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Hisyory of SQL

The SQL language was originally developed in the 1970s at IBM for a relational database project called System R. SQL became available commercially in databases by the late 1970s and was standardized by ANSI and ISO. The SQL standard has evolved through several versions with SQL-99 approved in 1999, adding new features like object-orientation and packages.

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10 views2 pages

Hisyory of SQL

The SQL language was originally developed in the 1970s at IBM for a relational database project called System R. SQL became available commercially in databases by the late 1970s and was standardized by ANSI and ISO. The SQL standard has evolved through several versions with SQL-99 approved in 1999, adding new features like object-orientation and packages.

Uploaded by

Arun Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HISYORY OF SQL

The SQL language was originally developed at the IBM research laboratory in
San José, in connection with a project developing a prototype for a relational
database management system called System R in the early 70s.

The first database management systems based on SQL became available


commercially by the end of the 70s. At the same time, relational database
management systems based on other languages were published. The best-known
alternative for SQL was the QUEL language in the Ingres system.

SQL was elected for standardization. Both the American ANSI and the
international ISO took part in the standardization

In 1986, the first SQL standard was approved (the core SQL about 40 pages +
the module language, and embedding in programming languages, altogether
about 100 pages)

In 1989, an integrity enhancement was approved by ISO, containing, among


other features, the specification possibility for keys, foreign keys and some
other constraints (c. 20 pages)

In 1992, the new version SQL-92 (also called SQL2) was approved. It contained
large enhancements to the language. The size of the standard was about. 600
pages + the data dictionary standard; altogether c. 1000 pages. Three levels
were specified for SQL

 the basic level, mainly containing the core of the old SQL/89
 the intermediate level, containing new data types, operations and
structures
 the full SQL with even more data types and structures

Instead of one massive standard, the decision was taken to continue


development in parts.

In 1995, the SQL/CLI call level interface was approved, i.e. the interface
specification for use through programs. The standard specifies the ODBC
interface.

In 1996, the SQL/PSM (persistent stored modules) was approved as a database


procedure specification language.
In 1999, the new version SQL-99 (also called SQL3) was approved. The
standard is divided into five parts.

 Framework (introduction)
 Foundation (core)
 CLI (call level interface)
 PSM (persistent stored modules)
 Bindings (to programming languages)

Altogether, the standard is about 2,100 pages long. It contains large


enhancements to the 92 standard, such as new data types, database procedures
and triggers, object-oriented features, more comprehensive integrity checks,
recursive queries, and data warehouse functions. Due to the new features SQL-
99 is quite far from the principles of the relational model of data.

The conformance to the standard is no longer based on levels but there is a core,
to which additional features can be added as packages.

The embedding of SQL into a Java program (SQLJ) was approved on 2000. At


least the standards for multimedia enhancements and data warehouse features
are being developed.

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