MATHEMATICS-I R19

UNIT-I

SEQUENCES ,SERIES AND MEAN VALUE THEOREMS:

1 .Determine the nature of following sequences whose nt h term a n is

n2−2 n
(a)a n= 2n (Ans: divergent) (b) a n = 2
( Ans: convergent) (c)a n = 2 + (−1 )n ( Ans:oscillatory)
3 n +n
2
3 n−1 2 n
(d) a n =
1+2 n
( Ans: convergent) (e) a n = 1+ ( Ans: convergent) (f)a n =
n n−1 ( )
( Ans:Convergent)

2. .Determine the nature of following series whose nt h term a n is

1 1 1
(a)∑ n−1 (Ans: converges to 3/2) (b) ∑ n (Ans: converges to 1) (c) ∑ n (Ans: converges to
3 2 4
1/3)

1 1 1
(d)∑ 3 n and ∑ 5 n (Ans: divergents) (e) + + + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ +∞ ( Ans: convergent)
1.2 2.3 3.4

(f) ∑ cos ( 1n ) (Ans: divergents) .

3 4 3 4
3. Test for convergence of the series + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ +∞ (Ans: converges to 19/24)
5 5 5 5

LIMIT COMPARISON TEST :

1. Test for convergence of the series

√n ( n+1 ) ( n+2 ) ( n+2 ) ( n+3 )

(a) )∑ 2 ( Ans: convergent) (b) ∑ 3
( Ans: convergent) (c) ∑ ( Ans:
n +1 n √n n(n+1)
divergent)

1 1 1 3n−1
(d)∑
2 n3 +1
convergent)
( Ans: convergent) (e) ∑
n
sin
n()
( Ans: convergent) (f)∑
2n−1 √
( Ans:

1 3 5
2 .Test for convergence of the series + + + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ +∞ (Ans: convergent)
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4 .5

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3. Test for convergence of the series + + + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ +∞ ( Ans: divergent)
4.7 .10 7.10.13 10.13.16

4. .Test for convergence of the series

1 n ( n+1 )
(a) )∑ ( Ans: divergent) (b) ∑ ( Ans: divergent)
√ n+ √ n+1 ( n+2 )2

1 1
(c) ∑ ( Ans: convergent) (d)∑ a+
b ( Ans: convergent if a >1 , divergent if a
2 +3n
n
n
n
≤ 1)

p p
(e) ∑ ( √ n p +1−√ n p −1 ) ( Ans: convergent if >1 , divergent if ≤1 )
2 2

2 3 4
5. Test for convergence of the series P + P + P + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ +∞
1 2 3

( Ans: convergent if p>2 , divergent if p ≤2)

2q 3q 4q
6. Test for convergence of the series + + + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ +∞
1 P 2P 3 P

( Ans: convergent if p-q>1 , divergent if p−q ≤1)

1.2 2.3 3.4

7. Test for convergence of the series + + + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ +∞ ( Ans: divergent)
3.4 .5 4.5 .6 5.6 .7

2.1 4.3 6.5

8. Test for convergence of the series + + + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ +∞ ( Ans: convergent)
32 42 52 6 2 72 82

9. Determine the nature of the series

√ 2−1 + √ 3−1 + √ 4−1 +⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯+ ∞( Ans :convergent )
33−1 4 3−1 53 −1

1 2 22 33
10.Test the convergence of 1+ + + + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ +∞ ( Ans: divergent)
2 2 33 4 4

1 2 3
11.Test for convergence of the series + + + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ +∞ ( Ans: divergent)
1.3 3.5 5.7
3
12. Test for convergence ∑ ( √ n3 +1−n ) ( Ans: convergent)

RATIO TEST :

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2 4
1 x x
1. Test for convergence of the series + + + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ +∞ ( convergent if x 2 ≤1 , divergent if x 2 ¿1)
2 √ 1 3 √2 4 √ 3

2 2 6 3 14 6 2n−2 n−1
2. Test for convergence of the series 1+¿ x+ x + x +⋯ ⋯ ⋯+ n x ⋯ ⋯ +∞ (x>0)
5 9 17 2 +1

( Ans: convergent if x 2<1 , divergent if x 2 ≥ 1)

n2 ( 10+5 i )n
3. Test for convergence of the series (a)∑ ( Ans: convergent) (b) ∑ ⌊ n ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ( Ans:
3n
convergent)

2! 3 ! 4 !
4. Test for convergence of the series 1+ + + + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ +∞ ( Ans: convergent)
22 33 4 4

x x2 x3
5..Examine the convergence of the series + + + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯+ ∞
1+ x 1+ x 2 1+ x 3

( Ans: convergent if x <1 , divergent if x ≥ 1)

a+1 ( a+ 1 )( 2 a+1 ) ( a+1 ) ( 2a+ 1 )( 3 a+1 )

6.Examine the convergence of the series 1 + + + + ⋯ ⋯⋯⋯ ⋯ +
b+1 ( b+ 1 )( 2 b+1 ) ( b+1 ) ( 2b+ 1 )( 3 b+1 )
∝

( Ans: convergent if a <b , divergent ifa ≥ b)

x x2 x3
7. Test for convergence of the series 1+ + + + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯+ ∞
2 5 10

( Ans : convergent if x ≤1 , divergent if x ¿1)

2P 3P 4P
8 .Show that the series 1 + ¿+ ¿ + ¿ + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ is convergent for all values of p .
⌊2¿ ⌊3¿ ⌊ 4¿

RAABE’S TEST AND LOGARITHMIC TEST:

4.7 … … …..( 3 n+1) n

1. Test for convergence of the series ∑ x
1.2 .3 … … … … . n

( Ans: convergent if x <1/3 , divergent if x ≥ 1/3)

22 x 2 33 x 3 44 x 4 55 x 5
2. Test for convergence of the series x + + + + + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯+ ∞
2! 3! 4! 5!

( Ans: convergent if x <1/e , divergent if x ≥ 1/e)

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2 3 4
x x x x
3. Test for convergence of the series + + + +⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯+∞
1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5

( Ans : convergent if x ≤1 , divergent if x ¿1)

x 1 x 3 1.3 x5 1.3.5 x7
4.Discuss the convergence of + + + +⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯+∞
1 2 3 2.4 5 2.4 .6 7

( Ans : convergent if x ≤1 , divergent if x ¿1)

2 ¿ ¿ ¿ x2 + ( ⌊ 3 ¿¿ ¿ 2 ¿ ¿
5. .Discuss the convergence of 1+ ( ⌊ 1 ¿ ¿ ¿
⌊ 2¿ ⌊ 6 ¿ + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯+ ∞

( Ans: convergent if x <4 , divergent if x ≥ 4)

ROOT TEST :

1. Test for convergence of the series

3 /2

n3
−n
1
(a) ∑
3n
( Ans:convergent) (b)∑ ( log n )
−2 n
( Ans:convergent) ( c ¿ ∑
( 1+
√n ) ( convergent)

( n+1 )n n
(d) ∑ n +1 x ( Ans: convergent if x <1 , divergent if x ≥ 1)
n

1
∑ n
2

( Ans:convergent) (f) ∑
1
(e) 1 ( Ans:convergent)
( )
1+
n
( log n )n

−1 −2 −3
22 2 33 3 44 4
2. Test for convergence of 2 −
1 1 ( ) ( + 3−
2 2 ) ( + 4−
3 3 ) + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯+ ∝( Ans:convergent)

1 2 3 2 2 4 3 3
3. Test for convergence of + x+
2 3 4 () ()
x+
5
x + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯+ ∞

( Ans: convergent if x <1 , divergent if x ≥ 1)

2
2 3 4 3 3
4. Test for convergence of
3 () ()
x+
4
x2 +
5
x + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯+ ∞

( Ans: convergent if x <1 , divergent if x ≥ 1)

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INTEGRAL TEST :
∞
1
1. Test for convergence of ∑ ( Ans: divergent)
2 n log n
∞
1
2. Test for convergence of ∑ ( Ans: convergent)
1 1+n2

1
3. Test for convergence of the series ∑ n( n+1) ( Ans: converges to

log 2)
∞
1
4. Test for convergence of ∑ 2 ( Ans: divergent)
2 n ( log n )

LEIBNITZ’S RULE:

1 1 1
1. Test for convergence of 1− + − + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ +∞ ( Ans: convergent)
2 3 4

1 1 1
2. Test for convergence of 1− + − + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ +∞ ( Ans: convergent)
1! 2! 3!

1 1 1 1
3. Test for convergence of − + − + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯+ ∞ (Ans : convergent )
1.2 3.4 5.6 7.8

4. Test for convergence of

(−1 )n−1 (−1 )n

(a) ∑ ( Ans: convergent) (b)∑ ( Ans: convergent)
n √n log n

x x2 x3 x4
5 .Test for the convergence of − + − ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯+∞( 0< x<1)
1+ x 1+ x 2 1+ x 3 1+ x 4

( Ans: convergent)

ROLLE’S THEOREM:

sin x π
1.Verify Rolle’s theorm for the function f ( x )= x in ( 0 , π ) (Ans: C = )
e 4

π 5π
2. Verify Rolle’s theorm for the function f ( x )=e x [ sin x−cos x ] in [ ,
4 4 ] (Ans: C = π )

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3. Verify Rolle’s theorm for the function f ( x )=x ( x+3 ) e−x/ 2in [ −3 , 0 ] (Ans:C= -2ϵ [ −3 , 0 ]

4. Verify Rolle’s theorm for the function f ( x )=x 2−2 x in [ 0 , 2 ] (Ans:C= 1 )

5. Verify Rolle’s theorm for the function f ( x )=x 2in −1 ≤ x ≤1(Ans:C= 0 )

1
6. Verify Rolle’s theorm for the function f ( x )=( x +2 )3 ( x−3 )4 in [ −2 ,3 ] (Ans:C= )
7

7. Verify Rolle’s theorm for the function f ( x )=| x|in [ −1 ,1 ] ¿Ans: not verified )

8. Verify Rolle’s theorm for the function f ( x )=x 2−2 x−3in [ 1 ,−3 ] ¿Ans: not verified )

9. Verify Rolle’s theorm for the function f ( x )=x 2 /3−2 x 1/ 3in [ 0 , 8 ] (Ans:C= 1 )

LAGRANGE’S MEAN VALUE THEOREM:

1. Verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the function f ( x )=e x ∈ [ 0,1 ] Ans:C= log ( e−1 )

1
2.Find C o f mean value theorem if f ( x )=x ( x−1 )( x−2 )and a=0 , b=0.5 (Ans:C= 1−¿ √ 21 )
6

3.Test Whether the Lagrange’s mean value theorem holds for f ( x )=x− x3 ∈ [ −2 ,1 ] ∧¿

If so find approximate value of c (Ans:C= 1 ,-1)

4.Prove using mean value theorem |sin u−sin v ≤|u−v||

π 1 3 π 1
5.Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem ,Show that +
6 2 √3
<sin −1 < +()
4 6 √7

6. Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem ,Show that ( 1+ x ) log ( 1+ x )> tan−1 x

π 1 3 π 1
7. Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem ,Show that −
3 5 √3
< cos−1 < −
5 3 8 ()
π 3 4 π 1
8. Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem ,Show that + < tan −1
4 25
< +
3 4 6 ()
−1 2
9. If x>0 ,Show that x >log ( 1+ x ) > x x
2

10. Verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem for f ( x )=log e x in the interval [ 1 , e ] (Ans: C= 1.71828)

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11. Verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem for f ( x )=2 x 2−7 x +10∈ [ 0,5 ] ( Ans :C=2.5)

CAUCHY’S MEAN VALUE THEOREM:

1.If f ( x )=e x and g ( x )=e− x Show that c is the average of a and b by using Cauchy’s mean value

Theorem.

1
2 .Find c by Cauchy’s mean value theorem for the function f ( x )= √ x , g ( x )= in (a,b)
√x
( Ans: C= √ ab )

3.Apply Cauchy’s mean value theorem for the function f ( x )=x 2 +2 and g ( x )=x 3−1 in [ 1 ,2 ]

(Ans: C=14/9)

4. Apply Cauchy’s mean value theorem for the function f ( x )=x 3and g ( x )=2−x in [ 0 , 9 ]

( Ans:C= 3 √ 3 )

TAYLOR’S AND MACLAURIN’S THEOREMS WITH REMAINDERS:

π
1.Obtain the Taylor’s series expansion of sin x in powers of x−
2

x x2 xn
2. Show that e x =1+ + + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯+ ⋯ ⋯
1! 2! n!
x
x x2 x4 e 1 x x3
3. Show that log ( 1+e x ) =log 2+ + − + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ and hence deduce that x = + − +⋯
2 8 192 e + 1 2 2 48

4. Verify Taylor’s theorem for f ( x )=( 1−x )5 / 2 with Lagrange’s form of remainder up to 2 terms

In the interval [ 0,1 ]

−1 b−a b−a
5. If f ( x )=sin x∧0<a< b<1 , prove that 2
<sin −1 b−sin−1 a< ¿ ¿
√ 1−a √ 1−b 2
sin −1 x 4 x3
6 .Show that = x + + ⋯ ⋯⋯
√1−x2 3!

7. Find Maclaurin’s theorem with Lagrange’s form of remainder for f ( x )=cos x

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