on - each onwew Asien en | rolnle cemquenty, VAennFes | oe aee sane ate - Lek Rg ve a welasxon SOnenra wih. ahwvbutes A,B ve. R include A,8 = ae @Wokon R, A So of akdputes WS Said +o Suctelenodty degentent _ “ano Haas gar cAMAOULES Kin Bo {2 A = & dekex minor gor __ depondeut oc dekextmined.. OF OMAbUFES sek ef aerabures —___ salty, acco a (of saloon. ic deacwwanon -_ no ED ree ole a S| skodenr eo] Studer Nowe [A _ {ool Meaty___ Student TP _ Mane + 8 ie tl Se OA _Sas._O ~_lupes OF ED “Oo Singe_- Valued _ED — _ Database is a Collection Of ohare d — “AR formadion Wy wuch information depends Or - Onotax \nformrodiiars _ = - foe og. ie Naas, 8 parson ores [her dake of BTS ws 1S ON le, Valued gacks: But Baa conrack MUM? + oF a pexssom 1S emu -Valuad — atinoure ia _ Sivgle vat volun ED SG whan VE Kis _ parory | key of on elorion Cea. ual IS) & 7 _ Bis __ Sore _ snye valued _OAMUre of ROMO Coq. student — Nowe) . aie AB mush alwans ‘old SOOO Seah ee Student_tp —> Stason _ Name _ Aood Anuia a _ for vey Shudene | ID there St Old be, Asn iQue mame _ (Kk 8 aoO Bharvion R WF or lease Baterbuter (Hike A BSC) & for vase of A tare ts Awe defined Sek Ge yatuad of B Za weak | Aekined SOF ge NWA OFC. Roweres aot Independent OF 4 a | (Booka | Auxner — Nome Pace | 7 \p_oo\ | fasts | 1000 | wuno2 | Taswin ago B- 003 \ Swara 1500 B_ 004 \ SWira 2000 Tome OF _partiodar Autre is determined by Pook Id attvibure JBook rd } 7S Austhor — Name} Noo tk Is. passe AO AekoruTue pre pace oc _lbook “ey Book=td 7 ¥ Book zat = Tre t Bar ic is dificult Jo -Jorerwine jue pe OF book’ USivg ALhos mame gr vice vor _ So uss depeNacn % — Catted A2 mutt —valuad ED oc Simply rmurai- Valuad dependency . (@)__Forty__Euoektonel D ependancy } = Furly — funckionad lAependdn' Octurss only ! Inalokion with Composite Voerans Key Euly funevonel sony occurs when ownYexe Composive. panna Kou, fe __ = Aiwhpute Grade fe fully funcrionally chependent on tus. gamers _C Stud. Td, Course — td) \pecause Only | park of tue parma, Rs , mamdy Bud tds mMeedod AO _ Boxrowine ‘ory Stud_ Name & Co ntack-No___ = SO Akdwoures Qoseddhing * COusse - Name ase oot FU, Secncrional aX dene OO WE pen ‘ear Specouse ool Course -Ta pose oe pans LUSK aa oo! om poxkiad £ since al aged: Ras Kes. Ponte _ _ SN OSE Ke cuktabueke Stieetent side_ ED) Cmsists OF FEY 2S bata “Souk spot Moe eoXivefor 2A Composite pamasy kot ws - Smad Td 4 Course Td (of Ma Gudenr of doxermnine TOME _ mon SE ds Gare aglnith_ 1S porte OF it Ts indtveatty ae - Ep 6 Sold “40. “be “reans! Hue torn by wig wo FD melorion R CA, B,C) = Jos @. Acpeonden F includes! | A>B & B2C both Aue FDs are hold by relation , S IF BA doen't Wold, HED warm G A+c atso helda of Aaxendenty melotown. Thais Aype ah ‘Kepandency, Functional ‘4 % cated aS transitive = T£ Student — Courses elation holds Lo\.owing EDs: S$ cousse— 14} = 5 Student Name Student — None’ = 5 Student — Age. t When we Con sox Mok dus erclattion also nol ds foe wing doyendenty { couse — Ta} —> J Sadenr— Age}(6) -réviol_ED: “ _ 7 the Aopen dency, of an osmbute on a See __ OF obbures fs known of Aaviol FD LE Moa 90k OF akvalurea COMEAINS +a Ot bute (esate. _ — tn Was dependency Ma Right - and side pe_ED is a Subset of Lett — Hand side of Me FD. Fumnckional Acpandenc of wae for AR is savas 16 BSS oO svloseos Of A. = ee funcional. Aopenden cee sa, 8% —> Ah is xaied - In _a_weodion tt oxapute An tS devend OO a Sok pF axtroures AB, 2 also Me, abditousre A js Sulesar OF B® wan Ass -CuinGorad _iderententy ts. Seid 40 be Saviad ok Yor a: - _ [Stud-za | stud Name : - _|_\ool Taso 7 oor SrHlra \00S Rout q ~ §chudora , Shud-Name} > 9 Stud-ta } is a Arvial_ funcrional Acpandency id as _§ stud t4% {5 -subsex of * _ §_syrd a, Stud-Nosoe’} Ba knowwt sue Valaas oid _Q mane OF Ave _ckudene it ts possible 40 fi _Nodluos 6€ yudent tA uniquely. ud td > stud Ea g) sw Syud — Nome > Stud Name “te ols wekerwred as awivial Jepandenies —de endenty.. FD aa np oF You al d side of | FOs one part of the “Lete — Hand Side OxrAloures. j os _ - ED OF LD form A_ > B vis emen = A\3V {é_valuas io B are mor psesenr AN ES Cis Mor OA Subssexr OF ADS. = Non -Wwivios ED iS allossing ‘ie —— © _ complese Nod tara ED! _FD iS Comperady noo Amar | : iqur = Hand Side qhrwures of FD_ Wor ete Hand side ‘ath buier Rica nf ake axe to! aiferent Fer Woluns ofvéShid ra ine __ Beloasion un FD {ssermi__ ine ___._ \east one of Oe Rigns ana side ——_* is mor pars (af yo _ \cke ond a side akrAbures of ED. Fos eo: o _ ~ {seas -tp, Stwa wore} s § svua- Nowe, Conkact- No y Nolves of content Wo AMMbute are Apto AGerore from Valuas of §. Stadntd , stud nase} in a selakion - |© Cloasuse of FD oe Av Wa sek of alt FD Nogicadry iroplied a oy Fase kroon as tue ogre of | Sok Fa “Aine _clesuxe of _F__ denoted bby ey 3. To compuse = 5 Wwe con tse Somme _ Wudes OF inCerence Wke_ he be _ Arto . oan 8 Aukerente._ Seas te Behn = We Antocance eoude ic an, ~ agcex ton = with {ce vied Ao dosUe new’ Ede fA prerously dosined boric EDs. A nero sek fF gD is_desived by. (op OSL ars en-jacsousiy ellctt Sst, Funckional_dependenty ek - oe -_ axis ea '4o_meprosent_ Saks - _ ok git EDs for AKON. italy a = To woke ik ast fives * deeine an a _ basic Fs. Than apply cer of in fe Ppudes OH) Mose Eds to _devive 0 00) sor of TDs. “Mag s08h WORE nkexence Tule ts - Asoo ston! __Rreloms. those ax Ox _okuex TUS Suc G2 Lnton , Reenpallin 7 SOuAO ATOM Rey ahi One Ae hoped by No Uvieues vo + _asenshong. there OwQ_A Soh of “Oxioms Cot- iference qutes) ‘hich ose yoed to infer Ci Conclude) atl tue, POs on a weationa) datroloase. ~~ Avrastsong! S aacdo_ Concides a shasfon TR Ma.ving anvee. 2k ‘Of oMmmuset 4%, Y 5% + Warn 38 a_Avsm st Sons amioms ares i pe © Reflenivity: Rule ! Te ina Rolo. jon R valus of YX akmbuse Ct are ype’ Subs set ot _ Nalnes) in X attribute See 5 Lan ED XP? Cory hold toy ten selodion R. as *ype ot ___ degenderss also colted_ os ‘ON defenders — © Kuamnentarion que: te Eo xy ts held _ bu relation Ro then FD xY¥~V=e alse hold loa saloons be a i e Awansie ule: TE FD xX mY # Yoe ose Wold’ toy molatton Ro Huan ua FD xz Also fo\\owed low mslosion Re Tots tyre of deperdaey also coed as tronsivive | dependency , a : Z _ Propesties of Avrostwong!y Gsdoms! © Ane Amst rong’ s Aeon ase Cound: - when poaic funmcktonos degen denctes Foo a selaxon R Owe. aise: “dekined will ss ararse wont are othe _Rerasteona's aactoms aKa ~ Commplak : vehen bose Fp Fi on a welaston Rane 7 = ayant Nala ED ei on wh oo RR Can be found by cupplyiins 7 only AsenesrNg, axioms op aor a EDs_ WFO axe _puoriously ieee : ®& Onion Or Addi tuky: a = TE is ehaation R_ hoagie Se OL adrmiour es LX BY, 7/99 aya SOK O° ee Lanekorat dependencies 2k —? YR RoE Ase Wold Gy aakion QR, diay Ae FD! YNZ © NAGA yy ceohatecis Rie TAS mule is CadieA ad lon + — _© Decomposition oe Prolactin: AE fn _eeorton RK ham Wa chtiesoe. SOS CF aktNbuses =X z&ws ED XYZ is Wold by wd@oxton QR Mion The Fo\louding S&S CF FD also hold by wolokn Ri X—>¥ ond Xz awe \ \nferene crude 6 Goes OF dkecomposivion Wuie. ©) pseudo rf is Odriberes WW, %) Yi z 8 He FD X oy & Ywor z awe betd py welosion R Anon ve, ceehorton’ also hold Fo llowity Avons\iviy: WOOD R Wavira Four sexs of ED XW> Ze mths, Known Oo inf erante wute Pseudo oon divieg SS POcOMposition ¢ OMe SAVKeM So Aiminare she Si Tedun dane, R odso Ho undote & deletion BNOMANLS — to dornto ase, Is ‘pwechlel wsadoxtop | into swo 7 Ox move Welastons. This proces fs cadled 8 decomposition- (ee > R be a Welaxtdn scheme k set Of ~elaxion Schemas $ Ry Qge Rot is_a . deoom position of R iL, Ap Qe RU Rey UR Fos ea: - . Los us know how tO beak -tne rcolation Toxo fore THaH One aedaxton: Class info | _ Tours 2p | _Cousse —rowe || Stude—Narne Sub-10 | subtee CL tl FE tits hant SMD cio | se prastont | S-212 | Sora C-l0e Se spreshont S222 | DBMe C10 Te Samm [san Addie K foCuloy ee Teor! Soni [ 3s | cpp Seqormpced It two “waorons As 5., _ ® come = stadent Cause -5D, (wurst Nowe , Stud Nave) o- * Suber Budent CSb-1P , Stb-Name Stead _ Nowe) Now if Course student Md Subject Studenr Roce decomposition may leads to Inforwakion loss. o_O. _ONSwEe Amok Mra lake loote _Inas geod _Aestan Gitex GetmMpocing, Asa _AC crmaqpos'on PROCES {s_dene toy, Josixable gappoxtlos _¢¢ qhecam posihirn. 25 OF Detomnpo cittons Pecompasiians © Desteowle peropents ies poopessies of ecomposition ~D__locsless_jolo Decomposition ___.. - 4 O__Deperdanes preservation _pecomposisien+ as~ © Lossless AecompOs. ON | 14 "a “k decomposition TR 2 Res OS Z p_atlerien QR te. “colted asi \ REA BO Decornposi OD _ hn ie RICA,B) ACA CD : _ Nf a RZCA, 8,0) _ lossless Nearposion iF ER The \ossles Join decomposition Ts defined 42 — SOR ts a wlatton schema 2 eis eset of Yuncionrwt dependencies oo Ri Ri 4" a RX Foamy decompose OE Re TR ak yeast Bens hut * ON Qs 1K Jo\\owius, ED is: hold. by FY Haan - decomposirion Is Caled os \ossleis Jot. __Aacompos\¥on - R VR2 FR, Moar tS ol OAKES COMO Leasi yt PED. BOR Qy Be RE funchonally detecmine ; ON odtlouses of QL OE SR ART forms Oa. SORORE RY of dnier RL OF RE - than decomposition of R te ae lossless Alecommposisiod, 7 -D Span ACNU eater es “Aecom osttion! ee Rs _ vu we son RI FORD oe BN a — — £is ep oF velodion R — : CH Ue2 ue ven) + tsa closure FD oF RI, RO: Of vnicd of all sets of _ cox of *D oF - (Sa cloguse of _