ENGLISH LITERATURE

PROJECT
SESSION: 2021-2022

Name – Ojasvi Bharmi

Class – 12 A
Roll No. – 1
 Introduction
In this project we will shed some light on the themes of the poem ‘The Darkling Thrush’. We will dive
deep into the poem and analyze the themes. I found this poem quite interesting and the usage of
metaphor in such a beautiful way amazed me. The theme or the moral of the story is indeed relatable for
me, and I always keep this lesson in mind while facing difficult times. Hope should never die. It is the
hope which keeps the cycle of nature moving, it’s the hope in our hearts which helps us to get out of sour
times.

“The Darkling Thrush” is a poem by the English poet and novelist Thomas Hardy. The poem describes a
desolate world, which the poem’s speaker takes as cause for despair and hopelessness. However, a bird
(the “thrush”) bursts onto the scene, singing a beautiful and hopeful song—so hopeful that the speaker
wonders whether the bird knows something that the speaker does not. Written in December 1900, the
poem reflects on the end of the 19th century and the state of Western civilization. The desolation of the
scene the speaker sees serves as an extended metaphor for the decay of Western civilization, while the
thrush is a symbol for its possible rebirth through religious faith.
 Explanation of the question framed

(Questions are based on Analysis of a theme from the poem ‘The Darkling Thrush’)

Que. How is nature and the decline of Civilization portrayed as one of the important
themes in this poem? How is the importance of hope and renewal presented
metaphorically? Moreover, do not forget to explain the context of despair and isolation
mentioned in the poem.

Basically, to answer these questions, we must explain the themes of the poem. Especially, the discussion
of decline of civilization, hope and renewal, and despair and isolation play an important role. This will
cater to understanding the poem better and will present a broader aspect of the poem to the readers.

Reason for choosing the text/topic

The primary theme of “The Darkling Thrush” is the despair of the modern temperament. Hardy
describes in lyrical, descriptive detail the dying of the old world, but he cannot positively replace the
dying with the new. Something is over, all is changed, civilization has decayed, and he does not know
what will replace it. Although the poem starts with a gloomy tone the positive thinking of the bird
balanced it out. Since this poem is relatable to today’s scenario, it drew me towards it, and it gave me a
wonderful opportunity to go through such a wonderful poem and analyze it. Therefore, I chose this
poem for this project, and I hope that further it will teach us some untold lessons.

How I intend to interpret

the chosen text and literary materials used in the
process
All the written portion has been derived from the prescribed textbook, i.e., ‘Reverie’ and its workbook. I
have also taken help from https://www.litcharts.com/ , this made me understand the poem with a
broader aspect and I came to know the perspective of other people and their thoughts on this poem. To
answer the question and to explain the themes in a better possible way, each of it has been divided into
different paragraphs.
 Analysis of themes

Before getting into answering we must read the poem first.

It goes like:-

I leant upon a coppice gate The bleak twigs overhead

When Frost was spectre-grey, In a full-hearted evensong
And Winter's dregs made desolate Of joy illimited;
The weakening eye of day. An aged thrush, frail, gaunt, and small,
The tangled bine-stems scored the sky In blast-beruffled plume,
Like strings of broken lyres, Had chosen thus to fling his soul
And all mankind that haunted nigh Upon the growing gloom.
Had sought their household fires. So little cause for carolings
The land's sharp features seemed to be Of such ecstatic sound
The Century's corpse outleant, Was written on terrestrial things
His crypt the cloudy canopy, Afar or nigh around,
The wind his death-lament. That I could think there trembled through
The ancient pulse of germ and birth His happy good-night air
Was shrunken hard and dry, Some blessed Hope, whereof he knew
And every spirit upon earth And I was unaware.
Seemed fervourless as I.
At once a voice arose among
“The Darkling Thrush” (Summary)
I was leaning on a gate, on a path leading into a forest. The frost was gray as a ghost and the last of the
winter day made the sun look bleak as it descended. The tangled stems of climbing plants cut across the
sky like the strings of a broken musical instrument. And all the people that lived nearby had gone away
to the warmth of their homes.

The land’s harsh hills and cliffs seemed like the corpse of the just-ended century, leaning out. And the
clouds hanging above seemed like the century's tomb, while the wind seemed like a sad song played
upon its death. The age-old urge to reproduce and grow had shriveled up. And every living thing on
earth seemed as depressed as me.

All of a sudden, a voice rose up from the dreary twigs overhead, singing an evening prayer with limitless
joy. He was a bird, frail and old, skinny and small, with his feathers rumpled by the wind. He had decided
to sing with all his soul in the increasing dark.

There was no cause for such joyful singing—at least no cause was evident in the world around me. So I
thought the bird's happy song carried some secret and holy hope, something that he knew about but I
didn’t.
“The Darkling Thrush” (Themes)

• Nature and the Decline of Human Civilization

"The Darkling Thrush” appears to be a poem about a winter landscape, which the speaker describes in
considerable detail. On a symbolic level, however, this landscape is an extended metaphor: its bleakness
and decay reflect the state of Western culture at the end of the 19th century. The speaker describes
Western culture in a state of desolation: it seems to be damaged and dead, without the possibility of
rebirth or resurrection. In this sense, the poem is both an elegy for and a rejection of that culture,
providing a subtle critique of the way that the West has failed to take care of its own natural and
cultural resources.
In the first stanza, the speaker compares “tangled-bine stems”—the stems of a climbing plant—to the
“strings of broken lyres.” The “lyre” is a significant symbol: it represents poetry and, more broadly, the
cultural accomplishment of Western civilization. Its broken strings suggest that Western culture itself
has fallen into disrepair or, like the “bine-stems,” has not been properly maintained and pruned. In other
words, the speaker thinks that things have grown unruly and gotten out of hand.
The second stanza expands on this idea, with a series of metaphors that describe the landscape as
embodying the death of the 19th century and its culture. The speaker compares the landscape’s “sharp
features” to “the Century’s corpse.” Since the poem was written late in 1900, most scholars take this as
a reference to the end of the 19th century. The century is dead because it’s literally over, but it’s also
dead in a broader sense: the simile in the previous stanza with the “broken lyres” suggests that the
speaker feels that its culture has in some way failed.
The speaker does not specify the reasons why Western culture has failed—though there are clues in the
way the speaker describes the landscape. For instance, the speaker begins the poem leaning on a
“coppice gate.” A “coppice” is a managed forest, which foresters cut back regularly to stimulate growth.
But with the “bine-stems” growing up into the sky, it seems that this coppice has not been recently cut
back. This image suggests that human beings have shirked their duty to care for the land they use. Since
the landscape is a metaphor for the state of Western culture, the implication is thus that people have
acted as poor caretakers for Western culture itself.
These images of the landscape are perhaps also refer to industrialization, the process by which the
economy shifted from farming to factories. This process did significant damage to the English landscape,
and it also caused the depopulation of rural parts of England. As factories took over the work—such as
weaving and lace-making—that had been traditionally done by rural populations, people left their farms
to work in the cities' factories.
The speaker does not propose any remedies to address the situation. Indeed, the speaker does not seem
to believe any improvement is possible. In the final lines of the second stanza, the speaker complains
that the cycle of death and rebirth has ended: it is “shrunken hard and dry.” Judging from the first half of
the poem, it seems that the cultural death the speaker describes will not end or reverse; it is permanent,
and the speaker doesn’t know what will come next.
 • Theme Hope and Renewal

The first half of “The Darkling Thrush” describes a desolate winter landscape—an extended metaphor
for the decay of Western culture, which the speaker presents as dead or unsalvageable. Just as the
poem seems to be sliding into despair, however, a symbol of hope and renewal bursts onto the scene: a
singing “thrush.” Various details suggest that the speaker treats the thrush as a symbol for religious faith
and devotion. The speaker thus presents renewed religious faith as a solution to the cultural crisis he or
she describes in the first half of the poem.
The speaker describes the bird that appears in the second half of the poem in considerable detail, down
its feathers. It is possible, then, to read the “Hope” that the bird expresses and represents literally: the
speaker’s bad mood is lifted, partially, by the bird and its song. But the speaker also provides hints that
the bird’s song should be understood metaphorically—both on its own and in conjunction with the
extended metaphor developed in the poem’s first two stanzas.
One key detail is that the speaker describes the bird’s song as “a full-hearted evensong.” Evensong is a
ritual in the Anglican Church: it is evening prayers, chants, and songs. The speaker thus describes the
bird’s song as embodying a religious ritual. And in the next stanza, the speaker calls the “Hope” in the
thrush’s song “blessed.” The word “blessed” once again suggests religious rituals and beliefs. And “Hope”
itself may be symbolic here: it’s not just any hope, but the Christian hope for resurrection—that is, life
after death. As such, the “hope” that the thrush provides might be tied to Christianity.
The thrush’s appearance in the poem suggests a solution to the cultural decay that the speaker
documents in the first half of the poem. In the first half of the poem, the speaker treats the bleak
landscape as an extended metaphor for the cultural decline of Western civilization—a decline so severe
that the speaker sees no possibility that it might be renewed or reborn. But the hope the thrush
embodies does offer the possibility of renewal and resurrection, specifically through religious faith.
That said, the speaker is "unaware" of this "blessed Hope." Perhaps this means that the bird is singing in
vain, and the Christian tradition it evokes is as doomed as the rest of civilization. This would suggest that
this tradition is itself rather oblivious, blind to the reality of the world around it. Alternatively, the
presence of the happy bird in the midst of such drudgery suggests the opposite: that religious faith is the
one thing that will survive the march of time. It's up to the reader to decide.
 • Theme Despair and Isolation

“The Darkling Thrush” in part uses its description of a bleak winter landscape as an extended metaphor
for the cultural decline of Western civilization. But it is also a literal, detailed description of the world—
and of the speaker’s state of mind while looking out onto that landscape. The speaker seems filled with a
sense of isolation and despair, and these feelings strongly shape how the speaker interprets the
surrounding world. Intentionally or not, the poem suggests the cyclical and self-fulfilling nature of
negativity.
The speaker describes him- or herself as “fervourless” (meaning depressed or lacking passion), and then
sees this trait reflected everywhere. Not only does “every spirit” seem as “fervourless” as the speaker,
but the speaker also consistently interprets the natural world in terms that reinforce his or her own
state of mind. For example, the speaker describes the “Frost” as “spectre-grey,” meaning it looks like a
ghost or a spirit. The speaker interprets the frost as a sign that the world is dead, lifeless, and hopeless.
However, one could imagine a different speaker interpreting the landscape differently; for instance,
there is no objective basis for seeing the “land’s sharp features” as an image of the “Century’s corpse.”
They could just as soon be majestic and soaring or evidence of God’s hand in creation.
While the poem’s landscape is described in detail, it is not described objectively: instead, each element
becomes another testament to the speaker’s personal emotions and priorities. The poem’s second
stanza, for example, consists of a long list of metaphors, one building on the next: the landscape is like
the “Century’s corpse,” the clouds are like a “crypt,” the wind like a “death-lament.” The speaker is thus
trapped in a vicious cycle: his or her emotions shape the landscape, which then reinforces his or her
emotions.
This cycle holds until the thrush appears in the poem, in stanza 3. The thrush refuses to assimilate to the
speaker’s view of the world or to reinforce the speaker’s emotions. Though the bird is skinny and
bedraggled—potentially as much a symbol of despair as the clouds overhead or the wind whistling—it
nonetheless sings a hopeful song. The speaker thus concludes that the thrush knows something the
speaker doesn’t: “Some blessed Hope, whereof he knew / And I was unaware.”
In its brilliant, inexplicable hopefulness, the thrush forces the speaker to recognize the existence of
emotions beyond despair and isolation. Furthermore, the thrush makes the speaker recognize elements
of the outside world that cannot be interpreted through those emotions. It might break the vicious cycle
in which the speaker has been trapped, and so proves to the reader, too, that hope is present in even the
most desolate of circumstances.
 Conclusion

Thomas Hardy is reputed to have written ‘The Darkling Thrush’ on New Year’s Eve, 1900, at the dawn of
a new century. It commences in the personal, subjective mode, but the poet’s feelings and mood are
suggested by his observations of nature, rather than by direct statements.
The poem, ‘The Darkling Thrush,’ is written in the form of an ode, conventionally a lyric poem in the form
of an address to a particular subject, often written in a lofty, elevated style giving it a formal tone.
However, odes can be written in a more private, personal vein, as in the reflective way that Thomas
Hardy writes this one.
The primary theme of “The Darkling Thrush” is the despair of the modern temperament. Hardy
describes in lyrical, descriptive detail the dying of the old world, but he cannot positively replace the
dying with the new. Something is over, all is changed, civilization has decayed, and he does not know
what will replace it.
At last, I would like to end this project by concluding that it was indeed a pleasure for me to make this
project for the readers. I hope that I have not missed any important point and I have explained
everything in a correct manner. I would like to thank my teacher Mr. Dennis Stephen who lend me this
opportunity. I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me in making this project.