Semester II, 2017-18

Department of Physics, IIT Kanpur

PHY103A: Lecture # 1
(Text Book: Introduction to Electrodynamics by David J Griffiths)

Anand Kumar Jha

05-Jan-2018
 Course Information:

• Course Webpage: http://home.iitk.ac.in/~akjha/PHY103.htm

• Course Handout is posted on the course webpage.

• Lecture notes will be posted on the webpage after each lecture

• All the announcements will be communicated through email and/or course webpage

• Quiz # 1 (6th February); Quiz # 2 (3rd April)

• 1st Tutorial will be on Tuesday (Jan 9th); Tutorial section allotment will be sent out later

• Office hours of all the tutors will be decided in the 1st tutorial

• DOAA announced Lecture tomorrow (Saturday): 11:00 – 11:50 am in L-20

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Course Content (1st Part)

• Introduction to vector analysis and calculus

• Electric field
• Charge distributions
• Gauss's law
• Potentials
• Energy of charge distributions, conductors and capacitors
• Laplace equation, uniqueness theorems, method of images
• Multipole expansions
• Fields and interaction of dipoles
• Electrostatics of material media
• Linear dielectrics, force on a dielectric
• Magnetic fields, current distributions, Bio-Savart law
• Ampere's law, Magnetic vector potential
• Magnetostatics of material media.

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Course Content (2nd Part)

• Electromagnetic induction
• Maxwell's equations
• Displacement current
• Energy and momentum of plane electromagnetic waves
• Poynting's theorem
• The wave equation, polarization
• Reflection and transmission coefficients for dielectric
• Brewster's angle
• Total internal reflection.

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So, what do we study in electrodynamics
𝜌𝜌 𝑄𝑄enc 𝜌𝜌
𝛁𝛁 ⋅ 𝐄𝐄 = Gauss’s Law � 𝐄𝐄 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚 = 𝛁𝛁 ⋅ 𝐄𝐄 =
𝜖𝜖0 𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝜖𝜖0 𝜖𝜖0
𝜕𝜕𝐁𝐁
𝛁𝛁 × 𝐄𝐄 = 0 No Name 𝛁𝛁 × 𝐄𝐄 = −
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝛁𝛁 ⋅ 𝐁𝐁 = 0 No Name 𝛁𝛁 ⋅ 𝐁𝐁 = 0
𝜕𝜕𝐄𝐄
𝛁𝛁 × 𝐁𝐁 = 𝜇𝜇0 𝐉𝐉 Amperes’s Law � 𝐁𝐁 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐥𝐥 = 𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝐼enc 𝛁𝛁 × 𝐁𝐁 = 𝜇𝜇0 𝐉𝐉 + 𝜇𝜇0 𝜖𝜖0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Maxwell’s equations (Electrostatics) Maxwell’s equations (Electrodynamics)

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Why Study Electrodynamics?
• Must for Scientist and Engineers working in ANY field.

• Most everyday equipment involve electrodynamics

 Mobile
 Computers
 Radio
 Satellite communications
 Lasers
 Projectors
 Light bulbs
 .
 .

• Most everyday forces that we feel are of electromagnetic type

 Normal Force from the floor or chair
 Chemical forces binding a molecule together
 Impact force between two colliding objects
 .
 .
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 Scalars and Vectors
Scalars:
o Requires only one number for its description
o Example: Distance: 5 m; Speed: 10 m/s; Age: 14 years, etc.
o Algebra consists of addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Vectors:
o Requires more than one scalars for its description.
� + 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 𝒚𝒚
o Example: Velocity: 5 km/s along the x-direction; 𝐀𝐀 = 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 𝒙𝒙 � +𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 𝒛𝒛�
o The corresponding algebra is called Vector Algebra

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 Scalar and Vector functions/fields
Scalar functions:
o Requires only one function for its description
o Example: 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 , 𝑡𝑡 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧)
o Algebra consists of addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc.
o Calculus consists of differentiation, integration, etc.

Vector functions:
o Requires more than one scalar functions for its description.
� + 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧)𝒚𝒚
o Example: 𝐀𝐀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) = 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧)𝒙𝒙 � +𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧)𝒛𝒛�
o The corresponding algebra is called Vector Algebra
o The corresponding calculus is called Vector calculus
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 Examples of vector functions/fields:

• Position vector: � + 𝑦𝑦 𝒚𝒚
𝐫𝐫 = 𝑥𝑥 𝒙𝒙 � + 𝑧𝑧 𝒛𝒛�

• Displacement vector: � + 𝑦𝑦 𝒚𝒚
𝑑𝑑𝐥𝐥 = 𝑥𝑥 𝒙𝒙 � + 𝑧𝑧 𝒛𝒛�

• Separation vector:
r̂ = 𝐫𝐫 − 𝐫𝐫 ′ = (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥𝑥) 𝒙𝒙 � + (𝑧𝑧 − 𝑧𝑧 ′ ) 𝒛𝒛�
� + (𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝒚𝒚

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 Realization of vector functions/fields:

• Example # 1: � + 𝒚𝒚 𝒚𝒚
𝐠𝐠 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙 �

• Example # 2: � − 𝒚𝒚 𝒚𝒚
𝐠𝐠 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙 �

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 Vector Algebra

Addition:
� + (𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 +𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 )𝒚𝒚
𝐀𝐀 + 𝐁𝐁 = (𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 +𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 )𝒙𝒙 � +(𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 +𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 )𝒛𝒛�

Subtraction:
� + (𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 −𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 )𝒚𝒚
𝐀𝐀 − 𝐁𝐁 = (𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 −𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 )𝒙𝒙 � +(𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 −𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 )𝒛𝒛�

Multiplication:
(1) Scalar product (dot product):
𝐀𝐀
𝐀𝐀 ⋅ 𝐁𝐁 = 𝐀𝐀 𝐁𝐁 cos𝜃𝜃
� + 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 𝒚𝒚
= 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 𝒙𝒙 � +𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 𝒛𝒛� ⋅ (𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 𝒙𝒙
� + 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 𝒚𝒚
� +𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 𝒛𝒛�)

= 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 + 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 + 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧

𝐀𝐀 ⋅ 𝐁𝐁 𝐁𝐁
Scalar product is a scalar quantity
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 Vector Algebra 𝐀𝐀

(2) Vector product (cross product):

𝐀𝐀 ⋅ 𝐁𝐁 = 𝐀𝐀 𝐁𝐁 sin𝜃𝜃 𝑛𝑛�

𝑥𝑥� 𝑦𝑦� 𝑧𝑧̂ 𝐁𝐁

= 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 = 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 − 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥� + 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 − 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 𝑦𝑦� + 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 − 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 𝑧𝑧̂
𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧

vector product is a vector quantity

(3) Triple product (Scalar): 𝐀𝐀 ⋅ 𝐁𝐁 × 𝐂𝐂 = 𝐁𝐁 ⋅ 𝐂𝐂 × 𝐀𝐀 = 𝐂𝐂 ⋅ (𝐀𝐀 × 𝐁𝐁)

(4) Triple product (vector): 𝐀𝐀 × 𝐁𝐁 × 𝐂𝐂 = 𝐁𝐁 𝐀𝐀 ⋅ 𝐂𝐂 − 𝐂𝐂(𝐀𝐀 ⋅ 𝐁𝐁)

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 Vector Calculus
When working with functions one also has to study calculus in addition to studying
algebra. The calculus dealing with vector function is referred to as the vector
calculus. Calculus mainly involves differentiation and integration

Differential Calculus

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Integral Calculus

𝑏𝑏
𝐼𝐼 = � 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎

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