APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

IT 301

BY: MARLON D. HERNANDEZ, DENG

INTRODUCTION TO HARDWARE COMPUTER HARDWARE (ALSO KNOWN AS HARDWARE)

• The set of physical parts or can be

seen from the naked eye.
Hardware of the computer consist
of a different peripheral including
the monitor, Keyboard, Mouse,
System Unit, hard disk drive
(HDD), graphic cards, sound
cards, memory, motherboard etc.,
The mention example are tangible.
HARDWARE COMPONENTS

• 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• The part of the computer that consists of three associated elements: the arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and the register
areas.

• 2. Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)

• The part of the CPU that performs mathematical calculations and makes logical comparisons.

• 3. Control Unit
• The part of the CPU that sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data in and out
of the ALU, registers, primary storage, and even secondary storage and various output devices.
HARDWARE COMPONENTS

• 4. Register
• A high-speed storage area in the CPU used to temporarily hold small units of computer-generated instructions
and data immediately before, during, and after execution by the CPU.
• 5. Primary Storage (main memory; memory)
• The part of the computer that process program instructions and data.

• 6. Instruction time (I-time)

• The time it takes to perform the fetch-instruction and decode instruction steps of the instruction phase.
HARDWARE COMPONENTS

7. Execution time (E-time)

• The time it takes to execute an instruction and store the results.

8. Machine Cycle

• The instruction phase followed by the execution phase.

9. Pipelining

• A form of CPU operation in which multiple execution phases are performed in a single machine cycle.
TERMINOLOGIES

• Application
• Bit
• Cache
• CD-ROM
• CD-Rewritable disk
• CPU
• DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)
• File
• Flash Drive
• Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• Hard Drive
 COMPUTER NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

1. Mesh Topology
• -Each device is connected to every other device on the network
through a dedicated point-to-point link
2. Star Topology
• Each device in the network is connected to a central device called
hub. Unlike Mesh topology, star topology doesn’t allow direct
communication between devices, a device must have to
communicate through hub
 COMPUTER NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

3. Bus Topology
• The main cable and all the devices are connected to this main cable through
drop lines. There is a device called tap that connects the drop line to the main
cable.
4. Ring Topology
• Each device is connected with the two devices on either side of it. There are
two dedicated point to point links a device has with the devices on the either
side of it. This structure forms a ring thus it is known as ring topology.
5. Hybrid Topology
• Combination of two or more topology is known as hybrid topology.
• For example, a combination of star and mesh topology is known as hybrid topology.
COMPATIBILITY ISSUES AND COMMON ERRORS

• When it comes to computers compatibility and common errors most of the computer are very vulnerable in this kind of problems.

• Example issues and errors.

▪ Compatibility issue of software

▪ Compatibility issue of RAM

▪ Compatibility issue of driver

▪ Common errors of screen

▪ Common errors of mouse

▪ Common errors of computer USB dysfunctional port

▪ PC fans not working

▪ PC isn’t powering on.

▪ Not working keyboard.

WHAT IS SOFTWARE?

• Software is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to
work. This is in contrast to physical hardware, from which the system is built and actually
performs the work. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is
all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. Computer software
includes computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data, such as online
documentation or digital media.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFTWARE

• Software are used differently by different individuals. This is due to that individuals may
involved with the software but used in different ways. For instance, users want software
to do task according to their needs. Same as with the developers where developers need
to design, code and maintain the software. Therefore, software characteristics are
classified into six components.

PORTABILITY
FUNCTIONALITY RELIABILITY USABILITY EFFICIENCY MAINTAINABILITY
 ❖ FUNCTIONALITY: DESCRIBES THE PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE
CONTRARY TO ITS INTENDED PURPOSE.

Sub Characteristics
Interoperability
Suitability
• This is the basic aspect of • Usually, a single program feature or device does not work in
accessibility which relates to isolation. This sub-characteristic concerns the ability of the software
the appropriateness component to communicate with other modules or structures.
(specification) of the
accessibility of the software. Compliance
Accurateness
• Where applicable, some business (or government) rules and
• This relates to the accuracy of standards must be complied with, i.e. SOX. SOX. This sub
the functions, the ATM can
have a cash-out function, but is characteristic describes the compatible functionality of the program.
the sum correct?
Security
• This sub characteristic refers to improper access to the features of
the program.
RELIABILITY: DESCRIBES THE ABILITY OF THE SOFTWARE TO DELIVER REQUIRED
CAPABILITY UNDER THE GIVEN RESTRICTIONS.

Sub Characteristic
• Maturity
• This sub-characteristic concerns the extent of software malfunction.
• Fault tolerance
• The ability of the software to tolerate (and recover) component failure or environmental
loss.
• Recoverability
• Ability to return a broken system to complete service, including data and network links.
USABILITY: DESCRIBES THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE SOFTWARE CAN BE UTILIZED
WITH EASE.

Sub Characteristic
• Understandability
• Determines the simplicity with which the system function can be interpreted, applies to user
conceptual representations of human computer interface approaches.
• Learnability
• Learning activities for various people/users , i.e. beginner, professional, casual, etc.
• Operability
• The capacity of the software to be conveniently controlled by the operator in a given
context.
EFFICIENCY: DESCRIBES THE ABILITY OF THE SOFTWARE TO USE SYSTEM IN AN
EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT MANNER OF THE AVAILABLE RESOURCES.

Sub Characteristics
• Time behavior
• Characterizes the reaction times for a given collection, i.e. the transaction rate.
• Resource behavior
• Characterizes the used tools, i.e. memory, cpu, disk and network use.
MAINTAINABILITY: DESCRIBES THE EASE THAT CAN BE MADE IN SEVERAL
MODIFICATIONS IN A SOFTWARE SYSTEM TO EXTEND ITS FUNCTIONALITY,
PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT, OR ERRORS CORRECTION.

Sub Characteristics
• Analyzability
• Characterizes the capacity to determine the root cause of a technological issue.
• Changeability
• Characterizes the amount of system required to reform the method.
• Stability
• Characterizes the vulnerability of the system to adjustment that is the detrimental effect that can be caused
by improvements to the system.
• Testability

• Characterizes the effort taken to validate (test) a shift in the method.

PORTABILITY: DESCRIBES THE EASE OF THE DEVELOPERS IN WHICH CAN
TRANSFER SOFTWARE FROM ONE PLATFORM TO ANOTHER, IN MINIMAL OR NO
CHANGES.

Sub Characteristics
Adaptability
• Characterizes the ability of the machine to system new requirements or operating
environments.
Install ability
• Characterizes the initiative taken to install the software.
Conformance
• Similar to functionality compliance, but this attribute applies to portability. One illustration
will be Open SQL compliance, which refers to the portability of the database used.
Replaceability
• Characterizes the plug-and - play feature of the software modules, which is how simple it is
to replace a particular software component within a given framework.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOFTWARE

• Business, education, social division, and other fields where

all can be applied in Software. In which designed to meet System Software Real Time Software Business Software Web Based Software

specific goals such as data manipulation, sharing of

information, and others. It classified depends on the range of
Personal Computer Artificial Intelligence
the application Software Software
Engineering and Scientific
Software
SYSTEM SOFTWARE

• It is a set of programs, which is in charge in utilizing computer resources efficiently and

effectively. This class of software operates and commands the core functions of a
computer system. For an instance, Operating system is a system software, which
commands the hardware, handles memory and multitasking functions, and acts as an
intermediary between application programs and the computer.
REAL-TIME SOFTWARE

• A real-time system ensures an answer to an outside event within a specified period of

time. The software that examines, evaluates, and commands real world events as they take
place. For an instance, software that is used to read the required amount as input by the user
to withdraw a specific amount from an automatic teller machine.
BUSINESS SOFTWARE

• This is a software that holds relevant data from a database in which users can access to
be used in a specific transaction such as payroll, accounting, inventory and the like. This
software facilitates cost-effective structure in business operations and in management
decisions
ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC SOFTWARE

• This software is meant to execute accurate computations on complicated statistical data

that are attained during real time environment. Applications that are heavily dependent on
engineering and scientific software such as the study of celestial bodies, under surface
activities and programming of an orbital path for shuttles.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) SOFTWARE

• Software that is competent of rational behavior.” In developing this classification of a

software this involves simulating a number of capabilities, including logic, discovering,
problem solving, assessment, information representation.
WEB-BASED SOFTWARE

• This class of software acts as an crossing point between the user and the Internet. Data
on the Internet is in the form of text, audio, or video format, linked with hyperlinks. Web
browser is a software that displays web pages from the Internet. Provides Apart from
providing routing on the Web and establishes additional features that are useful while surfing
the Internet.
PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) SOFTWARE

• This class of software is used for both formal and personal use. The personal
computer software marketplace has grown in the last two decades from simple application to
complicated application. This software is used predominantly in almost every field, whether
home, school, business, and the like. It has emerged as a versatile tool for routine
applications.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE

• Software maintenance plays vital role in producing quality results or output . Modifying
and updating software application is the main purpose of software maintenance, after
delivery to correct errors and to enhance performance. The following listed below are
the types of software maintenance.
CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE
deals with the day to day systems functions to repair faults and defects.
software design, logic and coding where bugs and defects can be found.

▪ Design bugs occur when changes made to the software are incomplete,
incorrect or change of request is misunderstood.
▪ Logical bugs result from incorrect test and conclusions, invalid test of data,
wrong logic flow, and incorrect implementation of designs.
▪ Coding bugs is a program that produces an incorrect and unexpected result
ADAPTIVE MAINTENANCE

• Is the execution of modifications in a part of the system, which affects by a change that
happened in some other part of the system. It consists of adapting software to changes
inside the hardware or the operating system such as the conditions and the influences
which act (from outside) on the system. For instance, rules in businesses, task patterns,
and policies have a substantial effect on the software system. Adaptive maintenance
accounts for 25% of all the maintenance activities.
PERFECTIVE MAINTENANCE

• Perfective maintenance refers to the evolution of requirements and features in your

existing system. Once the software used by the users , they will suggest other features to
the software that will lead to future enhancements to the system. It also includes
removing elements from a system that are not useful and operational. Perfective
maintenance accounts 50-55% of most maintenance work. Quezada, N. (2020, May 29).
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

• Preventive maintenance describes changes made to improve the awareness and

maintainability of your software in the long run. It focused in decreasing the weakening of
your software in the long run. Reorganizing, improving code and revising documentation
are common preventive maintenance. Preventive maintenance execution reduces the
amount of unstable effects a software can have in the long term. Preventive maintenance
accounts for only 5% of all the maintenance activities. Quezada, N. (2020, May 29)