PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY

I. HISTORY & ORIENTATION TO PHARMACY PART 1 history of preparation & uses of medicines dates
back to ancient time.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL
PRACTICE
Ancient Times
Pharmacy
 Diseases were thought to be produced by evil
 “Pharmakon”
forces or by a god’s anger.
 Medicine or drug
 Religious persons or magicians were found to be
 The art & science of preparing natural & synthetic
associated with the treatment of patients.
sources suitable for distribution and use in the
 So called “supernatural” activities and/or
treatment and prevention of diseases.
religious rituals always accompanied with a drug
 It is an establishment where drugs are dispensed
treatment.
by a licensed pharmacist.
 Prehistoric men sometimes swallowed plants
(bark, roots, and leaves) to relieve indigestion or
Drug/Drug Substance
applied leaf or mud to protect & soothe bruised
 A substance recognized by an official
skin.
pharmacopoeia or formulary.
 During the earlier times, practice of pharmacy &
 A substance intended for use in the diagnosis,
medicine were indistinguishable.
cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of
 Such activities resulted in the discovery of many
disease.
drugs & devising of many drug products.
 A substance (other than food) intended to affect
 The physical forms of medications have not so
the structure or any function of the body.
much changed, the approach of people toward
 A substance intended for use as a component of
using medicines has drastically changed. All
a medicine but not a device or a component, part
historic cultures have well developed procedures
or accessory of a device.
for the treatment of disease and the preparation
 Biological products are included within this
of medicines.
definition and are generally covered by the same
laws and regulations, but differences exist
regarding their manufacturing processes ANCIENT BABYLONIAN
(chemical process versus biological process.  Babylon, jewel of ancient Mesopotamia, often
called the cradle of civilization, provides the
Pharmacist earliest known record of practice of the art of the
 The person who is an expert on drugs. apothecary.

DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY  Ninazu - Sumerian god of the underworld and of

healing, “Lord Healer”
 Ancient Age
 Ningishzida - his son, sometimes depicted as a
 Middle Age
serpent with a human head.
 Modern Age
 Gula
 (meaning "great") was the goddess of healing
EVOLUTION OF PHARMACY
and a patron of physicians aka – Ninkarrak
 Pharmacy has been inseparable from mankind’s
 Great Lady of Physicians
history. The origin of drugs is lost in antiquity. The

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PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY

Three categories of medical practitioners:  Edwin Smith Papyrus

 The baru, the seer-priest, diviner  Operating instructions, recipes for medicines &
 The ashipu - the exorcist or incantation priest, directions for preparing medicines (1650 B.C)
aka sorcerer or witch doctor.  Presents a rational & scientific approach
 The asu, the physician-priest wherein medicines & magic do not conflict.

 Clay Tablets (2100 BC) - “Earliest known medical  Ebers Papyrus

text.
 Sumerian Clay Cuneiform Tablets  Hearst Papyrus
ANCIENT AGE  Medical papyri of ancient Egypt which
Sumerian pharmacological tablet contained 250 paragraphs of 18 columns of
 1st pharmacy document discovered medical prescriptions (1600 B.C).
 Contains prescriptions for diseases & descriptions
of drugs. ANCIENT AGE: CHINA
 Recipes included both internal & external Emperor Shen Nung Pen Tsao
preparations (2200 B.C)  “Father of pharmaceutics”
 He recorded 365 native herbal drugs in the first
Assyrian King Ashurbanipal pen T’sao. ( Book called “the Great Herbal”)
 Collected 800 tablets or parts of tablets  Medicinal plants such as podophyllum, rhubarb,
containing medical material. ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark, and ma -
 Has revealed roughly 250 drugs of vegetable huang, or Ephedra.
origins, 120 of mineral origin, and 180 from other
sources. ANCIENT AGE: GREECE
ANCIENT AGE: EGYPT Apollo
Toth - the inventor of science and medicine and  Healer & god-protector from evil
patron of physicians.  Father of Asclepios
Imhotep - Egyptian god of medicine  Healer under the gods but also the bringer of
disease.
Ebers Papyrus
 Contains 811 prescriptions and mentions some Asclepius
700 drugs.  “God of medicine & healing in the ancient Greek
 A continuous scroll, 60 feet long & a foot wide religion”
Named from Georg Ebers, who discovered it in
the tomb of a mummy. His daughters:
1. Hygieia- goddess of hygiene; god of medicine
Egyptian Medical Papyri 2. Laso- goddess of recuperation
Important Medical Papyri: 3. Aceso- goddess of healing process
 Kahun Papyrus 4. Aglaea- goddess of beauty, splendor, glory,
 Gynaecological Papyrus (1800 B.C) magnificence & adornment
5. Panacea- goddess of universal remedy

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PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY

The Rod of Asclepius  He studied the adverse effects of plants

 Symbolizes medicine.
 Entwined with one snake which symbolizes Aristotle
healing.  “ Father of Science”
 Born in 384 BC in Macedonia
The Caduceus
 Rod/staff framed by two entwined snakes; at the Hippocrates
top of the staff are two wings.  “Father of modern medicine”
 Rod- symbolizes the spinal column which is the  He liberated medicine from mythical bad spirits.
central conduit for the psychic force or energy.  Wrote the Hippocratic Oath
 2 snakes- 2 complimentary halves of the nervous
system (motor & sensory) and symbolizes balance Paracelsus
or homeostasis.  “Father of Toxicology”
 Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von
Other Gods & Goddesses in Greek Mythology: Hohenheim
 Chiron  Believed on chemical treatment of disease rather
 Father of Medical Arts than botanical.
 Taught the art of healing to Asclepius & the  “Poison is in everything, and no thing is without
others. poison. The dosage make it either a poison or a
remedy.” Paracelsus “
 Hermes
 Owned a magic wand called “Caduceus” given Pedanius Dioscorides
by Apollo  Father of Pharmacology.
 Called Mercury by Romans  Wrote De Materia Medica.
 A hermaphrodite (half male, half female)  Contains more than 600 plants, 35 animal
products, and 90 minerals.
Bowl of Hygeia
 Symbol of pharmacy. For each drug listed, Dioscorides described:
 Its habitat
Thales of Miletus  Botanical description
 Thales' rejection of mythological explanations  Medicinal usage and side effects
became an essential idea for the scientific  Quantities and dosages
revolution.  Gave instructions on harvesting, preparation, and
 He was also the first to define general principles storage
and set forth hypotheses, and as a result has been  Described methods of adulteration and tests for
dubbed the "Father of Science", though it is detecting adulteration
argued that Democritus is actually more  Gave the veterinary, magical and non-medical
deserving of this title. usages
 Indicated where the plant could be found
Theophrastus
 “Father of Botany”

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PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY

ANCIENT AGE: ROME

Galen
 Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus
 Well trained and experienced physician
 Galen’s cerate – cold cream.
 First Pharmacist /Botanist, Father of Pharmacy

His great work Methodo medendi (On the Art of

Healing)
 The properties and mixtures of simple medicines.
 Compound drugs according to the place of
ailment. Compound drugs according to types.

 Associated with galenicals

 Originator of the formula for a cold cream,
essentially similar to that known today. (Galen’s
cerate)

Compilations:
 Antidotaria – similar to dispensatories; collection
of compounds.
 Receptaria – more modest formularies; collection
of recipes

Hiera Picra
 A warm cathartic composed of aloes and canella
bark made into a powder and mixed with honey.

Tierra Sigillata
 “EARLY TRADEMARKED DRUG”
 Latin meaning “sealed earth” was a greasy clay
Containing silica, alumina, chalk, magnesia, and a
little oxide of iron.
 Drugs were formed into large, tablet-like units
upon which the seal of the place origin was
impressed.
 It was used as an antidote for poisons,
dysenteries, fevers and other illnesses.

Mithridates VI, King of Pontus (about 100 B.C.)

 The royal toxicologist

Damian and Cosmas

 Damian, the apothecary, and Cosmas, the
physician Twin brothers of Arabian descent, and
devout Christians.
 Patron Saints of Pharmacy and Medicine.

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PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY

I. HISTORY & ORIENTATION TO PHARMACY PART 2  Prepared herbs according to the art of the
apothecary for the benefit of the sick and
MIDDLE AGES injured.
Baghdad
 First Apothecary Shops Famous manuscripts:
 Separated the arts of apothecary and physician  De Viribus Herbarum (Herbs Used by the
[Italy, Spain, and France]. People) - Abbot Odo in France
 First privately owned drug stores.  Causae et Curae - Abbess Hildegard in Germany
 Preserved much of the Greco-Roman wisdom
and added to it. Holy Roman King Frederick II
 More refined and elegant way of administering  Frederick II of Hohenstaufen Emperor of
drugs. German
 Developed syrups, confections, conserves,  Issued an order known as The Magna Carta of
distilled waters and alcoholic liquids. Pharmacy (1240)
 Own treatises – influential and authoritative in  Separated Pharmacy from Medicine (Southern
Europe when translated into Latin. Italy & Sicily)

Rhazes (865–925 AD) 3 Decrees:

 Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi.  Pharmaceutical profession was to be separated
Greatest Arab physician from the medical profession.
 Wrote Liber Continens  Should be supervised officially.
 ‘If you can help with foods, then do not  Pharmacist should take an oath to prepare
prescribe medicaments; if simples are drugs reliably according to skilled art and in
effective, then do not prescribe compounded uniform suitable quality.
remedies’.
Roman Pharmacy Titles
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)  Pharmacopeia: Maker of remedies
 The "Persian Galen" (about 980-1037 A.D.)  Pharmacotritae: Drug grinders
Persian philosopher and physician.  Unguentarii: Makers of ointments
 Canon medicinae - contained a treatise on  Pigmentarii: Makers of cosmetics
poisons, sections on the preparation of  Pharmacopolae: Seller of drugs
medicines, and a long list of medicinal recipes.  Aromatarii: Dealers of spices
 Pharmacist of today has not yet evolved
Advent of Christianity RENAISSANCE ERA (1350-1650)
 The healing power of faith and divine
 End of the Ancient Era
intervention.
 Pharmacy was separated from medicine.
Pharmacy regulation began.
Monastic Pharmacy  University education for pharmacist was
 Monasteries - the centers of intellectual life already required.
including pharmaco-medical study, as well as  New chemicals were introduced.
practice.  Contemporary beliefs arose and Homeopathy
had its origins in the Renaissance period.
Monks
 Collected and cultivated medicinal plants.
Ricettario Fiorentino
 Distilled aromatic and cordial flowers.
 The very first Pharmacopeia
 published “in folio” on 21 January 1499

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PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY

 Apothecary shops first appeared in Boston, Joseph Caventou and Joseph Pelletier
New York and Philadelphia.  Isolated quinine & cinchonine from cinchona &
 Some apothecaries prescribed as well as strychnine and brucine from nux vomica.
dispensed drugs as did some physicians.
Joseph Pelletier and Pierre Robiquet
Christopher Marshall  Isolated caffeine Drugs isolated from plants.
 Irish immigrant, developed a pioneer
pharmaceutical enterprise. Drugs Isolated from Plants:
Paclitaxel
The Marshall Apothecary  Antitumor agent for the treatment of
 A leading retail pharmacy, large-scale chemical metastatic carcinoma from Pacific yew tree or
manufacturer. Taxus baccata.
 A place for training pharmacists.
 An important supply depot during the Vinca leukoblastine
American Revolution.  Antineoplastic drug from Chichirica or Vinca
SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES rosea.
 By 1721, there were 14 apothecary shops in
Boston, and by 1840 some apothecaries were Digoxin
starting to become wholesalers, importing and  Cardiac glycoside from Digitalis lanata.
buying large quantities of medicinal agents to
be sold to other apothecaries. Stanislas Limousin
 Introduced medicine dropper, the system of
 Patents were first granted in 1790 by newly coloring poisons, and wafer cachets.
founded United States of America. Such  Developed and perfected inhalational
patents were granted for so-called secret cures. apparatus and therapeutic administration of
oxygen.
William Procter Jr.  Invented glass ampoules
 Father of American Pharmacy
 1st Secretary of APhA Boehring and Roux
 American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA)  Announced the effectiveness of diphtheria
began in 1852. antitoxin.

 Medicines were made with active ingredients Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau
and made available for druggists to dispense  Treatment of syphilis using bismuth and arsenic
directly to patients. compounds.
 Discovered Amylocaine (Stovaine®).
 Paved the way for the development of
EARLY RESEARCH
sulfonamides drugs and antihistamines.
Karl Wilhelm Scheele
 Discovered lactic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid,
Florey and Chain
tartaric acid, & arsenic acid  Enabled the testing and production of
 Identified glycerin penicillin.
 Identified new methods of preparing calomel
and benzoic acid
Selman Waksman
 Discovered oxygen a year before Priestley  Discovered streptomycin

Friedrich Serturner
 Isolation of morphine from opium

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PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY

HOSPITAL PHARMACY IN EARLY AMERICA  In 1995, the organization changed its name to
 The first hospital pharmacy was established at American Society of Health System
the Pennsylvania Hospital started by Benjamin Pharmacists.
Franklin, in Philadelphia in 1752.
Some Important Dates & People in the History of
 Jonathan Roberts was the first Pharmacist to Pharmacy
work in a hospital.  (350) Dioscorides - writes an important treatise
on Materia Medica
 John Morgan a pharmacist and a physician;  (1751) Sir Benjamin Franklin - established the
advocated prescription writing and 1st hospital pharmacy.
championed independent practice of the two  (1765) John Morgan - American medical
professions. education pioneer advocates prescription
writing in the US
The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy  (1729) Christopher Marshall - Irish immigrant,
 “The first school of pharmacy” established his apothecary shop in
 The history of the University of the Sciences Philadelphia.
began when 68 Philadelphia apothecaries met  (1776) Christopher Marshall - makes medicines
in Carpenters’ Hall in 1821 to establish for wounded soldiers.
improved scientific standards and to train more
competent apprentices and students.  (1820) Unites States Convention - 1st edition
of US Pharmacopeial Pharmacopoeia is
 They sought to enhance their vocation, as well published (USP-NF).
as protect public welfare.  (1821) Philadelphia - 1st school of Pharmacy
 (1865) Brunswick, Germany - 1st International
 In 1812, New York hospital also had a full time Pharmaceutical Conference
pharmacy practitioner.  (1906) United States- Federal Food & Drugs Act
 The first hospital pharmacy internship was passed
program was started by Harvey Whitney in
1927 at the University Of Michigan Hospital in  Caleb Bradham - formulated Pepsi Cola
Ann Harbor.  John Pemberton - formulated Coca Cola
 Hubert Humphrey - 38th US Vice President
John Maisch, PCP professor Antonio Luna - Filipino General, a painter & a
 Proposed the creation of a pharmaceutical hero
board to be appointed by the governor of each  Elizabeth Marshall - 1st woman pharmacist,
state and established the term “registered granddaughter of Christopher Marshall who
pharmacist” in 1868. took over his apothecary shop.
 Jonathan Roberts - 1st hospital pharmacist.
American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA)
 A section for hospital pharmacists within the CONCLUSION
American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA)  Pharmacy, with its heritage of 50 centuries of
was established in 1936. service to mankind, has come to be recognized
as of the great professions.
 American Society of Hospital Pharmacists
(ASHP) was formed in 1942 and ended joint  Pharmacists are among the community's finest
membership with APhA in 1972. educated people.

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PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY

I. HISTORY & ORIENTATION TO PHARMACY PART 3 3. Various secrets and rarities worth knowing

HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE PHARMACY  Categorized hundreds of Philippine plants with

Pre-historic Period: medicinal properties.
I. Mythical period
 “Bathala “- Tagalog; “La-on“- Visayans meaning Fr. Blanco , OSA
supreme God.  Botanical masterpiece “Flora de Filipinas”
 Captan- believed that they shared with
“Bathala” the creative power. PHILIPPINE PHARMACY DURING THE SPANISH
 Babylans, Tiyanak, Bagobos PERIOD: Post-Pharmacy Period
 Once the profession was firmly established in
II. The Superstitious period July, 1871 its work and teaching mission started
 Anting-anting smoothly.
 Kulam  Professors had to be contracted from Spain.
 In 1871 there were about 8 students enrolled
III. The Empiric Period and out of these 6 graduated as Bachelors in
 During the pre – Spanish era there were 1875 and as Licentiates in 1876.
herbolarios – men skilled in the use of healing  Doctor’s degree were granted by the
herbs (quack doctors). Government, this was reserved only to
Universidad Central de. Madrid.
“Faith healers" or “Herbolarios“
 Acquired the gift of healing.  Foreign Pharmacist came to Philippines to do
 Prayers, chants and with the use of medicinal business or to practice their profession.
plants.  Rector should approve before they can practice
in the Philippines.
Pharmaceutical forms adopted by the early  They were required to pass an examination.
curanderos or quack doctors:
1. Macerations in cold and hot water UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS AND
2. Infusions or decoctions in oil of the curative DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN THE
plant parts (e.g. roasted kalamansi for cough) PHILIPPINES
3. Poultices and some powders (gumamela for  The UST was the first institution of learning
boils) established in the Philippines.
4. Resinous plasters and salves with a waxy base  The University of Santo Tomas (1611)
5. Inhalations and fumigations and a few  Oldest and largest catholic university in the
empyreumatic products. (eucalyptus leaves) Philippines.

PHILIPPINE PHARMACY DURING THE SPANISH  Faculty of Pharmacy (May 1871) by virtue of
PERIOD: Pre-Pharmacy Period the Modification of the Moret decree.
 The work of the Catholic Missionaries  1962, expanded (Bachelor of Science in
Biochemistry and Bachelor of Science in
Father Fernando de Santa Maria Medical Technology)
 Wrote Manual de Medicinas Caseras  Faculty of Pharmacy the first institution in the
 1st ed. 1786 which contained suggestions for University of Santo Tomas to admit female
treatment of certain diseases. students in 1924.
 UST introduce BS Biochemistry for the first time
3 Topics of the book: in the Philippines.
1. Medicinal barks and herbs
2. Various sickness

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PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY

TRANSITION PERIOD OF PHARMACY  The Hospital de San Juan de Dios constructed

EDUCATION in 1577 by the Franciscans (Juan Clemente)
 Spanish Regime – 6-year (Pharmacy Degree)  The San Lazaro Hospital – also built by the
 1901 –American Administration, 4-year Franciscans in the same year (1577). At
 1916 – 3-year BS Pharmacy present, it is a specialty hospital for infectious
 1930 – 4-year curriculum was adapted diseases.
 1954 – curriculum was revised to 5 years  The Hospital de San Gabriel in Binondo built in
 1984 - Again reduced to 4 years with the 1588 managed by Dominicans
integration of some subjects.  The Hospital de Aguas Santas at Los Banos
 At present – 4 years 1596
 The Hospital de Antipolo -1602
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BOARD OF  The Hospital de San Jose at Cavite – 1641
PHARMACEUTICAL EXAMINERS  The Hospital for Lepers in Cebu – 1850
 The military government by the American Army
organized the Board of Pharmaceutical Botica Boie
Examiners under a Military order in 1903.  First and largest drugstore in the Philippines
 Later converted into Act No. 597 of the during the 19th century.
Philippine Commission  Founded by Dr. Lorenzo Negrao in Manila in
 1904 – Started as a review class organized by 1830. The original name of the store is not
Dr. Alejandro Albert through the request of known, as the name "Botica Boie" was coined
some UST graduates to help them in board only in 1867.
examinations.  In 1850, two German pharmacists Heinrich
 1915- Converted into the Manila College of Schmidt and Friedrich Steck purchased the
Pharmacy by Atty. Felimon Tanchoco. drug store from Dr. Negrao.
 In 1857, Steck bought Schmidt's company share
Leon Maria Guererro y Leogardo and assumed full ownership of the store.
 First licensed pharmacist in the country.
 Graduated primary & secondary education  Steck bought the Botica de Sta. Cruz.
from Ateneo Municipal de Manila.  Known as Don Federico
 Enrolled in UST with a BS Pharmacy  Bought Botica Sto. Cristo, which was located at
 Graduated in 1875 with a degree Bachelor of 348 Calle Sto. Cristo in Binondo, and Botica de
Science in Pharmacy , specializing in Botany and Cebu. ( monopolize trade)
Zoology
 Appointed head of the military pharmacy in Botica de Santa Cruz
Zamboanga City, Zamboanga Del Sur and at the  Established in 1861, located at Plaza de Goiti.
marine hospital in Kawit, Cavite.  Originally named Farmacia y Drogueria D. Pablo
 Manage the popular Binondo Pharmacy in Schuster.
Manila.  It passed through several hands until 1902
 Father of Philippine Pharmacy because of his when it was purchased by Dr. Carlos Jarhling, a
extensive contribution on the uses of medicinal German-Filipino Pharmacist and Mr. Luis
plants in the Philippines Santos, a Philippine born Spaniard.

HOSPITALS AND DRUGSTORES IN THE Other pharmacy establishments during this

PHILIPPINES DURING THE SPANISH ERA period:
 The first hospital built by the Spaniards was the 1. Botica Zobel, Botica Von Borrie and Botica de la
Military Hospital in Cebu, built by Legaspi in Divisoria (1878)
1565. 2. Farmacia de Quiapo (1883)

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3. Botica Nino in Cebu

4. Botica De Lalloc in Cagayan de Luzon
5. Botica de D. Mariano Kuhnell
6. Botica de D. Oscar Reyman in Binondo
7. Botica de Fernandez

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10918

Republic Act No. 10918 formerly known as
Republic Act 5921 Pharmacy Law
 To strengthen and empower Pharmacy in the
Philippines.
 "An act regulating the practice of pharmacy and
settings standards of pharmaceutical education
in the Philippines and of other purposes.

CODE OF ETHICS FOR PHARMACISTS

I. A pharmacist places the wellbeing of patient at
the center of professional practice.

II. A pharmacist promotes the welfare of each

individual in a caring and compassionate manner.

III. A pharmacist serves the needs of the

individual, community and society and provides
health for all.

IV. A pharmacist respects the rights of patients

and upholds confidentiality of patient record.

V. A pharmacist acts with honesty, integrity, and

professional in relationship with the patient and
other health professionals.

VI. A pharmacist respects the abilities, values and

contributions of colleagues and other health
professionals and work with them closely to
ensure better patient care.

VII. A pharmacist is committed to a continuously

enhance professional competence.

VIII. A pharmacist, in coordination with the

government and the other health professionals,
helps in the formulation and implementation of
health care policies, standards and programs
designed for the benefit of society.

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SPECIALTIES IN PHARMACY PRACTICE: FUNCTIONS manufacturing, packaging, controlling,

AND RESPONSIBILITIES assaying, dispensing and distribution of
medications to hospitalized and ambulatory
DIFFERENT AREAS OF PHARMACY PRACTICE patients.
 Community pharmacy
 Hospital pharmacy How it differs in Community Pharmacy
 Clinical pharmacy  More opportunity to interact closely with the
 Industrial pharmacy prescriber, and therefor promote rational
 Company pharmacist prescribing and use of drugs.
 Government service offers
 Pharmaceutical education  Greater opportunity to interact with others, to
 Regulatory specialize and to gain greater expertise.
 Pharmaceutical journalism
 Having access to medical records, is in a
COMMUNITY PHARMACY position to influence a selection of drugs and
 Is practiced by about 85% of pharmacy dosage regimens, to monitor patient
graduates who make a unique hybrid of compliance and therapeutic response to drugs,
businessmen and professionals. recognize and report ADRs.
 A professional in his own right, a partner in the
health team who handles drugs of great  Can easily assess and monitor patterns of drug
potency and value, manufactured by a highly usage and thus recommend changes where
sophisticated industry. necessary.
 The pharmacist may establish her own
drugstore or be employed in an existing  Serves as a member of policy-making
drugstore or chain drugstore. committees, including those concerned with
drug selection, use of antibiotics, influence the
Main Activities of Community Pharmacist preparation and composition of essential drug
 Community Pharmacists are the health list or formulary.
professionals most accessible to the public
(WHO).  Takes part in the planning and implementation
of clinical trials.
1. Processing of Prescriptions
2. Care of patient or clinical pharmacy.
CLINICAL PHARMACY
3. Monitoring Drug Utilization
4. Extemporaneous Preparation and small-scale
 It is the practice of pharmacy in a hospital
setting, which is patient-oriented.
manufacture of medicine
5. Traditional and alternative medicines  The clinical pharmacist is responsible not only
6. Responding to symptoms of minor ailments for safe and appropriate use of drugs on
7. Informing healthcare professionals and the patients but also the rational selection,
public monitoring, dosing, and control of patient’s
8. Health promotion overall drug therapy program.

HOSPITAL PHARMACY Definition of Hospital Color Codes:

 It is the practice of pharmacy in private and Code Black – Bomb Threat
government-owned hospitals. Code Blue – Cardiac Arrest
 Responsible for the procurement, Code Grey – Disaster (Internal and External)
preservation, storage, compounding, Code Red – Fire

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PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY

Code Orange – Hazardous Materials (Internal and Code Brown: severe weather
External) Code White: evacuation
Code Pink – Infant/Child Abduction Code Green: emergency activation
Code White – OB Hemorrhage
Code Green – Violent Behavior/Security Assist INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY/ PHARMACEUTICAL
Code Silver – Controlled Access INDUSTRY
The main activities of industrial pharmacists:
Definition of Hospital Color Codes 1. Research and development
 Many hospitals have a code blue team who will  Pharmacists contribute to research, and their
respond to the code blue within minutes. The expertise in formulation development is of
team is comprised of: particular relevance to the biological
 Doctors availability of active ingredients.
 Nurses
 A respiratory therapist 2. Manufacture and quality assurance
 A pharmacist  The pharmacist’s broad knowledge of the
pharmaceutical sciences ensures an integrated
 Code blue approach to quality assurance (including GMP)
 Cardiac arrest like a heart attack or through the validation of the various stages of
dangerous arrhythmia production and the testing of products before
 Respiratory arrest (when someone stops release.
breathing)
 When someone becomes severely confused, 3. Drug information
not alert, or shows signs of stroke  The pharmacist has the knowledge and
 Sudden and severe drop in blood pressure. expertise to provide detailed information on
medicines to members of the health
 Code red professions and the public. Also, pharmacists
 Typically means there is a fire or smoke provide an information service within the
within the hospital. company
 A code red may be activated if someone
smells or sees smoke or flames. 4. Patent applications and drug registration
 The pharmacist is ideally qualified to
 Code black understand and collate the diverse information
 Most often indicates a bomb threat. required for patent and authorization
 Code black may be activated if there has been submissions.
a threat made to the facility from an internal
or external source, or if staff or law 5. Clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance
enforcement officials have identified a  The pharmacist has the knowledge of drugs and
possible bomb in or near the facility. health care provision required to facilitate
collaboration between companies, health
Events needing an immediate response professionals and governments in relation to
 Some of the more widely used codes in clinical trials and surveillance.
hospitals include:

Code Pink: infant or child abduction

Code Orange: hazardous material or spill incident
Code Silver: active shooter
Code Violet: violent or combative individual
Code Yellow: disaster

Compiled by: MSABN

PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY

6. Sales and marketing  Undergraduate, postgraduate and continuing

 The pharmacist, whose professional ethics education require the educators to have
demand a concern for the interest of patients, expertise in the various pharmaceutical
can make a contribution to proper marketing sciences, but, in view of the professional and
practices related to health care and to the vocational goals of pharmacy education and
provision of appropriate information to health the necessary interaction of education and
professionals and the public. research with service, the academic staff must
also include a substantial component of
7. Management pharmacists with appropriate postgraduate
 The inclusion of pharmacists in all levels of education.
management promotes an ethical approach
within management policies. REGULATORY CONTROL & DRUG MANAGEMENT
AREAS:
1. Health & Drug Policy
 Pharmacists in administration participate in
formulating health and drug policies,
particularly those on the selection,
GOVERNMENT SERVICE procurement and distribution of drugs.
Offers opportunities to pharmacists in various  They serve as sources of information for health
capacities: care professionals and the public, and
 Department of Health participate in the preparation of
 Food and Drug Administration pharmacopoeias and other official documents.
 Dangerous Drug Board  They cooperate with educators and the
 National Bureau of Investigation professional body of pharmacists in
 Veterans and Army Hospital establishing and modifying the curricula of
 Government-funded research institutions like schools of pharmacy and continuing education
NSDB, NRCP programs.
 Central Bank
 Government Hospital 2. Management
PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION/ ACADEMIC  Government-employed pharmacists are
ACTIVITIES responsible for drug management, which
includes the selection of essential drugs, the
 Offers excellent opportunities for pharmacists
determination of drug requirements, the
with advanced degrees in any of the
procurement and distribution of drugs and
professional specialties.
their rational use, as well as the design and use
 Expanding enrolment in colleges to meet the
of information systems.
manpower needs of the future offers excellent
 Also, they collect and collate data required by
opportunities for careers in college teaching.
their national government agencies and by
international bodies, such as the International
Academic pharmacists engage in:
Narcotics Control Board.
A. education
B. pharmaceutical practice
C. research in schools of pharmacy 3. Administration
 Procedures for inviting, accepting and
awarding tenders for the supply of
 These three aspects of academic activity are
pharmaceuticals should be separate from
interrelated, and connected with manpower
those for non-professional commercial
planning and management.
tenders, and should be managed by
pharmacists.

Compiled by: MSABN

PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY

4. Educational policy
 Pharmacists cooperate with educators in
establishing and implementing policies with
regard to undergraduate and continuing
education, in-service training, and other
aspects of manpower development.

5. Regulatory & enforcement agencies

 Pharmacists are employed by regulatory
agencies concerned with the approval,
registration and quality control of drugs,
cosmetics and medical devices.
 Enforcement agencies, including customs
departments that control the distribution of
drugs through licit and illicit channels, and as
inspectors of the manufacture, importation,
distribution and sale of drugs.

6. Professional registration authorities

 Pharmacists are prominently engaged in
agencies, such as boards of pharmacy that
establish criteria for the registration of
pharmacists or licensing requirements, register
pharmacies and pharmacists, and monitor the
way pharmacies are operated and the
professional conduct of pharmacists.

7. International agencies and professional bodies

 Pharmacists employed in these bodies perform
a variety of technical and administrative
functions in professional bodies and in drug-
and health-related agencies
 World Health Organization
 International Narcotics Control Board
 United Nations Division of Narcotic Drugs
 United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs
United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control
Interpol
 National pharmacopoeial committees
Pharmaceutical societies

PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNALISM
 Offers rewarding experiences to a limited
number of pharmacists with writing and editing
talent.

Compiled by: MSABN