Biology Research Project On Phylum Mollusca

PHYLUM-
MOLLUSCA
Presentation By- Rashmi.R, 11F, Roll.no:38
CONTENTS
I. Introduction II. General

What is Molluscs and the Characteristics
specialty of them
III. Classification
of Mollusca
1
Introduction
What is Molluscs and the
specialty of them
Introduction to Mollusca
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of
invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda. The
members are known as molluscs or mollusks.
Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are
recognized. The number of fossil species is
estimated between 60,000 and 100,000
additional species.
What are Molluscs?
● The term Mollusca was derived from the term given by

Aristotle to cuttlefish. Mollusc means soft.
● They don’t have skeletons or exoskeletons. Some have shells
made of calcium.
● These organisms are found in the terrestrial as well as in deep
seas. Their size ranges from microscopic organisms to
organisms 20 metres long.
● They play a very important role in the lives of humans. They
are a source of jewellery as well as food. Natural pearls are
formed within these molluscs.
● The bivalve molluscs are used as bioindicators in the marine
and freshwater environments. But few of them such as snails
and slugs are pests.
2
General
Characteristics
General Characteristics of Mollusca
• They are bilaterally symmetrical.
• They are triploblastic, which three layers.
• They show organ system grade of organisation.
• The body is soft and unsegmented.
• They are mostly found in marine and freshwater. Very few are
terrestrial and found in moist soil.
• Their body has a cavity.
• The body is divided into head, visceral mass, muscular foot and
mantle.
• The head comprises of tentacles and compound eyes.
• The body is covered by a calcareous shell.
• The muscular foot helps in locomotion.
• They respire through the general body surface, gills or
pulmonary sac.
• They have a well-developed digestive system, the radula
is the rasping organ for feeding.
• The blood circulates through the open circulatory
system.
• They have a pair of metanephridia that helps in excretion.
• The nervous system consists of number of paired ganglia
and nerves.
• The tentacles, eyes, osphradium, and statocysts act as
the sensory organs.
• The sexes are separate in most of the molluscs but some
species are hermaphrodites.
• Fertilization may be external or internal.
• They are generally oviparous with indirect development.
Examples Of Phylum Mollusca:
3
Classification of
Mollusca
Following are the classification of Mollusca:
1. Monoplacophora 2. Aplacophora or
● The body is bilaterally symmetrical.
Solenogasters
● The body is cylindrical or
● The head is devoid of eyes and tentacles.
bilaterally symmetrical.
● Respiration occurs through gills which
● These are devoid of the head,
are externally located.
shell, mantel, nephridia, and foot.
● The nitrogenous waste is excreted out
● The digestive ceca is absent.
through nephridia.
● Spicule-bearing cuticle covers the
● E.g. Neopilina
body.
● It contains a dorsal longitudinal
keel or crest.
● E.g. Neomenia, Chaetoderma
3. Gastropoda 4. Polyplacophora
● They are found either on land or in ● Their body is dorsoventrally flattened like a
fresh and marine water. leaf, and are bilaterally symmetrical.
● The head bears tentacles, eyes, and ● The shell is composed of 8 longitudinal
a mouth. plates.
● The shell is spiral in shape. ● They have a well-developed radula.
● The foot is flat and large. ● The ventral foot is flat.
● E.g.Pila, Roman snail ● E.g. Chiton, Cryptochiton.
● Found in the marine environment.
● The eyes and tentacles are absent.
● The foot is reduced.
● The body is bilaterally symmetrical.
6. Pelecypoda
● They reside in aquatic habitats.
● The body is bilaterally symmetrical and compressed laterally.
● The body has no distinct head.
● They usually burrow in mud and sand.
● E.g. Mussels, Unio
7. Cephalopoda
● They are mostly found in the marine environment.
● The shell is either external, internal, or
not present at all.
● They have separate sexes.
● The development is direct.
● E.g. Octopus, Spirula

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PHYLUM-

I. Introduction II. General

● The term Mollusca was derived from the term given by

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