CHAPTER VII

COLUMNS

7.1 Introduction
Columns hold beams and rest on footings. It carries the loadings and weights of
beams transferred to it. Span of beam is divided at its center where half is transferred to
column. Concrete columns could be divided into three categories:
1. Short compression block or pedestal – This is a consideration that if the
height of an upright compression member is less than three times is least its
lateral dimension.
2. Short reinforced concrete column – This is when a reinforced concrete
column failed due to initial material failure. The load it can support is controlled
by the dimension of the cross – sections and the strength of materials of which is
constructed.
3. Long Reinforced concrete column – Should the length of column be
increased, the chances that it will fail by buckling will be increased.

7.2 TYPES OF COLUMNS

7.21 Tied Column

Tied Columns are ordinarily square or rectangular, but can also be octagonal,
round shape, L – Shape, etc. The square and rectangular are commonly used since they
are since they are simple to construct, however, when columns are used in open space,
circular column are very attractive. The ties are very effective in increasing column
strength and prevent the longitudinal bars from being displaced during construction.
Ties are form according to column shape and are tied to main bars.

7.22 Spiral Column

This is a continuous helical spiral made from bars or heavy wire is wrapped
around the longitudinal bars this column is a spiral column. Spiral column is more
effective than ties in increasing a column’s strength. The closely space of spirals do a
better job in holding the longitudinal bars in place and also confine the concrete inside
and greatly increase its resistance to axial compression. Spiral column are normally
round, but they also could be made in rectangular, octagonal, and other shapes as long
as ties are arrange in circular form. Spiral columns are often use for supporting very
heavy loads and are also commonly used in seismic areas due to their considerable
resistance to earthquake loadings.

7.23 Composite Columns

These are concrete columns that are reinforced longitudinally by structural steel
shape, mostly used is I-beam flange. These columns may or may be surrounded by
structural steel bars. The structural form steel carries the axial load of the column which
may be circular, square or rectangular in shape.

LSG 1
7.24 Lally Column
This column is also considered as composite column since it is a combination of
structural pipe and concrete. Steel pipe holds the axial load if no structural steel bars are
used.

Figure 7.1 Types of Columns

(a) Tied Column (b) Spiral Column (c) Lally Column

7.3 Axially Loaded Columns

All columns are subjected to some bending and axial forces and they need to be
proportion to resist both. Columns will bend under the action of moment and those
moments will tend to produce compression on one side of the column and tension on
the other side.

7.31 Axially Loaded Tied Columns

A.) ACI Specifications:

1. Minimum Cross – sectional Area of column, Ag = 60,000 mm2
2. Minimum thickness of column = 200 mm
3. Minimum covering of tie bars:
a. Not less than 40 mm
b. Not less than 1.5 times the max. size of aggregates
4. Minimum diameter of lateral ties = 10 mm
5. Spacing of lateral ties:
a. Not more than 16 mm bar diameter
b. Not more than 48 tie diameter
c. Not more than the least dimension of column
6. Clear distance between longitudinal bars must not less than 1.5 times the bar
diameter nor less than 1.5 times max. size of coarse aggregates.
7. Minimum number of bars = 4-16 mm Ø

LSG 2
 8. ρg ranges from 0.01 to 0.04
B.) Formulas used for Tied Column

P = 0.85Ag (0.25 f’c + fs ρg)

P = Pc + Ps
Pc = fcAg and Ps = fsAs
fc = 0.45f’c
As = ρgAg
Where:
P – Axial Load
Pc – load due to concrete
Ps – load due to steel
Ag – gross area of concrete column
As – Area of steel reinforcement
ρg – Load coefficient
fc – concrete strength or concrete stress
fs – Steel strength or steel stress

7.311 Example Problem for Short Tied Column

Design a short tied column to carry an axial load of 1,800 kN, f’c = 24
MPa, fs = 124 MPa. Use 10 mm lateral ties.

Given:
P = 1,800 kN
f’c = 24 MPa
fs = 124 MPa
ties = 10 mm diameter

Solution:
Assume ρg = 0.02
P = 0.85Ag(0.25 f’c + fs ρg)

Compute for Ag:

1,800 x 106 N = 0.85Ag[0.25(24 N/mm2) + (124 N/mm2)(0.02)]

, ,
Ag = = 249,653.26 mm2
. /

Use a square column:

Ag = d2 ; d = 𝐴 = 249,653.26 𝑚𝑚
d = 499.65 mm ; use 500 mm x 500 mm column
Ag = 500 x 500 = 250,000 mm2

LSG 3
 Try 28 mm Ø longitudinal bar:

( )
Ab = = 615.80 mm2/pc
For number of bars:
N= ; As = ρgAg = 0.02(250,000) = 5000 mm2
N= = 8.12 say 8 pieces
. /

Try 8 pcs – 28 mmØ

As = 8(618.5) = 4,926.4 mm2
, .
ρg = = = 0.0197
,

Check the actual loadings:

P = 0.85Ag(0.25 f’c + fsρg)
P = 0.85(250,000) [0.25(24) + 124(0.0197)]
P = 1,800,000 N = 1,800,000 N Ok

For spacing of lateral ties:

From ACI code:

1. S = 16(28) = 448 mm - use 440 mm.o.c 10 mm lateral
ties
2. S = 48(10) = 480 mm 500 x 500 mm square column
with
3. S = b = 500 mm 8 pcs – 28 mm Ø main bars.

7.32 Axially Loaded Spiral Column

A.) ACI Specification

1. Minimum diameter = 250 mm
2. Minimum diameter of spiral = 10 mm Ø
3. Spacing of Spirals:
a. Not more than 75 mm
b. Not less than 35 mm
c. Not less than 1.5 times the maximum size of the coarse aggregates
d. One sixth of core diameter
4. Minimum number of bars = 6 – 16 mmØ
5. Clear distance between longitudinal bars:
a. Not less than 1.5 times bar diameter
b. Not less than 1.5 times maximum size of coarse aggregate

LSG 4
 6. ρg ranges from 0.01 to 0.08
B.) Formulas Used in Spiral Column

ρs =

ρs = 0.45 ( − 1) ; Ac = ; Dc = D – 2(concrete cover)

Ag = ; As = ρgAg ;N=
P = Ag(0.25f’c + fsρg)
Vol. of core, Vc = AcS
Vol. of Spiral, Vs = AsπDc
S=
Where:
ρs = ratio of volume of spiral and concrete core
P = Axial load of Column
ρg = Load coefficient
Ab = Area of longitudinal Reinforcement
Ag = Gross Area of Concrete
Ac = Core Area of spiral
D = Diameter of Spiral column
Dc = Diameter of the core
N = number of longitudinal reinforcement
S = Spacing of spiral
Vc = Volume of Core
Vs = Volume of Spiral reinforcement

7.32 Example Problem of short spiral column

Design a short spiral column to carry an axial load of 1,800 kN, f’c = 24 MPa, fs =
124 MPa, use 10 mm Ø spiral.

Solution:
Assume, ρg = 0.02
P = Ag(0.25 f’c + fs ρg)
1,800,000 N = Ag [0.25(24 N/mm2) + (124 N/mm2)(0.02)]
, ,
Ag = = 212,264.20 mm2
. /
( , . )
Ag = ; D2 = =
D = 270,263.2 𝑚𝑚 = 519.87 say 520 mm

For Diameter of Core:

Dc = D – cc = 520 – 2(40) = 440 mm
For gross Area of steel reinforcement:

LSG 5
 ( )
As = ρgAg = 0.02[ ] = 4,247.4 mm2

For Number of Longitudinal bars:

Try 28 mm Ø RSB:
( )
Ab = = 615.80 mm2
, .
N= = = 6.89 say 7 pcs
. /
Check for Axial Load:
P = Ag(0.25f’c + fs ρg)
( , . )
ρg = = ( )
= 0.02
P = 212,371.66 [0.25(24) + (124)(0.02)]
P = 1,800,911.75 N or 1,801 kN > 1,800 safe

Check for spacing between bars:

Mean Diameter, Dm = Dc – 2(dia. of spiral) – dia. of reinforcement
Dm = 440 – 2(10) – 28 = 392 mm
Clear Spacing:
( . ) ( ) ( )
S= =
S = 148 mm
Minimum spacing allowed by code:
Smin = 1.5(db) = 1.5(28) = 42 mm < 148 mm ok

Compute for ratio of spiral:

/
ρs = 0.45 −1 ; = =
/

ρs = 0.45 −1 ; f’s = fy = = = 310 MPa

. .

ρs = 0.45 −1 = 0.45[1.4 − 1](0.0774)

ρs = 0.0139
ρs = = =

For area of steel reinforcement of spiral:

( )
As = = 78.54 mm2
( . )
ρs =
, .
S= = 51.37 say 52 mm
, ( . )

LSG 6
Check for spacing from Code:
1. S < 75 mm ------------------------------------------------------- 52 mm < 75 mm
ok
2. S > 35 mm ------------------------------------------------------- 52 mm > 35 mm
ok
3. S < Dc/6 = 440/6 = 73.3 mm ---------------------------------- 52 mm < 73.3 mm
ok

Therefore, use 52 mm spacing of spirals or pitch and 7 pcs – 28 mmØ RSB for main
bars.

7.4. Long Columns and Columns subjected to Biaxial Bending

𝒉
Slenderness ratio, . The slenderness of columns is based on the geometry and on
𝒓
their lateral bracing as their slenderness increases, their bending increases and thus
buckling may occur. Reinforced concrete columns generally have small slenderness
ratios. As a result they can be designed as short columns without strength reductions
due to slenderness.

Unsupported Length – The length used for calculating slenderness ratio of a column
in its unsupported length. This length is considered to be equal to the clear distance
between the slabs, beams, or other members that provide lateral support to the column.
Effective Length Factors – To calculate the slenderness ratio of a column, it is
necessary to estimate its effective length. This is the distance between points of zero
moment of column. For its initial discussion, it is assumed that no sideways or joint
translation is possible. Sideways or joint translation is possible. Sideways or joint
translation means that one or both ends of a column can move literally with respect to
each other. If there were such a thing as a perfectly pinned end columns, its effective
length would be its unsupported length.

7.41 Cases in Analysis of Long Columns

Case 1: No sideway, double curvature. The column may be fixed at one end and partially
fixed or restrained at the other end.

> 60 < 100

P’ = P(1.32 – 0.006 )
When
< 60 P’ = P

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Case 2: No sideway, single curvature. The column
may be partially fixed or restrained or pinned.

P’ = P (1.07 – 0.008 )
Where: r = radius of gyration
r = 0.25 x dia. of spiral column
r = 0.30 x dimension of tied column under
consideration.

7.50. Eccentrically Loaded Column

This equation shows how statics equation may be used to determine the ultimate
load P, at which any given short column fail for a particular eccentricity. Then the
section show how interaction diagrams can be developed for columns and how they can
be used for analysis and design. Statics are applied to three different types of columns,
to determine the P values:
1. Load applied to large distance from its plastic centroid (large e value)
2. Load located close to the centroid (small e value)
3. Load applied with an eccentricity which produces a balanced loading condition

Figure 7.20 – Eccentric Loadings

e= , when actual e < eb (compression controls)

where:
e = distance of P at the plastic centroid
M = moment applied at the column
P = load applied to column
eb = the computed balance eccentricity

LSG 8
Figure 7.30 – Columns for Analysis

Values of Balance eccentricity (eb):

1. For Symmetrical Tied Column
eb = [0.67(ρgm) + 0.17]d
2. For Symmetrical Spiral Column
a.) Square section: eb = 0.43 ρgmDs + 0.14t
b.) Round section: eb = 0.43 ρgmDs + 0.14D
3. For Unsymmetrical Tied Column
.
Ebx = ( ) .

.
Eby = ( ) .
where:
ρ’ = ratio of area of compression reinforcement to the effective area of concrete
c = ratio of area of tension reinforcement to the effective area of concrete

m=
.
Allowable Stress:
fs = 0.40fy but < 20.7 MPa ρg =
+ = 1.0 Fb = 0.45f′c

fb= Fa = 0.34(1+ ρgm) f′c

I = Ic + Isc
where:
fa=actual axial stress Ic=Moment of Inertia for
concrete

LSG 9
 Fa=allowable axial stress Isc=Moment of Inertia for steel
fb=actual bending stress reinforcement to concrete
N=Axial load by multiplying the area of
Ag=gross Area of concrete steel by (2n-1)
ρg=load coefficient

Kern Point – An elastic concept which is not used directly in the ACI Code but it
explains a general understanding of eccentrically loaded members. A load “P” acting at
an eccentricity “e” without creating any tension stress under elastic conditions.
Stress will be at “b” not on “a”. Figure 7.30 no stress at “a”
- =0

- =0

– (1- )=0
e=

e=

For Rectangular sections:

e= For Circular sections:
e=
c=
²
A=
I=
²

e=
( )

e=

LSG 10
7.51. Bending in one Direction only
1. Tied Column Figure 7.40
When eb > e, compression controls
eb= [0.67𝜌gm + 0.17] (t - d’)
Use Interaction Equation:
+ ≤ 1.0
fa =
Fa = 0.34 (1+ ρgm) f′c
fb =
Fb = 0.45 f′c
M = Pe
C=
ρg =
m=
.
Ag = bt
Isc = (2n – 1) As x2 (2) → if two layers

2. Spiral Column
When eb > e, compression controls
eb = 0.43ρgmDm + 0.14D
Interaction Equation:
Figure 7.50
+ ≤ 1.0
fa = ; fa = 0.34 (1+ ρgm) f′c
fb = ; fb = 0.45 f′c
M = Pe
C=
I = Ic + Isc
ρg = ;m=
.
( ) ²
Isc =
Dm = Dc – 2(θspiral) – θreinforcement
Ic =

LSG 11
 3. Conventional Method: (To compute actual stress of steel and concrete) –
Bending in one direction
FOR CONCRETE:
fc = + ; A = Ag + (2n – 1) As
M = Pe
C= = = 250
I = Ic + Isc
³ ( )³
Ic = =
Isc = (2n – 1) As (190)² (2)
( )²
As = (2)
FOR STEEL:
= +( )x + ( )y
A = Ag + (2n – 1) As
C = 190 Figure 7.50 A symmetrical model for
conventional method

7.52. Bending in Both Directions

This occurs when the load is located in s certain distance e from y-axis and e’
from x-axis. This produces bending both for y and x-axis symmetry in a square column.

1. Tied Column
When eb > e (compression controls)
Figure 7.60 – Square column where
+ + ≤ 1.0 bending occurs at both direction
fa =
Fa = 0.34(1+ρgm) f'c
Fb = 0.45 f'c
fbx = ( )x
Mx = 80P
Cx = 200 + 60 = 260
( )³
Ix = + (2n − 1)As (200)² (2)
( )²
As = (3)
2. Conventional Method: (To compute actual stresses of steel and concrete) –
Bending in both direction
FOR CONCRETE:
fc = + 𝑥+ 𝑦
Mx = 80P ; My = 120P
Cx = 260 ; Cy = 260

LSG 12
 ( )³
Ix = + (2n − 1)As (200)² (2)
( )²
As = (2)
( )³
Iy = + (2n − 1)As (200)² (2)
( )²
As = (3)
FOR STEEL:
= +( )x + ( )y
Mx = 80P ; My = 120P
Mx = e’P ; My = eP
Cx = 200 ; Cy = 200

7.53. Concrete Column subjected to Tensile Stress:

Tensile stress occurs at spiral column, Symmetrical Tied and Unsymmetrical Tied
when eccentricity is greater than balance eccentricity. In this case, tension governs; the
following formulas will be used.

When actual e > eb (Tension governs)

1. For Spiral Columns:
Mox = Moy = 0.12 Ast fy Dm
eb = 0.43 ρgmDs + 0.14t ----- For square sections
eb = 0.43 ρgmDs + 0.14D ----- For round sections
2. Symmetrical Tied Columns
Mox = 0.40Asfy (t – 2d’)
Moy = 0.40Asfy (b – 2d’)
eb = [0.67(ρgm) + 0.17]d
3. Unsymmetrical Tied Columns
Mox = 0.40Asfyjx (t – d’)
Moy = 0.40Asfyjy (t – d’)
.
ebx = ( ) .
.
eby = ( ) .
where:
Moy = Initial moment at vertical axis
Mox = Initial moment at horizontal axis
Ast = N Ab = Total steel bars area
As = Area of steel reinforcement for Tension only
j = coefficient of the depth (jd or jb) which describe the lever arm of the resultant
tension and compression forces.
FOR ALLOWABLE MOMENT:
( )
Mallow. = Mo + ; M = Pe
Mb = Pbeb ; Mo = 0.40 Asfy (t – 2d’)

LSG 13
 eb = (0.67ρgm + 0.17)d
Mb = balance moment due to balance loading
P = Actual load acting at eccentricity e > eb
Pb = Load acting at an eccentricity eb

7.54. Example Problems:

1. Long Spiral Column
A 5.0 meter spirally reinforced concrete column 550 mm in diameter has a 12 –
30 mm θ vertical bar centered on a 420 diameter circle. If f'c = 27 MPa, fy = 412 MPa,
what axial load may this column carry using ACI specifications? What is the size and
pitch of the spiral reinforcement?
Given:
h = 5.0 m = 5000 mm
D = 550 mm
RSB = 12 – 30 mm θ
Ds = 420 mm
f'c = 27 MPa
fy = 412 MPa
P=?
S=?
Solution:
Check if it is a shor or long column:
< 60 short column
r = .25D = 0.25(550) = 137.50 mm
= = 36.40 < 60 .·. short column
.
Safe load carried by the column
P = Ag (0.25f'c + fsρg)
fs = 0.40fy = 0.40(412) = 164.80 MPa
² ( )²
Ag = = = 237,582.30 mm²
( )²
As =12 = 8,482.30 mm²
, .
ρg = = = 0.036
, .
P = 237,582.94 mm² [(0.25× 27) + 164.8(0.036)]
P = 3,001,622.90 N = 3,001.623 KN

Using 10 mm θ spiral, compute the spiral ratio:

ρs = 0.45 [ − 1]
²
Ac = ; Dc = D – 2(40) = 550 – 80 = 470 mm
( )²
Ac = = 173,494.45 mm²
, .
ρs = 0.45 [ − 1]
, .

LSG 14
ρs = 0.45 (0.37) (0.066) = 0.011
ρs =
Volume of spiral = πDcAs
Volume of concrete core = Dc²S
ρs = ;S=
As = (10) = 78.54 mm²
( . )
S= = 60.77 mm say 60 mm
. ( )
ACI specification:
S < (Dc) = (470) = 78 mm : 60 mm < 78 mm ok
S > 35 mm : 60 mm > 35 mm ok
S < 75mm : 60 mm < 75 mm ok

2. Example Problem for Eccentricity of Short Tied Column

A 52 cm × 52 cm short tied column carries an eccentric load of 122,800 kg acting
at a distance “y” from the center of the column section. Use f'c = 211 kg/cm², fy =
3516 kg/cm², n = 9. Determine the safe value of “y” that the load could be placed
without causing tensile stress in the column section.

Given:
t1 = 52 cm
t2 = 52 cm
P = 122,800 kg
f'c = 211 kg/cm²
fy = 3516 kg/cm²
n=9
“y” = ?
Solution:
( . )²
As = Nab = = 49.1 cm²
Ag = 52 cm (52 cm) = 2,704 cm²
.
ρg = = = 0.0182
,

m= = = 19.60
. . ( )
Allowable Axial Stress:
Fa = 0.34 (1 + ρgm) f'c
Fa = 0.34 [1+(0.0182)(19.6)] 211 = 97.33 kg/cm²
For Actual Axial Stress:
,
fa = = = 45.41 kg/cm²
, ²
For Actual Bending Stress:

LSG 15
fb = ; M = Py ; c = 20 + 6 = 26 cm
Compute for Inertia:
³
I= + (2n – 1) As S² (2)
( . )
2n – 1 = 2(9) – 1 = 17 ; As = (4) = 19.635 cm²
( )( )³
I= + 17(19.635)(20)²(2) = 609,301.33 cm4 + 267,036 cm4
I = 876,337.33 cm4
For Allowable Bending Moment:
Fb = 0.45f'c = 0.45(211) = 94.95 kgs/cm²
Actual Bending Stress:
, ( )
fb = = 3.64y
, .
Use Interaction Equation:
+ = 1.0
. .
+ = 1.0
. .
. .
=1− = 1 – 0.47
. .
. ( . )
𝑦= = 13.83 cm
.
𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐞𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲:
eb = (0.67ρgm + 0.17)d
d = 52 – 6 = 46 cm
eb = [0.67(0.0182)(19.6)+0.17] 46 = 0.41(46)
eb = 18.86 cm > 13.83 cm
.·. compression controls.
No tension stress in the section.

3. Example Problem for Eccentricity Spiral column

A spirally reinforced concrete column is reinforce with 10 – 20 mm θ
longitudinal bars with a section diameter of 480 mm. determine the safe eccentric
load P that this column could carry at a distance of 250 mm from the center of the
column section. Use f'c = 21MPa, fy = 345 MPa, n = 10, 10 mm θ spiral space 60 mm
on centers, concrete cover = 40 mm.
Given:
Reinforcement = 10 – 20 mm θ spiral = 10 mm θ n = 10
D = 480 mm f'c = 21MPa S = 60 mm
P=? fy = 345 MPa e = 250 mm
Solution:
Dc = D – 2cc = 480 – 2(40) = 400 mm
Dm = Dc – 2(10 mm) = 400 – 40 mm = 360 mm
Ag = (D ) = (480 ) = 180,955.74 mm²
( )²
As = Nab = = 3,141.60 mm²

LSG 16
 , .
ρg = = = 0.0174
, .

m= = = 19.33
. . ( )
Allowable Axial Stress:
Fa = 0.34 (1+ ρgm) f'c = 0.34 [1 + (0.0174)(19.33)] 21
Fa = 9.54 MPa
For Actual Axial Stress:
fa = = = 5.53 × 10-6 P MPa
, .
For Allowable Bending Stress:
Fb = ; M = Pe = P(250); c = = 240 mm
Compute for Inertia:
( ) ²
I= +
(2n – 1) = 20 – 1 = 19 ; As = 3,141.60 mm²
( ) ( )( , . )( )²
I= +
I = 3,572,747,091 mm4
Actual Bending Stress:
( )( )
fb = = 1.6794 × 10-5
, , ,
From Interaction Equation:
+ = 1.0
. × . ×
+ = 1.0
. .
P = 424.303 KN Answer//
4. Example of Tied Column bending in both sides
4-a) Find the safe axial load P of the column section shown at the right could carry, if
it is place at a distance of 5 cm to the right of the center of the column section and a
distance of 2.5 above the center of the column of the section, f'c = 211 kg/cm², fy =
3516 kg/cm² and n = 9.
Given:
P=? f'c = 211 kg/cm²
e = 5 cm fy = 3516 kg/cm²
e' = 2.5 cm n=9
d' = 7 cm main bars = 8 – 22 mm θ
t1 = 50 cm Tied bars = 10 mm θ
t2 = 50 cm
Solution:
( . )²
As = = 30.41 cm²
Ag = 50 cm (50 cm) = 2,500 cm²
. ²
ρg = = = 0.0122
, ²
/ ²
m= = = 19.60
. . ( / )

LSG 17
For Allowable axial stress:
Fa = 0.34 (1 + ρgm) f'c = 0.34 [1 + (0.0122)(19.6)] 211
Fa = 88.90 kg/cm²
For Actual Axial stress:
fa = = 4 × 10 P
,
For Interaction Equation:
fa fbx fby
+ + ≤ 1.0
Fa Fb Fb
For Allowable Bending Stress:
Fb = 0.45f'c = 0.45(211kg/cm²) = 94.95 kg/cm²
For Actual Bending:
At x-axis:
fbx = ; M = Pe' = P(2.50) ; c = = 25 cm
At y-axis:
fby = ; M = Pe = P (5 cm) ; c = = 25 cm
Compute for Inertia:
Ix = Iy = I
( )³
I= + (2n – 1) As (18)²
( )³
I= + (17)(30.41)(18)² = 688,331.28 cm4
( . )( )
fbx = = 9.08 × 10-5P
, .
( )( )
fby = = 1.816 × 10-4P
, .
Substituting the values to interaction equation:
4 × 10 P 9.08 × 10 P 1.816 × 10 P
+ + = 1.0
88.90 94.95 94.95
4.5× 10 P + 9.563× 10 P + 1.913 × 10 P = 1.0
6.3693× 10 P = 1.0
.
P= = 157,003.12 N
. ×
P = 157.003 KN Answer//

4-b) A vertical reinforced concrete tied column has a cross section of 600 × 350 mm
reinforced with 6 pcs – 25 mm θ longitudinal bars. Given Ec = 13,734 MPa and Es =
200,000 MPa, vertical load P = 669 KN applied 63 mm from y-axis and a distance e'
in mm from x-axis. If the allowable compressive stress is 11.50 MPa, determine the
safe value of e'. Concrete cover is 60 mm measure from the side section to the center
of reinforcement.
Given:
t1 = 600 mm Es = 200,000 MPa e’ = ?

LSG 18
t2 = 350 mm P = 669 KN
RSB = 6 – 25 mm θ e = 63 mm
Ec = 13,734 MPa fc = 11.5 MPa
Solution:
,
n= = 14.6
,
Allowable Compressive Stress:
fc = + +
For Area of Section:
A = t1t2 + (2n – 1) As
( )²
As = N Ab = = 2,945.24 mm² ; 2n – 1 = 2(14.6) – 1 = 28.20
For Moments:
Mx = Pe' = 669,000e'
My = Pe = 669,000(63) = 42,147,000 N – mm
cy = 115 mm + 60 mm = 300 mm
cx = 240 mm + 60 mm = 300 mm
For Inertia:
( )³
Iy = I = + (2n – 1) As (S)² (2)
( )²
As = N Ab = = 1,472.62 mm² ; S = 115 mm
Iy = 2,148,750,000 mm4 + 28.2(1,472.62)(115)²(2)
Iy = 3,241,162,532 mm4
( )³
Ix = + (2n – 1) As (S) ² (2)
( )²
As = N Ab = = 981.75 mm² ; S = 240 mm
Ix = 6,300,000,000 mm4 + 28.2(981.75)(240)²(2)
Ix = 9,489,352,320 mm4
For Area of Section:
A= 600(350) + 28.2(981.75) (240)²(2) = 83,055.77 mm²
Compute for e', using allowable compressive stress:
, , ( ) , , ( )
11.5 = + +
, . , , , , , ,
11.5 = 8.055 + 0.0212e' + 2.28
. . . .
e' = =
. .
e' = 54.95 mm Answer//

LSG 19
5. Example of Columns subjected to Tensile Stress
Find the safe load that the tied column section at the right could carry if it is
acting at a distance of 60 cm from the center of the column section. The column is
reinforced with 6 – 35 mm diameter bars, f'c= 281 kg/cm², fy = 2812 kg/cm² and n = 9.
Given:
e = 60 cm
RSB = 6 – 3.5 cm θ
tx = 60 cm
ty = 50 cm
f'c = 281 kg/cm²
fy = 2812 kg/cm²
n=9
P=?
Solution:
( . )²
As = N Ab = 57.73 cm²
Ag = tx (ty) = 60(50) = 3,000 cm²
. ²
ρg = = = 0.0192
, ²
/ ²
m= = = 11.8
. . ( )

check if comparison or tension controls:

e = 60 cm
eb = (0.67 ρgm + 0.17)(t - d')
where t = tx 60 cm ; d' = 7 cm
t - d' = 60 cm – 7 cm = 53 cm
eb = [0.67(0.0192)(11.80) + 0.17](53)
eb = 17.06 cm < 60 cm .·. tension controls
For Allowable Moment:
M = Mo + P
Initial Moment:
Mo = 0.40 As1fy (t – 2d')
. ²
As1 = = = 28.865 cm² ; t = 60 cm
Mo = 0.40(28.865 cm²)(2812 kg/cm²)(60 – 14)
Mo = 1,491,428.56 kg-cm
Compute Pb and Mb, using Interaction Equation:
fa fb
+ = 1.0
Fa Fb
For Allowable Axial Stress:
Fa = 0.34(1+ρgm)f'c = 0.34[1 + (0.0192)(11.8)](28)
Fa = 117.20 kg/cm²
For Actual Axial Stress:
fa = = = 3.333× 10 Pb
( )

LSG 20
For Allowable Bending Stress:
Fb = 0.45f'c = 0.45(281 kg/cm²) = 126.45 kg/cm²
For Actual Bending Stress:
fb = ; m = Peb ; c= = = 30 cm
For Inertia:
( )³
I= + (2n – 1) As S²
( )³
I= + (17)(57.73)(23)²
I = 900,000 cm4 + 519,165.89 cm4
I = 1,419,165.9 cm4
. ( )
fb = = 3.61 × 10 Pb
, , .
Substitute computed values to Interaction Equation:
. × . ×
+ = 1.0
. .
2.844× 10 Pb + 2.855× 10 Pb = 1.0
.
Pb = = 175,469.40 kg
. ×
For Balance Moment:
Mb = ebPb = (17.60 cm)(175,469.40 kg)
Mb = 2,993,507.96 kg – cm
For Actual Moment:
M = Pe = 60P
From: M = Mo + P
, , . , , .
60P = 1,491,428.56 + ( )P
, .
60P = 1,491,428.56 + 8.56P
60P – 8.56P = 1,491,428.56
, , .
P= = 28,993.46 kg
.
P = 284.43 KN Answer//

7.6 Column Subjected to Bending in Both Axis (Tension Controls)

Formulas:
+ = 1.0
Mo = 0.12 AstfyDm (For Spiral)
Mo = 0.12 Asfy (t – 2d') (For tied)

LSG 21
Example Problem:
Find the safe load P that could be carried by the column section 60 cm × 60 cm
reinforced with 6 – 35 mm diameter bars acting at an eccentricity of 20 cm and 25 cm
respectively from x and y axis, f'c = 281 kg/cm², fy = 2812 kg/cm², n = 8 and cc = 7.5
cm.
Given:
P=? fy = 2812 kg/cm²
tx = 60 cm f'c = 281 kg/cm²
ty = 60 cm n=8
RSB = 6 – 35 mm θ cc = 7.5 cm
e = 25 cm e' = 20 cm
Solution:
( . )²
As = N Ab = = 57.73 cm²
Ag = (60) (60 cm) = 3,600 cm²
. ²
ρg = = = 0.016
, ²
/ ²
m= = = 11.80
. . ( )
²
Check if tension or compression controls:
Take e' = 20 cm, the smaller e.
eb = (0.67 ρgm + 0.17)(t - d')
t - d' = 60 cm – 7.5 cm = 52.5 cm
eb = [0.67(0.016)(11.80) + 0.17] (52.5) = 15.57
eb = 15.60 cm < 60 cm .·. tension controls
For Moment, using Interaction Equation:
+ = 1.00
Mx = Pe' = 20P
My = Pe = 25P
Mox = 0.40 Asfy(t - 2d')
Moy = 0.40 Asfy(t – 2d')
t – 2d' = 60 – 2(7.5) = 45 cm
For Mox:
( . )²
As = N Ab = = 19.24 cm²
Mox = 0.40(19.24 cm²)(2812 kg/cm²)(45 cm)
Mox = 973,851.84 kg – cm
For Moy:
( . )²
As = N Ab = = 28.86 cm²
Moy = 0.40(28.86 cm²)(2812 kg/cm²)(45 cm)
Moy = 1,460,777.76 kg – cm
+ = 1.00
+ = 1.00
, . , , .

LSG 22
2.054× 10 P + 1.71142× 10 P = 1.00
.
P= = 26,557.50 kg Answer//
. ×

LSG 23
7.7) Chapter Problem:
1. Design a short tied square column to carry an axial load of 1800 KN, f'c = 20.7
MPa, fs = 120 MPa. Use 10 mm θ lateral ties.
2. Design a short spiral column to carry an axial load of 1,800 N. Use f’c = 25
MPa, fs = 175 MPa. Use 10 mm θ lateral ties.
3. A rectangular short tied column has a cross-section of 380 mm × 480 mm
with 8 pcs – 30 mm diameter bars placed in two layers, four each at the
longer side at an eccentricity of 176 mm from the center of the column section.
Concrete cover is 65 mm from sides of section to center of longitudinal bars.
Determine the safe load using f'c = 28 MPa, fy = 346 MPa and n = 8.
4. Determine the eccentric load P which can be applied 48 mm from the center
of a spirally reinforced concrete column whose diameter is 360 mm. Use the
following specifications:
f'c = 20.7 MPa fs = 137 MPa n=9
main reinforcement = 8 – 25 mm θ
spiral reinforcement = 10 mm θ spiral
use interaction equation
5. Investigate the adequacy of spiral column that carries 740 KN acting at a
distance of 60 mm from the center. The column has a diameter of 500 mm
with a 10 mm diameter spirals, 8 – 20 mm θ longitudinal reinforcement and a
concrete cover of 50 mm. Determine also the actual stress in steel and
concrete if f'c = 20 MPa, fy = 276 MPa and n = 9.
6. 600 mm×380 mm is a section of reinforced concrete column which has 6 –
28 mm diameter longitudinal bar has a vertical axial load of 68,200 kg which
applied 5.4 cm from the x-axis and distance e from y-axis. If the allowable
compressive stress is 57.20 kg/cm², determine the maximum safe value of e.
use Ec = 1.4× 10 kg/cm² and Es = 2.11× 10 kg/cm².
7. Find he safe live load that could be carried by a tied column with section of
550 mm ×550 mm if it is acting at a distance of 300 mm from the center and
on x-axis. The column is reinforced longitudinally by 6 – 30 mm diameter
arrange in two layers parallel to y-axis with d' = 65 mm. Use f'c = 28MPa, fy =
300 MPa and n = 9.

LSG 24
 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN

TIED COLUMN SPECIFICATIONS:

(1.) Load Coefficient, ρg = 0.01 … 0.08; 𝜌 =

(2.) Min. number of bars:
(a.) 4 - 16 mmØ for square or rectangle column.
(b.) 6 – 16mmØ tied column

(3.) Lateral Ties = 10mm Ø for

Longitudinal bars = 32mm Ø or smaller and 12mm Ø for longitudinal bars
greater than 32mm Ø

(4.) Spacing of Ties: (Use the smallest value)

a.) Not more than 16 bar diameter = 16(db) – main
b.) Not more than 48 tie diameter = 48(db) – ties
c.) Least dimension of column = spacing

(5.) When there are mpore than 4 vertical bars, additional ties shall be
provided so that longitudinal bars will be held firmly in its designed
position. No bar shall be more than 150mm from such laterally supported
bar.

(6.) The reinforcement for tied column shall be protected by a covering of

concrete cast monolithically with the core for which the thickness shall not
be less than 40mm.

SPIRAL COLUMN SPECIFICATION:

(1.) ρg = 0.08
(2.) Minimum number of bars = 6 – 16mm Ø
(3.) Minimum spiral = 10mm Ø
(4.) Clear spacing between spiral should not exceed more than 75mm and not
less than 25mm.
(5.) Ratio of volume of spiral reinforcement to the volume of concrete core.
𝐴 𝑓′𝑐 𝜋𝐷 𝜋𝐷
𝜌 = 0.45[ − 1] ; 𝐴 = ; 𝐴 =
𝐴 𝑓𝑦 4 4

LSG 25
 Where :
Ag = Gross Area
Ac = Area of concrete core
Dc = Diameter of spirals
D = Diameter of column

Volume of spiral reinforcement = AsπDc

Vol. of concrete core =
Dc = D – 80(dia. Of concrete core)
𝜌 = =
( )

Spacing of spirals, S = =
𝜌 =

LENGTH OF COLUMNS: (Lu)

1.) The unsupported length (height) of concrete column is considered to be the
clear distance between floor slabs, beams or other members which support
the column laterally.
2.) For flat slab construction, it is the clear distance between the floor and the
lower extremity of the capital or drop panel, whichever is the smaller value.
3.) For beam and slab construction, it is the clear distance between the floor and
the other side of the deeper beam framing into the column in its direction to
the next higher floor level.
4.) It is equivalent to the length which produces the greatest ratio of length to the
radius of gyration for rectangular column.

RADIUS OF GYRATION :
a.) Rectangular Column:
r = 0.30 × the overall dimension of the member in the direction under
consideration
b.) Circular Column:
r = 0.25 × diameter of the column
= slenderness ratio

(1.) When is lesser than 34 – 12 (the effect of slenderness ratio is

neglected)
Where : M1 = Smaller design end moment
M2 = Larger design end moment

LSG 26
 𝑀
= 1, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠
𝑀

(2.) When > 34 − 12 , consider the effect of slenderness ratio:

𝜌 = ; for tied column, Ø = 0.70

( )
for spiral column, Ø = 0.75

where, K = effective length factor

EI = , 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
. ( )
( )
EI = , 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
( )

Ig = gross moment of inertia of the cross-section about the centroidal

axis being considered.
Es = Modulus elasticity of steel = 200,000 MPa
Ec = Modulus elasticity of concrete = 4700 𝑓′𝑐 MPa
Isc = Moment of inertia of reinforcing bars about the centroidal axis
of the section
𝛽d = Ratio of maximum factored dead load moment to the maximum
factored total load moment. This is always assumed to have a
positive value.
EI = Modulus elasticity with Inertia

AXIAL LOAD AND MINIMUM ECCENTRICITY OF SHORT COLUMNS

M = Pe
e= (eccentricity)
eb = balanced eccentricity

Allowable Eccentricity: (mm)

a.) Tied Column = 15 + 0.03 h
b.) Spiral = 15 + 0.03 h
where :
h = overall thickness of the member
Po = 0.85 f’c (Ag – Ast) + fy Ast

where ;
Po = Ultimate load capacity (yield – point strength)
Ag = Gross Area of concrete (mm2)
Ast = Area of longitudinal (vertical) steel bars in (mm2) = ρg Ag
Po = 0.85 f’c (Ag – ρg Ag) + fy ρg Ag

LSG 27
 = 0.85 f’c Ag [(1 – ρg) + fy ρg ]
Pn = nominal or theoretical axial load when there is eccentricity
Pu = factored applied axial load at a known eccentricity
Pu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL
Pu = Ø(0.80) Po

CONCRETE AREA REQUIRED, Ag:

a.) Tied Column : Pu = Ø(0.80) Po
Pu = Ø(0.80) [0.85 f’c Ag(1 – ρg) + fy ρg ]
Ag =
∅( . )[ . ( ) ]

b.) Spiral Column : Pu = Ø(0.85) [0.85 f’c Ag(1 – ρg) + fy ρg ]

Ag =
∅( . )[ . ( ) ]

MOMENT MAGNIFICATION FOR LONG COLUMNS

Mc = Magnified factored moment
M1 = Value of smaller factored end moment
Mc = δb M2b + δs M2s
δb = > 1.0
∅

δs = > 1.0
∅

where:
M2 = Moment due to factored loads
M1b = Value of smaller factored end moment on a compression
member due to loads that results no sidesway.
M2b = Value of larger factored end moment on a compression
member due to loads that results no sideway.
M2s = Value of larger factored end moment on compression
members that results in sidesway.
Mc = δM2 (larger factored end moment)
δb = > 1.0
∅

* For members braced against sidesway and with no transverse loads

between ends.

Cm = 0.60 + 0.4 > 0.40

For all other cases : Cm = 1.0

LSG 28
 ( )
EI = , Accurate

EI = , Conservative
. ( )

= 1.0 ; 𝑃 = ; 𝐸 = 4700 𝑓′𝑐

( )

= Positive for single curvature = Negative for double curvature

Example Problems:
Example Problem 1.1
Find the allowable eccentricity of the column section shown using the
magnified moment method. The effective length factor is 0.90. Assume 𝛽d = 0.60, f’c =
20.7 MPa, fy = 414.7 MPa.

Solution:
K = 0.90 ; r = 0.30t1
r = 0.30(350mm)
r = 105 mm = 0.105 m

M1 = 13.6 kN.m
= 13,600 N.m
M2 = 81.60 kN.m
= 81,600 N.m = neg. for double curvature

. ( , )
= > 34 − 12
= 41.14 41.14 > 36
,
34 – 12 = 34 – 12 [ ] ∴ Long Column
,
= 34 – 12(-0.17) Mc = δM2
= 34 + 2 = 36 𝛿= > 1. 𝑜

LSG 29
 Cm = 0.60 + 0.40
,
= 0.60 + 0.40 [ ]
,
= 0.60 + 0.40 (-0.17)
= 0.60 – 0.07
Cm = 0.53 > 0.40 OK

Pc = ; 𝐸𝐼 =
( ) . ( )

𝐸 = 4700 𝑓′𝑐 = 4700√20.7

𝐸 = 21,384 MPa
( )
𝐼 = =
𝐼 = 1072 × 10 𝑚𝑚
( , )( × )
EI = ; EI =
. ( . ) . ( )
= 5,730,912 × 106
( , , × )
Pc =
. ( )
Pc = 3,030,791 N

.
δ= =
∅ ( . )( , , )

δ = 1.12
Mc = δM2
Mc = 1.12(81,600)
Mc = 91392 × 103 N.mm
e=
× .
e=
×
e = 82 mm Ans.//

Example Problem 2.1

Determine the safe ultimate load that coukd be placed at an eccentricity of
300mm about the axis shown. f'c = 20 MPa, fy = 400 MPa.

Note:
a on top of b

Pu = ?
Pu = ØPn

LSG 30
 Solution:
For balanced loading:
Assume : f’s = fy = fs

C1 = 0.85 f’c at By ratio and proportion:

∈ . ∈
= 0.85(20)(a)(450) =
.
C1 = 7650 a 𝜖y + 0.003 =
C2 = A’s f’s ; As = A’s but : 𝜖y = =
,
.
As = (𝑑𝑏) 𝑁 + 0.003 =
,
, ( . )
N=3 fy + 600 =
( )
C2 = (32) (3)(400) 𝑐 = 𝑐 =
C2 = 964,608 N cb = 261 mm
a = 0.85cb = 0.85(261 mm)
T = Asfy a = 221.85 mm
T = (32) (3)(400) Pb = 7650 a = 7650 (221.85)
= 964,608 N Pb = 1,697,152.5 N
∑Fv = 0 (From figure) ∑MA = 0 , at shear digram
T + Pb = C1 + C2 Pb x = C1 (𝑑 − ) + C2 (d – d’)
964,608 + Pb = 7650 a + 964,608 C1 = 7650 (221.85 mm)
Pb = 7650 a C1 = 1,697,152.50 N

LSG 31
 .
1,697,152.50 (x) = 1,697,152.50 (435 − ) + 964,608 (435 – 65)
, , . ( . ) , ( )
x=
, , .
x = 534.37 mm
x = eb + 185
eb = x – 185 = 534.37 – 185
eb = 349.37 mm
eb = 349.37 mm > 300 mm used
∴ compression controls
Since compression controls

fs = fy & C2 = As fy

C2 = 964,608 N
C1 = 0.85 f’c ab
but : a = 0.85 C
C1 = 0.85(20)(0.85) C (450)
C1 = 6,502.5 C
T = As f s

By ratio and proportion:

∈ ∈
=
∈ ( )
∈ =
∈ = ; 𝑓𝑠 = ∈ 𝐸

∈( )
Then, =

. ( )
fs = 200,000

LSG 32
 ( )
fs =

T = (32) (3)(600)( )

T = 1,446,912 ( )

∑Fv = 0
T + Pn = C1 + C2

1,446,912 ( ) + P𝑛 = 6502.5 C + 964,608 → (1)

∑MA = 0
PN (485) = C1 (𝑑 − ) + C2 (d – d’)
.
PN (485) = 6502.5 C (435 − ) + 964,608 (435 – 65)

PN = 13.41 C (435 – 0.425 C) + 735887

PN = 5833.35 C – 5.70 C2 + 735887 → (2)
Equate ( 1 ) and ( 2 )

1,446,912 ( ) + 5833.35 C – 5.70 C2 + 735887 = 6502.5 C + 964,608

629,406,720 - 1,446,912C + 5833.35 C2 - 5.70 C3 + 735887C = 6502.5 C2 +

964,608C
5.70 C3 + 669.15 C2 + 1,675,633 C – 629,406,720 = 0

Using Newtons Method of Approximation:

y = C3 + 117.39 C2 + 293.971 C – 110,422,232
y’ = 3 C2 + 234.78 C + 293,971
Try: C1 = 274.88 , y = 24051 , y’ = 585,184

C = C1 - = 274.88 − ; C = 274.84
,

Substitute C to eq. ( 1 )
.
1,446,912 + 𝑃 = 6502.5(274.84)964,608
.

PN = 1,908,583 N = 1909 kN
Pu = Ø PN = 0.70(1909) = 1,336.3 kN Ans.// Safe ultimate load
Mu = Pu e = 1,336.3 (300) = 401 kN.m Safe ultimate moment

LSG 33
 Check:
∈ .
=
. .

∈ 𝑠′ = 0.00229

∈𝑦 = = = 0.002 < 0.00229 Compression yields OK.

,

Example Problem 3.1

Design a spiral column to carry a dead load of 1070 kN and a
liveload of 980kN if it has an unsupported length of 2.2 m, f’c = 27.50 MPa, fy =
413.50 MPa. The column carries no moment.
Pu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL.

Pu = 1.4(1070) + 1.7(980)
Pu = 3165.70 kN = 3165700 N

Assume : ρg = 0.03

Trial Area:
Ag =
∅( . )[ . ( ) ]
, ,
=
. ( . )[ . ( . )( . ) ( . )( . )]
Ag = 141,562 mm2

Ag = ; 141,562 =
D = 425 mm
Try D = 430 mm
Ag = = (430) = 145,147 𝑚𝑚
Ag = 𝜌 Ag = 0.03(145,147 mm2)
Ag = 4354 mm2

Used: 28 mm Ø steelbar:
As = Adbn ; 4354 = (28) n
n = 7.07 say 7 bars
As = Adbn = (28) (7)
As = 4308 mm2
Ag = 145,147 mm2
ρg = =
,
ρg = 0.0297 > 0.01 < 0.08 OK
Pu = Ø(0.85) Ag [0.85 f’c (1 – ρg) + fy ρg ]
= (0.75)(0.85)(145,147) [0.85(27.5) (1 – 0.0297) + (413.5)( 0.0297)]
Pu = 3,235,050 N < 3,165,700 N SAFE

LSG 34
Using 10mm Ø spirals:

S=

𝐴 𝑓′𝑐
𝜌 = 0.45[ − 1]
𝐴 𝑓𝑦
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 = (𝐷 ) = (350)
4 4
𝐴 = 96,163 mm2
145,147 27.5
𝜌 = 0.45[ − 1]
96,163 413.5
𝜌 = 0.015

( )( )
S= = 59.81 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 50 𝑚𝑚
( )( . )

As = Area of spiral bar

Required Spacing:
(1.) Not less than 25 mm
(2.) Not more than 80 mm
Use S = 50 mm on centers
Check for slenderness ratio:
r = 0.25 D
r = 0.25(430) = 107.50 mm
= = 20.47
.
32 – 12 ( )= 34 – 12(1)
= 22
34 - 12 ( ) > = 20.47
22 > 20.47 O.K.
∴ use D = 430 mm with 7 – 28mm Ø reinforcement with 10mm Ø spirals spaced
at 50mm o.c.

LSG 35
Problem Number 4
Design tied column that carries a total dead and live load of 1000 kN and
1350 kN, repectively. It also carries a dead load moment of 20 kN-m and live load
moment 0f 35 kN-m, f’c = 30 MPa and fy = 400 MPa.

Given:
PDL = 1000 kN f’c = 30 MPa
PLL = 1350 kN fy = 400 MPa
MDL = 20 kN-m MLL = 35 kN-m

Solution:
Assume 𝜌 = 0.03

Pu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL
= 1.4(1000) + 1.7(1350)
Pu = 3,695 kN

Mu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL
= 1.4(20) + 1.7(35)
Mu = 87.5 kN-m

Mu = Pue ; e =
.
e= = 0.024 m
e = 24 mm

Pu = Ø0.80Po

Po = = 6,598.21 𝑘𝑁
. ( . )

Po = 6,598,210 N
Po = Ag[(0.85)f’c (1 - 𝜌 ) + fy 𝜌 ]

6,598,210 N = Ag[(0.85)(30) (1 -0.03) + 400(0.003)]

, ,
Ag =
. ( )( . )

Ag = 179,592 mm2
For Square column:
h2 = 179,592 mm2
h = 179,592 𝑚𝑚 = 423.78 mm say 430 mm

LSG 36
Try 430 mm × 430 mm
emin = 15 + 0.03h
= 15 + 0.03(430)
emin = 28 > 24 O.K.

Since e is too small, treat column as axially loaded:

Ag = 430(430) = 184,900 mm2
Po = 0.85f’c (Ag - As) + fyAs
6,598,210 = 0.8o(30) [184,900 - As] + 400As
6,598,210 = 4,437,600 - 24As + 400As
, , , ,
As =
, ,
As = = 𝟓, 𝟕𝟒𝟔. 𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟐
Use 28mmØRSB:
, .
N= = ( )
/
N = 9.33 say 10 pcs.

, , , ,
As =
, ,
As = = 5,746.3 𝑚𝑚
28(4) = 112
Cc = 80
35(3) = 105__
297 mm < 430 mm O.K
∴use 10 pcs – 28mmØRSB
Check for Steel strength (gross):
, .
ρg = = = 0.032 > 0.01 < 0.08 O.K

For 10mmØties:
Spacing:
(a.) 16(db) = 16(28)
= 448
(b.) 48(db) = 48(10)
= 480
(c.) Least dimension = 430
∴ use 10mmØ ties spaced
1 @ 0.05m o.c.
2 @ 0.10m o.c.
3 @ 0.15m o.c.
3 @ 0.20m o.c.
rest @ 0.43m 0.c.

LSG 37
Encased and Composite Column

Encased Columns:

This type of column is a combination of I – Beam flange steel use as

reinforcement. I – Beam is encase at Concrete Square of rectangular column but not
in circular column. The concrete casing has a minimum concrete cover of 20mm
outside dimension of the flange of I – Beam.

Composite Column

This type of column is a spiral column where I – Beam are place at the concrete
cover surrounded by the reinforcement or spiral reinforcement. I – Beam added
more strength capacity specially if circular columns are used for high rise buildings.

Concrete encased on a pipe

To add weight and strength to steel pipe used as column a concrete is

added or poured inside the installed pipes before placing its column plates which
holds beams or trusses.

LSG 38
Example Problem in Encased and Composite columns

Problem no. 1: (Composite Rectangular section w/o RSB)

A steel W410 × 100 column is encased in a 460 mm × 460 mm concrete
section and is supported for its 6.0 meters height. Determine the safe axial load that
this combination could carry, k = 1.0, f’c = 21 MPa, fy = 276 MPa, (a.) using ultimate
design (b.) working stress design. Properties of W410 × 100; A T = 12,700 mm2, I =
398 × 106 mm4.

Given:
W410 × 100 Properties k = 1.0
AT = 12,700 mm2 f’c = 21 MPa
IT = 398 × 106 mm4 fy = 276 MPa
Ac = 460(460) = 211,600 mm2 a.) P = ? (ultimate design)
L = 6.0 m b.) P = ? (working design)

Solution:

For slenderness calculation, the radius of gyration (r) of composite section shall not
be greater than

r=

For Modulus Elasticity of Concrete:

Ec = 4700 𝑓′𝑐 = 4700 √21 = 21,538.11 𝑀𝑃𝑎

For Moment of Inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting
reinforcements:

𝑏𝑑 460(460)
𝐼 = − 𝐼 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = − 398 × 10
12 12
Ig = 3,333,213,333 mm4
Ag = Ac – As = 202,500 mm2 – 12,700 = 189,800 mm2
( , . )( , , , )
, ( × )
r= , . ( , )
, ( , )

. ×
r= = 154 𝑚𝑚
, , , .

LSG 39
For slenderness ratio:
𝐾𝐿
; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 = 1.0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿 = 6,000 𝑚𝑚
𝑟
𝐾𝐿 1.0(6000)
= = 38.96 < 100 (𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡)
𝑟 154
For Ultimate axial load:
𝑃
= 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝐴 + 𝐴 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85(21)(189,800) + 12,700(276)
∅
𝑃
= 6,893,130 𝑁 = 6,893.13 𝑘𝑁
∅

For Working stress: (From ACI Code)

P = 0.40 = 0.40(1,893,139 N)
∅
P = 2,757,252 N or 2,757.252 kN

LSG 40