area. Find P(44) 4 years. If they can earn 9% interest compounded annually,
and A(44). then how much would they have to have now to reach
this goal?
155. Smoke alert. A retailer of smoke alarms knows that at a 160. Opening a business. Sandy wants to start a florist shop
price of p dollars each, she can sell 600 15p smoke in 6 years and figures that she will need $20,000 to do it.
alarms per week. Find a polynomial R(p) that represents If she can earn 7% interest compounded annually, then
the weekly revenue for the smoke alarms. Find the how much does she need now to reach this goal?
revenue for a week in which the price is $12 per smoke
Chapter 4 Test
Use the rules of exponents to simplify each expression. Write 27. (a 7)2
answers without negative exponents.
28. (4x 3y)2
1. 5x3 7x5 2. 3x3y (2xy4)2
29. (b 3)(b 3)
3. 4a6b5 (2a5b) 4. 3x2 5x7
5 30. (3t2 7)(3t2 7)
2a 6a7b6c2
5.
b2 6. 3
2a b8c2 31. (4x2 3)(x2 2)
6t7 w6
7. 8. 4 32. (x 2)(x 3)(x 4)
2t9 w
9. (3s3t2)2 10. (2x6y)3 Write each expression in the form

remainder
Convert to scientific notation. quotient .
divisor
11. 5,433,000 2x
33.
12. 0.0000065 x3
Convert to standard notation. x2 3x 5

34.
13. 3.2 103 x2
14. 8 105 Solve each problem.

15. 3.5 billion 35. Find the value of the polynomial x3 5x 1 when x 3.
16. 12 trillion
36. Suppose that P(x) x2 5x 2. Find P(0) and P(3).
Perform each computation by converting to scientific notation.
Give answers in scientific notation. 37. Find the quotient and remainder when x2 5x 9 is
17. (80,000)(0.000006) divided by x 3.
18. (0.0000003)4 38. Subtract 3x2 4x 9 from x2 3x 6.
Perform the indicated operations. 39. The width of a pool table is x feet, and the length is 4 feet
19. (7x3 x2 6) (5x2 2x 5) longer than the width. Find polynomials A(x) and P(x) that
20. (x2 3x 5) (2x2 6x 7) represent the area and perimeter of the pool table. Find
A(4) and P(4).
6y3 9y2
21.
3y
40. If a manufacturer charges q dollars each for footballs,
22. (x 2) (2 x) then he can sell 3000 150q footballs per week. Find a
23. (x3 2x2 4x 3) (x 3) polynomial R(q) that represents the revenue for one week.
Find the weekly revenue if the price is $8 for each football.
24. 3x2(5x3 7x2 4x 1)
Find the products. 41. Gordon got a $15,000 bonus and has decided to invest it in
the stock market until he retires in 35 years. If he averages
25. (x 5)(x 2)
9% return on the investment compounded annually, then
26. (3a 7)(2a 5) how much will he have in 35 years?
4-65 Chapter 4 Making Connections 319
Making Connections A Review of Chapters 1–4
Evaluate each arithmetic expression. 41. Find the slope of the line y 2x 1.

1
1. 16 (2) 2. 16 42. Find the slope of the line that goes through (0, 0) and
2
2, 3.
1 1
3. (5)2 3(5) 1 4. 52 4(5) 3
5. 215 210 6. 26 25 43. If y 34x 3 and y is 12, then what is x?
7. 32 42 8. (3 4)2
44. Find y if y 2x 34 and x is 12.

1 3 1 2 2 1
9. 10.
2 2 3 3 Solve each problem.
11. (5 3)2 12. 52 32 45. The perimeter of a rectangular field is 740 meters. If the
13. 31 21 14. 22 32 width is 30 meters less than the length, then what is the
length?
15. (30 1)(30 1) 16. (30 1) (1 30) 46. The area of a rectangular table top is 1200 square inches. If
the length is 40 inches, then what is the width?
Perform the indicated operations.
47. A diamond ring is on sale at 30% off the regular price. If the
17. (x 3)(x 5) 18. x 3(x 5) sale price is $3500, then what is the regular price?
48. A farmer has planted 4000 strawberry plants of which 12%
19. 5t3v 3t2v6 20. (10t3v2) (2t2v) are genetically modified. How many more genetically
modified plants should be planted so that 20% of her
21. (x2 8x 15) (x 5) strawberry plants are genetically modified plants?
22. (x2 8x 15) (x 5)
Solve the problem.
23. (x2 8x 15) (x 5)
49. Average cost. Pineapple Recording plans to spend
24. (x2 8x 15)(x 5) $100,000 to record a new CD by the Woozies and $2.25
25. (6y3 8y2) (2y2) per CD to manufacture the disks. The polynomial 2.25n
26. (18y4 12y3 3y2) (3y2) 100,000 represents the total cost in dollars for recording
and manufacturing n disks. Find an expression that repre-
Solve each equation. sents the average cost per disk by dividing the total cost
by n. Find the average cost per disk for n 1000, 100,000,
27. 2x 1 0 28. x 7 0
and 1,000,000. What happens to the large initial investment
3 1 x 3 1 of $100,000 if the company sells one million CDs?
29. x 3 30.
4 2 2 4 8
31. 2(x 3) 3(x 2)
32. 2(3x 3) 3(2x 2)
3 1
33. x
11 5
6
1 9
34. x
Average cost (dollars)
8 20 5
35. 0.35x 0.4x 2 4
0.05x 9
36. 0.2(x 25) 3
8
37. 5 3(4x 12) 1 3(4x 1) 2
1
38. 5 3(4x 12) 12x 31
0
0 0.5 1
Solve. Number of disks (millions)
39. Find the x-intercept for the line y 2x 1.
40. Find the y-intercept for the line y x 7. Figure for Exercise 49
Critical Thinking For Individual or Group Work Chapter 4
These exercises can be solved by a variety of techniques, which may or may not require algebra. So be creative and think critically.
Explain all answers. Answers are in the Instructor’s Edition of this text.
1. Throwing darts. A dart board contains a region worth 5. Snakes and iguanas. A woman has a collection of snakes
9 points and a region worth 4 points as shown in the and iguanas. Her young son observed that the reptiles have
accompanying figure. If you are allowed to throw as a total of 50 eyes and 56 feet. How many reptiles of each
many darts as you wish, then what is the largest possible type does the woman have?
total score that you cannot get?
2. Counting squares. A square checkerboard is made up of

36 alternately colored 1 inch by 1 inch squares.
a) What is the total number of squares that are visible on Photo for Exercise 5
this checkerboard? (Hint: Count the 6 by 6 squares,
then the 5 by 5 squares, and so on.)
b) How many squares are visible on a checkerboard that
6. Hungry bugs. If it takes a colony of termites one day to
has 64 alternately colored 1 inch by 1 inch squares?
devour a block of wood that is 2 inches wide, 2 inches
3. Four fours. Check out these equations: long, and 2 inches high, then how long will it take them
to devour a block of wood that is 4 inches wide, 4 inches
44 4 4
1, 2, 4 444 3. long, and 4 inches high? Assume that they keep eating
44 4 4
at the same rate.
a) Using exactly four 4’s write arithmetic expressions
whose values are 4, 5, 6, and so on. How far can you go? 7. Ancient history. This problem is from the second century.
b) Repeat this exercise using four 5’s, three 4’s, and Four numbers have a sum of 9900. The second exceeds the
three 5’s. first by one-seventh of the first. The third exceeds the sum
of the first two by 300. The fourth exceeds the sum of the
4. Four coins. Place four coins on a table with heads facing first three by 300. Find the four numbers.
downward. On each move you must turn over exactly three
coins. Count the number of moves it takes to get all four 8. Related digits. What is the largest four-digit number such
coins with heads facing upward. What is the minimum that the second digit is one-fourth of the third digit, the
number of moves necessary to get all four heads facing third digit is twice the first digit, and the last digit is the
upward? same as the first digit?

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dug84356_ch04b.

qxd 9/14/10 12:14 PM Page 279

4-25 4.4 Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials 279

Math at Work Aerospace Engineering

4.4 Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials

280 Chapter 4 Exponents and Polynomials 4-26

4-27 4.4 Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials 281

c) Because 5x 5x1, this polynomial is a monomial with degree 1.

U2V Evaluating Polynomials

If the value of a polynomial is used to determine the value of a second variable y,

282 Chapter 4 Exponents and Polynomials 4-28

E X A M P L E 4 Evaluating polynomials using function notation

U Calculator Close-Up V Solution

U3V Addition of Polynomials

Polynomials can be added horizontally or vertically, as shown in Example 5.

U Helpful Hint V Solution

4-29 4.4 Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials 283

U4V Subtraction of Polynomials

Polynomials can be subtracted horizontally or vertically, as shown in Example 6.

b) To subtract 5y 2 7y 6 from 4y 3 3y  2 vertically, we line up the like terms as

subtraction is essential for perform-

Section 4.8. Now do Exercises 47–60

CAUTION When adding or subtracting polynomials vertically, be sure to line up the

E X A M P L E 7 Adding and subtracting

284 Chapter 4 Exponents and Polynomials 4-30

E X A M P L E 8 Profit from prints

U1V Polynomials 30. If P(x)  2x 3 5x 2 12, find P(5).

46. (8.5x 2 3.27x 9.33) (x 2 4.39x 2.32)

U2V Evaluating Polynomials

286 Chapter 4 Exponents and Polynomials 4-32

58. (4 5y  y 3) (2 3y  y 2 ) 83. (6z4 3z 3  7z 2) (5z 3  3z 2 2)  (z4 z 2  5)

Add or subtract the polynomials as indicated.

72. Subtract b3 4b 2 from 2b3  7b2 9. Total

76. (q2 4q  9)  (3q3 7q  5)

Perform the indicated operations. See Example 7.

4-33 4.4 Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials 287

288 Chapter 4 Exponents and Polynomials 4-34

Mid-Chapter Quiz Sections 4.1 through 4.4 Chapter 4

4.5 Multiplication of Polynomials

b) (2ab2)(3ab4) 6a2b6 Product rule for exponents

CAUTION Be sure to distinguish between adding and multiplying monomials. You

4-35 4.5 Multiplication of Polynomials 289

U2V Multiplying Polynomials

E X A M P L E 2 Multiplying monomials and polynomials

a) 3x2(x3 4x) 3x2  x3 3x2  4x Distributive property

b) ( y2 3y  4)(2y) y2(2y) 3y(2y)  4(2y) Distributive property

c) a(b c) (a)b (a)c Distributive property

(x  2)(x  5) (x  2)x  (x  2)5 Distributive property

(x  3)(x2  2x 7) (x  3)x2  (x  3)2x  (x  3)(7) Distributive property

290 Chapter 4 Exponents and Polynomials 4-36

Examples 2 and 3 illustrate the following rule.

U3V The Additive Inverse of a Polynomial

CAUTION The additive inverse of a  b is a b not a b.

E X A M P L E 4 Additive inverse of a polynomial

4-37 4.5 Multiplication of Polynomials 291

(x 20)(x 30)  (x 20)x (x 20)30

U1V Multiplying Monomials 4. 3y12 5y15 5. 6x2 5x2 6. 2x2 8x5

292 Chapter 4 Exponents and Polynomials 4-38

10. 12sq  3s 11. 3wt  8w7t6 12. h8k3  5h 48. ( 5b2 b 7)

b) To subtract 5y 2 7y 6 from 4y 3 3y 2 vertically, we line up the like terms as

U1V Polynomials 30. If P(x) 2x 3 5x 2 12, find P(5).

58. (4 5y y 3) (2 3y y 2 ) 83. (6z4 3z 3 7z 2) (5z 3 3z 2 2) (z4 z 2 5)

72. Subtract b3 4b 2 from 2b3 7b2 9. Total

76. (q2 4q 9) (3q3 7q 5)

a) 3x2(x3 4x) 3x2 x3 3x2 4x Distributive property

b) ( y2 3y 4)(2y) y2(2y) 3y(2y) 4(2y) Distributive property

(x 2)(x 5) (x 2)x (x 2)5 Distributive property

(x 3)(x2 2x 7) (x 3)x2 (x 3)2x (x 3)(7) Distributive property

CAUTION The additive inverse of a b is a b not a b.

(x 20)(x 30) (x 20)x (x 20)30

10. 12sq 3s 11. 3wt 8w7t6 12. h8k3 5h 48. ( 5b2 b 7)

42. (m3 4mn2)(6m4n2 3m6 m2n4)

(x 2)(x 3) (x 2)x (x 2)3 Distributive property

b) (2x 5)(3x 4) 6x2 8x 15x 20

7. (2x 1)(x 3) 45. (2x 1)(2x 1)