

Regional Literature Began to gain prominence in the later years of

the 19th century
Regions 2. Plot
 Defines the nation because it characterizes the  Discusses narrative, or how a story is told
diversity  The sequence of events found in the story
 Defines one’s linguistic, historical and
indigenous background 3. Casual
 Its concept is a building block that helps in
 Most common relationship in a typical fiction
articulating Filipino nationhood and identity
plot
 Earlier events will cause the later events to
National Literature happen
Frantz Fanon 4. Setting
 Afro-French Philosopher, Writer and Critic  The time and place where the story unfolds
 Literature and literary production by nation’s
intellectuals only become truly nationalist when 5. Character
they stop addressing the colonizer and begin to
 Composition of a person in a work of fiction
address the nation
 We share a common experience of being Classical Tradition of Tragedy
colonized and of needing to assert our own
identity while dealing with colonizers  A character is presented to yield pity and
fear from audience as these figures are
 A piece must be a nationalist that discusses
endowed with hamartia (simply, character
issues that are affecting the nation
flaw) which may lead to hubris (a
Bienvenido Lumbera miscalculation brought about by pride or
high regard for self) that proves to be fatal)
 Afro-French Philosopher, Writer and Critic  Tragic Character – discovers the mistakes
 National 0Literature must confront or provoke too late and consequently suffers
the Filipino readers with ideas, subject, matter  Anagnorisis – Discovery
and social and political issues that serves to  Pathos – Suffering
provoke an emotional or intellectual response, if
not, positive action In Modern Times
 Character is read as a combination of
SHORT STORIES attributes (internally manifested through
the dialogue, motivation and action, and
 An account or telling of events externally involves physical attributes,
 Can be anything about from the mundane get-up or mannerisms) motivations and
actions
Literary Terms Foil Character
1. Fiction  One who has the opposite characteristics
 According to Merriam, these are written stories of the protagonist in order to accentuate
about people and events that are not real key characteristics
 Literature that tells stories which are imagined Character Development
by the writer
 Uses a real context or what is currently  Round Character– a character which
happening in the surroundings we know a lot of information about
 Has the need to make sense for them to be  Flat Character – a character which we
believable know a very limited information about
  Static Character - the character that
stays the same throughout the story
 Dynamic Character – a character that
changes due to the events in the story

6. Local Color
 Means that specific details are placed because
they enhance the reality crafted by the story

7. Point of View
 Is the perspective which we are being told in the
story
 The first person’s point of view uses the
pronoun “I” which means the narrator is the
character in the story
 The second person’s point of view is a
perspective not often used, where the viewpoint
character is referred to as “you”
 The third person’s point of view is a
comparatively objective point of view
o Omniscent – all knowing and able to
get into the minds of all the characters
o Objective or Reportorial – as in new

LESSON 6: NOVELS
articles

 Modern world’s reinvention of classic genre – the

epic.
 Narrates stories of heroic deeds and adventures
 Dramatizes the “contemporary reality”
 Transformed classical heroic odyssey or journeys
into stories of individuals journeying into discovery
or self-actualization in the modern world
 “a discourse of a contemporary, about a
contemporary addressed into contemporaries” –
Mikhail Bakhtin
 It features people faced with conflicts
Literature Approaches to  Their struggles to overcome conflicts or be
Interpretation overcome by them (in the case of tragedy) are
explored in an extended narrative made up of
Expressive – considering the author’s creative intent chapters and sections that cover longer time frames.
Mimetic – considering literature as a “minor” of the Literary Context – pertains to the nature of the genre
world and reality being discussed.
Pragmatic – considering the effect of literature on Biographical Context – points to the relation between
readers the writer’s life and his works
Objective – considering only the work Linguistic Context – related to the languages present in
the novel as the author orchestrates a particular
artistic effects.
Sociocultural Context – suggests the intimate
relationship between the work and what
surrounds it – social conditions, culture,
worldview, and history.

Tradition of the Filipino Novel

Realism – in fiction, this often described as an authentic
rendition of reality
Versimilitude – “the quality of feeling real” it is the
most important quality of realism
Naturalism – a pessimistic literature viewpoint that sees
social, hereditary and historical conditions are
inescapable and thus shaping the human
struggle.
Social Realism – a literary viewpoint that criticizes
oppressive social structures
Narrative – is the sequencing of a story that creates a
singular effect
Heteroglossia – a term that describes the diverseness of
the novel’s language.