Shikshak Darshika Hindi Reader 6 8

8
ubZ 6-
xqyeksgj
fg na h ikB~;iqLrd
f'k{kd nf'kZdk
eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡
 ikB~;xr mn~ns';] thou&ewY; rFkk ikB&lkjka'k dk lkFkZd lekos'kA
 ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrjA
 vH;kl iz'u&i=kksa osQ mRrjA
 dk;Z&i=kksa osQ mRrjA
+
fMfTkVy osc liksVZ
 f'k{kd@f'kf{kdkvksa osQ fy, VsLV tsujsVj (Test Generator)A
 iqLrdksa osQ lkFk ,fuesVsM vkWfM;ks&fo”kqvy lhúMhúA
 vkWuykbu liksVZ osQ fy, fDyd djsaµwww.fullcircleeducation.in
 vius vewY; lq>ko rFkk ftKklk dks fuEu irs ij Hkstsaµ[email protected]
 vkidh ek¡x osQ vuq:i dk;Z&i=kksa dh lkWÝV + dkWih miyC/ djkus dh lqfo/kA
(Progressive Educational Publishers)
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vkeq[k
ubZ xqyeksgj ¯gnh ikB~;iqLrd f'k{kd nf'kZdk 6&8 dk fuekZ.k Nk=kksa osQ ekxZn'kZu osQ fy, fd;k x;k
gSA f'k{kdksa osQ fy, ;g iqLrd vR;ar mi;ksxh gSA bl iqLrd osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa rd lHkh vè;k;ksa dk
lgh mn~ns'; igq¡p losQxkA bl fn'kk esa gekjh ikB~;iqLrdksa dh Ükà[kyk ûbZ xqyeksgj ¯gnh ikB~;iqLrd*
esa o£.kr lHkh vè;k;ksa dk fofHkUu ¯cnqvksa osQ ekè;e ls o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
ikB ls lacaf/r fofHkUu ¯cnqvksa osQ f'k{k.k gsrq fuEufyf[kr laosQr fn, x, gSaµ
 ikB dk mn~ns';µbles blesa ikB esa fufgr ewy mn~ns'; dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
 ikB~;xr thou&ewY;µbles blesa ikB ftu thou&ewY;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gSa] mudk o.kZu fd;k x;k
gSA blls Nk=kksa esa uSfrd ewY;ksa osQ fodkl esa lgk;rk feysxhA
 ikB dk lkjka'kµbles blesa ikB dk laf{kIr lkjka'k fn;k x;k gSA
 f'k{k.k&laosQrµikB ikB okpu ls iwoZ f'k{kdksa dks laosQr fn, x, gSa] ftlls i<+kus esa lqfoèkk gksxhA
 cPpksa ls iwNsaµikB i<+kus ls iwoZ fo"k; ls lacafèkr iz'u iwNs x, gSaA blls cPpksa dk ikB osQ
izfr #>ku c<+sxk rFkk ikB dh i`"BHkwfe le>us esa Hkh lgk;rk feysxhA f'k{kd vU; iz'u Hkh
iwN ldrs gSaA
 ikB i<+kus osQ i'pkr cPpksa ls iz'u iwNsaµiz'u iwNus ls cPpksa dks ikB esa ^D;k* rFkk ^fdruk*
le> vk;k gS] ;g vkdyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

 Nk=kksa osQ vH;klkFkZ izR;sd vè;k; osQ varxZr nks dk;Z&i=k fn, x, gaSA
 ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrjµ blesa ikB~;iqLrd osQ vH;klksa osQ mRrj fn, x, gSaA
mRrjµbles
 dk;Z&i=k osQ mRrjksa dk Hkh lekos'k fd;k x;k gSA
izLrqr iqLrd f'k{k.k dh fn'kk esa ,d iz;kl gSA ;g iqLrd f'k{kdksa dh lgk;rk rFkk lqfoèkk osQ
fy, gh gSA izcqn~/ f'k{kd&f'kf{kdkvksa osQ ijke'kks± dk lnSo Lokxr gSA
µizdk'kd
(iii)
fo"k;&lwph
d{kk & 6
1- vk jgh jfo dh lokjh --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
2- vU;k; dk fojks/ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
3- ljI+kQjks'kh dh reUuk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
4- fxYyw --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
5- iqjLdkj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21
6- Xykscy ok²ex -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
7- esjh ;wjksi ;k=kk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
8- MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
9- HkfDr osQ in---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
10- xk¡o cM+k ;k 'kgj -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
11- dye vkt mudh t; cksy! --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
12- feBkbZokyk-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
13- ljLorh ikB'kkyk --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
14- esjk cpiu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
• vH;kl iz'u&i=k&1 osQ mRrj --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
• vH;kl iz'u&i=k&2 osQ mRrj --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
4
d{kk & 7
1- ojnku --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58
2- ns'kizse dk nke! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61
3- izo`Qfr dk lkfUuè; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64

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4- 'kghn dk i=k--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68
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5- dksf'k'k djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrh -----------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------72
6- ohj ckyd -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------76
7- izk;f'pr ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------80
8- LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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9- lfjrk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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10- iQkfg;ku dh Hkkjr ;k=kk-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------92
11- tc eSaus igyh iqLrd [kjhnh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------96
12- fgEer vkSj ¯”knxh -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100
13- nksgk&n'kd -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------104
14- cnyk rks eSaus Hkh fy;k Fkk -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------108
• vH;kl iz'u&i=k&1 osQ mRrj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 111
5
d{kk & 8
1- ig#,] lko/ku jguk -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------114
2- lk, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------118
3- esjh lkgfld ;k=kk -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------122

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4- eSa gw¡ muosQ lkFk [kM+h ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------126

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5- fHk[kkfju---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------129
6- vYcVZ vkbaLVhu ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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7- iQk¡lh ls igys -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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8- lkbfdy dh lokjh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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9- deZohj-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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10- floaQnj vkSj iq#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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11- esjk fon~;kFkhZ thou----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------150
12- Hkfo"; dk Hk; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------154
13- laLo`Qfr D;k gS\---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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14- uhyw --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------162
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• d{kk 6] 7 vkSj 8 osQ dk;Z&i=kksa osQ mRrj ------------------------------------------------------------------ 167
• d{kk 6] 7 vkSj 8 dh dk;Z&if=kdk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 209
6
d{kk & 6
• vk jgh jfo dh lokjh
• vU;k; dk fojks/
• ljI+kQjks'kh dh reUuk
• fxYyw
• iqjLdkj
• Xykscy okW²ex
• esjh ;wjksi ;k=kk
• MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj
• HkfDr osQ in
• xk¡o cM+k ;k 'kgj
• dye vkt mudh t; cksy!
• feBkbZokyk
• ljLorh ikB'kkyk
• esjk cpiu
7
1 vk jgh jfo dh lokjh
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
Nk=kksa dh dYiuk&'kfDr dk foLrkj djuk vkSj lw;ksZn; osQ vuqie n`'; osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh nsukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
izo`Qfr dh lqanjrk dk lEeku djuk pkfg, rFkk blosQ laj{k.k osQ fy, mik; djus pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
izLrqr dfork esa dfo us lw;ksZn; dk cgqr gh ltho fp=k.k fd;k gSA og dgrk gS fd tc lw;ksZn;
gksrk gS rks ekuks ,slk yxrk gS fd tSls lw;Z fot;h gksdj vius uo&fdj.kksa osQ jFk ij vk:<+ gksdj
pyk vk jgk gSA bl 'kqHk volj ij dfy;ksa vkSj iq"iksa ls iwjk jkLrk ltk;k x;k gSA ckny ns[kus ij
,sls izrhr gks jgs gSa] tSls lsodx.k Lof.kZe oL=k /kj.k fd, gq, muosQ Lokxr osQ fy, [kM+s gksaA i{kh
:ih canhx.k vkSj pkj.k mldh iz'kalk esa dhfrZ xku dj jgs gSaA fnu osQ jktk lw;Z dh lokjh fudyus
+kkQkSQkSt Hkkx [kM+h gqbZ gSA dfo osQ vuqlkj lw;Z viuh thr dk t'u
vFkkZr lw;ksZn; osQ dkj.k rkjksa dh IIkQkS
eukuk pkgrk gS] ysfdu jkr osQ jktk panzek dks jkg esa fHk[kkjh cudj jkLrs esa [kM+k ns[k >sai tkrk
gSA dfork osQ ekè;e ls dfo us ;g n'kkZus dh dksf'k'k dh gS fd ifjorZu lalkj dk vVy lR; gSA
tks dy jktk Fkk] vkt jad cuk [kM+k gSA vr% vfr mRlkfgr gksus dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gSA bl
dfork dk ewy lans'k ;gh gS fd euq"; dks vkusokyh izR;sd ldkjkRed ,oa udkjkRed ifjfLFkfr osQ
fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg,A
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
Nk=kksa ls dfork osQ ewy Hkko osQ fo"k; esa ppkZ dhft,A
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 lw;ksZn; gksrs gh izo`Qfr esa D;k&D;k ifjorZu gksrs gaSa\
 lqcg&lqcg ?kj esa gksusokyh pgy&igy osQ fo"k; esa crkb,A
 jkr gksus ij D;k&D;k ifjorZu vkrs gSa\
 nq'eu eSnku NksM+dj dc Hkkx tkrs gSa\
8
iz'u iwNus osQ i'pkr cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd os vkt bl dfork esa izo`Qfr osQ ekuoh; :i osQ fo"k;
esa i<+saxsA
dfork i<+kus osQ i'pkr cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 vkidks ;g dfork oSQlh yxh\
 bl dfork osQ fo"k; esa lcls jkspd ckr D;k gS\
 jktk&egkjktkvksa dh 'kkgh lokjh dkSu&lh gksrh Fkh\
 lw;kZsn; dk o.kZu vius 'kCnksa esa dhft,A
n`';&JO; lhúMhú %
,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls dfork i<+kdj nks&rhu ckj bl dfork dk lLoj okpu dhft,A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) lw;Z uo&fdj.kksa osQ jFk ij lokj gksrk gSA
([k) cknyksa dks vuqpjksa dh miek nh xbZ gSA
(x) pk¡n dks jkr dk jktk dgk x;k gSA
fyf[kr
1- (d) jfo () ([k) uo&fdj.k dk () (x) fcuk f[kyk iwQy ()
2- (d) dfy;ksa vkSj iwQyksa ls ([k) ^pkj.k* dfork esa if{k;ksa dks dgk x;k gS vkSj os lw;Z dk
;'kksxku dj jgs gSaA
(x) dfork esa ^jkg dk fHk[kkjh* pk¡n dks dgk x;k gSA
3- (d) lw;Z dh lokjh vkus ij dfy;k¡ f[ky mBrh gSaA
([k) fogx dk dhfrZ&xk;u vkSj rkjksa dh I+kQkSt dk Hkkxuk gesa ;g laosQr ns jgs gSa fd lw;ksZn;
gksusokyk gSA
(x) dfork esa jFk dh Hkwfedk uo&fdj.kksa us] vuqpj dh cknyksa us] I+kQkSt dh rkjksa us vkSj
fHk[kkjh dh Hkwfedk pk¡n us fuHkkbZ gSA
4- (d) if{k;ksa dk pgpgkuk dhfrZ&xk;u tSlk yxrk gSA dfo us if{k;ksa dks pkj.k osQ leku
crk;k gSA
([k) uo&fdj.ksa jFk dks ltkdj jfo dh lokjh dk Lokxr djrh gSa vkSj cknyny lsod
cudj rks i{khoàn pkj.k dh Hkk¡fr dhfrZ&xk;u djosQ jfo dh lokjh dk Lokxr djrs gSaA
(x) jkr dk jktk pk¡n fHk[kkjh cu x;k] D;ksafd lw;Z dh rs”k fdj.kksa ls mldk izHkko lekIr
gks x;k vkSj og fuLrst gks x;kA
9
(?k) lw;ksZn; osQ le; laiw.kZ ifjos'k esa ue;ukfHkjke n`'; mifLFkr gks mBrk gSA pkjksa rjiQ
g"kZ ,oa mYykl dk ekgkSy O;kIr gks tkrk gSA l`f"V osQ lHkh vo;o thoar gks mBrs gSaA
iwQy f[ky mBrs gSaA i{kh pgpgkus yxrs gSaA euq"; vius nSfud fØ;kdyki esa yx tkrs
gSaA lw;ksZn; gksrs gh ,slk izrhr gksrk gS] tSls laiw.kZ èkjrh ij ,d u;k thou vk x;k gksA
5- ^d* ^[k*
uo&fdj.k jFk
ckny vuqpj
fogx pkj.k
rkjs lSfud
pk¡n jkr dk jktk
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) jkosQ'k 'kf'k fgeka'kq
([k) u{k=k flrkjk rkjk
(x) es?k ?ku ty/j
(?k) izHkkdj jfo fnudj
(Ä) ukSdj pkdj vuqpj
2- (d) rkjd dkjd èkkjd
([k) Hkkxh tkxh nkxh
(x) pkj.k rkj.k dkj.k
3- (d) u;k ([k) ukSdj (x) lksuk (?k) lwjt (Ä) fHk[kkjh
fo"k; laoèkZu xfrfofèk;k¡
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- gfjoa'kjk; cPpu osQ ledkyhu oqQN pfpZr dfo;ksa@dof;f=k;ksa osQ ukeµ egknsoh oekZ]
lqfe=kkuanu iar] lw;Zdkar f=kikBh fujkyk] lqHknzk oqQekjh pkSgku] xksiky flag usikyh vkfnA
10
2 vU;k; dk fojks/
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
Nk=kksa dks vU;k; dk izfrjks/ djus dh f'k{kk nsukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
gesa lekt esa viuk vfLrRo cuk, j[kus osQ fy, fuMj cuuk pkfg, vkSj vU;k; dks dHkh Hkh
lgu ugha djuk pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
ys[kd us vius cPpksa dh xouZsl twfy;k dks ru[okg nsus osQ fy, cqyk;kA twfy;k cgqr gh
Hkksyh&Hkkyh yM+dh gSA og yxHkx nks eghus ls fcuk ru[okg osQ dke dj jgh gSA ys[kd us mlls
dgk fd eSaus rqEgsa rhl :cy izfrekg ij ukSdjh ij j[kk Fkk vkSj vc rqe nks eghus dh ru[okg ys
yksA twfy;k us mUgsa crk;k fd mldh ru[okg pkyhl :cy r; gqbZ Fkh vkSj mls dke djrs gq, nks
eghus ik¡p fnu gks x,] ij ys[kd ekuus dks rS;kj ugha gq,A mUgksaus dgk fd nks eghus osQ lkB :cy
gq,A mUgksaus fglkc yxk;k fd twfy;k us jfookj dks NqV~fV;k¡ yha vkSj blosQ vykok rhu NqV~fV;k¡ vkSj
yh FkhaA mUgksaus mlosQ ckjg :cy dkV fy,A vU; dkj.kksa ls Hkh lkr :cy vkSj dkV fy,A lkFk gh
twfy;k osQ n~okjk pk; dh I;kyh vkSj IysV rksM+us osQ nks :cy dkVsA dksY;k dh tSosQV iQV tkus dk
Hkkj Hkh twfy;k dh ru[okg ij iM+kA twfy;k dk psgjk ihyk iM+ x;k] ij mlus ,d 'kCn Hkh ugha
dgkA og tkurh Fkh fd ys[kd >wB cksydj mls Bx jgs gSa] fiQj Hkh mlus dksbZ fojks/ ugha fd;kA
og ys[kd dh gk¡ esa gk¡ feykrh jghA mlus fiQj Hkh bZekunkjh fn[kkrs gq, dgk fd mudh iRuh us mls
rhu :cy fn, FksA ys[kd us ;s jde Hkh mldh ru[okg esa ls dkV fy,A ys[kd us lc dkVdj
mls lkB esa ls osQoy X;kjg :cy fn,A twfy;k us /U;okn dgrs gq, os iSls viuh tsc esa j[k fy,A
ys[kd dks bl ckr ij cgqr xqLlk vk;k fd twfy;k us mUgsa iyVdj tokc ugha fn;kA ys[kd us mlls
+kkQhQh ek¡xh fd mUgksaus mlosQ lkFk ,slk ozwQj e”kkd fd;kA ys[kd us mls le>k;k fd dHkh Hkh fdlh
ekIkQh
ekI
Hkh izdkj dk vR;kpkj lgu ugha djuk pkfg,A vPNk bulku dgykus osQ fy, nCcw] HkhjQ vkSj cksnk
cuuk vko';d ugha gSA viuk vfLrRo cuk, j[kus osQ fy, iwjh 'kfDr ls bl lalkj ls yM+uk gksxkA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
Nk=kksa dks i<+kus ls iwoZ vU;k; dk fojks/ djus osQ fy, izsfjr djsaA
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 xousZl dkSu gksrh gS\
 :cy fdu ns'kksa dh eqnzk gS\
11
 D;k vkius dHkh vius ekrk&firk ;k vè;kidksa dks ijs'kku fd;k gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks og ?kVuk crkb,A
 D;k vkius ,slk e”kkd fd;k gS] ftlls fdlh dks gkfu gqbZ gks\ vkius oSQls lq/kj fd;k\
iz'u iwNus osQ i'pkr cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd bl dgkuh esa ,d xousZl osQ fo"k; esa i<+saxs] tks pqipki
ys[kd dk vU;k; lgrh jgrh gSA ckn esa ys[kd mls le>krs gSa fd vU;k; djus dh gh rjg vU;k;
lguk Hkh xyr gSA
ikB i<+kus osQ i'pkr cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 vkidks ;g dgkuh oSQlh yxh\
 ;fn vkidks dksbZ Bxs ;k /ks[kk ns] rks vki D;k djsaxs\
 vkiosQ HkkbZ&cgu dksbZ xyrh djsa] rks mUgsa oSQls le>k,¡xs\
 vkidks bl dgkuh ls D;k f'k{kk feyrh gS\
n`';&JO; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk miyC/ djkbZ xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls cPpksa dks ;g ikB i<+k,¡A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) twfy;k ys[kd osQ cPpksa dh xousZl FkhA
([k) isM+ ij p<+us osQ dkj.k dksY;k dh tSosQV iQV xbZ FkhA
(x) :cy :l dh eqnzk gSA
(?k) bl dgkuh osQ ys[kd varksu ps[ko gSaA
fyf[kr
1- (d) pkyhl :cy () ([k) ukSdjkuh us ()
(x) twfy;k osQ osru ls cseryc dkVuk () (?k) vU;k; dk fojks/ djuk pkfg, ()
2- (d) twfy;k dks ys[kd osQ ?kj dke djrs gq, nks eghus ik¡p fnu gq, FksA
([k) ys[kd us twfy;k dh rhu fnu dh NqV~fV;k¡ fxuhaA
(x) rhu :cy] bls twfy;k dks ys[kd dh iRuh us fn, FksA
3- (d) ys[kd us twfy;k dks mldh ru[okg dk fglkc djus osQ fy, vius ikl cqyk;k FkkA
([k) twfy;k ys[kd ls [kq'k Fkh] D;ksafd vU; ekfydksa osQ foijhr mUgksaus mldk fglkc dj
cps gq, iSls ns fn,A
(x) bl lalkj esa nCcw rFkk Hkh# yksxksa osQ fy, dksbZ txg ugha gSA
4- (d) twfy;k Hkksyh&Hkkyh] bZekunkj vkSj drZO;fu"B Fkh] blfy, og pqipki vU;k; lgrh jghA
([k) ys[kd us twfy;k ls ekI+kQh ek¡xh] D;ksafd mUgksaus mlosQ lkFk ,d NksVk&lk ozwQj e”kkd
fd;k Fkk] tcfd mldk mn~ns'; twfy;k dks lcd fl[kkuk ek=k FkkA
12
(x) ys[kd twfy;k dks vU;k; dk fojks/ djus dk lcd fl[kkuk pkg jgs FksA
(?k) ;fn eSa twfy;k dh txg gksrk@gksrh] rks vius mQij gksusokys vU;k; dk fojks/ djrk@djrhA
5- (d) gesa lgh vkSj xyr esa varj le> esa vkuk pkfg,A ;fn dksbZ bulku tkucw>dj vius
iQk;ns osQ fy, gekjs lkFk xyr dj jgk gS] rks gesa mldk izfrdkj djuk pkfg,A ;g
ugha fd pqipki mlosQ n~okjk gksusokys vU;k; dks lgrs jguk pkfg,A
([k) bl fueZe lalkj esa lh/s&lPps vkSj Hkys yksxksa dks ew[kZ le>k tkrk gSA >wBs vkSj Bxh
djus okys yksxksa n~okjk lPps yksxksa dk 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA vr% Hkksys&Hkkys vkSj lPps
yksxksa dks viuh iwjh 'kfDr osQ lkFk bl ân;ghu lalkj dk izfrdkj djuk gksxkA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) fuHkZ; ([k) lIrkg (x)ân;ghu
2- (d) O;fDrokpd laKk twfy;k :cy dksY;k
([k) tkfrokpd laKk xousZl ekyfdu iRuh
(x) Hkkookpd laKk nnZ i<+kbZ ozQks/
3- (i) vU;k; (ii) brokj (iii) NqV~Vh (iv) Mk;jh (v) ru[okg
(vi) Hkh# (vii) fouhr (viii) fglkc
4- (d) lksp esa iM+uk µ ekfyd us funksZ"k eksgu ij pksjh dk vkjksi yxk;k] rks mldk
psgjk ihyk iM+ x;kA
([k) cgqr xqLlk gksuk µ cPpksa dh 'kjkjrsa ns[kdj vè;kid vkx&ccwyk gks x,A
(x) xqLlk 'kkar djuk µ firk th dk ozQks/ ns[kdj ekrk th us mu ij BaMs ikuh dk NhaVk ekjkA
(?k) ulhgr nsuk µ cPpksa dh 'kjkjr ns[kdj vè;kid us mUgsa lcd fl[kkus dk eu
cuk fy;kA
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- gesa vius vfèkdkjksa osQ fy, fujarj la?k"kZjr jguk pkfg,A fouezrk] f'k"Vrk] la;e] vknj] {kek
vkfn xq.k ekuo dks Js"B cukrs gSa] ¯drq vius vfèkdkjksa ,oa gdksa dh frykatfy nsdj ughaA
dgk tkrk gS fd ftruk xyr vR;kpkj djuk gS] mlls T;knk xyr vR;kpkj lguk gSA gesa
ges'kk xyr vkSj vR;kpkj dk izfrokn djuk pkfg,A lkekU; thou esa cgqr lkjs ,sls yksx gSa]
tks nwljs dh lgu'khyrk ,oa fouezrk dk uk”kk;”k I+kQk;nk mBkrs gSaA gesa ,sls yksxksa ls ges'kk
lkoèkku jguk pkfg, rFkk vius gd vkSj vfèkdkjksa dk dHkh Hkh guu gksrs ugha ns[kuk pkfg,A
2- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
2- lksfo;r la?k dh eqnzk dk uke µ jfl;u #cy
13
3 ljI+kQjks'kh dh reUuk
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
Nk=kksa dks Hkkjr
kkjr osQ egku ozQkafrdkjh rFkk vxz.kh Lora=krk lsukuh jkeizlkn fcfLey osQ la?k"kks± ls
ifjfpr djkukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
gesa ns'k osQ fy, viuk loZLo cfynku djusokyksa dks ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, vkSj muosQ izfr o`QrKrk
dk Hkko j[kuk pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
bl ,dkadh esa fcfLey th dh IkQk¡lh ls ,d fnu igys tsy esa gq, ek¡&csVs osQ feyu dks laoknkRed
'kSyh esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA tsyj fcfLey dks crkrs gSa fd mudh ek¡ feyus osQ fy, vkbZ gqbZ gSaA os
oqQN lkspdj viuh ek¡ ls feyus ls euk dj nsrs gSaA os dgrs gSa fd ek¡ dks eq>ls feydj nq[k gksxkA
oqQy feykdj os viuh ek¡ ls feyus dh fgEer ugha tqVk ik jgs FksA rHkh mudh ek¡ tsy esa izos'k djrh
gSa vkSj u feyus dk dkj.k tkuuk pkgrh gSaA os muls iz'u djrh gSa fd viuh tUe nsusokyh ek¡ ls
D;ksa ugha feyuk pkgrs\ mudh ek¡ le>krh gSa fd ftl Hkkjr ek¡ osQ fy, os oqQckZu gksus tk jgs gSa] os
iwjs Hkkjr dh ekrk gSaA ;g muosQ fy, lcls cM+h [kq'kh dk fnu gSA fcfLey dgrs gSa fd gekjk ns'k
xqykeh osQ paxqy ls eqDr gksdj vk”kknh dh lk¡l vo'; ysxkA tc ns'k vk”kkn gks tk,xk] rc mudh
rlohj fdlh ,slh txg j[k nh tk,] tgk¡ ls os vk”kknh dk t'u ns[k losaQA mudh rlohj dks lcdh
u”kjksa ls cpkdj j[kk tk,] D;ksafd rlohj ns[kdj lcdks mudh ;kn vk,xh vkSj [kq'kh osQ ekSosQ ij
lcdh vk¡[ksa xhyh gks tk,¡xhA mudh ek¡ ;s bPNk iwjh djus osQ fy, rS;kj gks tkrh gSaA os mUgsa vius
gkFkksa ls cslu osQ yM~Mw f[kykrh gSaA fcfLey muls dgrs gSa fd os bZ'oj ls ;g izkFkZuk djrs gSa fd
vxys tUe esa Hkh os gh mudh ek¡ cusA ;g lqudj mudh ek¡ jksus yxhaA fcfLey muls dgrs gSa fd
vxj os blh rjg vk¡lw cgk,¡xh] rks os viuk cfynku ugha ns ik,¡xsA mudh ek¡ dgrh gSa fd ;s [kq'kh
osQ vk¡lw gSaA os tsyj ls iwNrh gSa fd D;k eSa IkQk¡lh osQ le; mifLFkr jg ldrh g¡wA tsyj mUgsa euk
dj nsrs gSa] D;ksafd mUgsa ,slk dksbZ vkns'k ugha feyk FkkA fcfLey mUgsa le>krs gSa fd mUgksaus vius csVs
dks Hkkjrekrk dh xksn esa Mky fn;k gSA mUgsa vc dksbZ I+kQoZQ ugha iM+uk pkfg,A fcfLey dh ek¡ muosQ
flj ij gkFk isQjrh gSa vkSj ogk¡ ls izLFkku djrh gSaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
Nk=kksa dks i<+kus ls iwoZ Lora=krk lsukuh jkeizlkn fcfLey osQ fo"k; esa crk,¡A
14
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 gesa vius ns'k osQ izfr fdl izdkj dk Hkko j[kuk pkfg,\
 gekjs ns'k dks vk”kknh oSQls feyh gS\
 gesa vius ekrk&firk osQ izfr oSQls Hkko j[kus pkfg,\
 ns'k osQ izfr gekjs D;k&D;k drZO; gSa\
rnqijkar cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd os vkt bl ikB esa Hkkjr osQ egku ozQkafrdkjh jkeizlkn fcfLey osQ
fo"k; esa i<+saxsA
 vkidks ;g ,dkadh oSQlk yxk\
 vki ns'k osQ vej Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa dks fdl izdkj Jn~/katfy nsaxs\
 vki jkeizlkn fcfLey osQ fo"k; esa D;k lksprs gSa\
 ;fn vkidks ns'k osQ fy, oqQN djus dk volj feys] rks vki D;k djuk pkgsaxs\
n`';&JO; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ikB i<+k,¡ rFkk fcanqokj ppkZ djsaA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) jkeizlkn fcfLey Hkkjr osQ egku ozQkafrdkjh vkSj vxz.kh Lora=krk lsukuh FksA
([k) tsyj osQ eu esa fcfLey osQ izfr viusiu dk Hkko blfy, Fkk D;ksafd os Lora=krk laxzke
esa ohj flikgh FksA
(x) ek¡ fcfLey th osQ fy, cslu osQ yM~Mw ykbZ FkhaA
fyf[kr
1- (d) jkeizlkn fcfLey () ([k) ek¡ ()
(x) mudh rlohj lcdks jQyk nsrh () (?k) [kq'kh osQ ()
2- (d) fcfLey dks R;kx] ohjrk vkSj ns'kizse dk ikB mudh ek¡ us i<+k;k FkkA
([k) ek¡ us vius gkFkksa ls cslu osQ yM~Mw dk Hkksx fofLey dks yxk;kA
(x) ek¡ ;g pkgrh Fkha fd os fcfLey dh iQk¡lh osQ le; ogk¡ ekStwn jgsaA
3- (d) tsyj Hkkjrh; vkSj lTtu O;fDr FkkA
([k) fcfLey ek¡ ls feyus esa blfy, fgpfdpk jgs Fks fd ek¡ dks mudh cph gqbZ ,d fnu
dh fT+kanxh dks ns[kdj nq[k gksxkA mUgsa bl ckr dk Mj Fkk fd mudh Hkhxh vk¡[kksa dks
ns[kdj mUgsa viuh ekSr ij viQlksl u gksus yxsA
15
(x) ek¡ us fonk gksrs le; fcfLey ls Hkkjr ek¡ dh lsok vPNh rjg ls djus dks dgkA
4- (d) ek¡ us cpiu ls gh fcfLey th dks R;kx] ohjrk vkSj ns'kizse dk ikB i<+krs gq,
ykyu&ikyu fd;k FkkA
([k) fcfLey us viuh ek¡ osQ lkeus ;g bPNk izdV dh fd tc vk”kknh dk igyk t'u
euk;k tk,] rc mudh rlohj dks dgha ,slh txg j[k fn;k tk,] tgk¡ ls os lkjk t'u
viuh ml rlohj osQ ”kfj, ns[k losaQ] ysfdu ml rlohj dks dksbZ u ns[k ik,A
(x) ozQkafrdkjh jkeizlkn fcfLey dh ek¡ R;kx] ohjrk] Lusg vkSj eerk dh lk{kkr ewfrZ FkhaA
(?k) iQk¡lh osQ fnu ek¡ us ogk¡ mifLFkr jgus dh izkFkZuk tsyj ls dh] D;ksafd os viuh larku
dks vius gh gkFkksa ns'k osQ fy, oqQckZu gksrs ns[kuk pkgrh FkhaA
5- fdlus fdlls fdlus fdlls
(d) ek¡ us fcfLey ls ([k) tsyj us fcfLey ls
(x) ek¡ us fcfLey ls (?k) ek¡ us fcfLey ls
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) ns'koklh ([k) tUeHkwfe (x) 'kghn (?k) vej (Ä) ,dkadh
(p) Hkkjrh;
2- (d) rqels dksbZ feyus vk;k gSA rqelsµ eè;e iq#"kokpd] dksbZµ
vfu'p;okpd
([k) eSa viuh ek¡ ls ugha feyw¡xkA mRre iq#"kokpd
(x) ek¡ eq>s xyr er le>ksA mRre iq#"kokpd
(?k) rw viuh ek¡ dks bruk Hkh ugha igpku ldkA eè;e iq#"kokpd
(Ä) ;s yM~Mw eSa ckn esa [kk yw¡xkA ;sµfu'p;okpd] eSaµmRre iq#"kokpd
+kQoZQ iM+rk gS\
(p) D;k IIkQoZ iz'uokpd
(N) rqEgsa vius&vki ij ;dhu ughaA rqEgsaµeè;e iq#"kokpd]
vius&vkiµfutokpd
3- (d) ugha] ugha] tsyj lkgc! eSa viuh ek¡ ls ugha fey¡wxkA
([k) gk¡! eSa gh rks gw¡A D;k viuh ek¡ dks igpku Hkh ugha ldrk\
(x) ixys! rw viuh ek¡ dks bruk Hkh ugha igpku ldk\
(?k) iky&iksldj viuh larku dks vius gh gkFkksa ls ns'k osQ fy, oqQckZu dj nsus esa Hkh ,d
vthc&lh [kq'kh gSA
(Ä) th ugha! gqDe u gksus osQ dkj.k eSa e”kcwj gw¡A
16
4- (d) eSa viuh ek¡ ls ugha feyw¡xkA
([k) eq>s Mj gS fd ek¡ dh Hkhxh vk¡[ksa] dgha esjs dneksa dks Mxexk u nsaA
(x) vU; lkèkkj.k fL=k;ksa dh rjg eSa Hkh jksus&ph[kus yxw¡xhA
(?k) Hkkjr dh lqanj&lyksuh èkjrh gekjh gksxhA
(Ä) ;s cslu osQ yMMw rsjs fy, cukdj ykbZ gw¡A
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM osQ nks"kh vaxzst vfèkdkjh vks Mk;j dks yanu tkdj ekjus okys vfèkdkjh
mèke ¯lg FksA tujy Mk;j yanu osQ oSQDlVu gkWy esa ,d eh¯Vx dj jgk FkkA tSls gh eh¯Vx [kRe
gqbZ] mèke ¯lg us viuh fjokYoj ls] ftls mUgksaus vius tSosQV esa Nqik j[kk Fkk] tujy Mk;j ij
xksfy;k¡ nkx nhaA
17
4 fxYyw
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
Nk=kksa esa i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ izfr ekuoh; izse dh Hkkouk tkx`r djukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
fdlh Hkh tho&tarq dks gkfu ugha igq¡pkuh pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
ysf[kdk us cjkens esa fxygjh osQ NksVs&ls cPps dks ?kk;y voLFkk esa iM+k ns[kk] rks mls mBkdj os
mls vius dejs esa ykb± vkSj mldk mipkj fd;kA mUgksaus jQbZ ls jDr iksaNdj ejge yxk;kA jQbZ dh
iryh cRrh nw/ esa fHkxksdj mls fiykuk pkgk] ij mlus ugha fi;kA rhu fnuksa osQ mipkj osQ ckn og
Bhd gks x;kA lHkh mls fxYyw dgdj cqykus yxsA mlosQ dk;Zdyki ns[kdj lcdks vk'p;Z gksrk FkkA
og ysf[kdk dk è;ku viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrk FkkA Hkw[k yxus ij og fpd&fpd djosQ lwpuk nsrk
FkkA og dktw vkSj fcfLdV cgqr e”ks&ls [kkrk FkkA fxYyw f[kM+dh dh tkyh osQ ikl cSBdj ckgj ?kwerh
gqbZ fxygfj;ksa dks viusiu dh n`f"V ls ns[krk FkkA ;g ns[kdj ysf[kdk us mls eqDr dj fn;kA tc os
dkWyst ls ykSVha] rks mUgksaus ns[kk fd fxYyw fiQj ls dejs osQ Hkhrj vk x;k FkkA og ges'kk ysf[kdk
dks pkSadkrk jgrk FkkA og muosQ flj ls iSj rd nkSM+ yxkrk jgrk vkSj fnuHkj fxygfj;ksa osQ >qaM dk
usrk cuk jgrk FkkA og gj Mky ij mNyrk&owQnrk jgrk FkkA ysf[kdk osQ ikl cgqr ls i'kq&i{kh Fks]
ij fxYyw buesa viokn FkkA og ysf[kdk osQ lkFk [kkuk [kkrk FkkA og ,d&,d pkoy mBkdj cM+h
lI+kQkbZ ls [kkrk FkkA bUgha fnuksa ysf[kdk dks ,d eksVj nq?kZVuk esa vkgr gksdj oqQN fnuksa rd vLirky
esa jguk iM+kA ftrus fnu ysf[kdk vLirky esa jgha] mrus fnu rd fxYyw viuk fiz; vkgkj dktw rd
dks cgqr de [kkrk FkkA ;g okO+kQ;k ysf[kdk osQ izfr fxYyw osQ vikj Lusg dk lcls cM+k mnkgj.k FkkA
gkyk¡fd fxygfj;ksa osQ thou dh vof/ nks o"kZ ls vf/d ugha gksrhA ,d fnu mlus oqQN ugha [kk;kA
og jkr dks vius >wys ls mrjdj ysf[kdk osQ ikl vk;kA mlus vius BaMs iatksa ls mudh m¡xyh idM+
yhA mUgksaus m".krk nsus osQ fy, ghVj Hkh tyk;k] ij dksbZ I+kQk;nk ugha gqvkA vxys fnu gh og fdlh
vkSj thou esa tkus osQ fy, lks x;kA lksutwgh dh yrk osQ uhps fxYyw dh lekf/ cukbZ xbZA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
i<+kus ls iwoZ ikB osQ osaQnzh; Hkko ls Nk=kksa dks voxr djk,¡A
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 vki i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ lkFk oSQlk O;ogkj djrs gSa\
 ;fn vki fdlh i'kq&i{kh dks ?kk;y voLFkk esa ns[ksaxs rks vki D;k djsaxs\
18
 D;k vki dksbZ i{kh ikyuk pkgsaxs\ ;fn gk¡] rks D;ksa\
 D;k i'kq&if{k;ksa dks oSQn djuk mfpr gS ;k vuqfpr\ dkj.k lfgr crkb,A
rnqijkar cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd vkt bl dgkuh esa fxygjh vkSj ysf[kdk osQ eè; Lusgiw.kZ laaca/ osQ
fo"k; esa i<+saxsA
 bl js[kkfp=k dks i<+dj vkidks oSQlk yxk\
 D;k i'kq&i{kh izse osQ cnys izse nsrs gSa\
 vki i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ laj{k.k osQ fy, D;k djuk pkgsaxs\
 bl js[kkfp=k osQ fdl i{k ls vki lokZf/d izHkkfor gq,\
n`';&JO; lhúMhú %
Nk=kksa dks ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ikB i<+k,¡ rFkk tho&tarqvksa osQ laj{k.k ij ppkZ djsaA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) ?kk;y fxygjh osQ cPps dks ns[kdj lcus ysf[kdk ls dgk fd dkS, dh pksap dk ?kko
yxus osQ ckn ;g cp ugha ldrkA vr% bls ,sls gh jgus fn;k tk,A
([k) ysf[kdk us iwQy j[kus dh ,d gydh Mfy;k esa #bZ fcNkdj mls rkj ls f[kM+dh ij
yVdk fn;kA bl izdkj] fxYyw dk ?kj cukA
(x) ysf[kdk fxYyw dks dkcw esa djus osQ fy, mls idM+dj ,d yacs fyI+kQkI+ksQ esa j[k nsrh
FkhaA
fyf[kr
1- (d) fxygjh dk () ([k) dktw ()
(x) nks o"kZ () (?k) lksutwgh dh yrk osQ uhps ()
2- (d) lksutwgh gh dyh dks ns[kdj ysf[kdk dks fxYyw dk Lej.k gks vk;kA
([k) eksVj nq?kZVuk esa ?kk;y gksus osQ dkj.k ysf[kdk dks vLirky esa jguk iM+kA
(x) xjfe;ksa esa fxYyw ysf[kdk osQ ikl lqjkgh ij ysVk djrk FkkA
3- (d) ?kk;y fxYyw dk bykt #bZ ls mldk jDr iksaNdj vkSj ?kkoksa ij isaflyhu dk ejge
yxkdj fd;k x;kA
([k) fxYyw vius ?kksalys dks Lo;a fgykdj >wyrk vkSj dejs osQ Hkhrj vkSj f[kM+dh ls ckgj
u tkus D;k ns[krk&le>rk jgrk FkkA mldh blh le>nkjh vkSj dk;Zdyki ij lcdks
vk'p;Z gksrk FkkA
19
(x) ysf[kdk dh vLoLFkrk osQ nkSjku fxYyw dh fLFkfr n;uh; jghA og viuk fiz; vkgkj
dktw Hkh vYi ek=kk esa ysrk FkkA
(?k) ysf[kdk dks pkSadkus osQ fy, fxYyw dHkh iwQynku osQ iwQyksa esa fNi tkrk] dHkh ijns dh
pqUuV esa vkSj dHkh lksutwgh dh ifRr;ksa esaA
4- (d) ^feV~Vh gksdj feV~Vh esa fey x;k* ;g okD;ka'k fxYyw dk lksutwgh dh dyh dh tM+ esa
feV~Vh gksdj fey tkus dh ?kVuk dh vksj laosQr djrk gSA
([k) ysf[kdk dk è;ku vko`Q"V djus osQ fy, fxYyw muosQ iSjksa rd vkdj ljZ ls insZ ij p<+
tkrk vkSj fiQj mlh rs”kh ls mrjrkA mldk nkSM+us dk ;g ozQe rc rd pyrk] tc rd
ysf[kdk mls idM+us osQ fy, u mBrhaA
(x) fxYyw dh lekf/ lksutwgh dh yrk osQ uhps cukbZ xbZ] D;ksafd mls og yrk lcls vf/d
fiz; FkhA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- vuqLokj µ ijarq lans'k laf/ vuqukfld µ eq¡g m¡xyh vk¡[kksa
2- fnu  jkr lEekfur  viekfur laf/  foPNsn
vxyk  fiNyk l?ku  fojy bPNk  vfuPNk
3- (d) 'kk[kk ([k) iq"i (x) lqcg (?k) le; (Ä) bykt (p) Nwuk
4- (d) vuknj ([k) vLoLFkrk (x) foLe; (?k) m".krk (Ä) viukiu (p) fo'okl
5- tkfrokpd laKk O;fDrokpd laKk Hkkookpd laKk
cPpk lksutwgh gjhfrek
?kj fxYyw vk'p;Z
i'kq dktw viusiu
• fo"k; laoèkZu xfrfofèk;ksa ls lacafèkr lHkh iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=k Lo;a nsaA
20
5 iqjLdkj
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
Nk=kksa esa ns'kizse] R;kx ,oa cfynku dh Hkkouk tkx`r djukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
oI+kQknkj jgsa rFkk
gesa vius ns'k osQ lkFk dHkh fo'okl?kkr ugha djuk pkfg,A ns'k osQ lkFk ges'kk oIkQknkj
dke esa bZekunkjh cjrsaA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
dkS'ky esa ,d izfln~/ mRlo dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk FkkA bl mRlo esa egkjkt fdlku cudj
banznso dh iwtk djrs vkSj gy tksrrs FksA bl ckj ftl [ksr dks os tksr jgs Fks] og e/qfydk uked
;qorh dk [ksr FkkA izFkk osQ vuqlkj jktk us ml [ksr dk pkSxquk nke e/qfydk dks vnk djuk pkgk] ij
mlus og nke ysus ls euk dj fn;k] D;ksafd iwoZtksa dh Hkwfe cspuk mlosQ fy, vijk/ FkkA mlus Lo.kZ
eqnzk ls Hkjh Fkkyh jktk ij U;ksNkoj dj fc[ksj fn;kA ogha vfrfFk osQ :i esa vk;k ex/ dk jktoqQekj
vjQ.k Hkh [kM+k FkkA og e/qfydk osQ :i dks ns[kdj eksfgr gks x;k FkkA jkr esa e/qfydk o`{k dh
Nk;k esa pqipki cSBh FkhA ogk¡ jktoqQekj vjQ.k igq¡pk vkSj mls Hkwfe fnyokus dk vk'oklu fn;kA e/
qfydk us mldh lgk;rk ysus ls euk dj fn;kA bl ?kVuk osQ i'pkr e/qfydk nwljksa osQ [ksrksa esa dke
djrh vkSj dfBu ifjJe djrh FkhA blh izdkj o"kZ chrrs x,A ,d fnu mldh >ksaiM+h esa jktoqQekj
vjQ.k fiQj vk;kA mlosQ lkFk dbZ lSfud FksA mlus eèkqfydk ls crk;k fd og ex/ dk fonzksgh gS
vkSj og vius ckgqcy ls ,d u, jkT; dh LFkkiuk djsxkA mlus ;g Hkh dgk fd og e/qfydk dks
viuh jkuh cukuk pkgrk gSA eèkqfydk us ;g izLrko Lohdkj dj fy;kA og dkS'ky ujs'k osQ ikl xbZ
vkSj mlls nf{k.kh ukys osQ lehi taxyh Hkwfe dh ek¡x dhA jktk us mldh izkFkZuk Lohdkj dj yhA ,d
fnu vjQ.k us dgk fd vkt mldh fot;&;k=kk vkjaHk gksxh vkSj og dkS'ky dk jktk cusxkA e/qfydk
lkspus yxh fd vjQ.k dk lkFk nsdj og ns'knzksg dj jgh gSA og dkS'ky ujs'k osQ ikl xbZ vkSj lkjh
ckrsa lkI +kQ&lkI
kQ&lkI+kQkQ crk nhaA jktoqQekj vjQ.k vius lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk idM+k x;k vkSj mls izk.knaM feykA
lkIkQ&lkI
kQ&lkIkQ
jktk us e/qfydk dks iqjLdkj nsus osQ fy, dgk] rks mlus Hkh vius fy, izk.knaM ek¡xkA bl izdkj mlus
viuh djuh dk izk;f'pr Hkh dj fy;kA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
Nk=kksa dks i<+kus ls iwoZ ikB osQ osaQnzh; Hkko ls voxr djk,¡A
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 D;k vkius fdlkuksa dks [ksrksa esa gy pykrs ns[kk gS\ crkb,] os oSQls gy pykrs gSa\
 o`Qf"k osQ fy, fdu midj.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
21
 xk¡o osQ yksxksa dh jgus dh 'kSyh 'kgjh yksxksa ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\
 D;k vkidks dksbZ vPNk dk;Z djus osQ fy, iqjLdkj feyk gS\
mi;qZDr iz'uksa dks iwNus osQ i'pkr cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd vkt bl dgkuh esa ,d ;qorh osQ fo"k;
esa i<+saxs] tks vius fy, Lo;a izk.knaM ek¡xrh gS vkSj viuh djuh dk izk;f'pr Hkh djrh gSA
 mRloksa dk gekjs thou esa D;k egRo gS\
 iqjLdkj mRlkg c<+krs gSaA D;k ;g ckr lgh gS\
 ljgn ij [kM+s lSfud ns'k osQ fy, fdl izdkj viuk drZO; fuHkkrs gSa\
n`';&JO; lhúMhú %
cPpksa dks iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ikB i<+k,¡ rFkk ppkZ djsaA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) egkjkt oqQekjh e/qfydk osQ [ksr esa gy pyk jgs FksA
([k) e/qfydk osQ firk okjk.klh ;qn~/ osQ ohj FksA
(x) t;'kadj izlknA
(?k) v#.k ex/ dk jktoqQekj FkkA
fyf[kr
1- (d) banz dh () ([k) ¯lgfe=k () (x) lsukifr ()
fu;ekuqlkj tksrh xbZ Hkwfe dk pkSxquk ewY; fn;k tkrk FkkA
2- (d) dkS'ky osQ fu;ekuq
([k) thfodk dh [kkst esa dkS'ky ex/ dk jktoqQekj vjQ.k vk;kA
(x) JkcLrh nqxZ ij nf{k.kh ukys osQ ikl ls vkØe.k gksus okyk FkkA
3- (d) ,d fnu osQ fy, dkS'ky egkjkt dk fdlku cudj banznso dh iwtk djus vkSj gy tksrus
dk mRlo izfln~/ FkkA
([k) jFkksa] gkfFk;ksa vkSj HkhM+ osQ eè; egkjkt dh lokjh vkrh FkhA ckts ctus yxrs vkSj
oqQekfj;ksa n~okjk iq"i o"kkZ dh tkrh FkhA rnqijkar egkjkt fdlku cu banznso dh iwtkdj
gy tksrrs FksA nwljs jkT;ksa osQ ;qod] jktoqQekj Hkh bl mRlo esa Hkkx ysrs FksA
(x) e/qfydk us dkS'ky ujs'k n~okjk nh xbZ Lo.kZ&eqnzkvksa dks egkjkt ij U;ksNkoj dj mUgsa
gh okil ykSVk fn;kA
(?k) mRlo esa jktk fdlku cudj banz nsork dh iwtk djrs Fks vkSj [ksr esa gy pykrs FksA
4- (d) jktoqQekj v#.k osQ ns'k ls fuokZflr gksus dh otg ls mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr cgqr cnrj
gks pqdh Fkh] ftldh otg ls e/qfydk dks muosQ izfr lgkuqHkwfr Fkh vkSj lkFk&lkFk
22
jktoqQekj v#.k dk vius izfr lEeku ns[kdj cgqr gn rd e/qfydk osQ ân; esa muosQ
izfr izse dk chtkjksi.k Hkh gks pqdk FkkA bUgha lc dkj.kksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i e/qfydk us
v#.k dh enn dhA
([k) e/qfydk us dkS'ky ujs'k n~okjk fd, x, midkj vkSj vius firk dh dhfrZ dks vidhfrZ
esa u cnyus dh Hkkouk ls izsfjr gksdj lsukifr dks gksusokys vkozQe.k dh lwpuk nhA
(x) e/qfydk us dkS'ky ujs'k ls nf{k.kh ukys osQ lehi viuh ”kehu osQ cjkcj taxyh Hkwfe
[ksrh osQ fy, ek¡xh] D;ksafd v#.k vkSj mlosQ lSfudksa dks lqjf{kr fBdkus dh ”k:jr FkhA
(?k) bl dgkuh esa eq>s lcls vPNk vkSj vkn'kZ ik=k eèkqfydk yxhA eèkqfydk esa tgk¡ viuh
ekr`Hkwfe osQ izfr vR;ar vuqjkx gS] ogha og ekuoh; lacaèkksa dks Hkh mruk gh egRo nsrh
gSA blhfy, mlus vius ns'k osQ lkFk nzksg ugha fd;k cfYd Lo;a ,oa vius I;kj dks gh
cfynku dj fn;kA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) iqjLdkj ([k) fe=k (x) fnol (?k) vfuPNk (Ä) fo;ksftr
(p) v/hj (N) Hk{kd (t) vLohdkj (>) nq[k (×k) fu#Rlkg
2- lery µ xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k
izèkku µ xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k
pkSxquk µ la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k
ml µ lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k
bruh µ ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.k
3- jsI+kQ j~ (µ)Z µ ioZrekyk] lkSan;Z] Lo.kZ] folftZr] izkFkhZ] o"kZ] izkFkZukk] o"kkZ] nqxZ
insu j~ ( z] ª) µ banz] eqnzkvksa] funzk] vuqxzg] jk"Vª] izk.k] 'kh?kz] izgjh] izk.knaM
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- eèkqfydk us viuk LokFkZ viuh bPNk&'kfDr] foosd vkSj vkRecy osQ cy ij thrkA
2- jktoqQekj v#.k osQ fonzksgh cuus dk dkj.k ogk¡ dk 'kkld cuus dh mldh egRokdak{kk,¡ jgh gksaxhA
3- exèk osQ izkphu bfrgkl dh :ijs[kk egkHkkjr dky osQ iqjk.kksa esa feyrh gSA exèk izkphu Hkkjr
osQ lksyg tuinksa esa ls ,d FkkA ckSn~èk dky rFkk ijorhZ dky esa Hkkjr dk ;g lcls vfèkd
'kfDr'kkyh tuin FkkA blfy, ;g dgk tkrk gS fd izkphudky esa exèk dk bfrgkl gh Hkkjr dk
bfrgkl FkkA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
23
6 Xykscy okW²ex
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
Nk=kksa dks tyok;q vkSj i;kZoj.k esa cnyko ls gksusokys nq"izHkko ls voxr djkukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
i;kZoj.k gekjk j{kk dop gSA bldh j{kk esa gh gekjh j{kk fufgr gSA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
Xykscy ok²ex (/jrh dk xjekuk) dh leL;k osQ pisV esa viuk ns'k Hkkjr Hkh gSA ekSle oSKkfudksa
dk dguk gS fd Hkkjr dk vkSlr rkieku 0-57 fMxzh lsfYl;l izfr lkS o"kZ dh nj ls mQij mB jgk
gSA /jrh osQ xjekus dh eq[; otg ^xzhu gkml izHkko* gSA Hkfo"; esa tyok;q ifjorZu ;kuh rkieku osQ
mrkj&p<+ko dk vuqeku yxkus osQ fy, 1988 esa la;qDr jk"Vª la?k n~okjk ,d oSKkfud ny dk xBu fd;k
x;k FkkA baVjxouZesaV iSuy vku DykbesV psat (vkbZúihúlhúlhú) uke ls xfBr bl iSuy osQ vuqlkj
1990 dk n'kd ekSleh bfrgkl dk lcls xeZ n'kd FkkA ,slk vuqeku gS fd 2100 bZú rd i`Foh osQ
vkSlr rkieku esa 1-4 ls 5-8 fMxzh lsfYl;l rd dh [krjukd o`n~f/ gks ldrh gSA vfu;fer ekSle
vkSj c<+rh xehZ osQ dkj.k igkM+ksa dh pksfV;ksa vkSj /qzoh; bykdksa esa ”keh ciZQ rs”kh ls fi?ky jgh gSA
nqfu;k Hkj dh ciZQ fi?kyus ls lkxjksa dk tyLrj yxkrkj mQij mBrk tk jgk gSA vkbZúihúlhúlhú dh
uohure fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj ;fn leqnz dk tyLrj osQoy ,d ehVj mQij mB tk,] rks nqfu;k osQ dbZ
fgLls lkxj esa foyhu gks ldrs gSaA Xysf'k;j fi?kyus ls i`Foh dh tyok;q dks xaHkhj [krjk igq¡p ldrk
gS] D;ksafd i`Foh ij ekSleh pozQ cuk, j[kus esa lkxjksa vkSj Xysf'k;jksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA /
jrh ij rkieku o`n~f/ esa eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkus okys dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM xSl dks isM+&ikS/s yxkdj de
fd;k tk jgk gSA blh izdkj ;fn [ksrksa esa tqrkbZ u djosQ tSfod o`Qf"k viukbZ tk,] rks izR;sd o"kZ ,d
gsDVs;j o`Qf"k ls 2-7 Vu dkcZu MkbZ&vkWDlkbM ok;q esa ?kqyus ls cp ldrh gSA dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM
mQtkZ osQ ijaijkxr lk/uksaµydM+h] dks;yk] xSl] isVªksy] Mhty osQ iz;ksx ls mRiUu gksrh gSA vr% mQtkZ
osQ vijaijkxr lk/uksaµiou pDdh vkSj lkSj mQtkZ dk iz;ksx c<+kdj ge Xykscy ok²ex dh leL;k ls
fu”kkr ik ldrs gSaA i;kZoj.k gekjk j{kk dop gSA vr% bldh j{kk esa gekjh j{kk fufgr gSA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+kus ls iwoZ Xykscy ok²ex ls gksus okys tyok;q ifjorZu osQ ewy dkj.kksa vkSj
nq"ifj.kkeksa ls voxr djk,¡A
24
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 Xykscy ok²ex dk nq"izHkko Hkkjr ij D;ksa iM+ jgk gS\
 /qzoksa ij teh ciZQ osQ fi?kyus dk D;k dkj.k gS\
 ”kgjhyh xSlksa dks fu;af=kr djus esa isM+&ikS/s fdl izdkj gekjh lgk;rk djrs gSa\
 mQtkZ osQ vijaijkxr lk/uksa dk iz;ksx c<+kus ls gesa D;k izkIr gksxk\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd vkt bl ikB esa /jrh dk rkieku c<+us ls i;kZoj.k dks gksus
okys uqdlku osQ fo"k; esa i<+k;k tk,xkA
 Xykscy ok²ex gekjs fy, fdruk [krjukd gS\
 Xysf'k;j fi?kyus ls D;k gkfu gks ldrh gS\
 mQtkZ osQ ijaijkxr Ïksr dkSu&dkSu gSa\
 D;ksVks laf/ osQ D;k izko/ku gSa\
n`';&JO; lhúMhú %
Nk=kksa dks ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ;g ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu dh leL;k ij
ppkZ djsaA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) i`Foh osQ xjekus dh otg ^xzhu gkml izHkko* gSA
([k) Hkkjrh; ekSle oSKkfudksa dk dguk gS fd Hkkjr dk vkSlr rkieku 0-57 fMxzh lsfYl;l
izfr lkS o"kZ dh nnjj ls mQij mB jgk gSA
(x) i;kZoj.k Hkfo"; dk lqj{kk dop gSA
fyf[kr
1- (d) vk/k fMxzh lsfYl;l () ([k) 420 ()
2- (d) isfjl tyok;q le>kSrs osQ vuqlkj oSf'od rkieku o`n~fèk dks 0-5 fMxzh osQ Lrj rd
ykuk gSA
([k) i`Foh ij ekSleh pØ cuk, j[kus esa lkxjksa vkSj Xysf'k;jksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
(x) tyokq; ifjorZuksa ij 1997 esa D;ksVks lafèk gqbZA
3- (d) Hkkjr osQ eqacbZ osQ leqnzrVh; Hkkx] v.Meku&fudksckj n~ohi vkfn osQ leqnz esa Mwcus dk
[krjk gSA
([k) vfu;fer ekSle vkSj c<+rh xehZ osQ dkj.k igkM+ksa dh pksfV;ksa vkSj /qzoksa ij ”keh ciZQ
rs”kh ls fi?ky jgh gSA
25
(x) èkjrh osQ rkieku esa o`nf~ èk dk eq[; dkj.k Xykscy okWfe±x gSA Hkkjr dk vkSlr rkieku 0-57
fMxzh lsfYl;l izfr lkS o"kZ dh nj ls Åij mB jgk gSA blh osQ dkj.k i`Foh xjek jgh gSA
4- (d) HkkSfrd lq[k&lqfo/k osQ lk/uksa dks tqVkus osQ fy, mQtkZ osQ Ïksrksa dk vR;f/d iz;ksx gks
jgk gSA blls ok;qeaMy esa dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM] tyok"i] ukbVªl vkWDlkbM vkfn dh
ek=kk bruh c<+ pqdh gS fd ;g /jrh ij vkus okyh lw;Z dh xjeh dks ckgj ugha tkus
nsrhA bls gh xzhu gkml izHkko dgrs gSaA
([k) Xysf'k;j fi?kyus ls i`Foh dh tyok;q dks xaHkhj [krjk igq¡p ldrk gS] D;ksafd i`Foh ij
ekSleh pozQ cuk, j[kus esa lkxjksa vkSj Xysf'k;jksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
(x) isfjl tyok;q le>kSrs dk mn~ns'; oSf'od rkieku esa o`n~f/ nj dks 2 izfr'kr ls uhps
ykdj 1-5 fMxzh dh o`n~f/ rd lhfer djuk gSA
5- (d) (v) ([k) (iv) (x) (i) (?k) (iii) (Ä) (ii)
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) vf/dka'k ([k) ¯prk (x) Lo;a (?k) vk¡dM+k
(Ä) igq¡p (p) ok;qeaMy (N) laf/;k¡ (t) ijaijkxr
2- (d) Hkh ([k) gh (x) rks (?k) dh (Ä) fd
3- (d) orZeku ([k) xzke (x) o"kZ (?k) ukbVªl
(Ä) isVªksy (p) vaVkoZQfVdk (N) /qzo (t) leqnz
fo"k; laoèkZu xfrfofèk;ksa
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- bèkj dkiQh fnuksa ls ge lc ;g vuqHko djrs vk jgs gSa fd 'kjn ½rq esa BaM dkiQh de gksrh
tk jgh gS vkSj xjeh osQ izdksi dk nk;jk c<+rk gh tk jgk gSA ,slk Xykscy okWfe±x osQ dkj.k gks
jgk gSA Hkkjr dk vkSlr rkieku 0-57 fMxzh lsfYl;l izfr lkS o"kZ dh nj ls c<+rk tk jgk gSA ;g
vR;ar gh ¯prk dk fo"k; gSA
2- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- jkr esa gesa isM+ osQ uhps blfy, ugha lksuk pkfg, D;ksafd ml le; isM+&ikSèks dkcZu&MkbZvkWDlkMM
dk mRltZu djrs gSa] tks gekjs 'kjhj osQ fy, gkfudkjd gSA
2- ihiy osQ o`{k dh ,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;g jkr ,oa fnu & nksuksa esa vkWDlhtu NksM+rk gSA
bls euq"; osQ LokLF; osQ fy, cgqr gh ykHkiznk ekuk tkrk gSA
26
7 esjh ;wjksi ;k=kk
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
Nk=kksa dks ;k=kk&o`Rrkar osQ ekè;e ls ns'k&fons'k osQ egRoiw.kZ LFkkuksa dh tkudkjh nsukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
izLrqr ;k=kk&o`Rrkar esa of.kZr fHkUu&fHkUu laLo`Qfr;ksa vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa dks i<+dj vius O;fDrRo dks
ldkjkRed :i ls le`n~/ djsa foaQrq viuh Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr dh ekSfydrk dks Hkh cuk, j[ksaA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
bl ikB esa Hkkjr osQ izFke jk"Vªifr MkWú jktsanz izlkn dh ;wjksi ;k=kk osQ o`Rrkar dk o.kZu fd;k x;k
gSA ;g mudh igyh fons'k ;k=kk FkhA os ikuh osQ tgk”k ls ;wjksi tk jgs FksA Lost ugj ls xq”kjrs le;
tgk”k osQ eqlkfI+kkQjks
Qjksa osQ fy, eksVj n~okjk oSQjksa uxj vkSj ¯LiQDl ns[kus tk ldus dk izca/ FkkA izlkn
th us Hkh ?kweuk mfpr le>kA lHkh ;k=kh eksVj esa lokj gksdj oSQjks igq¡psA ogk¡ vtk;c?kj esa fijkfeMkasa
dh [kqnkbZ ls fudyh gqbZ ph”kksa dk lqanj laxzg fd;k x;k FkkA dbZ ukeh vkSj izrkih ckn'kkgksa dh efe;k¡
;gk¡ lqjf{kr gSaA mu fnuksa ogk¡ osQ fuokfl;ksa dk ,slk fo'okl Fkk fd vkjke osQ lHkh lkeku 'ko osQ
lkFk xkM+us ls ijyksd esa muls lq[k ik;k tk ldrk gSA oSQjks osQ i'pkr ys[kd m¡QV ij lokj gksdj
fijkfeMksa rd x,A ;s cgqr gh m¡Qph pkS[kVh bekjrsa gSaA ¯LiQDl dk eq¡g euq"; vkSj 'kjhj tkuoj dk gSA
;g ,d cgqr cM+h ewfrZ gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd izkphu dky esa blls Hkfo"; dh ckrsa irk pyrh
FkhaA ;g lc ns[kdj lHkh ;k=kh jsy ls iksVZ lbZn igq¡ps vkSj vius dejksa esa tkdj lks x,A jkLrs esa tks
ns[kus dks feyk] izlkn th lc ns[krs x,A bVyh osQ u”knhd fllyh Vkiw ls gksdj tgk”k xq”kjkA dbZ
fnuksa osQ ckn izQkal igq¡psA eklsZYl igq¡pus osQ ckn ogk¡ osQ Hkh n'kZuh; LFky ns[ksA fiQj jkr dh xkM+h
ls isfjl osQ fy, fudy iM+sA isfjl ls Mksoj gksrs gq, ys[kd ekpZ osQ rhljs lIrkg esa yanu igq¡psA
izlkn th ;gk¡ eqdnes dh iSjoh osQ fy, vk, FksA ;gk¡ igq¡pdj izlkn th fnu&jkr dke esa O;Lr jgsA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
Nk=kksa dks i<+kus ls iwoZ ;wjksi dh HkkSxksfyd ,oa lkaLo`Qfrd fLFkfr osQ fo"k; eas ppkZ djsaA
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 vtk;c?kj D;k gksrk gS\
 fijkfeM fdls dgrs gSa\
 D;k vkius ikuh osQ tgk”k dh ;k=kk dh gS ;k ikuh dk tgk”k ns[kk gS\
 Hkkjr osQ izFke jk"Vªifr rFkk iz/kuea=kh dk uke crkb,A
rnqijkar cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd vkt bl ikB esa Hkkjr osQ izFke jk"Vªifr dh igyh&fons'k ;k=kk osQ
fo"k; esa i<+saxsA
27
 ^?kqeDdM+h ;kuh ;k=kk djus dks Hkh i<+kbZ dk ,d vax ekuk tkrk gSA* D;k vki blls lger gS\a
 vkidks bl ikB ls D;k&D;k tkudkfj;k¡ feyha\
 ;k=kk osQ fofHkUu lk/uksa osQ uke crkb,A
 D;k vki ;k=kk osQ fy, tkrs gSa\ vkidks ;k=kk djuk oSQlk yxrk gS\
 ;fn volj feyk] rks vki dkSu&ls ns'k dh ;k=kk djuk pkgsaxs vkSj D;ksa\
n`';&JO; lhúMhú %
Nk=kksa dks ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ikB i<+k,¡A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) ys[kd yanu tk jgs FksA
([k) eksgutksnM+ks dh [kqnkbZ esa fudys xsgw¡ cks nsus ij mx x,A
(x) ys[kd mQ¡V ij p<+dj fijkfeM ns[kus x,A
(?k) ys[kd bVyh osQ lehi fllyh Vkiw osQ ikl ls xq”kjsA
(Ä) ys[kd eqdnes dh iSjoh osQ fy, ;wjksi x, FksA
fyf[kr
1- (d) ladksph () ([k) Lost ugj () (x) oSQjksa ()
2- (d) fons'k ;k=kk ls ,d fnu igys ys[kd us lfPpnkuan ¯lg osQ ;g¡k es”k ij [kkuk [kk;kA
([k) Lost ugj ls tgk”k ls xqtjrs le; FkkWel oqQd oaQiuh us fLiaQDl fn[kkus dk izcaèk fd;kA
(x) ys[kd osQ jlksb, dk uke xkso/Zu FkkA
3- (d) ys[kd ;k=kk osQ nkSjku iqLrosaQ i<+dj vFkok Vgydj viuk le; fcrkrs FksA
([k) ¯LiQDl cgqr cM+h ew£r gS] ftldk eq¡g euq"; dk vkSj 'kjhj tkuoj dk gSA izkphu dky
esa blls iz'u fd, tkrs Fks vkSj ;g Hkfo"; dh ckrsa crk nsrh FkhA
(x) ”kehu ns[kdj ;k=kh blfy, izlUu gksrs Fks fd mUgsa leqnzh&;k=kk osQ nkSjku pkjksa rjiQ ty
gh ty ns[kus dks feyrk Fkk] tc dHkh bUgsa ”kehu fn[krh Fkh rks mudk izlUu gksuk
LokHkkfod FkkA
4- (d) ys[kd us vtk;c?kj esa fijkfeMksa dh [kqnkbZ ls fudyh gqbZ ph”ksa ns[kha vkSj lkFk&lkFk
mUgksaus izkphu felz osQ izrkih ckn'kkgksa osQ lqjf{kr j[ks gq, 'ko (eeh) ns[ksA
([k) izrkih jktkvksa osQ 'ko ns[kdj ys[kd dks euq"; osQ thou dh vfuR;rk lkI+kQ&lkI+kQ fn[kus
yxhA
(x) mu fnuksa felz osQ fuokfl;ksa dk fo'okl Fkk fd vkjke osQ lHkh lkeku ;fn 'koksa osQ
lkFk xkM+ fn, tk,¡] rks ijyksd esa Hkh muls os vkjke ik ldrs gSaA
28
(?k) ys[kd dks yanu esa dfBukbZ vuqHko ugha gqb]Z D;ksfa d mUgsa ogk¡ Hkh fganLq rkuh [kkuk feyus yxkA
5- (d) vtk;c?kj osQ laxzg vkSj fo'ks"kdj izrkih jktkvksa osQ 'ko ns[kdj] euq"; osQ thou dh
vfuR;rk lkI+kQ&lkI+kQ fn[kus yxhA ,sls n`'; ns[kdj ;g ekywe gksus yxrk gS fd ge tks
oqQN vius cM+Iiu osQ en esa djrs gSa] og lc rqPN vkSj vLFkk;h gSA
([k) felz osQ e`r 'kkldksa osQ 'koksa dks fijkfeMksa esa lqjf{kr j[kk x;k gS] rkfd ejus osQ ckn
Hkh mu 'kkldksa osQ uke bfrgkl dh iqLrdksa esa dk;e j[ks tk losQA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (i) (d) vlkj ([k) vfo'okl (x) vf'k{kk (?k) vliQy
(Ä) vLFkk;h (p) vO;oLFkk
(ii) ns'kh  fons'kh lqanj  oqQ:i lkSHkkX;  nqHkkZX;
Lons'k  fons'k fo'ks"k  lkekU; fuR;  vfuR;
2- fo'ks"k.k fo'ks"; fo'ks"k.k fo'ks"; fo'ks"k.k fo'ks";
ikjlh lTtu gydk uk'rk lqanj laxzg
3- (d) eSa vtk;c?kj dh oLrq,¡ ns[kw¡xkA ([k) dHkh fLaiQDl dh ewfrZ cksysxhA
(x) ”kehu ns[kdj lc [kq'k gksaxsA (?k) ;k=kk esa dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha gksxhA
4- (d) (b””kr) fL=k;ksa dk lEeku djuk pkfg,A
(,d tSlk) eSa vkSj esjk HkkbZ ,d leku fn[krs gSaA
([k) (nwljk) fon~;ky; esa esjs vykok dksbZ vU; ugha igq¡pkA
(vukt) bl oo"kZ"kZ [ksrksa ls vUu dh vPNh mit rS;kj gqbZA
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- (d) vtk;c?kj ([k) ¯LiQDl (x) fllyh (?k) fijkfeM
2- ueZnk] xaxk] ;equk] czg~eiq=k] dkosjh] lryqt] psukc] eankfduhA
kfdu
1- (i) vtk;c?kj (ii) itkok] (iii) iii) fllyh] (iv) FkkWel oqQd (v) Lost ugj
2- xaxk] ueZnk] ;equk] czg~eiq=k] lryqt] eankfduh] dkosjh] lj;wA
3- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- Lost ugj yky lkxj rFkk Hkweè; lkxj dks lacn~èk djus osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ FkhA lu 1869 esa ;g
ugj ;krk;kr osQ fy, [kksyh xbZ FkhA bl ugj osQ LokfeRo dks ysdj xzsV fczVsu rFkk felz osQ chp
;qn~èk gqvkA
2- iukek ugj ,d ekuo fufeZr tyekxZ gS] tks iukek esa fLFkr gS rFkk iz'kkar egklkxj ,oa vVykafVd
egklkxj dks tksM+rh gSA
29
8 MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
Nk=kksa dkss lektlsod] f'k{kkfon vkSj lafo/ku fuekZrk MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj osQ thou ls ifjfpr
djkukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
f'k{kk thou dk vk/kj gSA d"V lgdj Hkh f'k{kk izkIr djuh pkfg,A 'kksf"kr vkSj oafpr oxZ dks
lekt dh eq[;èkkjk esa ykus dk ;FkklaHko iz;kl djuk pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj dk tUe 14 vizSy] 1891 bZú esa egq] bankSj (eè; izns'k) esa gqvk FkkA muosQ
firk jketh vaxzs”kh lsuk esa lwcsnkj FksA lsokfuo`Rr gksus ij lsuk osQ ,d LowQy esa 14 o"kks± rd iz/
kukpk;Z jgsA 1909 bZú esa mUgksaus ,yh¯iQLVu dkWyst ls baVj dh ijh{kk izFke Js.kh esa mRrh.kZ dh vkSj
blh chp muosQ firk th dk fu/u gks x;kA mPp f'k{kk vftZr djuk eqf'dy gks x;kA foaQrq vacsMdj
th us viuk iz;kl tkjh j[kkA iQyr% cM+kSnk (orZeku oM+ksnjk)ujs'k l;kthjko n~okjk izkIr Nk=ko`fRr
osQ lgkjs mUgksaus 1912 bZú esa chú,ú dh ijh{kk mRrh.kZ dh vkSj mPp f'k{kk osQ fy, vesfjdk x,A
1914 bZú esa mUgksaus U;w;kWoZQ fo'ofon~;ky; ls ,eú,ú dh fMxzh izkIr dhA Nk=ko`fRr can gksus ij 1920
bZú esa iSlksa dk bar”kke djosQ os iqu% yanu x, vkSj cSfjLVj cudj Hkkjr okil ykSVsA dkykarj esa
'kkgw th egkjkt dh enn ls mUgksaus egkjk"Vª ls êwduk;d* uked lekpkj i=k fudkykA 1936 bZú esa
vacsMdj th us bafMisaMsaV yscj ikVhZ uke ls ,d jktuhfrd ny dk xBu fd;kA 1936 esa gq, izkarh;
pquko esa vius vusd lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk vacsMdj th Hkkjh cgqer ls fot;h gqbZA 1941 bZú esa mUgsa xjhc
j{kk lykgdkj lfefr dk lnL; fu;qDr fd;k x;kA 1945 bZú esa vacsMdj th us ihiqYl ,stqosQ'ku
lkslk;Vh dh LFkkiuk dhA bl laLFkk us lektlsok osQ vusd dk;Z djus osQ lkFk&lkFk 1946 bZú esa
fln~/kFkZ dkWyst [kksykA Lora=krk izkfIr osQ i'pkr Lora=k ns'k dk u;k lafo/ku cukus gsrq mUgsa lafo/ku
fuekZ.k lfefr dk vè;{k cuk;k x;kA 1952 bZú esa vacsMdj th jkT;lHkk osQ fy, pqu fy, x, vkSj
Hkkjr ljdkj osQ dkuwu ea=kh cusA vacsMdj th osQ fy, ekuo lsok loksZifj FkhA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd
f'k{kk gh ekuo lekt dk mn~/kj dj ldrh gSA vR;f/d ifjJe djus osQ dkj.k os chekj gks x,A
6 fnlacj] 1956 dks mudh e`R; gks xbZA 1990 bZú esa mUgsa ej.kksijkar Hkkjr jRu dh mikf/ ls lEekfur
fd;k x;kA
30
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+kus ls iwoZ f'k{kk osQ izpkj&izlkj osQ fy, izsfjr djsaA
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 MkWú vacsMdj us vius vuq;kf;;ksa osQ lkFk fdl /eZ dks xzg.k fd;k\
 Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ fdl vuqPNsn osQ n~okjk NqvkNwr dks fu"ks/ fd;k x;k gS\
 Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dks cuus esa fdruk le; yxk\
 loZizFke Hkkjr jRu iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ vkSj fdUgsa iznku fd;k x;k\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd vkt bl thouh esa ge MkWú vacsMdj osQ fo"k; esa i<+saxs] tks
ekuo tkfr vkSj ekuoh;rk dks loksZifj ekurs FksA
 vkidks ;g ikB oSQlk yxk\
 Nk=ko`fRr D;k gS\ D;k ;g vc Hkh ljdkjh Lrj ij es/koh Nk=kksa dks iznku fd;k tkrk gS\
 iqLrosaQ Kku&izkfIr o euksjatu dk loksZRre lk/u gSaA D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gSa\
 vkidks bl ikB ls D;k f'k{kk feyrh gS\
n`';&JO; lhúMhú %
cPPkksa dks ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ;g ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj MkWú vacsMdj osQ O;fDrRo vkSj
o`QfrRo ij ppkZ djsaA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) vFkkZHkko osQ dkj.k Mk- Hkhejko vacsMdj dks mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus osQ fy, nwljksa dh
enn ysuh iM+hA
([k) cM+kSnk ujs'k l;kthjko dh lgk;rk ls MkWú vacsMdj f'k{kk izkIr djus vesfjdk x,A
¯drq vFkkZHkko osQ dkj.k
mUgsa ykSVuk iM+k vkSj iSls dk bartke dj os iqu% 1920 esa yanu x,A
(x) vFkZ'kkL=k o jktuhfr'kkL=k osQ vè;;u osQ fy, Hkhejko yanu x,] ¯drq vFkkZHkko osQ
dkj.k mUgsa ykSVuk iM+k
vkSj iSls dk bar”kke dj os iqu% 1920 esa yanu x,A
(?k) MkWú vacsMdj us dksYgkiqj esa nfyrksa osQ lEesyu dh vè;{krk dhA
31
fyf[kr
1- (d) U;w;kWoZQ () ([k) cM+kSnk () (x) ekuo lsok ()
2- (d) Mk- vacsMdj dk tUe egq (bankSj) eè; izns'k esa gqvk FkkA
([k) Mk- vacsMdj dks dksyafc;k fo'ofon~;ky; ls MkWDVj vkWiQ fiQykWliQh dh mikfèk feyhA
(x) Mk- vacsMdj us 'kkgwth dh enn ls êwduk;d* uked lekpkj&i=k fudkykA
3- (d) Hkhejko us f'k{kk tkjh j[kus osQ fy, mnkj] nku'khy rFkk f'k{kkizes h /uh yksxksa ls lgk;rk ek¡xhA
([k) Hkhejko vacsMdj dh #fp iqLrdksa dk vè;;u rFkk Kku izkIr djus esa FkhA Hkhejko
osQ 'kks/ izca/ dk fo"k; Fkkµ^Hkkjr osQ fy, jk"Vªh; ykHkka'k % ,sfrgkfld ,oa fo'ys"k.
kkRed vè;;u*A
(x) fo'o esa Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh x.kuk fo'o osQ Js"Bre lafo/kuksa esa dh tkrh gSA
(?k) f'k{kk osQ ckjs esa vacsMdj th dk ekuuk Fkk fd f'k{kk gh ekuo lekt dk mn~/kj dj
ldrh gSA
4- (d) Hkhejko vacsMdj ,d Kkufiiklq O;fDr FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ekufld LokLF; dks
Bhd j[kus osQ fy, iqLrdksa dk vè;;u vfr vko';d gSA eSa mudh bUgha fo'ks"krkvksa
dks viukuk pkgw¡xkA
([k) MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj dk ekuuk Fkk fd ftl izdkj 'kjhj dh LokLF; j{kk o o`n~f/
osQ fy, Hkkstu ”k:jh gS] Bhd mlh izdkj ekufld LokLF; dh j{kk o o`n~f/ osQ fy,
fu;fer :i ls vPNh iqLrdksa dks i<+uk Hkh ”k:jh gSA ge ftruh vf/d iqLrosaQ i<+saxs]
mrus gh vf/d fon~oku rFkk rjDdh'kqnk cusaxsA
(x) 1936 bZú esa bafMisaMsaV yscj ikVhZ cuhA lu 1936 esa gq, izkarh; pquko esa bl ikVhZ dks Hkkjh
liQyrk feyhA vacsMdj th vius vusd lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk Hkkjh cgqer ls fot;h gq,A
(?k) Lora=k ns'k Hkkjr dk u;k lafo/ku cukus gsrq ,d ^lafo/ku fuekZ=kh lfefr* dk xBu
fd;k x;kA MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj dks lafo/ku fuekZ.k lfefr dk vè;{k cuk;k x;kA
vacsMdj th us viuh ckSn~f/d oqQ'kyrk ls ,slk vuwBk lafo/ku cuk;k fd mls ns[kdj
ns'k&fons'k osQ lHkh jktuhfrd fo'ks"kK vk'p;Zpfdr gks x,A
5- (d) iqLrosaQ Kku dk vlhe HkaMkj gksrh gSaA oqQN iqLrosaQ bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] foKku o lkekU;
Kku dh gksrh gSaA ogha oqQN iqLrosaQ gkL;] O;aX;] pqVoqQys] ukVd ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSa]
ftuls gekjk Kku&lao/Zu gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk euksjatu Hkh gksrk gSA
([k) f'k{kk ls tkx:drk vkrh gSA tkx:d gksus ij O;fDr vius vf/dkjksa] drZO;ksa osQ izfr
lps"V jgrk gSA f'k{kk izkIr O;fDr viuh csgrjh osQ fy, iz;Ru'khy gksrk gS] ftlls
32
varr% lekt esa ifjorZu vkrk gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd f'k{kk ls gh ekuo
lekt dk mn~/kj djus esa liQy gksrk gSA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) l;kthjko us Hkhejko dks mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus gsrq vesfjdk HkstkA
([k) blh chp Hkhejko us ,d 'kksèk izcaèk fy[kkA
(x) vè;;u osQ fy, Hkhejko yanu Hkh x,A
(?k) Hkhejko vius èkqu osQ iDosQ FksA
(Ä) ogk¡ ls cSfjLVj cudj Hkkjr ykSVsA
2- (d) tUenkrk tUetkr tUefnu ([k) gemez meznjk”k rkmez
(x) mPprj mPpre mPpdksfV (?k) 'kks/xzaFk 'kks/dk;Z 'kks/u
(Ä) izfr:i :ijs[kk :id
3- (d) dkWyst dk iz/ku vf/dkjh ([k) ftlesa tkuus dh bPNk gks (x) bfrgkl
ls lacaf/r
(?k) viuk ns'k (Ä) ftlesa Kku dh I;kl gks
(p) tks iz'kalk osQ ;ksX; gks (N) de [kpZ djusokyk
4- (d) mez ([k) bfErgku (x) xzg.k (?k) Lojk"Vª (Ä) izfrf"Br
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- Mkú vacsMdj us yanu esa gq, izFke xksyest lEesyu esa Hkkx fy;k FkkA
2- Mkú vacsMdj us vius vuq;kf;;ksa osQ lkFk ckSèk èkeZ viuk;kA
3- Mkú vacsMdj us turk dks tkx:d djus osQ fy, êwduk;d* uked lekpkj&i=k fudkykA
33
9 HkfDr osQ in
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
Nk=kksa dks Hkxoku Jh o`Q".k dh cky&yhykvksa ls ifjfpr djkukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
ekrk&firk dk thou esa lcls fo'ks"k LFkku gksrk gSA vr% mudk vknj djuk pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
izLrqr ikB esa lwjnkl osQ nks inksa dk ladyu fd;k x;k gS] ftuesa Ñ".k dh cky&yhykvksa dk
o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
izFke in esa ekrk ;'kksnk Ñ".k th dks lqykus dk iz;kl dj jgh gSaA os yksjh xkdj mUgsa ikyus esa
>wyk >qyk jgh gSa rFkk nqykj jgh gSaA os xk jgh gSa fd muosQ iq=k dks uhan D;ksa ugha vk jgh gSA os mUgsa
lqykus dk gjlaHko iz;Ru dj jgh gSaA dHkh JhÑ".k vk¡[ksa can dj yssrs gSa] ftlls ;'kksnk th eku ysrh
gSa fd os lks jgs gSaA fiQj yksjh lqukuk can dj nsrh gSa vkSj ekSu gks tkrh gSaA rHkh Ñ".k th cspSu gksdj
mB tkrs gSaA ek¡ ;'kksnk iqu% yksjh xkdj mUgsa lqykus dk iz;kl djus yxrh gSaA Hkxoku o`Q".k dh bl
vn~Hkqr cky yhyk dks ns[kdj lwjnkl th dgrs gSa fd ;'kksnk dks tks lq[k izkIr gks jgk gS] og lwj vkSj
eqfu;ksa dks Hkh nqyZHk gSA nwljs in esa cky o`Q".k ek¡ ;'kksnk ls panz :ih f[kykSuk ysus dh f”kn dj jgs
gSaA os ;'kksnk th ls dgrs gSa fd vxj mUgsa euokafNr f[kykSuk ugha fn;k x;k rks os vHkh /jrh ij ysV
tk,¡xs] dHkh mudh xksnh esa ugha vk,¡xsA os xk; dk nw/ Hkh ugha fi,¡xsA f[kykSus ugha nsus ij os osQoy
uan ckck osQ gh iq=k dgykuk pkgsaxsA os ek¡ ;'kksnk osQ fy, ijk, gks tk,¡xsA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
i<+kus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks izLrqr inksa osQ ewy Hkkoksa dks laf{kIr :i ls crk,¡A
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 Hkxoku JhÑ".k osQ fo"k; esa vki D;k tkurs gSa\
 o`Q".k th dks [kkus esa D;k ilan Fkk\
 os dkSu&lk okn~;&;a=k ctkrs Fks\
 muosQ fiz; l[kk lqnkek osQ fo"k; esa crk,¡A
iz'u iwNus osQ i'pkr cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd os vkt bu inksa esa Jh Ñ".k dh cky&yhykvksa osQ
fo"k; esa i<+saxsA
34
 D;k vki Hkh vius ekrk&firk ls f”kn djrs gSa\
 Ñ".k th osQ ekrk&firk osQ fo"k; esa crkb,A
 ;fn vkidh dksbZ f”kn iwjh u gks] rks vki D;k djrs gSa\
 D;k vki vius ekrk&firk dks ukjk”k djrs gSa\
n`';&JO; lhúMhú %
,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls bu inksa dks Nk=kksa dks lquk,¡ vkSj lkFk&lkFk buosQ vFkZ ls mUgsa
voxr djk,¡A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) ekrk ;'kksnk Jho`Q".k dks lqykus dk iz;kl dj jgh gSaA
([k) ;'kksnk yksjh xk jgh gSaA
(x) o`Q".k panz&f[kykSuk ysus dh f”kn djrs gSaA
(?k) lwjnkl Jh gfj osQ HkDr gSaA
fyf[kr
1- (d) o`Q".k dks lqykus dk ()
([k) o`Q".k dh papyrk ns[kus dk ()
(x) dfo lwjnkl ()
(?k) /jrh ij ()
2- (d) ;'kksnk uhan dks dkUgk osQ ikl vkus dks dg jgh gSaA
([k) Ñ".k nwèk ihus ls euk dj nsrs gSaA
(x) Ñ".k ekrk ;'kksnk dh xksn esa ugha vkuk pkgrs gSaA
3- (d) ekrk ;'kksnk dks o`Q".k th cqykrs gS]a ij os ugha vkrhaA blls O;koqQy gksdj os mB tkrs gSAa
([k) ;'kksnk Jho`Q".k dks lksrk gqvk le>dj yksjh xkuk can dj nsrh gaSA
(x) o`Q".k dh cky&yhyk dks viuh vk¡[kksa ls ns[kus dk lq[k ;'kksnk ik jgh gSA
(?k) nwljs in esa cky o`Q".k us ek¡ ;'kksnk ls pan&z f[kykSuk ysus dh f”kn dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
4- (d) ;'kksnk o`Q".k dks lqykus osQ fy, mUgsa ikyus esa >qykrh gSa] fgykrh] nqykjrh gSa] iqpdkjrh
gSa vkSj yksjh xkrh gSaA
([k) Jh o`Q".k tc viuh vk¡[ksa can dj ysrs gSa] ;g ns[kdj ;'kksnk eku ysrh gSa fd o`Q".k
lks x, gSaA
35
(x) tc ;'kksnk ekSu gks tkrh gSa] rks o`Q".k cspSu gksdj mB tkrs gSaA
(?k) f[kykSuk ysus dh viuh f”kn dks iwjk djokus osQ fy, o`Q".k osQoy uan ckck osQ iq=k
dgykuk pkgrs gSaA
(Ä) lwjnkl dh gkfnZd bPNk JhÑ".k osQ fookg esa eaxy xhr xkus dh gSA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) >qykuk ([k) xkuk (x) lksuk (?k) yksVuk (Ä) nqykjuk
(p) vkuk
(N) uhan (t) dHkh (>) 'kh?kzrk ls (×k) djsaxs (V) lqykuk
(B) vHkh
2- (d) dfj ([k) dky (x) esjh (?k) >yd (Ä) eq[k
(p) jQr
3- (d) iq=k] csVk ([k) 'kf'k] jkosQ'k
(x) fo".kq] ukjk;.k (?k) ';ke] fxfj/j
(Ä) nsork] izHkq (p) tuuh] ekrk
4- (d) txkuk ([k) eq[kj
(x) nq[k (?k) jksuk
(Ä) iqjkuh
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- HkfDrdky osQ oqQN izeq[k lar dfo rFkk mudh izeq[k Ñfr;k¡µ
• lwjnkl µ lwjlkxj] lwjlkjkoyh] lkfgR; ygjh
• jl[kku µ izse okfVdk] lqtku jl[kku
• dchjnkl µ chtd
• rqylhnkl µ Jhjkepfjreul] fou; if=kdk
iz'u 2 ,oa 3 Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
36
10 xk¡o cM+k ;k 'kgj
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
xk¡oksa vkSj 'kgjksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa rFkk dfe;ksa ls Nk=kksa dks voxr djkukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
nqfu;k dh izR;sd oLrq dk viuk egRo gSA fdlh dks NksVk ugha le>uk pkfg,A vkRelEeku djuk
vPNh ckr gS] foaQrq vgadkj ls izsfjr gksdj fdlh dks rqPN le>uk fcyoqQy xyr ckr gSA blls izR;sd
balku dks cpuk pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
,d ckj xk¡o vkSj 'kgj osQ chp jkg pyrs viuh Js"Brk dks ysdj rdjkj gks xbZA xk¡¡o us Hkkjr
dks xk¡oksa dk ns'k crkrs gq, [kqyh /wi] lkI lkIkQ+kkQQ gok] ygygkrs [ksr vkSj gfj;kyh dks viuh fo'ks"krk
crk;kA blosQ tokc esa 'kgj us xk¡o dh dfe;ksa&'kkSpky;] Luku?kj vkSj izdk'k dh O;oLFkk osQ vHkko
dks fxuk;kA 'kgj dks Lo;a viuh rkjhIrkjhIkQ+kkQQ djrs ns[k xk¡o us dgk fd jkr esa fctyh osQ izdk'k esa
txexkusokys 'kgj osQ ?kj fnu esa lw;Z osQ izdk'k osQ fy, rjlrs gSaA xk¡o us Lo;a dks 'kqn~/ ikSf"Vd
Hkkstu dk mRiknudrkZ crk;kA izR;qRrj esa 'kgj us crk;k fd esjs ;gk¡ Hkh vukt eaMh] lC”kh eaMh]
vLirky vkSj vU; oLrqvksa osQ ck”kkj gSaA LowQy] dkWyst] flusek] vLirky vkfn osQ gksus ls yksxksa dks
f'k{kk] euksjatu vkSj LokLF;&j{kk osQ lk/u Hkh lgt gh izkIr gSaA 'kgj us vius ;gk¡ c<+rh tula[;k
dk dlwjokj xk¡o dks Bgjk;kA xk¡o us crk;k fd okLro esa ge nksuksa dks gh tula[;k&o`n~f/ ls mRiUu
vusd leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA xk¡o us 'kgj osQ c<+rs vkdkj dks vius vfLrRo ij
[krjk crk;kA 'kgj esa ubZ&ubZ vkoklh; cfLr;ksa osQ fodkl osQ dkj.k ikl&iM+ksl osQ xk¡oksa dh [ksrh dh
Hkwfe dk vf/xzg.k fd;k tk jgk gSA iQyr% o`Qf"k dh Hkwfe ?kVrh tk jgh gSA varr% xk¡o vkSj 'kgj us
,drk dk ifjp; nsrs gq, ,d&nwljs dks viuk iwjd crk;kA lfEefyr Loj esa nksuksa us dgk fd ge
nksuksa dh izxfr ls gh jk"Vªh; fodkl dk ekxZ iz'kLr gksxkA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
ikB i<+kus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd xk¡o gh fodflr gksdj 'kgj curs gSaA 'kgj vkSj xk¡o ,d&nwljs
osQ lg;ksxh gSaA
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku D;k gS\
 fdl o"kZ rd Hkkjr osQ lHkh xk¡oksa osQ fon~;qrhdj.k dk y{; fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k gS\
 xk¡oksa esa tUe ysusokys nks dfo vkSj nks ys[kdksa osQ uke crk,¡A
37
 Hkkjr dh fdruh izfr'kr tula[;k xk¡oksa esa fuokl djrh gS\
 ûekfe xaxs* ;kstuk D;k gS\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd xk¡o dks fodflr dj vkn'kZ xk¡o esa ifj.kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 xk¡o vkSj 'kgj ij vk/kfjr ;g laokn vkidks oSQlk yxk\
 [ksrksa dk vkdkj NksVk D;ksa gksrk tk jgk gS\
 [kkn~;kUu esa feykoV D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS\
 o`{kkjksi.k ls D;k ykHk feyrk gS\
 ikSf"Vd vkgkj D;k gS\
n`';&JO; lhúMhú %
Nk=kksa dks ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ;g ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj xk¡o rFkk 'kgj dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls
ifjfpr djk,¡A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) Hkkjr dks xk¡oksa dk ns'k dgk tkrk gSA
([k) ifjokj c<+us ls [ksrksa dk dbZ ckj c¡Vokjk gqvkA
(x) jk'ku dh nqdkuksa esa ?kfV;k vukt feyrk gSA
(?k) xk¡o us viuh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krkvksa dks fxuok;k gSµ[kqyh èkwi] lkI+kQ gok] ygygkrs
[ksr] ckx&cxhpksa dh gfj;kyh bR;kfnA
fyf[kr
1- (d) nq"ifj.kke ([k) iyk;u (x) vfèkxzg.k
2- (d) 'kkSpky; vkSj Lukukxkj dh O;oLFkk xk¡oksa esa ugha gSA
([k) lw;Z osQ n'kZu u gksus dh (x) gfj;kyh osQ ckjs esa yksxksa esa psruk vkbZ gSA
3- (d) mRre LokLF; osQ fy, ikSf"Vd vkgkj dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
([k) xk¡o osQ yksx ou laink vkSj ikl&iM+ksl dh gfj;kyh osQ ykHkksa dks Hkwy x, gSaA
(x) xk¡o dks 'kgj osQ c<+rs vkdkj ls [krjk eglwl gksrk gSA
4- (d) tula[;k o`n~f/ osQ dkj.k [ksrksa dk dbZ ckj c¡Vokjk gqvk] ftlls vc yksxksa osQ ikl
38
NksVs&NksVs [ksr jg x, gSaA ifjokjksa dk vkdkj c<+k] ysfdu [ksrh dh Hkwfe lhfer gksus osQ
dkj.k yksxksa us ¯prk fd, fcuk ouksa dks dkVdj u, [ksr cuk,A pjkxkgksa dks Hkh [ksrksa
esa cnyus yxsA blosQ Hk;kud nq"ifj.kke lkeus vk,A
([k) o`Qf"k vkSj ckxckuh gksus ls vukt] iQy] lC”kh vkfn 'kqn~/ oLrq,¡ vklkuh ls fey tkrh gSaA
o`Qf"k osQ lkFk xk¡o osQ yksx i'kqikyu Hkh djrs gSaA i'kqikyu ls yksxksa dks 'kqn~/ nw/] ngh
vkSj ?kh ljyrk ls izkIr gks tkrk gSA
(x) xk¡o dh thou&'kSyh esa Hkh vc dkI+kQh kQh ifjorZu vk;k gSA xk¡oksa vkSj 'kgjksa dks vkil
esa tksM+us osQ fy, iDdh lM+dksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk tk jgk gSA f'k{kk vkSj LokLF;&j{kk
dh lqfo/kvksa osQ izlkj osQ fy, xk¡o&xk¡o esa LowQy ;k vukSipkfjd f'k{kk&osaQnz vkSj
FkksM+h&FkksM+h nwj ij vLirky [kksys x, gSaA fon~;qrhdj.k dk dk;Z rs”kh ls py jgk gSA
txg&txg ikuh dh Vafd;k¡ cu jgh gSaA
5- (d) xk¡o vkSj 'kgj esa vU;ksU;kfJr laca/ gSA xk¡oksa ls iQy] 'kkd] lfC”k;k¡] vukt vkSj nw/
'kgj vkrs gSaA cnys esa 'kgj xzkeh.k yksxksa dks jks”kxkj iznku djrk gSA 'kgjksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk
dks lqn`<+ vk/kj xzkeh.k yksx gh iznku djrs gSaA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd xk¡o
vkSj 'kgj ,d&nwljs dh dfe;ksa dks nwj dj iwjd dk dke djrs gSaA
([k) Hkkjr dks xk¡oksa dk ns'k dgk tkrk gSA Hkkjr dh 70 izfr'kr tula[;k xk¡oksa esa fuokl
djrh gSA ns'k osQ jkT;ksa esa fLFkr xk¡oksa esa y?kq Hkkjr dk fny /M+drk gSA ns'k osQ fdlh
fgLls esa ge D;ksa u pys tk,¡ ogk¡ tkus ij Hkkjr dh gh laLo`Qfr izfr¯cfcr gksrh gSA
vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd Hkkjr dh vkRek xk¡oksa esa clrh gSA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) fuHkhZd gksdj pyuk@?keaM esa jguk ([k) 'ks[kh ekjuk
(x) vkReiz'kalk djuk (?k) Ny djuk] /ks[kk nsuk
(Ä) ikl dk /u Nhuuk (p) iqjkuh ckrsa nksgjkuk
(N) nksxquk ?kkVk gksuk
2- (d) viw.kZ ([k) 'kgj (x) ckg~; (?k) eg¡xk (Ä) v'kqn~/
(p) vuko';d(N) ijra=k (t) nqyZHk (>) voufr (×k) fouk'k
3- (d) rqe ([k) esjh (x) eq>s] rqEgkjs (?k) mlesa
39
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- Hkkjr dks 2020 rd owQM+keqDr rFkk 'kkSpky;;qDr cukus dk y{; j[kk x;k gSA
3- vkn'kZ xzke ;kstuk xk¡oksa osQ fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl gsrq pyk;k tkus okyk dk;ZØe gSA bldk eq[;
y{; xzkeh.k bykdksa esa fodkl djuk gSA bl dk;ZØe dk 'kqHkkjaHk Hkkjr osQ izèkkuea=kh ujsanz eksnh
us t;izdk'k ukjk;.k osQ tUefnu 11 vDVwcj] 2014 dks fd;kA
4- Hkkjr osQ iwoZ jk"Vªifr ,úihútsú vCnqy dyke us bafM;k fotu 2020 osQ uke ls igyk MkWD;wesaV
rS;kj fd;k Fkk] ftls igyh ckj lu 2020 rd Hkkjr dks ,d fodflr ns'k osQ :i esa fodflr
djus dk liuk ns[kk x;k FkkA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- Hkkjr dh iapk;rh jkt iz.kkyh esa xk¡o ;k NksVs dLcs osQ Lrj ij xzke iapk;r ;k xzke lHkk gksrh
gS] tks Hkkjr osQ LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dk izeq[k vo;o gSA ljiap bldk izèkku gksrk gSA xzke iapk;r
osQ dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSaµfu;kstu ,oa fodkl] fuekZ.k] f'k{kk] iz'kklu] LokLF; ,oa dY;k.k] ty
izcaèku vkfnA
3- czsu Mªsu dk vFkZ gksrk gSµizfrHkk iyk;uA blosQ varxZr ;fn fdlh O;fDr dks mldh ;ksX;rk
osQ eqrkfcd dke ugha feyrk] rks og nwljs ns'k vFkok LFkku ij viuh izfrHkk dk bLrseky
djrk gSA
40
11 dye vkt mudh t; cksy!
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
Nk=kksa esa jk"Vªizse dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
gesa mu 'kghnksa dh oqQckZuh ugha Hkwyuh pkfg,] ftUgksaus ns'k osQ fy, vikj ;kruk,¡ g¡lrs&g¡lrs lgh gSaA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
bl dfork osQ ekè;e ls dfo us mu Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa dks Jn~/katfy nh gS] ftUgksaus fuLLokFkZ Hkko
ls ns'k dh Lora=krk osQ fy, dke fd;k vkSj g¡lrs&g¡lrs ns'k osQ fy, vius izk.kksa dh vkgqfr ns nh gSA
dfo mu yksxksa dk ueu dj jgs gSa] tks ns'k dh cfyosnh ij vius izk.k U;ksNkoj dj x, gSaA ns'k osQ
ohj mu y?kq nhiksa osQ leku gSa] ftUgksaus ljgn ij [kM+s rwI+kQku
kQku :ih nq'euksa dk fuMjrk ls lkeuk fd;k
gSA bUgksaus dHkh vius LokFkZ osQ fy, fdlh ls oqQN ugha ek¡xkA dfo us Lora=krk osQ ckn ik'pkR; 'kSyh
esa j¡xs ,d oxZ ij dVk{k Hkh fd;k gS] tks va/s O;fDr dh Hkk¡fr ns'k ls ljksdkj ugha j[krsA bUgsa osQoy
vius&vki ls eryc gS vkSj os viuk LokFkZ gh ns[krs gSaA ns'k ij viuk loZLo gkse dj nsusokys ohjksa
dh xkSjo xkFkk osQ lk{kh lwjt] pk¡n] i`Foh vkSj leLr czg~ekaM gSaA dfo viuh dye ls mu ohjksa dk
t;xku djus osQ fy, dgrs gSaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
i<+kus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa esa ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk tkx`r djsaA
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 gekjs ns'k dks Lora=krk dc izkIr gqbZ\
 fdlh Hkh ns'k dks foHkktu osQ le; fdu&fdu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS\
 fuLLokFkZ Hkko ls fd, x, dk;ks± dk iQy oSQlk feyrk gS\
 oqQN Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa osQ uke crkb,A
iz'u iwNus osQ i'pkr cPpksa dks crkb, fd os vkt bl dfork esa mu 'kghnksa osQ fo"k; esa i<+saxs]
ftUgksaus ns'k osQ fy, viuh oqQckZuh ns nhA
41
 bl dfork dks i<+dj vkiosQ eu esa oSQls fopkj vkrs gSa\
 'kghnksa osQ izfr gekjh lPph Jn~/katfy D;k gksxh\
 lPps ns'kHkDr esa dkSu&dkSu ls xq.k gksrs gSa\
n`';&JO; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls dfork i<+k,¡A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d)) dfo ns'k osQ fy, 'kghn gksusokys ohjksa dh t; cksyus dks dg jgk gSA
([k) dfo us dye osQ ekè;e ls Lora=krk osQ flikfg;ksa dh t; cksyus dh
ckr blfy, dh gS D;ksafd dye osQ n~okjk dgh xbZ ckr fpjLFkk;h ,oa
dkyt;h gksrh gSA
(x) rwIkQkuksa esa vufxur nhi ty&tydj cq> x,A
fyf[kr
1- (d) ohjrk () ([k) cfynku dh osnh ()
(x) rhuksa Bhd gSa () (?k) izk.kksa dh vkgqfr osQ cnys oqQN u pkguk ()
2- (d) viuRo] izse
([k) lw;Z] panz vkfn ohjksa] 'kghnksa dh efgek osQ lk{kh gSaA
(x) tks yksx vKkuh gSa rFkk ftUgsa bfrgkl osQ ckjs esa oqQN Hkh ugha irkA
3- (d) dfo us 'kghnksa osQ jDr dks yky f'k[kk,¡ dgk gSA
([k) ohjksa dh efgek osQ lk{kh] lw;Z] panz] èkjrh vkSj laiw.kZ czg~ek.M gSaA
(x) /jrh ns'k ij ej&feVusokys ohjksa osQ ¯lgukn ls lge xbZA
4- (d) ^dye] vkt mudh t; cksy* iafDr dk Hkko ;g gS fd dfo viuh dye dks ns'k osQ
ohjksa dh iz'kalk osQ fo"k; esa fy[kus osQ fy, dg jgs gSaA
([k) ^tks p<+ x, iq.;osnh ij] fy, fcuk xjnu dk eksy* bu iafDr;ksa osQ ekè;e ls dfo
;g dguk pkgrs gSa fd ns'k osQ ohj ns'k osQ fy, tku dh ijokg ugha djrs vkSj fcuk
dksbZ ewY; fy, viuk loZLo cfynku dj nsrs gSaA
42
(x) ^vxf.kr y?kq nhi* dk iz;ksx dfo us ns'k osQ de vk;q osQ cfynkfu;ksa osQ fy, fd;k
gSA ns'k osQ fy, 'kghn gksdj bu fd'kksj ohjksa dk var gqvkA
(?k) ^fpVdkbZ ftlus fpaxkjh* ls dfo dk laosQr ns'k osQ ;qokvksa n~okjk pgq¡vksj ozQkafr dh
vy[k txkus ls gSA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) ijkt; ([k) iki (x) vueksy (?k) x.kuh; (Ä) c`gr
(p) fuxy
2- (d) p~ $ ba $ x~ $ vk $ j~ $ bZ ([k) o~ $ , $ n~ $ bZ
(x) b $ r~ $ b $ g~ $ vk $ l~ $ v (?k) Hk~ $ mQ $ x~ $ vks $ y~ $ v
3- ¯yx opu dkjd
vfLFk;k¡ L=kh¯yx cgqopu deZ
rwI+kQkuksa esa iq¯Yyx cgqopu vf/dj.k
xjnu dk L=kh¯yx ,dopu laca/
¯lgukn ls iq¯Yyx ,dopu dj.k
4- (d) /jk] /fj.kh ([k) jfo] fnudj (x) 'kf'k] jkosQ'k (?k) 'ksj] oujkt
5- (d) fot; ([k) vxf.kr (x) fouez
(?k) loZfiz; (Ä) foKku (p) Lons'k
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- jkeèkkjh ¯lg ^fnudj* dks muosQ moZ'kh egkdkO; osQ fy, o"kZ 1972 esa KkuihB iqjLdkj ls lEekfur
fd;k x;k FkkA
43
12 feBkbZokyk
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
Nk=kksa dks ekuoh; fj'rksa dh tkudkjh iznku djukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
NksVs cPpksa ls Lusg djuk pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
bl dgkuh osQ izkjaHk esa ,d f[kykSusokyk f[kykSus cspus vkrk FkkA NksVs&NksVs cPps mldh vkok”k
lqudj igq¡p tkrs gSa vkSj mlls eksyHkko djus yxrs gSaA og cPpksa dks muosQ euilan f[kykSus cgqr gh
de nke esa ns tkrk FkkA nks NksVs cPpksa pqUuw&eqUuw us Hkh mlls f[kykSus fy,A mudh ek¡ jksfg.kh f[kykSuksa
osQ de nke lqudj cgqr gSjku gqbZA Ng eghus ckn gh ogk¡ ,d eqjyhokyk eqjyh cspus vk;kA og
eqjyh ctkus esa Hkh mLrkn FkkA og e/qj eqjyh ctkdj cPpksa dks cgykrk FkkA jksfg.kh us mldh vkok”k
lquhA mlus vius ifr ls cPpksa osQ fy, eqjyh [kjhnus osQ fy, dgkA mlus nks iSls dh eqjyh csph vkSj
vkxs c<+ x;kA mls fiQj ls lkjs cPpksa us ?ksj fy;k vkSj og eqjyh cspus yxkA jksfg.kh us vuqHko fd;k
fd dksbZ Hkh isQjhokyk cPpksa ls brus I;kj ls ckrsa ugha djrk gSA ljfn;k¡ 'kq: gks pqdh FkhaA rHkh xyh
esa feBkbZokyk cPpksa dks vkok”k yxkus yxkA jksfg.kh us nknh ls dgk fd mls cqykb,] cPpksa osQ fy,
feBkbZ ysuh gSA nknh us mls cqyk;kA feBkbZokys us dgk fd ;s ubZ rjg dh feBkb;k¡ cgqr gh ”kk;osQnkj
gSaA og ,d iSls dh lksyg feBkb;k¡ csp jgk FkkA nknh us mlls iPphl nsus osQ fy, dgkA rHkh jksfg.
kh cksyh fd ;g fiQj Hkh dkI +kQh lLrh ns jgk gSA mlus pkj iSls dh feBkb;k¡ [kjhnhaA jksfg.kh us mlls
dkIkQh
iwNk fd D;k vki igys Hkh ;gk¡ vk, gSaA og cksyk fd dbZ ckj vk pqdk g¡wA mlus feBkbZokys ls iwjh
dgkuh crkus osQ fy, dgkA mlus xaHkhjrk ls dgk fd og vius uxj dk lcls izfrf"Br vkneh FkkA
og viuh iRuh vkSj nks cPpksa osQ lkFk jgrk FkkA vc iRuh vkSj cPps ugha jgsA mls bu cPpksa esa vius
cPpksa dh >yd fey tkrh gSA mlosQ ikl iSlksa dh dksbZ deh ugha gS] fiQj Hkh cPpksa osQ lkFk le;
O;rhr djus osQ fy, og ,sls dke djrk jgrk gSA ;g dgdj og ogk¡ ls pyk x;k vkSj mlus feBkbZ
osQ dksbZ iSls Hkh ugha fy,A
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
Nk=kksa dks i<+kus ls iwoZ ikB osQ ewy mn~ns'; ls ifjfpr djk,¡A
44
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 isQjhokys dkSu gksrs gSa vkSj muosQ ikl D;k&D;k lkeku gksrk gS\
 eksyHkko djuk D;k gksrk gS\
 vkiosQ fdrus HkkbZ&cgu gSa vkSj vki muosQ lkFk oSQlk O;ogkj djrs gSa\
 vkidks dkSu&lh feBkbZ lcls vPNh yxrh gS\
iz'u iwNus osQ i'pkr cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd os vkt bl dgkuh esa ,d izfrf"Br O;fDr osQ fo"k;
esa i<+saxsA og cPpksa dk Lusg ikus osQ fy, dHkh f[kykSusokyk] dHkh eqjyhokyk] rks dHkh feBkbZokyk
cudj vkrk gSA
 D;k vki dksbZ okn~;&;a=k ctk ldrs gSa\ vkidks dkSu&lk okn~;&;a=k lcls vPNk yxrk gS\
 D;k vki vius ekrk&firk dh lsok djrs gSa\
 D;k vki vius ?kj dk lkeku [kjhnus Lo;a tkrs gSa\ D;k vki eksyHkko djrs gSa\
 vius vklikl lI+kQkbZ
kQkbZ dk oSQls è;ku j[krs gSa\
n`';&JO; lhúMhú %
,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ikB i<+kb, rFkk cPpksa osQ fopkj tkfu,A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) f[kykSusokys dk xkuk lqudj ?kjksa esa gypy ep tkrh FkhA
([k) feBkbZokyk e/qj Loj esa xk jgk Fkkµ cPpksa dks cgykusokyk] feBkbZokykA
(x) fot; ckcw us eqjyhokys ls pqUuw&eqUuw osQ fy, eqjfy;k¡ [kjhnhaA
(?k) isQjhokys osQ Loj dk izHkko ,slk Fkk fd mldh vkok”k lqudj cPpksa dk >qaM mls ?ksj
ysrk FkkA
fyf[kr
1- (d) nks () ([k) jk; fot;cgknqj ()
(x) eqjyh () (?k) feBkbZokys dk ()
(Ä) cPpksa dh ()
2- (d) fot; cgknqj osQ cPpksa us lcls igys f[kykSus [kjhnsA
([k) ewjyhokyk nks iSlksa dh ,d eqjyh csprk FkkA
45
(x) feBkbZokyk] f[kykSusokyk rFkk eqjyhokyk ,d gh O;fDr FksA
3- (d) f[kykSusokyk ^cPpksa dks cgykusokyk f[kykSusokyk* xkrs gq, xfy;ksa esa ?kwek djrk FkkA
([k) eqjyh osQ nke lqudj fot; ckcw us dgk fd rqe yksxksa dks >wB cksyus dh vknr gksrh gSA
(x) nke lqudj jksfg.kh gSjku Fkh] D;ksafd f[kykSusokyk lLrk lkSnk csprk FkkA
(?k) feBkbZokys osQ ifjokjtuksa dk var gks x;k Fkk] bl ckr dk Lej.k vkrs gh mldh vk¡[kksa
esa vk¡lw vk x,A
4- (d) eqjyhokys osQ vkus ij cPpksa dk >qaM mls ?ksj ysrk vkSj lc mlls vius euilan jax dh
eqjyh [kjhnrs FksA
([k) isQjhokyk uxj dk izfrf"Br vkneh FkkA edku] O;olk;] xkM+h&?kksM+s] ukSdj&pkdj lHkh
oqQN FksA mldh iRuh vkSj nks NksVs&NksVs cPps Hkh FksA
(x) feBkbZokys us jksfg.kh dks vius foxr thou osQ ckjs esa crk;kA mldk foxr thou dkI+kQh
[kq'kgky FkkA
(?k) isQjhokys osQ nq[k dk dkj.k ;g Fkk fd mlosQ ikfjokfjd [kqf'k;ksa dk var gks x;k FkkA
mldh iRuh vkSj cPps nqfu;k NksM+dj tk pqosQ FksA vius cPps dh >yd vU; cPpksa es
ans[kdj mlus vius lq[k ls mcjus dk jkLrk fudkykA
5- (d) bl iafDr dk vk'k; ;g gS fd ftl izdkj lkxj dh fgyksj vFkkZr ygjsa ,d Nksj ls
nwljs Nksj rd tkrh gSa] Bhd mlh izdkj f[kykSusokys dk eknd xku gj xyh rFkk gj
?kj esa igq¡p tkrk FkkA lkjs cPps mlosQ ikl >qaM cukdj igq¡p tkrs Fks vkSj blh izdkj
xkrk gqvk og vkxs c<+ tkrk FkkA
([k) bu iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; ;g gS fd le; osQ gsj&isQj ls dksbZ ugha cp ldrkA f[kykSusokyk
Hkh vius uxj dk cgqr izfrf"Br O;fDr Fkk] ij le; us ,slh djoV yh fd og Hkh
f[kykSus csprk fiQj jgk FkkA
6- fdlus fdlls
(d) jksfg.kh us cPpksa ls
([k) fot; ckcw us eqjyhokys ls
(x) jksfg.kh us nknh ls
(?k) jksfg.kh us nknh ls
(Ä) feBkbZokys us jksfg.kh ls
46
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- rRle rn~Hko
e/qj fgyksj
eknd nke
e`nqy m¡xyh
2- NksVs&NksVs mNyus&owQnus [kM+s&[kM+s xyh&xyh
uUgh&uUgh gkFkh&?kksM+s nqcyk&iryk oqQN&oqQN
3- okyk eqjyhokyk eNyhokyk isQjhokyk
nkj vljnkj pednkj le>nkj
gkj ikyugkj [ksougkj gksugkj
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- isQjhokyk
isQjhokyk gekjh eqgYys esa vdlj vk;k djrk gSA le; osQ vuqlkj mlosQ n~okjk csph tkus okyh
oLrq,¡ cny tkrh gSaA og dHkh f[kykSus csprk gS] dHkh xqCckjs csprk gS rks dHkh cPpksa osQ [kkus&ihus
dh pViVh lkexzh ysdj vkrk gSA mlosQ gkFk esa ,d ?kaVh gksrh gS] ftls og gekjs eqgYys esa izos'k
djrs gh ctkuk izkjaHk dj nsrk gSA vU; isQjhokyksa dh rjg og eq¡g ls vkok”k ugha yxkrkA mldh
?kaVh dh vkok”k lqurs gh cPps 'kksjxqy djrs vkSj viuh euokafNr ph”ksa ikus dh yyd esa
lM+dksa ij fudy vkrs gSaA isQjhokyk cM+s gh izse vkSj mRlkg osQ lkFk cPpksa dks mudh euilan
ph”ksa csprk gSA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
47
13 ljLorh ikB'kkyk
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
Lora=krk vkanksyu osQ le; f'k{kd vkSj Nk=kksa osQ jk"Vªoknh fopkjksa vkSj muosQ varl±ca/ksa ls fon~;kfFkZ;ksa
dks voxr djukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
lelkef;d
f;d jk"Vªh; psruk dks vaxho`Qr djrs gq, vgadkjghu thou thuk pkfg, rFkk f'k{kdksa dk
vknj djuk pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
bl ikB osQ ekè;e ls ys[kd us ljLorh ikB'kkyk esa vius i<+kbZ osQ fnuksa dks ;kn fd;k gSA lu 1920
esa rhljs nj”ks esa ys[kd dk uke bl fon~;ky; esa fy[kok;k x;kA rc og ljdkjh vFkok vn~/Z ljdkjh
LowQy FkkA blosQ oqQN fnu ckn gh ljLorh ikB'kkyk cnydj jk"Vªh; ljLorh ikB'kkyk gks xbZA ,d fnu
LowQy osQ eSnku esa Nk=kksa vkSj f'k{kdksa dh gqbZ lHkk esa fons'kh diM+s u iguus dh izfrKk yh xbZA jk"Vªh;
ikB'kkyk curs gh bl fon~;ky; osQ cgqr ls iqjkus f'k{kd pys x, vkSj muosQ LFkku ij u, f'k{kd vk x,A
,d ckj xka/h th >k¡lh vk,A 'kke dks 'kgj esa mudk Hkk"k.k FkkA firk th osQ lkFk ys[kd Hkh mudk Hkk"k.k
lquus x,A bl laLej.k esa ys[kd us vius xq#tuksa dks ;kn fd;k gSA cztHkw"k.k yky f=kikBh ^fu'py* dfo]
ukVddkj vkSj vè;kid FksA ,d vU; vè;kid #nzukjk;.k th Mªkbax i<+krs FksA #nzukjk;.k th panz'ks[kj
vk”kkn osQ ije fe=k] Hkxoku nkl ekgkSj vkSj lnkf'ko jko tSls ozQkafrdkfj;ksa osQ f'k{kd jg pqosQ FksA
ekLVj Lo:iukFk vaxzs”kh osQ f'k{kd FksA mudh fy[kkoV cgqr gh lqanj gksrh FkhA ys[kd us vius fon~;ky;
osQ Js"B f[kykfM+;ksa dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSA gjukjk;.k fliZQ rhu Mx nkSM+dj rs”k xsan isaQdrs FksA xaxk/j
/hjs isaQdrs Fks] ysfdu f[kykM+h osQ iSj osQ ikl xsan frjNh gksdj foosQV ij tk yxrh FkhA vius uke osQ
vuq:i gh Hkhedk; vkdkj okys Hkhe izrki ¯lg iqQVckWy osQ cgqr vPNs f[kykM+h FksA ljLorh ikB'kkyk
osQ jk"Vªh; gksus osQ ckn nks o"kks± rd ogk¡ osQ okrkoj.k us ys[kd osQ eu ij ,d vfeV Nki NksM+h FkhA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+kus ls iwoZ Lora=krkdkyhu la?k"kZ osQ ckjs esa crk,¡ rFkk Hkkjr osQ yksxksa esa jk"Vªh;
psruk dk izpkj&izlkj fdl izdkj gqvk] blosQ ckjs esa foLrkj ls crk,¡A xn~; lkfgR; osQ egku vkykspd
jkefoykl 'kekZ osQ ckjs esa crkrs gq, lkfgR; dh fofHkUu fo/kvksa ls ifjfpr djk,¡A
48
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 >k¡lh fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
 >k¡lh dk fdyk D;ksa izfln~/ gS\
 ozQkafrdkjh fdUgsa dgk tkrk gS\
 Hkkjr osQ orZeku nks rs”k xsanck”kksa vkSj nks fLiu xsanck”kksa osQ uke crkb,A
 fons'kh diM+s dk cfg"dkj fdl vkanksyu esa fd;k x;k\
 D;k vkius ys[kd jkefoykl 'kekZ dh dksbZ vU; jpuk i<+h gS\
rnqijkar cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd vkt bl laLej.k esa ge Lora=krk vkanksyu osQ le; LowQyksa esa iSQyh
jk"Vªh; psruk osQ ckjs esa tkusaxsA
 ;g laLej.k vkidks oSQlk yxk\  panz'ks[kj vk”kkn dk uke D;ksa izfln~/ gS\
 oans ekrje~ dh jpuk fduosQ n~okjk dh xbZ\  jkepfjrekul osQ jpukdkj dkSu gSa\
 Jhjke dh ek¡ dk uke D;k Fkk\  oSQosQ;h osQ iq=k dkSu Fks\
n`';&JO; lhúMhú %
Nk=kksa dks ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e l
lss ;g ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj Lora=krk vkanksyu osQ ckjs esa crk,¡A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsjsaA
2- (d) >k¡lh dk lcls cM+k eksgYyk lnj gSA ([k) esMy ij tkWtZ
iape dh rlohj cuh Fkh
(x) ljLorh ikB'kkyk cnydj jk"Vªh; ljLorh ikB'kkyk gks xbZA
(?k) ykyk xaxk lgk; dks jk; cgknqj dk f[krkc feyk FkkA
fyf[kr
1- (d) lnj () ([k) iqQVckWy () (x) ekLVj ()
2- (d) ys[kd dk LowQy esa uke rhljs n”ksZ eas fy[kok;k x;kA
([k) esMy nsus okys ekLVj lkgc [kw¡[kkj eqnzk esa jgrs FksA
(x) ekLVj Lo:i ukFk vaxzsth i<+krs FksA
3- (d) esMy nsus okys ekLVj lkgc iwjs vaxzs”k HkDr FksA og [kw¡[kkj eqnzk esa jgrs FksA
49
([k) ljLorh ikB'kkyk osQ jk"Vªh; gksus dk vFkZ Fkkµljdkj ls laca/&foPNsnA
(x) jk"Vªh;rk dh ygj us Nk=kksa vkSj vè;kidksa osQ laca/ ,dne cny fn,A vuq'kklu dh
leL;k tSlh dksbZ ph”k ugha jg xbZA
4- (d) esMy rk¡cs ;k ihry dk cuk FkkA esMy ij fczfV'k 'kkld tkWtZ iape dh rlohj cuh
FkhA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd ys[kd dks esMy feyus ij muosQ jk"Vªoknh cM+s HkkbZ us izlUurk
izdV ugha dhA
([k) vlg;ksx vkanksyu dk ljLorh ikB'kkyk ij O;kid izHkko iM+kA LowQy osQ eSnku esa
fon~;kfFkZ;ksa vkSj f'k{kdksa dh lHkk gqbZ vkSj mlesa fons'kh diM+s u iguus dh izfrKk yh
xbZA fons'kh xksy Vksfi;k¡ vkx esa tykbZ xb±A ljLorh ikB'kkyk jk"Vªh; ikB'kkyk gks xbZ
vkSj ljdkj ls mldk laca/&foPNsn gks x;kA
(x) ljLorh ikB'kkyk jk"Vªh; psruk dk x<+ FkhA xka/h Vksih iguusokys ftrus f'k{kd bl
ikB'kkyk esa Fks] mrus >k¡lh lfgr dbZ vU; ftyksa osQ oqQy LowQyksa esa ugha FksA bl fon~;ky;
esa ,d ckj dkaxszl dk dksbZ vf/os'ku Hkh vk;ksftr gqvkA mlesa Hkkjr osQ dksus&dksus ls
cM+s usrk vk, FksA
(?k) jkepfjrekul dk v;ksè;kdkaM i<+krs le; f=kikBh th dk oaQB d#.kk ls vo#n~/ gks
x;k] vk¡[ksa NyNyk xb±] ?kuh ew¡Nksa esa vksaB oqQN dgus dk foiQy iz;kl djrs gq, ls
izrhr gq,A ,slk yxrk Fkk f=kikBh th LowQy osQ dejs esa ugha gSa] rqylhnkl osQ lkFk Hkjr
vkSj dkS'kY;k dk lk{kkr n'kZu dj jgs gSaA
5- (d) ljLorh ikB'kkyk osQ f'k{kd Lora=krk osQ iqtkjh FksA jk"Vªoknh Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr ;s
f'k{kd Nk=kksa dk lok±xh.k fodkl pkgrs Fks] blfy, i<+kbZ osQ vykok [ksy&owQn esa Hkh
lkFk jgrs FksA ,d&nwljs dh Hkkoukvksa dks le>us osQ dkj.k vuq'kklughurk tSlh dksbZ
leL;k ugha jg xbZ FkhA
([k) ekLVj #nzukjk;.k ys[kd dh d{kk esa Mªkbax i<+krs FksA i<+kbZ osQ vykok os thou 'kkg
dh VkSfj;k ij nkSM+dj p<+uk fl[kkrs FksA dykbZ&iatk yM+kus dh f'k{kk nsrs FksA ew£r cukuk
fl[kkrs FksA bUgha dk;ks± ls ys[kd muls dkI+kQh ?kqy&fey x, FksA ;gh dkj.k gS fd êkLVj*
'kCn ys[kd osQ fy, fe=k dk i;kZ;okph gks x;k FkkA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) esjk ([k) og (x) eSa (?k) mudk (Ä) ge
2- (d) nwj ([k) djhc (x) ;gk¡ (?k) ftrus] mrus (Ä) vPNh
(p) ,dne
50
3- (d) ck”kkj ([k) I+kQkSth (x) I+kQklys (?k) rjI+kQ
(Ä) ”kksj (p) vaxzs”kksa (N) I+kQ'kZ (t) E;wf”k;e
4- (d) Mk¡V&MiV dh ukScr u vkbZ] pw¡fd cM+s HkkbZ dk leFkZu izkIr FkkA
([k) ikB'kkyk osQ jk"Vªh; gksus dk vFkZ Fkkµljdkj ls laca/&foPNsnA
(x) tgk¡ rd eq>s Lej.k gS] muosQ flj ij xka/h Vksih ugha FkhA
(?k) eSaus dgk] ^^,slk dHkh u gksxkA**
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- ljLorh ikB'kkyk esa fons'kh diM+s u iguus dh izfrKk dh xbZ vkSj Vksfi;k¡ tykbZ xb±_ bldk dkj.k
;g Fkk fd mu fnuksa ns'k esa Lora=krk izkfIr dk vkanksyu py jgk Fkk rFkk fons'kh oLrqvksa osQ ctk;
ns'kh oLrqvksa dh viuk, tkus gsrq yksxksa esa tkx`fr iSnk dh tk jgh FkhA
2- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
3- lwpuk
fon~;ky; osQ lHkh Nk=kksa] vè;kidksa rFkk deZpkfj;ksa dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd dy fnukad
25-11-20XX dks fon~;ky; ifjlj esa okpuky;&lg&iqLrdky; dk mn~?kkVu djus gsrq ekuuh;
f'k{kk ea=kh ièkkj jgs gSaA os fon~;ky; ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa dks lacksfèkr Hkh djsaxsA vr% vki lHkh ls
vkxzg gS fd dy vijkg~u rhu cts fon~;ky; ifjlj esa mifLFkr gksdj dk;ZØe dks liQy cukus
esa lg;ksx nsaA
izèkkukpk;Z
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
51
14 esjk cpiu
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
xq#nso johanzukFk VSxksj osQ thou ls Nk=kksa dks ifjfpr djkukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
izo`Qfr vkSj mldh jpuk ls cgqr oqQN lh[kk tk ldrk gSA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
izLrqr ikB esa johanuz kFk VSxksj us vius cpiu dks ;kn fd;k gSA NksVh mez esa os ukSdjksa osQ ikl ulZjh esa
jgk djrs FksA rc /uh ifjokjksa osQ fy, ;g ckr lkekU; FkhA ys[kd osQ ukSdj dk uke czt's oj FkkA [kkus
osQ ekeys esa og cgqr ykyph FkkA cPpksa dh Fkkyh esa iwjk [kkuk dHkh ugha ijkslrk FkkA ysfdu de [kkdj
Hkh ys[kd dHkh de”kksj o chekj ugha gq,A fdlh dk;Zo'k ckgj tkus ij ukSdj [kfM+;k ls y{e.k js[kk
[khapdj mUgsa ?ksjs esa can dj nsrAs rc ckyd johanz f[kM+dh ls ckgj rkykc vkSj cM+s ls cjxn osQ isM+ dks
ns[krsA ph”kksa dks è;ku ls ns[kuk vkSj mUgsa viuh ;knksa esa l¡tksuk mUgksua s ogha ls lh[kkA ;s vius firk dh
pkSngoha larku FksA LowQy esa izo's k gksus ij ogk¡ osQ okrkoj.k esa mudk eu ugha yxkA ysfdu foKku vkSj
fp=kdkjh esa mUgsa e”kk vkrk FkkA mUgha fnuksa os dfork Hkh fy[kus yxsA LowQy ls v#fp gksus osQ ckotwn
mudh i<+kbZ cjkcj pyrh jghA ckjg o"kZ dh vk;q esa mudk miu;u laLdkj gqvkA ?kj ls fudydj firk
osQ lkFk igyh ckj os 'kkafrfuosQru x,A ogk¡ firk th NksV&s eksVs dke djus dks dgrs] rks os [kq'kh&[kq'kh
mls iwjk djrsA dfork dh jpuk osQ fy, mUgsa 'kkafrfuosQru csgrj txg yxhA oqQN fnuksa ckn firk osQ lkFk
nwljh ckj ;k=kk ij fudydj ve`rlj x,A ?kj esa ys[kd osQ cM+s HkkbZ T;ksfrfjanz vkSj HkkHkh dknacjh dfork
ls tqMu+ s esa mudh enn djrsA ek¡ dh e`R;q osQ ckn cgu lkSnkfeuh mudk è;ku j[kus yxhaA ukVddkj
T;ksfrfjanz nknk muls ukVd osQ fy, xhr fy[kokrsA lksyg o"kZ dk gksus ij ifjokj dks muosQ Hkfo"; dh
¯prk lrkus yxhA cM+s HkkbZ lR;sna uz kFk us lq>ko fn;k fd eSfVªoQq ys'ku dh ijh{kk ikl dj dkuwu dh i<+kbZ
osQ fy, mUgsa baXySMa Hkst fn;k tk,A tkus ls igys pqLr vkSj vk/qfud cuus osQ fy, mUgsa vgenkckn esa
lR;sna z nknk osQ ikl jguk iM+kA 20 flracj] 1878 dks iwuk uke osQ leqnhz tgk”k ls ys[kd eqca bZ ls baXySMa
osQ fy, jokuk gq,A os vius ihNs Hkkjr dk fdukjk gh ugha] vius cpiu dks Hkh NksMs+ tk jgs FksA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+kus ls iwoZ ikB osQ ewy Hkko ls voxr djk,¡ ikB esa iz;qDr rRle] rn~Hko] ns'kt
vkSj fons'kt 'kCnksa osQ ckjs esa crk,¡A
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 johanzukFk VSxkSj dks xq#nso dh mikf/ fdlus nh\
 'kkafrfuosQru fo'ofon~;ky; dh LFkkiuk fduosQ n~okjk dh xbZ\
 ¯gnh osQ fdl izfln~/ lkfgR;dkj us 'kkafr fuosQru esa vè;kiu dk dk;Z fd;k\
 johanuz kFk VSxksj dks dc vkSj fdl lkfgfR;d jpuk osQ fy, lkfgR; dk ukscy
s iqjLdkj izkIr gqvk\
52
 iqLrdky;@usV ls ^johanz laxhr* osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A
blosQ mijkar Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd vkt bl jpuk esa izo`Qfr izseh lkfgR;dkj johanuz kFk VSxksj osQ ckjs esa tkusaxsA
 bl ikB dks i<+dj vkidks oSQlk yxk\
 Hkkjr osQ igys vkbZúlhú,lú vf/dkjh dkSu Fks\ mUgksaus ;g miyfC/ dc izkIr dh\
 T;ksfranzukFk VSxksj us fdl izfln~/ igkM+h osQ mQij 'kkafr/ke uke dk ?kj cuk;k\
 fo'oHkkjrh fo'ofon~;ky; dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ\
 fo'oHkkjrh fo'ofon~;ky; osQ oqQykf/ifr dkSu gksrs gSa\
n`';&JO; lhúMhú %
Nk=kksa dks ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ;g ikB i<+k,¡ rFkk ijLij ppkZ djsaA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) ukSdj ys[kd dks jkek;.k dh dgkfu;k¡ lqukrs FksA
([k) ys[kd dks nw/ ilan ugha FkkA
(x) ukSdj y{e.k js[kk [khaprs FksA
(?k) foKku vkSj fp=kdkjh esa ys[kd dks vkuan vkrk FkkA
fyf[kr
1- (d) ulZjh esa () ([k) tksM+klkadks () (x) LowQy ()
2- (d) LowQy tkus dk eu u gksus ij ys[kd isV nnZ dk cgkuk cukrs FksA
([k) FkksM+k cM+s gksus ij ys[kd dks vius HkkbZ&cguksa ls feyus&tqyus osQ ekSosQ feyus yxsA
(x) ys[kd dk miu;u laLdkj ckjg o"kZ dh mez esa fd;k x;kA
3- (d) NksVh voLFkk esa ys[kd ukSdjksa osQ ikl ûlZjh* esa jgk djrs FksA
([k) czts'oj osQ osQ'k vkSj nk<+h Hkwjs jax dh FkhA psgjs dh peM+h lw[kh vkSj ruh gqbZ FkhA
(x) firk osQ u”knhd jgdj ys[kd us muosQ NksVs&eksVs dke fd,A tSlsµ os vius firk dh
?kM+h esa pkch nsrs] muosQ [kqnjs iSlsa dks l¡Hkkyus rFkk fHk[kkfj;ksa dks Hkh[k nsrsA
(?k) ys[kd osQ ?kj cPpksa dks izkphu /eks±] ijaijkvksa] vkn'kks± vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa dk vknj djuk
fl[kk;k tkrk FkkA
4- (d) ys[kd us vius ukSdj osQ LoHkko vkSj dk;ks± dk o.kZu dgrs gq, fy[kk gS fd esjs ukSdj
dk uke czts'oj FkkA og xaaHkhj LoHkko dk FkkA igys og xk¡o osQ fdlh LowQy esa i<+k;k
djrk FkkA NqvkNwr osQ ekeys esa cgqr dBksj FkkA cPpksa dh Fkkyh esa iwjk [kkuk dHkh ugha
ijkslrk FkkA
([k) taxysnkj f[kM+dh osQ ikl ?ksjs esa can ys[kd f[kM+dh ls ckgj rkykc vkSj cM+s ls cjxn
osQ isM+ dks ns[krsA ph”kksa dks è;ku ls ns[kuk vkSj mUgsa viuh ;knksa esa l¡tksuk ys[kd us
ogha ls lh[kkA
53
(x) lR; ys[kd dks Mjkrs gq, dgrk Fkk fd 'kkafrfuosQru dHkh er tkukA ogk¡ dk lI+kQj
cgqr [krjukd gSA ogk¡ jsyxkM+h ls tkuk gksrk gS vkSj jsyxkM+h rks ekSr dk iaQnk gSA yksxksa
dks b/j&m/j isaQdrh pyrh gSA
(?k) ve`rlj esa ys[kd osQ firk mUgsa vaxzs”kh] caxyk] O;kdj.k] laLÑr ,oa [kxksy foKku i<+krs
FksA os lknk [kkuk [kkrs] tks ys[kd dks vPNk yxrk FkkA ys[kd osQ fy, muosQ firk dk
;g nwljk :i FkkA
5- (d) NksVh voLFkk ls gh ys[kd dk izo`Qfr ls tqM+ko gks x;k FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ,d vyx
dejs esa can gksdj i<+uk ys[kd dks vPNk ugha yxrk FkkA
([k) baXySaM tkrs le; ys[kd Msd ij [kM+s FksA tgk”k vkxs c<+rk tk jgk Fkk vkSj eqacbZ dk
iDdk ?kkV (tsVh) ihNs NwVrk tk jgk FkkA vius ns'k] ifjokj ls vyx gksus osQ dkj.k
ys[kd mnkl gks x,A ns'k] ifjokj dh rjg mudk cpiu Hkh ihNs NwVk tk jgk FkkA mUgsa
;g Hkh yxk gksxk fd tc eSa eSfVªoqQys'ku vkSj dkuwu dh i<+kbZ iwjh djosQ ykSVw¡xk] rc
rd eSa cpiu dks ihNs NksM+ cM+k O;fDr cu pqdk gksm¡QxkA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- laKk loZuke fo'ks"k.k vO;;
ek¡] firk] ekLVj] eSa] mudh] /uh] dBksj] NksVk] osQ ikl] osQ
ckn] ysfdu]
'kkafrfuosQru] cgu esjs] vius] eq>s dkyk] cgqr nwj] ogk¡
2- (d) [khaph ([k) vk¡[k (x) ijaijk (?k) dgkfu;k¡ (Ä) can
(p) lk¡i (N) dfork,¡ (t) ?kaVk
3- (d) lp ([k) lk¡i (x) fHk[kkjh (?k) eksj (Ä) fnu (p) lwjt
4- (d) nwljk rFkk ([k) iRrk fpV~Bh
(x) ia[k ¯drq
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- gksugkj fojoku osQ gksr fpdus ikr
^gksugkj fojoku osQ gksr phdus ikr* bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd tks ikSèks vkxs pydj cM+k vkSj
lqanjLo:i xzg.k djus okys gksrs gSaµmuosQ iRrs izkjafHkd voLFkk esa gh phdus&phdus yxus yxrs
gSaA mlh izdkj ls] tks O;fDr vkxs pydj ;'k vkSj eku&lEeku vftZr djus okyk gksrk gS] mlosQ
y{k.k izkjafHkd ckY;koLFkk esa gh ifjyf{kr gksus yxrs gSaA bfrgkl ,sls dbZ egku foHkwfr;ksa ls Hkjk
iM+k gS] ftudh egkurk osQ y{k.k cpiu esa gh n`f"Vxkspj gksus yxs FksA
iz'u 2 ,oa 3 osQ mRrj Nk=k Lo;a nsaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- veR;Z lsu us dksydkrk fo'ofon~;ky; rFkk oSQfczt fo'ofo|ky; esa viuh f'k{kk xzg.k dhA
54
vH;kl iz'u&i=kµ1 osQ mRrj
1- (d) dfo us jfo dh lokjh vFkkZr lw;ksZn; dk o.kZu cM+s gh euksgkjh rjhosQ ls fd;k gSA jfo
osQ vkxeu osQ lkFk gh i{khx.k mldh Lrqfr esa xhr xkus yxrs gSaA jkr dk jktk ;kuh
pk¡n mlosQ jkLrs esa ^jkg dk fHk[kkjh* cu tkrk gSA lw;Znso vkxeu osQ lkFk gh pkjksa rjI+kQ
g"kZ ,oa mYykl dk okrkoj.k O;kIr gks tkrk gSA
([k) ys[kd twfy;k dks vU;k; dk fojks/ djus dk lcd fl[kkuk pkg jgs FksA
(x) ysf[kdk dk è;ku vko`Q"V djus osQ fy, fxYyw muosQ iSjksa rd vkdj ljZ ls insZ ij p<+
tkrk vkSj fiQj mlh rsth ls uhps mrjrkA mldk nkSM+us dk ;g ozQe rc rd pyrk] tc
rd ysf[kdk mls idM+us osQ fy, u mBrhaA
(?k) fcfLey us viuh ek¡ ls viuh bPNk lk¡>k djrs gq, dgk fd tc vk”kknh dk igyk
t'u euk;k tk,] rc mudh rlohj dks dgha ,slh txg j[k fn;k tk,] tgk¡ ls os lkjk
t'u viuh ml rlohj osQ tfj, ns[k losaQA ysfdu ml rlohj dks dksbZ ugha ns[k ik,A
2- (d) () ([k) () ) (x) (
() ) (?k) ()
3- (d) vtk;c?kj osQ laxzg vkSj fo'ks"kdj izrkih jktkvksa osQ 'ko ns[kdj] euq"; osQ thou dh
kQ&lkI+kQkQ fn[kus yxhA ,sls n`'; ns[kdj ;g ekywe gksus yxrk gS fd ge tks
vfuR;rk lkI+kQ&lkI
kQ&lkIkQ
oqQN vius cM+Iiu osQ en esa djrs gSa] og lc fdruk rqPN vkSj vLFkk;h gSA
([k) eèkqfydk dks viuh Hkwfe dh dher yxkuk vijkèk izrhr gqvkA vius iwoZtksa dh Hkwfe
dks Lo.kZ&eqnzkvksa ls vk¡duk mls vuSfrd yx jgk FkkA
4- (d) vliQy ([k) vf'k{kk (x) vO;oLFkk (?k) vLFkk;h
5- (d) ?kqeM+ jgs Fks ([k) izfln~èk Fkk
(x) Hkkx ysrs Fks (?k) ns[k jgk Fkk
6- (d) dkI+kQh
kQh ([k) lkI+kQ (x) rs”k (?k) vkok”k
7- (d) fo ([k) mi (x) vfr (?k) iz
8- (d) tUenkrk] tUefnu
([k) mPprj] mPpre
(x) izfr:i] :id
(?k) meznjkt] gemez
9- (d) cgqrsjh (ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.k) ([k) gYdk (xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k)
10- (d) fuea=k.k ([k) /qvk¡ (x) ladYi (?k) dksf'kdk,¡
55
1- (d) tknw?kj osQ laxzg rFkk izrkih jktkvksa osQ 'ko dks ns[kdj ys[kd dks euq"; osQ thou dh
vfuR;rk dk vkHkkl gqvkA
([k) bu iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; ;g gS fd thou fdruk {k.kHkaxqj vkSj vfuf'pr gSA ¯drq fiQj
Hkh ge viuk vgadkj vkSj niZ ugha NksM+rsA
(x) mu ckn'kkgksa osQ 'koksa dks ns[kdj] ftUgksaus vius thou esa cgqr vR;kpkj fd, Fks] ys[kd
dks bl ckr dk vglkl gqvk fd vc mudks dksbZ tkurk rd ugha gSA
(?k) ys[kd osQ eu ij {k.kHkaxqj thou dh vlkjrk dk xgjk vlj iM+k] blfy, mudk eu
mnkl gks mBkA
2- (d) (iv) ([k) (iii) (x) (ii) (?k) (i)
3- (d) izfrKk ([k) ygj (x) vfHkeku ( ? k )
csdkcw
4- (d) nsoRo ([k) ew[kZrk (x) lPpkbZ ( ? k )
ozQks/
5- (d) laLrqfr ([k) ck¡Vuk (x) vk;dj ( ? k )
losZ{kd
6- (d) uhan ([k) eksj (x) lk¡i (?k) lp
7- (d) ije&fiz; ¯tnxh
([k) iz.kkyh czg~ek
8- (d) osnh ¾ o~ $ , $ n~ $ bZ
([k) bfrgkl ¾ b $ r~ $ b $ g~ $ vk $ l~ $ v
9- (d) LoLFk ([k) èkuh (x) ykyph (?k) Hk;Hkhr
10- (d) 'kkunkj bZekunkj
([k) ikyugkj [ksougkj
56
d{kk&7
• ojnku
• ns'kizse dk nke!
• izo`Qfr dk lkfUuè;
• 'kghn dk i=k
• dksf'k'k djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrh
• ohj ckyd
• izk;f'pr
• LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku
• lfjrk
• iQkfg;ku dh Hkkjr ;k=kk
• tc eSaus igyh iqLrd [kjhnh
• fgEer vkSj ¯”knxh
• nksgk&n'kd
• cnyk rks eSaus Hkh fy;k Fkk
1 ojnku
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
bZ'oj ls ;kpuk ugha] cfYd ladVksa dks nwj djus dh lkeF;Z iznku djus dh izkFkZuk djukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
fcuk ifjJe osQ bZ'oj ls èku] ,s'o;Z] fon~;k&izkfIr dh vkdka{kk ugha j[kuh pkfg,A bZ'oj ls osQoy
foifRr;ksa ls Hk;Hkhr ugha gksus dk ojnku ek¡xuk pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
dfo bZ'oj dh vkjk/uk djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd eSa foifRr;ksa ls j{kk djus dh izkFkZuk ysdj vkiosQ
n~okj ugha vk;k gw¡A eq>s osQoy foifRr;ksa ls Hk;Hkhr ugha gksus dk ojnku nhft,A vius nq[kh eu dks
lkaRouk nsus dh Hkh[k Hkh eSa ugha ek¡x jgk] nq[kksa ij fot; ikus dk vk'khokZn feys] esjh cl ;gh izkFkZuk
gSA ;fn vkidh lgk;rk eq>s izkIr u gks losQ] rks Hkh ;g ojnku nhft, fd eSa nhurk Lohdkj dj
ykpkj vkSj cscl u cuw¡A vc rd lalkj osQ v'kqHk vkSj Ny&diV gh esjs HkkX; esa vk, gSa] rks Hkh
esjk vareZu bu d"Vksa osQ izHkko ls {kh.k ugha gqvk gSA gs bZ'oj! eq>s cpk yhft,] ;g izkFkZuk ysdj eSa
vkiosQ n~okj ij ugha vk;k] eSa vkils osQoy ladV :ih bl lkxj@lalkj esa rSjrs jgus ;kuh ladVksa dks
nwj djus dh vkils 'kfDr ek¡xrk gw¡A lq[k osQ le; ureLrd gksdj vkiosQ n'kZu dj low¡Q] ¯drq nq[k
osQ fnuksa esa jkrksa osQ le; tc lkjh nqfu;k esjk migkl djsxh] rc eSa 'kadkxzLr u gksm¡Q] vkils ;gh
ojnku ikuk pkgrk gw¡A
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
dfork ikB 'kq: djus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks dfork osQ ewy Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡A dfo bZ'oj ls
;kpuk iw.kZ gksus dh lkaRouk ugha pkgdj] osQoy ladV :ih lkxj esa rSjrs jgus dh 'kfDr ek¡xrs gSaA
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
vkii bZ'oj ls vius fy, D;k ek¡xrs gSa\

 dfo bZ'oj ls ;kpuk iwfrZ dh lkaRouk ugha ikuk pkgrsA D;k vki Hkh ,slk gh pkgrs gSa\
 D;k vki HkkX; ij fo'okl djrs gSa\ ;fn gk¡] rks D;ksa\ ugha] rks D;ksa\
 johanzukFk VSxksj dh jpuk ^xhrkatfy* xn~; lkfgR; gS ;k in~;\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl dfork esa HkDr n~okjk bZ'oj ls dh xbZ izkFkZuk osQ ckjs esa tkusxa As
58
 bZ'oj dk lqfeju nq[k esa djuk pkfg, ;k lq[k esa\
 Hkkjr osQ izFke O;fDr dkSu gSa] ftUgsa izfln~èk ukscsy iqjLdkj izkIr gqvk\
 vc rd Hkkjr@Hkkjrh; ewy osQ fdrus yksxksa dks ukscsy iqjLdkj fey pqdk gS\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls cPpksa dks dfork i<+k,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd
dfo bZ'oj ls thouHkj deZjr jgus dk vk'khokZn ek¡xrs gSaA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) dfo us bZ''ojoj ls foifRRk;ksa ls j{kk djus dh ckr dgh gSA
([k) dfo bZ'oj ls ;g ojnku ek¡x jgs gSa fd os foifRr;ksa ls Hk;Hkhr u gksaA
(x) îzkFkZuk* dfork dk ,d vU; 'kh"kZd gks ldrk gSA
(?k) dfo ml nhurk dh ckr dj jgs gSa ftls LOkhdkj djosQ balku vius vkidks izk;% ykpkj
eglwl djrk gSA
fyf[kr
1- (d) euq"; esa deZBrk vkSj la?k"kZ'khyrk iSnk djuk ()
([k) vfu"V] vuFkZ vkSj Ny&diV ()
(x) ladV&lkxj esa ()
2- (d) dfo bZ'oj ls ;g izkFkZuk djrk gS fd eSa thou esa vkus okyh izR;sd foinkvksa ij fot;
ikm¡QA
([k) dfo nq[kksa ij fot; ikus osQ fy, bZ'oj ls vk'khokZn ek¡xrk gSA
(x) ;g dfork bZ'oj dks lacksfèkr djosQ fy[kh xbZ gSA
3- (d) bl iafDr osQ ekè;e ls dfo bZ'oj ls ,slh 'kfDRk izkIr djus dh vkdka{kk izdV djrk
gS] ftlls og foijhr ls foijhr ifjLFkfr;ksa esa vius vkidks ykpkj eglwl u djsA
([k) dfo bZ'oj ls vius nq[k ls O;fFkr eu dks lkaRouk nsus dh fHk{kk ugha pkgrkA
(x) izLrqr dfork esa dfo yksxksa dks thou esa deZB cus jgus vkSj Lora=krkiwoZd gj ifjfLFkfr
esa MVdj fujarj la?k"kZ djrs jgus dh lh[k nsrs gSaA foifRr;k¡ euq"; osQ cy] cqn~fèk] lkgl
vkSj dk;Z&oqQ'kyrk osQ fy, dlkSVh osQ leku gSaA
4- (d) dfo dk ekuuk gS fd yksx nq[k esa lkaRouk ugha nsdj nq[k dk migkl mM+krs gSa] tcfd
nq[k dh ?kM+h esa mUgsa ihfM+r O;fDr dk lkFk fuHkkuk pkfg,A
59
([k) lalkj dks osQoy viuk gh nq[k] nq[k izrhr gksrk gSA laosnukghu lalkj esa yksxksa dks nwljksa
osQ nq[k ls dksbZ ljksdkj ugha gksrkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ladVxzLr O;fDr dk lalkj migkl
mM+krk gSA
(x) izLrqr dfork esa dfo bZ'oj ls ;kpuk ugha djuk pkgrsA ;kpuk osQ LFkku ij os ladVksa
ls tw>us vkSj ikj ikus dh 'kfDr ek¡xrs gSaA nq[kksa ij fot; izkIr djosQ lq[k Hkjs {k.kksa esa
bZ'oj osQ vkxs ureLrd gksus dk ojnku ikuk pkgrs gSaA
5- (d) dfo bZ'oj ls ;g oj ek¡xrs gSa fd eSa nhurk Lohdkj djosQ ykpkj ugha cuw¡A esjs HkkX; esa
rks lalkj osQ vfu"V] vuFkZ vkSj Ny&diV gh vk, gSaA bu lcosQ ckotwn Hkh esjk ân;
èkks[ksck”kh dh bu ckrksa ls nq[kh ugha gqvk gSA
([k) dfo ;g ;kpuk djrs gSa fd bZ'oj mldk Hkkj de djsa] rkfd og yksxksa dh lsok dj
losQ vkSj lq[k Hkjs {k.kksa esa ureLrd gksdj og bZ'oj osQ n'kZu dj losQA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) v $ u~ $ v $ j~ $ Fk~ $ v ()
([k) èk~ $ v $ j~ $ v $ r~ $ bZ ()
2- (d) lkglh ([k) nqHkkZX; (x) vfHk'kki
(?k) vLohdkj (Ä) ijkt; (p) vuFkZ
3- (d) fuosnu] fourh ([k) foifRr] eqlhcr (x) ân;] eu
(?k) bZ'oj] Hkxoku (Ä) ¯lèkq] tyfèk (p) jkf=k] fu'kk
4- eSa] vius] rsjh] ;g] rsjs] ;gh] eq>s] esjk
fo"k; lao/Zu Xkfrfof/;k¡
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1-- ;fn eq>s bZ'oj ls ojnku ek¡xus dk dgk tk,xk rks eSa muls Lo;a osQ lkFk&lkFk iwjs fo'o dk
dY;k.k djus dk oj ek¡xw¡xkA
2- mUUkfr ls rkRi;Z eUkq"; osQ lexz fodkl ls gSA blesa O;fDr dh ekufld] 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd]
vkfFkZd lao`n~f/ fufgr gksrh gSA eSa mUufr djosQ ml eqdke rd igq¡puk pkgrk gw¡] tgk¡ ls
vius rFkk lekt osQ fy, oqQN vonku dj low¡QA
3- bl dfork esa dfo bZ'oj ls ;gh izkFkZuk djrs gSa fd os muesa 'kfDr nsa fd os fuHkhZdrkiwod
Z
lkalkfjd foifRr;ksa rFkk vkinkvksa dk lkeuk dj losQa A blesa gj vojks/ dk lkeuk vfopy
gksdj djus osQ uSfrd ewY; 'kkfey gSAa
4- egkRek xk¡/h & jk"Vªfirk&ckiw MkWñ jktsanz izlkn & ns'kjRu
oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy & ykSg iq#"k t;izdk'k ukjk;.k & yksd uk;d
tokgjyky usg: & pkpk ykyk yktir jk; & iatkc osQljh
cky xaxk/j fryd & yksdekU; pØorhZ jktxksikykpkjh & jktkth
estj è;kupan & gkWdh dk tknwxj lfpu rsanqydj & ekLVj CykLVj
ikB ls vkxs
iz'u 1 rFkk 2 osQ mRrj Nk=k Lo;a nsaA
3- Hkkjr dh lhek vjc lkxj] caxky dh [kkM+h rFkk ¯gn egklkxj ls feyrh gSA
60
2 ns'kizse dk nke!
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
ns'k dh Lora=krk osQ fy, d"V >syus okys rFkk viuk loZLo U;ksNkoj dj nsus okys vej Lok/
hurk lsukuh ukjk;.k ckcw osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh nsukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
Lora=k :i ls thou thuk Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa dh cnkSyr gh laHko gks ik;k gSA vr% budk gesa
vknj djuk pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
lu 1942 osQ ^Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu* osQ le; ukjk;.k ckcw Nn~eos'k esa mM+hlk (vksfM'kk) osQ ,d
Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd vk”kknh dh vy[k txkrs ?kwers jgsA vaxzs”k ljdkj us mu ij g”kkj jQi;s osQ buke
dh ?kks"k.kk dj nhA ,d ckj vk/h jkr dks os osQoy ?kaVs Hkj osQ fy, ?kj vk, vkSj lqcg iqfyl n~okjk
fxjÝ+ rkj dj fy, x,A mUgsa pkj o"kZ rd tsy esa jguk iM+kA ns'k Lora=k gqvkA iRuh osQ py clus osQ
ckn mUgksaus cM+h eqf'dy ls iq=k lukru dks odkyr dh i<+kbZ djokbZA mls Lok/hurk osQ izfr tkx:d]
lPpk vkneh cukus dh iwjh dksf'k'k dh] exj og vyx gh jkg ij py iM+kA og Hkh bl ekU;rk dk
i{k/j gks x;k fd viuh mUufr esa gh ns'k dh mUufr gSA iq=k lukru vkSj iq=ko/w e/qferk us muls dbZ
ckj flI+kkQkfj'k
Qkfj'k djokuh pkgh] ysfdu ukjk;.k nkl th us fljs ls udkj fn;kA blosQ i'pkr os vius gh
?kj esa ijk, cu x,A rfc;r fcxM+us ij os fdlh ls oqQN ugha dgrsA os le> x, fd bl ;qx esa iSlk
gh lc oqQN gSA lkr lky tsy esa jgus osQ ,o”k esa osaQnz ljdkj us muosQ fy, 500 jQi;s eghuk HkRrk
eatwj fd;kA HkRrk Loho`Qr gksrs gh iq=k vkSj o/w nksuksa osQ LoHkko eaas varj vk x;k vkSj os MkWDVj ls mudk
bykt djkus dks rRij gks x,A iq=k lukru MkWDVj cqykus tkrk gS] blh chp mudk fu/u gks tkrk gSA
e/qferk dks mudk psgjk lpeqp fdlh 'kghn dh rjg gh fn[krk gSA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
ikB 'kq: djus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks ikB osQ ewy Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡A Lora=krk vkanksyu esa Hkkx ysus
okys vej lsukuh ukjk;.k nkl th osQ ckjs esa crk,¡A
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
∑ D;k vkiosQ ifjokj esa] fj'rs&ukrs esa dksbZ Lora=krk lsukuh jgs gSa\ ;fn gk¡] rks muosQ ckjs esa crkb,A
∑ Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa us ftl ifo=k mn~ns'; osQ lkFk ns'k dks Lora=k djk;k] D;k og iwjk gqvk\
∑ fczfV'k ljdkj vius gh ns'k dh Lora=krk osQ fy, la?k"kZ djus okyksa dks vijk/h ekurh FkhA
D;k vius ns'k dh Lora=krk osQ fy, yM+uk vijk/ dh Js.kh esa vkrk gS\ bl ckjs esa vki D;k
lksprs gSa\
61
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa mM+hlk (orZeku vksfM'kk) osQ izfln~/ Lora=krk
lsukuh ukjk;.k nkl osQ O;fDrRo ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
 Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa dks dkSu&ls d"V lgus iM+rs gksaxs\
 Lora=krk vkanksyu osQ nkSjku lcls yacs le; rd vkej.k vu'ku djus osQ dkj.k fdl ozQkafrdkjh
dh e`R;q gqbZ\
 dkykikuh D;k gS\ dkykikuh dh l”kk fdu ozQkafrdkfj;ksa dks nh tkrh Fkh\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks ;g ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd
ukjk;.k nkl th tSls Lora=krk lsukuh gh vk”kknh osQ ewY;ksa dh lgh igpku j[krs FksA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) lkSnkfeuh Lora=krk lsukuh ukjk;.k ckcw dh iRuh FkhaA
([k) lukru ukjk;.k ckcw vkSj lkSnkfeuh dk iq=k FkkA
(x) ukjk;.k nkl mM+hlk (vksfM'kk) osQ jgus okys FksA
(?k) lukru odkyr dh i<+kbZ dj Jfedksa dk usrk cukA
fyf[kr
1- (d) ;gh fd eSa dksbZ izHkko'kkyh O;fDr ugha gw¡A ()
([k) ;wfu;u dk i{k j[kus dh ckr ()
(x) eèkqferk] ifr lukru ls () (?k)tc HkRrk eatwj gqvk ()
2- (d) ;g dgkuh lu 1942 osQ fnuksa dh gSA
([k) vaxzs”k ljdkj us ukjk;.k ckcw ij ,d g”kkj #i;s dk buke j[kk FkkA
(x) ukjk;.k ckcw dk iq=k lukru cq[kkj esa csgky iM+k FkkA
(?k) lukru dh iRuh dk uke e/qferk FkkA
3- (d) vk”kkn ns'k esa lRrk ls nwj ukjk;.k nkl cxhps esa ikSèks mxkuk] lwr dkruk] v[kckj vkSj
fdrkcsa i<+uk bR;kfn dk;ks± esa fueXu gks x,A
([k) Hkwfexr jgus osQ nkSjku tc ukjk;.k nkl vius ?kj vk, Fks] rHkh ?kj ij vfèkd nsj jQdus
osQ dkj.k iqfyl us mUgsa idM+ fy;kA
(x) csVs us ukjk;.k nkl ls ;wfu;u dh ek¡xsa ljdkj ls euokus dh flI+kQkfj'k djus rFkk cgw
eèkqferk us VªkaliQj jksdus dh flI+kQkfj'k djus dks dgkA
4- (d) ukjk;.k nkl ,d lPps ns'kHkDr FksA mUgksua s ns'k dks vk”kknh fnyokus osQ ,o”k esa ljdkj ls
oqQN Hkh vis{kk ugha dhA ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa osQ n~okjk vius fut&fgr osQ fy, ljdkj ij
ncko Mkyus osQ vkxzg dks Hkh mUgksua s Bqdjk fn;kA bl vFkZ esa os ,d lPps ns'kHkDr FksA
62
([k) Lokèkhurk lsukuh ukjk;.k nkl dks tc thouHkj osQ fy, 500 #i;s eghus dk HkRrk ljdkj
n~okjk eatwj fd;k x;k] rc lukru vkSj eèkqferk osQ LoHkko esa vpkud ifjorZu vk;kA
(x) vk”kknh osQ ckn ns'kokfl;ksa osQ pfj=k esa cnyko vk;k] D;ksafd vfèkdka'k yksx LokFkhZ]
in&yksyqi gks x, gSaA fdlh Hkh rjhosQ ls èku dekuk] in ikuk gh mudk ,dek=k mn~ns';
gks x;k gS] pkgs og rjhdk fu;e osQ fojQn~èk gh D;ksa u gksaA ns'kokfl;ksa esa R;kx rFkk
ns'kizse dh Hkkouk dk Hkh vHkko gksrk tk jgk gSA
(d) lkSnkfeuh us ukjk;.k nkl ls ([k) ukjk;.k nkl us lukru ls
(x) lukru us ukjk;.k nkl ls (?k) lukru us e/qferk ls
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) vn~èkk±fxuh] Hkk;kZ ([k) fu'kk] jtuh (x) Lokeh] izk.kukFk
(?k) lqr] csVk (Ä) ukjh] efgyk (p) x`g] Hkou
2- O;fDrokpd laKk µ lkSnkfeuh] lukru] eèkqferk
tkfrokpd laKk µ ?kj] iRuh] csVk
Hkkookpd laKk µ vk”kknh] fgEer] Å"ek
3- deZ dkjd µ  ukjk;.k ckcw bl funsZ'k dks Hkqyk cSBsA
 mUgksaus cM+h eqf'dy ls lukru dks odkyr dh i<+kbZ djokbZA
laiznku dkjd µ  fiNys nks&rhu eghuksa esa ukjk;.k ckcw vkèkh jkr esa ?kaV&s nks ?kaVs osQ fy, ,d&nks
ckj gh ?kj vk, FksA
 vkius bl ns'k osQ fy, rhu ckj esa oqQy lkr lky dh tsy Hkksxh gSA
4- (d) lu 1942 osQ fnuksa dh ckr FkhA ([k) vkdk'k esa es?k f?kj jgs gSaA
(x) pkj o"kZ tsy esa v¡èksjs esa lM+uk iM+sxkA
(?k) vu'kudkjh usrk dh gkyr [kjkc gksrh tk jgh FkhA
(Ä) v[kckj esa dgha NksVh&lh [kcj Nih gSA
fo"k; lao/Zu Xkfrfof/;k¡
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- ;fn ns'k vk”kkn ugha gqvk gksrk rks gekjh fLFkfr csgn [kjkc gksrhA ge gj {ks=k esa fiNM+s gq,
rFkk ijra=krk dh csfM+;ksa esa tdM+s gq, gksrsA vkt fo'o esa tks gekjh lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd
fLFkfr gS] og ugha gksrhA
?ksjk le;
ikB ls vkxs
1- vius gh ns'k esa Lora=krk dh pkg j[kus okys lsukfu;ksa dks blfy, fNidj jguk iM+rk gksxk
rkfd os vaxzs”kh 'kklu dh oqQn`f"V ls cp losaQ rFkk jk"Vª dks Lora=k djus dk egrh dk;Z fcuk
fdlh O;o/ku osQ djrs jgsaA
2- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
63
3 izo`Qfr dk lkfUuè;
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
izo`Qfr dk egRo crkuk vkSj izo`Qfr] i'kq&i{kh osQ lkFk euq"; osQ lkfUuè; dks of.kZr djukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
izo`Qfr osQ d.k&d.k dk euq"; ½.kh gSA thou dh vafre lk¡l rd izo`Qfr gekjk lkFk fuHkkrh gSA
vr% gesa izko`Qfrd miknkuksa osQ lkFk f[kyokM+ ;k mUgsa u"V djus dk dksbZ miØe ugha djuk pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
euq"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gSA tUedky ls gh euq"; dk izo`Qfr osQ lkFk lkfUuè; LFkkfir gks tkrk
gSA ys[kd dkdk dkysydj ,d izo`Qfr izseh gSaA blh dkj.k dbZ Lusfg;ksa dh vkykspuk osQ ik=k Hkh cu
tkrs gSaA ys[kd dk ekuuk gS fd okLro esa ge lc izo`Qfr osQ ckyd gSaA fdlh igkM+ osQ f'k[kj ij
[kM+s gksdj ys[kd dks ,d fo'kky fo'o dk fuoklh gksus dk Hkku gksrk gS vkSj rc mUgsa viuk thou
lkFkZd yxus yxrk gSA ,d ”kekuk Fkk] tc nsgkr osQ vkSj taxy osQ i'kqvksa osQ lkFk ys[kd viuh
vkReh;rk ”;knk eglwl djrs FksA flagx<+ esa jgus osQ nkSjku i{kh ys[kd dks viukrs Fks vkSj vius izfr
mudk fo'okl ns[k ys[kd dks èkU;rk eglwl gksrh FkhA fgeky; esa dHkh&dHkh ukVs euq";ksa vkSj tkuojksa
dks ns[kdj ys[kd dks nq[k gksrk gS vkSj mudk lkjk fo"ke thouØe ys[kd dh u”kj osQ lkeus ls
xq”kjrk gSA nsgjknwu osQ ikl xqPNwikuh vkSj lglzèkkjk esa ns[ks x, izlax fdlh rjg Hkqyk, ugha tk ldrsA
ik¡p&lkr g”kkj iqQV dh m¡QpkbZ ij elwjh esa tkus osQ ckn yxrk gS fd ;gk¡ osQ taxyksa ij lkezkT; dk
miHkksx djus okys ckny gh muosQ led{kh gSaA bUgha okfn;ksa esa if{k;ksa dks ?kkVh yk¡?krs ns[kdj ys[kd
dh bPNk gksrh gS fd os Hkh ckny cudj blh rjg O;kse&fogkj djsaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
ikB i<+kuk vkjaHk djus ls iwoZ cPpksa dks ikB osQ ewy Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd gesa
izo`Qfr osQ izfr o`QrKrk dk Hkko j[kuk pkfg,A
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 D;k vkius fdlh ioZrh; ;k taxyh bykosQ dk Hkze.k fd;k gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks mldk o.kZu djsaA
 euq"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gS] oSQls\
 euq"; i'kq&if{k;ksa dk f'kdkj djrk gSA os ge euq";ksa osQ ckjs esa D;k lksprs gksaxs\ dYiuk
dhft,A
 cIk+ QhZys bykosQ esa jgus okys yksxksa dks fdu leL;kvksa ls tw>uk iM+rk gS\
64
blosQ i'pkr cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa ys[kd dkdk dkysydj dk ;k=kk&o`Rrkar i<+saxsA
blesa mUgksaus fgeky; {ks=k dh ioZrh; ;k=kk dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
 vkidks ;g ;k=kk&o`Rrkar oSQlk yxk\
 ;fn vkidks izko`Qfrd miknkuksa osQ chp jgus dk ekSdk feys] rks vki ogk¡ jgdj D;k&D;k
djsaxs\
 vkykspdksa us ys[kd osQ izo`Qfr osQ lkFk fcrk, le; dks] f”kanxh osQ dherh fnu cckZn djuk
crk;kA D;k vki blls lger gSa\
 bl ikB esa vizQhdk] flagx<+] nsgjknwu] xqPNwikuh] lglzèkkjk vkSj elwjh dk o.kZu vk;k gSA ;s LFkku
D;ksa izfln~èk gS\a
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls cPpksa dks ;g ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd
izo`Qfr lnk gekjk lkFk fuHkkrh gSA gesa Hkh izko`Qfrd lalkèkuksa dh c<+ksrjh dh fn'kk esa lkFkZd iz;kl
djuk pkfg,A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) ys[kd taxy osQ okrkoj.k dh izko`Qfrd ifjfLFkfr osQ n'kZu osQ fy, rjlrk gSA
([k) ys[kd osQ izoQ` fr izes vkSj tku tksf[ke esa Mkyus osQ dkj.k oqQN yksxksa us budh vkykspuk dhA
(x) ekuork izo`Qfr dh larku gSA
(?k) euq"; ,d fo'ks"k izdkj osQ vkoj.k ;kuh okrkoj.k ls f?kjk gSA
(Ä) 'kgj esa yksx ckfy'r Hkj ”kehu esa o`Qf=ke cxhpk cukdj] nks&pkj ikSèks mxkdj izo`Qfr
osQ lkFk esy lkèkrs gSaA
fyf[kr
1- (d) oqQN O;ogkjoqQ'ky yksxksa us () ([k) jk{klh izo`fRr () (x) o`Qf=ke nqfu;k esa
'kgjh thou thus ls ()
2- (d) ikB osQ vuqlkj ys[kd us vizQhdk] ¯lgx<+] nsgjknwu osQ ikl xqPNwikuh] lgÏèkkjk vkSj
elwjh dk Hkze.k fd;kA
([k) 'kgjh thou vkSj o`Qf=ke nqfu;k [kM+h djosQ ge izo`Qfr ls fcNqM+ x, gSaA
(x) cknyksa dk LoHkko ifjorZu'khy gksrk gSA
65
3- (d) O;ogkjoqQ'ky yksx ys[kd ls ;g iwNrs gSa fd ;s isM+&ikSèks] ckny] oqQgjk rFkk cI+kZQ osQ
f'k[kj ls vkidk D;k lacaèk gS\ buosQ n'kZu vkSj lgokl osQ fy, D;ksa rjlrs gSa rFkk bu
igkM+ksa dks ns[kus ls D;k feyrk gS\
([k) ckny viuk vkdkj] Lo:i vkSj xBu cnyrs jgrs gSaA {k.k esa 'osr] {k.k esa ';ke vkSj
{k.k esa o.kZ&foghu gks tkrs gSaA
(x) elwjh tkus ij ys[kd dks yxk fd ;gk¡ osQ taxyksa ij lkezkT; dk miHkksx djus okys
ckny gh esjs led{kh gSaA dHkh&dHkh ,dkèk i{kh dks ,d igkM+ ls nwljs igkM+ rd dh
?kkVh yk¡?kdj tkrs gq, ns[kdj ys[kd dks ,slk yxk fd ckny cudj bu f'k[kjksa osQ chp
O;kse&fogkj ”k:j d:¡A
4- (d) izo`Qfr ls euq"; dk xgjk lacaèk gSA izo`Qfr ,d ifjokj dh rjg gS] ftlesa isM+&ikSèks vkSj
i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ lkFk] unh] igkM+ vkSj euq"; Hkh lfEefyr gSaA
([k) fgeky; esa dHkh&dHkh ukVs euq";ksa vkSj tkuojksa dks ns[kdj ys[kd nq[kh gksrs gSa vkSj
mudk lkjk fo"ke thouØe mudh u”kj osQ lkeus ls xq”kjrk gSA
(x) ikB osQ lanHkZ esa ^vkneh;r* 'kC 'kCnn frjLdkj osQ lkFk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA oqQN ikys
gq, oqQRrs ;k if{k;ksa dks Lotu nzksg djrs ns[kdj ;g eglwl gksrk gS fd vkneh;r dk
jax yxus ls os fcxM+ x, gSaA
5- (d) ys[kd izo`Qfr izseh gSaA os fgeky; dh okfn;ksa esa cknyksa dks vyx&vyx :i esa curs
vkSj fc[kjrs ns[krs gSaA ckny ns[krs&gh&ns[krs viuk vkdkj] viuk Lo:i vkSj viuk
xBu Hkh cnyrs jgrs gSaA ckny vkxs] ihNs] mQij] uhps lHkh fn'kkvksa esa nkSM+rs gSa vkSj
fiQj ikuh cudj cjl tkrs gSaA
([k) ifjorZu izo`Qfr dk ,d 'kk'or fu;e gSA ys[kd izo`Qfr osQ lehi tkus ij cknyksa osQ
:i&jax esa gksus okys bl ifjorZu dk vkuan mBkrs gSaA ckny o"kkZ osQ :i esa ikuh cudj
i`Foh ij fxjrs gSaA iqu% egklkxjksa] ufn;ksa] >hyksa vkSj tyk'k;ksa esa ,df=kr ;gh ikuh Hkki
osQ :i esa mM+dj ckny curk gSA ifjorZu dk ;g pozQ pyrk jgrk gS] Bhd ekuo
thou dh gh rjgA blhfy, ys[kd dgrs gSa fd ifjorZu dk vkuan ysdj vkSj ckn esa
mlls vyx gksuk gh thou dh lkèkuk gSA
6- (d) () ([k) () (x) ()
(?k) () (Ä) ()
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) è;kuiwoZd µ d{kk esa vè;kid dh ckrsa è;kuiwoZd lquksA
([k) 'kkafriwoZd µ turk us ljdkj osQ fojksèk esa 'kkafriwoZd izn'kZu fd;kA
66
(x) ljlrkiwoZd µ dfo us viuh dforkvksa dh O;k[;k ljlrkiwoZd dhA
(?k) lkgliwoZd µ cPpksa us vijkfèk;ksa dks lkgliwoZd Hkxk;kA
(Ä) èkS;ZiwoZd µ cPpksa us egkHkkjr dh dFkk èkS;ZiwoZd lquhA
2- (d) lguh; () ([k) iz'kalk () (x) vkneh;r ()
3- fo'ks"k.k fo'ks"; fo'ks"k.k fo'ks";
xq.kokpd lkekftd izk.kh ukVs euq";
ifjek.kokpd ckfy'rHkj ”kehu lqnh?kZ foLrkj
la[;kokpd vla[; f'k[kj ik¡p&lkr g”kkj m¡QpkbZ
lkoZukfed ;s ckny gekjk ozr
4- (d) ;s fopkj vFkok vk'kadk,¡ esjs eu esa dnkfi ugha mBhaA
([k) mudks D;k tokc nw¡\
(x) Hkwy ls gh vki yksxksa dh l;kuh nqfu;k esa vk x;k gw¡A
(?k) vkneh;r dk jax yxus ls os fcxM+ x, gSaA
(Ä) dgrs&dgrs ;s ckny ckfj'k cu x,A x,
∑ fo"k; laoèkZu xfrfofèk;k¡
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- ;fn vkt dkdk dkysydj thfor gksrs rks i;kZoj.k dh vkt dh fLFkfr dks ns[kdj fUkEu
mn~xkj O;Dr djrsµisM+&ikSèkksa dh v¡/k/q¡/ dVkbZ ls i`Foh dk vfLrRo [krjs esa iM+ x;k gSA
isM+&ikS/s ;fn i`Foh ij ugh gksaxs rks ,slh n'kk esa izÑfr dk laarqyu fcxM+sxk rFkk laiw.kZ thou
[krjs esa iM+ tk,xkA ;g ekuo vkSj ekuork osQ fy, cM+h gh ladViw.kZ fLFkfr gksxhA blfy,
laiw.kZ ekuo&txr ls esjh izkFkZuk gS fd ;fn bl i`Foh dks vklUu ladV ls cpkuk pkgrs gSa] rks
bZ'oj osQ fy, isM+&ikS/ksa dks er dkfV,A ;s gekjs thounkrk gSaA gekjs uSlfxZd fe=k gSaA budh
j{kk djuk gekjk ije /eZ gSA
2- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- i{kh oSKkfud lkfye vyh izÑfrfon rFkk izFke Hkkjrh; i{kh oSKkfud FksA os if{k;ksa dh Hkk"kk
le>rs FksA os igyh O;fDr Fks] ftUgksaus if{k;ksa dk losZ{k.k djk;k rFkk mu ij dbZ fdrkcsa
fy[khaA
2- fgeky; esa 100 ls Hkh vf/d ioZr f'k[kj gSa] tks 7200 ehVj ls m¡Qps gSaA lcls izeq[k f'k[kjksa
esa] lkxjekFkk] uaxk ioZr] osQ&2] uank nsoh] /kSykafxjh] oaQputa?kk] ukepk cjok bR;kfn gSaA Hkkjr
esa fLFkr osQ&2 (8611) Hkkjr dh lcls m¡Qph pksVh gSA
67
4 'kghn dk i=k
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
ns'k osQ fy, viuk loZLo U;ksNkoj dj nsus okys vej ozQkafrdkfj;ksa osQ ckjs esa Nk=kksa dks
tkudkjh nsukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
ns'k loksZifj gSA ns'k dks Lora=k djkus osQ fy, ozQkafrdkfj;ksa us vius izk.kksRlxZ fd,A vr,o gesa
ns'k dh Lora=krk dks v{kq..k cuk, j[kus dh fn'kk eas dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
Hkkjr dks Lora=k djkus esa ozQkafrdkfj;ksa dk vewY; ;ksxnku jgk gSA ;qok ozQkafrdkfj;ksa us l'kL=k ozQkafr
osQ ekè;e ls ns'k dks Lora=k djkuk pkgkA ysfdu bl dk;Z esa èku vkSj gfFk;kjksa dh deh vkM+s vk jgh
FkhA bl deh dks iwjk djus osQ fy, jkeizlkn fcfLey] v'kI +kkQkd
v'kIkQkd Qkd mYyk [kk¡] panz'ks[kj vk”kkn vkSj muosQ
lkfFk;ksa us ljdkjh [k”kkuk ywVus dh ;kstuk cukbZA 9 vxLr] 1925 bZú dh 'kke dkdksjh LVs'ku ij
ozQkafrdkfj;ksa us lgkjuiqj ls vkus okyh vkB Mkmu Vsªu dh ”kathj [khapdj jksd nh vkSj ljdkjh [k”kkuk
ywV fy;kA fNirs&fNikrs os yxHkx ckjg cts ?kj igq¡psA lqcg pkj cts gh iqfyl us mUgsa fxjÝ+ rkj dj
fy;kA bl ?kVuk dks bfrgkl esa ^dkdksjh dkaM* osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA jkeizlkn fcfLey vkSj muosQ
lkfFk;ksaµBkoqQj jks'ku ¯lg] jktsanz ykfgjh vkSj v'kI+kQkd mYyk [kk¡ dks iQk¡lh dh l”kk lqukbZ xbZA 19
fnlacj] 1927 dks mUgsa iQk¡lh nh xbZA ozQkafrdkjh ^Hkkjrekrk dh t;* vkSj ôans ekrje~* osQ ukjs yxkrs
gq, g¡lrs&g¡lrs iQk¡lh ij p<+ x,A
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
ikB 'kq: djus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks ikB osQ osaQnzh; Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡A ns'k osQ fy, lg"kZ vius
izk.k nsus okys vej ozQkafrdkfj;ksa osQ ckjs esa foLrkj ls crk,¡A
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 vki fdu ozQkafrdkfj;ksa osQ ckjs esa tkurs gSa] ftUgksaus ns'k dh Lora=krk osQ fy, vius izk.k
U;ksNkoj dj fn,\
 D;k vkiosQ ?kj ;k iM+ksl esa dksbZ Lora=krk lsukuh gq, gSa\
 ozQkafrdkfj;ksa dks fczfV'k ljdkj vkradoknh dgrh FkhA D;k vius ns'k dh Lora=krk osQ fy, dke
djuk vkradokn gS\
68
 dkuiqj osQ os izfln~èk i=kdkj dkSu Fks] tks ;FkklaHko ozQkafrdkfj;ksa dh enn fd;k djrs Fks\
 Hkxr ¯lg] lq[knso vkSj jktxqjQ dks fdl dkaM esa iQk¡lh dh l”kk lqukbZ xbZ\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa mu vej ozQkafrdkfj;ksa dh 'kgknr osQ ckjs esa tkusaxs]
ftudh cnkSyr vkt ge Lora=k gok esa lk¡l ys jgs gSaA
 Hkkjr dks lkyksa rd ywVrs jgus okys vaxzs”kksa us ywV osQ vijkèk esa Hkkjr osQ ukxfjdksa dks gh
iQk¡lh dh l”kk lqukbZ\ D;k vaxzs”kksa dk ;g dne U;k;ksfpr Fkk\
 dkdksjh dkaM esa 'kkfey mu egku ozQkafrdkjh dk uke crkb,] tks jkeizlkn fcfLey osQ ckn
^¯gnqLrku fjifCydu ,lksfl,'ku* osQ vè;{k cus\
 vki ^Hkkjrekrk* dks ekrkvksa dh ekrk ekurs gSa ;k ugha\
 ;fn vkidk tUe ijra=k Hkkjr esa gqvk gksrk] rks vki ns'k dh vk”kknh osQ fy, D;k oqQN djrs\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd
ozQkafrdkfj;ksa us ftu ikou mn~ns';ksa vkSj thou&ewY;ksa osQ fy, viuk cfynku fn;k] gesa fdlh Hkh dher
ij mu ewY;ksa dks cuk, j[kuk gSA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) igyk i=k jkeizlkn fcfLey us viuh ekrk th dks fy[kk FkkA
([k) fcfLey dks 19 fnlacj] 1927 bZú dks iQk¡lh gqbZ FkhA
(x) lHkh 'kghn iS+ Q”kkckn
Q”kkckn tsy esa can FksA
(?k) fcfLey us ;g i=k iQk¡lh osQ r[rs ij p<+us ls rhu fnu iwoZ fy[kk FkkA
fyf[kr
1- (d) cfynku ls rhu fnu igys () ([k) l'kL=k ozQkafr djus dk ()
(x) ljdkjh [k”kkuk ywVus dh () (?k) dkdksjh ()
2- (d) bl ikB dk nwljk i=k v'kI+kQkd mYyk [kk¡ us Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks fy[kk gSA
([k) i=k osQ vuqlkj fcfLey dh bPNk ,d ckj Jn~èkkiwoZd viuh ekrk th osQ pj.kksa dh
lsok djosQ vius thou dks liQy cukus dh FkhA
69
(x) bu Økafrdkfj;ksa us lu 1925 bZú esa Økafr djus dk fu'p; fd;kA
(?k) dkdksjh esa ljdkjh [k”kkus dks ywVus osQ vkjksi esa bu ozQkafrdkfj;ksa dks fxjÝ+rkj fd;k
x;k FkkA
3- (d) jkeizlkn fcfLey th us viuh ek¡ dks èkS;Z èkkj.k djkrs gq, dgk fd rqEgkjk iq=k ekrkvksa
dh ekrk ^Hkkjrekrk* dh lsok esa viuk thou lefiZr dj pqdk gSA tc Lokèkhu Hkkjr
dk bfrgkl fy[kk tk,xk] rks fdlh i`"B ij mTToy v{kjksa esa ek¡ rqEgkjk uke vo';
fy[kk tk,xkA
([k) U;k; ek¡xuk O;FkZ blfy, Fkk] D;ksfa d ljdkj Hkh vax”sz kksa dh vkSj tt Hkh vax”sz kksa osQ gh FksA
(x) fcfLey dks ek¡ dk Í.k pqdkus dk volj ugha feyk] D;ksafd 'kh?kz gh mUgsa iQk¡lh ij
yVdk fn;k x;kA
4- (d) jkeizlkn fcfLey osQ lkFk v'kI+kQkd kQkd mYyk [kk¡] BkoqQj jks'ku flag vkSj jktsanz ykfgjh dks
iQk¡lh dh l”kk nh xbZ] D;ksafd ;s lHkh dkdksjh esa ljdkjh [k”kkus dks ywVus osQ vijkèk
esa 'kkfey FksA
([k) v'kI+kkQkd
Qkd mYyk [kk¡ us vius i=k esa ns'kokfl;ksa dks lacksfèkr djrs gq, ;g fy[kk fd ,d
gksdj ns'k dh ukSdj'kkgh dk eqdkcyk djks vkSj vius ns'k dks vk”kkn djkvksA
(x) v'kI+kkQkd
Qkd mYyk [kk¡ us ns'kokfl;ksa ls vihy dh fd vki pkgs fdlh Hkh èkeZ ;k laiznk;
dks ekuus okys gksa] ns'k osQ dke esa lkFk jgksA vkil esa O;FkZ u yM+ksA ,d gksdj ns'k
dh ukSdj'kkgh dk eqdkcyk djks vkSj vius ns'k dks vk”kkn djkvksA v'kI+kQkd mYyk [kk¡
dh ;s ckrsa gesa lcls vPNh yxhaA
(?k) ek¡ osQ Í.k ls mÍ.k blfy, ugha gqvk tk ldrk] D;ksafd ek¡ tUenk=kh gksrh gS vkSj
viuh dks[k esa cPps dks ikyrh gSA gekjk ikyu&iks"k.k dj ek¡ thou esa vkxs c<+us dh
lh[k nsrh gSA vius cPps osQ fy, ek¡ viuk lc oqQN U;ksNkoj dj ldrh gSA
5- (d) ôans ekrje~* ([k) rhu (x) U;k; (?k) mTToy
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- L=kh¯yx % iQk¡lh] izkFkZuk] jk;] turk] nqfu;k] ljdkj] lsok] O;k[;k] yM+kbZ
iq¯Yyx % naM] vijkèk] cfynku] dkjkokl] vR;kpkj] 'kqn~/] mik;] fo'okl] "kM~;a=k
2- (d) foèkkuokpd ([k) lansgokpd (x) fu"ksèkokpd
(?k) bPNkokpd (Ä) iz'uokpd
3- ljdkjh] lkeF;Zoku] lq[kh] fo'oklh] lkaiznkf;d
70
4- (d) i=k µ NksVs&ls ikSèks osQ i=k ped jgs FksA
i=k µ vHkh&vHkh firk th dk i=k vk;k gSA
([k) oj µ mlus Hkxoku ls vej gksus dk oj ek¡xkA
oj µ euksjek dk oj lqanj gSA
(x) Hkwfedk µ mls iqLrd dh Hkwfedk fy[kuh gSA
Hkwfedk µ bl fiQYe esa uk;d dh Hkwfedk nenkj gSA
fo"k; lao/Zu xfrfof/;k¡
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- Økafrdkfj;ksa dks [k”kkuk ywVus dh vko';drk blfy, iM+h D;ksafd Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke osQ
yM+kowQ ;ksn~/kvksa dks /u rFkk gfFk;kj dh deh gks xb± FkhA
2- Hkxorhpj.k oksgjk ,d Hkkjrh; Økafrdkjh FksA os ¯gnqLrku iztkrkaf=kd lks'kfyLV ikVhZ osQ lnL;
rFkk Hkxr flag osQ lg;ksxh FksA mudh e`R;q ce ijh{k.k osQ nkSjku ,d nq?kZVuk esa gqbZA nqxkZHkkHkh
Hkh Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke esa Økafrdkfj;ksa dh ,d izeq[k lg;ksxh FkhaA nqxkZHkkHkh Økafrdkjh
Hkxorhpj.k oksgjk dh /eZiRuh FkhaA ;'kiky izsepan osQ ledkyhu ,d izeq[k ys[kd FksA mUgsa
in~eHkw"k.k rFkk lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj ls Hkh lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA
?ksjk le;
lHkh iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=k Lo;a nsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- panz'ks[kj vk”kkn
2- izkphu gfLrukiqj lkezkT; Hkkjr osQ mRrj izns'k jkT; osQ esjB ftys esa vofLFkr FkkA
71
5 dksf'k'k djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrh
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
fdlh dk;Z
k;Z dks fu"BkiwoZd vkSj fujarj djus ls gh liQyrk feyrh gSA fdlh dke dks djus ls
iwoZ vius vanj fo'okl j[kuk pkfg,A
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
vliQyrk feyus ij fujk'k ugha gksuk pkfg, oju bls pqukSrh osQ :i esa Lohdkj dj liQy gksus
rd lefiZr Hkko ls iz;Ru'khy jguk pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
bl dfork osQ ekè;e ls dfo us ikBdksa esa vk'kk dk lapkj djrs gq, bl lalkj :ih lkxj esa
fgEer ls dke ysus osQ fy, dgk gSA ,d ukfod dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, dgk gSS fd ygjksa ls Mjus ij
ukSdk ikj ugha igq¡prhA uUgh phaVh dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, ckj&ckj vliQy jgus ij Hkh viuk iz;kl
can ugha djus osQ fy, dgk gSA leqnz esa eksrh dh [kkst djus okyk xksrk[kksj dbZ iz;klksa osQ ckn gh
eksrh [kkst ikrk gSA dfo us phaVh vkSj xksrk[kksj osQ mnkgj.k n~okjk crk;k gS fd fu"BkiwoZd iz;Ru djus
okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrh gSA vliQyrk ls fujk'k ugha gksdj dfo us bls ,d pqukSrh osQ :i esa
Lohdkj djus osQ fy, dgk gSA vliQyrk feyus osQ dkj.k dks ns[k&le>dj mls nwj djuk pkfg,
vkSj liQyrk izkfIr rd pSu ls ugha cSBuk pkfg,A la?k"kZ ls ?kcjkuk ugha pkfg,] cfYd MVdj mldk
lkeuk djuk pkfg,A varr% liQyrk dk Madk mUgha dk ctrk gS] tks deZ;ksxh gSaA fudEes yksxksa dh
lalkj esa t;&t;dkj ugha gksrhA iz;Ru djus okyksa dks gh liQyrk izkIr gksrh gSA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
Nk=kksa dks dfork i<+kus ls iwoZ crk,¡ fd liQyrk izkfIr osQ fy, fujarj Je djuk vko';d gSA
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 D;k vkius gfjoa'kjk; cPpu dh dksbZ vU; dfork i<+h gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks mlosQ ckjs esa crk,¡A
 eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr dh dfork ûj gks u fujk'k djks eu dks* i<+dj nksuksa dforkvksa dk rqyukRed
fo'ys"k.k djsaA
 vliQyrk dks liQyrk esa oSQls cnyk tk ldrk gS\
 D;k oqQN fd, fcuk fdlh dh t;&t;dkj gks ldrh gS\
72
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl dfork esa ^dksf'k'k gh liQyrk izkfIr dk ea=k gS* osQ ckjs
esa tkusaxsA
 ;g dfork vkidks oSQlh yxh\
 vliQyrk dks pqukSrh osQ :i esa ysus osQ D;k ifj.kke gksrs gSa\
 xksrk[kksj eksrh ikus osQ fy, D;k&D;k djrk gS\
 bl dfork dks i<+dj vkius D;k vuqHko fd;k\
 ;fn eu esa fo'okl gks] rks gekjh rkdr c<+ tkrh gS] oSQls\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
Nk=kksa dks ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls dfork i<+k,¡ vkSj vliQyrk ls lh[k ysdj liQyrk
izkfIr osQ fy, iz;kljr jgus osQ fy, dgsaA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) ygjksa ls Mjdj ukSdk ikj ugha gksrhA
([k) uUgha phaVh nkuk ysdj pyrh gSA
(x) vliQyrk pqukSrh osQ leku gSA
fyf[kr
1- (d) dke djus okyksa dh t;&t;dkj gksrh gSA
([k) liQyrk ugha feyus rd uhan&pSu dk R;kx djuk pkfg,A (x) bl dfork osQ jpf;rk
MkWú gfjoa'kjk; cPpu gSaA
2- (d) dksf'k'k djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA ([k) eu dk fo'okl jxksa esa lkgl Hkjrk gSA
(x) ¯l/q esa Mqcfd;k¡ xksrk[kksj yxkrk gSA
3- (d) ;g dfork fujk'kk dks nwj Hkxkdj thou esa vk'kk dk lapkj djrh gSA phaVh dk mnkgj.k
nsdj dfo us eu esa fo'okl j[kus dh ckr dgh gSA phaVh dks viuh liQyrk ij iw.kZ
fo'okl gS] rHkh og p<+dj fxjrh gS vkSj iqu% p<+rh gS vkSj varr% viuk y{; izkIr
djrh gSA dfo us euq"; dks vliQyrk ls fujk'k ugha gksus vkSj bls ,d pqukSrh osQ :i
73
esa ysdj laiw.kZ euks;ksx ls iz;Ru djus osQ fy, dgk gSA ,slk gksus ij liQyrk ikus ls
dksbZ ugha jksd ldrkA
([k) liQyrk osQ fy, eu esa fo'okl gksuk vkSj iw.kZ euks;ksx ls dk;Z djuk vfr vko';d
gSA ftl izdkj xksrk[kksj eksrh dh [kkst esa leqnz esa Mqcfd;k¡ yxkrk gS] ysfdu [kkyh gkFk
okil vkdj Hkh fujk'k ugha gksrk gSA dbZ ckj vliQyrk gkFk yxus ij og c¡/h eqV~Bh
esa eksrh ysdj okil vkrk gSA
(x) vliQyrk feyus ij bls pqukSrh osQ :i esa ysuk pkfg,A eu esa liQy gksus dk fo'okl
j[krs gq, pqukSrh dks ikj djuk pkfg,A
4- (d) eksrh dh [kkst esa xksrk[kksj leqnz esa Mqcfd;k¡ yxkrk gSA dbZ ckj mls vliQyrk gkFk
yxrh gS] tc og tk&tkdj [kkyh gkFk okil ykSVRkk gSA vliQy gksdj iqu% vxyh ckj
nqxus mRlkg ls leqnz esa Mqcdh yxkrk gSA varr% mls liQyrk feyrh gS] tc og c¡/h
eqV~Bh esa eksrh ysdj ckgj vkrk gSA
([k) dfo us vliQyrk dks ,d pqukSrh osQ :i esa Lohdkj djus osQ fy, dgk gSA vliQyrk
dks liQyrk esa cnyus osQ fy, viuh dfe;ksa dks nwj djus vkSj liQyrk feyus rd
fujarj iz;Ru'khy jgus ij ”kksj fn;k gSA ,d riLoh dh Hkk¡fr] lq[k&pSu R;kxdj la?k"kZ
iFk ij MVs jgus osQ fy, dgk gS] D;ksafd tx esa fcuk oqQN fd, fdlh dh t;&t;dkj
ugha gksrhA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) Mj ([k) mRlkg (x) lkgl (?k) vliQyrk
2- (d) (ii) () ([k) (iii) () (x) (iii) () (?k) (i) ()
3- (d) gkj ([k) fo'okl (x) xgjs (?k) liQy
4- (d) xksrk[kksj ([k) vn~forh; (x) fujFkZd (?k) ifjJehs
5- (d) uUgha phfV;k¡ tc nkuk ysdj pyrh gSaA
([k) Mqcdh ¯lèkq esa xksrk[kksj yxrk gSA
(x) eqV~fB;k¡ mldh [kkyh gj ckj ugha gksrhaA
(?k) vliQyrk,¡ ,d pqukSrh gSa] bUgsa Lohdkj djksA
(Ä) dksf'k'k djus okys dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA
74
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- ;újúyú uxj
ubZ fnYYkh
fnukad 19 vDVwcj 20××
fiz; eukst
lLusg ueLdkj!
rqEgkjk i=k feykA ;g tkudj vR;ar nq[k gqvk fd okf"kZd ijh{kk dk ifj.kke rqEgkjh
vk'kk osQ vuq:i ugah vk;kA eSa tkurk gw¡ fd rqeus cgqr esgur dh Fkh vkSj lcdh
;gh mEehn Fkh fd rqe vPNs vadks ls mRrh.kZ gksxsA foaQrq rqEgsa visf{kr vad ugha fey
ik,A fe=k] blosQ fy, fujk'k gksus dh ”k:jr ugha gSA dbZ ckj dbZ dkj.kksa ls vis{kk
osQ vuq:i vad ugha vk ikrs gSa blfy, bls ,d ikB osQ :i esa ysdj vxyh ijh{kk
esa rqEgsa nqxqus mRlkg osQ lkFk vHkh ls tqV tkuk pkfg,A eSa tkurk gw¡ fd rqe ,d
oqQ'kkxz cqn~f/ osQ esgurh Nk=k gksA vxyh ckj rqEgsa vo'; gh vis{kkuq:i vad izkIr gksaxsA
i=kksRrj nsukA ?kj esa cM+ks dks I;kj rFkk NksVksa dks vk'khokZnA
rqEgkjk fe=k
dú[kúxú
?ksjk le;
 lHkh iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=k Lo;a nsaA
ikB ls vkxs
 Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
75
6 ohj ckyd
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
Nk=kks
k=kksa dks thou esa lkgl vkSj cgknqjh osQ egRo ls voxr djukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
lkgl ls cM+s&ls&cM+k ladV Vkyk tk ldrk gSA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
bl ikB dh i`"BHkwfe 1398 bZú esa rqoZQ rSewjyax osQ Hkkjr ij vkozQe.k djus osQ le; dh gSA ,d
xzkeh.k L=kh dY;k.kh osQ iq=k cydju dk tUefnu gSA ek¡ us mlosQ fy, rjg&rjg dh feBkb;k¡ cukbZ
gSaA ckyd cydju nw/ ykus lqtku osQ ?kj tkrk gSA blh chp xk¡ookyksa dks rSewjyax osQ vkozQe.k dk
irk py tkrk gSA ,d xzkeh.k dY;k.kh dks [khapdj ry?kj esa ys tkrk gSA rHkh rSewjyax osQ flikgh
cydju osQ ?kj esa ?kql tkrs gSaA ljnkj ”kiQj vyh lfgr nksuksa flikgh ?kj esa lksuk&pk¡nh [kkstrs gSa]
ysfdu mUgsa oqQN ugha feyrkA blh chp mudh u”kj ?kj esa j[kh feBkb;ksa ij iM+rh gSA os feBkbZ [kkus
yxrs gSa] rHkh ogk¡ y¡xM+krk gqvk rSewjyax igq¡p tkrk gSA blh le; cydju nw/ ysdj ?kj vkrk gSA
rhu fnuksa dk Hkw[kk rSewj cydju ls nw/ Nhudj ihrk gSA cydju rSewj dh ryokj dk eqdkcyk viuh
pkowQ ls djuk pkgrk gSA cydju dh cgknqjh ls [kq'k gksdj rSewj dgrk gS fd eSa rsjh tku c['krk gw¡
vkSj rsjh ,d eqjkn iwjh dj ldrk gw¡A bl ij cydju viuh ek¡ osQ ckjs esa iwNrk gSA rSewj tokc esa
dgrk gS fd esjs flikfg;ksa us rsjh ek¡ dks dRy Hkh u fd;k gksxk] D;ksafd mudh ryokjksa ij [kwu dk
,d Hkh /Cck ugha FkkA cydju rSewjyax ls dgrk gS fd vki gekjs xk¡o ls ckgj pys tk,¡A rSewjyax
bls eatwj dj ysrk gSA rSewjyax osQ okil tkrs gh cydju dh ek¡ dY;k.kh 'kh?kzrk ls izos'k djrh gS
vkSj cydju ls mldh oqQ'kyrk osQ ckjs esa tkurh gSA dY;k.kh vius iq=k dks ân; ls yxkdj dgrh
gS fd ?kj&?kj esa ,sls gh yky gkasA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
ikB 'kq: djus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks ikB osQ osaQnzh; Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd eè;dky esa
Hkkjr dks vusd vkrrkf;;ksa osQ vkozQe.k dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA
Nk=kksa ls iwNsa %
 rSewjyax ls igys Hkkjr ij fdu yksxksa us vkozQe.k fd;k\
 rSewjyax osQ vkozQe.k osQ le; Hkkjr esa fdl oa'k dk 'kklu Fkk\
76
 lu 1025 esa lkseukFk ij fdlus vkozQe.k fd;k Fkk\
 rSewjyax ywVekj djus osQ ckn Hkkjr esa gh cl x;k ;k okil vius eqYd ykSV x;k\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ,dkadh esa ,d lkglh ckyd cydju vkSj vkrrk;h
rSewjyax osQ ckjs esa tkusaxsA
ikB i<+kus osQ i'pkr Nk=kksa ls iwNsa %
 ;g ,dkadh vkidks oSQlh yxh\
 fons'kh vkozQe.kdkjh vkrs&tkrs funksZ"k yksxksa dh gR;k D;ksa djrs Fks\
 cydju rSewj dh I+kQkSt esa Hkjrh gksus ls D;ksa budkj djrk gS\
 Hkkjr osQ yksx feBkb;ksa esa ”kgj ugha feyk ldrsA ;gk¡ osQ yksx lh/s gSAa ”kiQj vyh us ,slk fdl
vk/kj ij dgk gksxk\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
gesa lnSo ns'kHkfDr dk Hkko eu esa j[kuk pkfg,A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsAa
2- (d) rSejw ,d rqoQZ vkozQe.kdkjh FkkA
([k) cydju lqcg esa iRFkj osQ VqdM+s ij viuk pkowQ rs”k dj jgk FkkA
(x) cydju lqtku osQ ?kj nw/ ysus x;k FkkA
(?k) xk¡o esa rSejw vkSj mlosQ flikfg;ksa osQ vkus ls HkxnM+ ep xbZ FkhA
(Ä) dY;k.kh osQ ?kj vyh csx dks rk”kk] xje&xje feBkb;k¡ feyh FkhaA
fyf[kr
1- (d) [khj () ([k) rg[kkus esa () (x) ”kiQj vyh ()
(?k) cydju osQ tUefnu osQ fy, () (Ä) vejdksV ()
2- (d) cydju dh ek¡ vius csVs osQ tUefnu dh rS;kjh dj jgh FkhA
([k) xk¡ookys tku cpkus osQ fy, taxy esa ;k ?kj osQ ry?kj esa fNi x, FksA
(x) rqoZQ lsuk dk izeq[k mn~ns'; lksuk&pk¡nh ywVuk vkSj ukxfjdksa dk dRy djuk FkkA
77
(?k) rSewj us cydju dks mldh cgknqjh osQ dkj.k NksM+ fn;k FkkA
3- (d) cydju dh ek¡ mlosQ tUefnu ij [khj cukuk pkgrh FkhA mlus ikuh mckyus osQ fy,
j[k fn;k Fkk vkSj og lqtku osQ nw/ ykus dk bar”kkj dj jgh FkhA bl ij cydju us
ek¡ ls Lo;a tkdj lqtku osQ ;gk¡ ls nw/ ykus dk vkxzg fd;kA
([k) xk¡o ij rqoZQ rSewjyax osQ lSfudksa us vkozQe.k dj fn;k FkkA os xk¡o dk lkjk lksuk&pk¡nh
ywVuk pkgrs FksA lHkh xk¡ookys tku cpkdj Hkkx jgs FksA blfy, xzkeh.kksa us dY;k.kh ls
Hkkxus osQ fy, dgkA
(x) rSewj osQ flikgh cydju osQ ?kj esa lksuk&pk¡nh dh ryk'k esa rLohjsa myVus yxsA ryk'kh
djrs gq, feBkb;ksa dk cjru gkFk esa vk;kA Hkw[k feVkus osQ fy, lc feBkb;k¡ [kkus yxsA
(?k) cydju dh cgknqjh ls [kq'k gksdj rSewj us mldh tku c['k nh vkSj mldh ,d eqjkn
iwjh djus dk oknk fd;kA cydju us eqjkn esa mlls vius xk¡o ls pys tkus dks dgkA
rSewj us mldh ;g eqjkn iwjh dhA
4- (d) cydju ,d fuHkhZd ckyd gSA og rSewj tSls ozwQj vkozQe.kdkjh ls Hkh ugha Mjk] cfYd
mldk MVdj lkeuk djuk pkgrk FkkA og vius pkowQ ls rSewj dks ;qn~/ djus osQ fy,
yydkjrk gSA mldk oko~Q&pkrq;Z fueZe ,oa dBksj rSewj dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA rSewj
mldh cgknqjh ls [kq'k gksdj xk¡o ls tkus osQ vkxzg dks Hkh izlUurkiwoZd eku ysrk gSA
([k) cydju dh fuMjrk ns[kdj rSewj cgqr [kq'k gqvkA mlus dgk fd rSewj osQ lkeus cgqr
de gh yksx fVd ikrs gSaA og de gh yksxksa dks ekI+kQ djrk gSA og dkfI+kQjksa dk [kwu
ihrk gS ij mlus cydju ls nw/ Nhudj fi;k FkkA rSewj us cydju dks flikgh dh rjg
lyke fd;kA bl izdkj rSewj vkozQe.kdkjh gksrs gq, Hkh cydju osQ xk¡o ij vkozQe.k
ugha dj ik;kA
(x) rSewj us xk¡o ij vkozQe.k dj fn;k FkkA rSewj vkSj mlosQ flikfg;ksa ls cpus osQ fy,
cydju dh ek¡ Hkh xk¡ookyksa osQ lkFk ?kj osQ ry?kj esa fNi xbZ FkhA vkozQe.kdkfj;ksa osQ
xk¡o ls tkus osQ ckn tc dY;k.kh ckgj fudyh] rks csVs dks lgh lyker ns[kdj mldh
vk¡[ksa Hkj vkb± vkSj og mldk gkypky iwNrs&iwNrs jksus yxhA
(?k) rSewj vkSj mlosQ flikfg;ksa dks vius ?kj esa ns[kdj cydju fcyoqQy ugha ?kcjk;kA og
rSewj dks yM+us osQ fy, yydkjrk gSA og osQoy ,d pkowQ ls gh rSewj ls yM+us dk lkgl
j[krk gS] blfy, rSewj mldh cgknqjh ls [kq'k gksdj mls ^pkowQokyk cgknqj* dgdj Hkh
lacksf/r djrk gSA cydju dh fuHkhZdrk ns[kdj gh rSewj mls vius ls cM+k vkSj cgknqj
dgrk gSA
78
5- (d) cydju dk tUefnu gSA
([k) cydju dh ek¡ dk uke dY;k.kh gSA
(x) ek¡ us vius csVs ls dgk fd og mls ugyk,xh] panu yxk,xh rFkk iwQyksa dh ekyk
iguk,xhA mlus] mlosQ fy, feBkb;k¡ Hkh cukbZ FkhA ek¡ us viuh eerk bl izdkj ls
O;Dr dhA
(d) dY;k.kh us cydju ls ([k) pkSFks xzkeh.k us dY;k.kh ls
(x) pkSFks xzkeh.k us dY;k.kh ls (?k) eqckjd us ”kiQj ls
(Ä) dY;k.kh us cydju ls
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) os xk¡o ls ckgj tk,¡xsA () ([k) if'pe esa ;g /wy oSQlh mM+ jgh gS\ ()
(x) flikgh dh rjg jkschyk psgjk] eksVs&eksVs gkFk vkSj m¡Qph ukdA ()
2- (d) feBkb;k¡ ([k) ¯”knfx;k¡ (x) cPps (?k) >ksaifM+;k¡ (Ä) ekyk,¡
(p) ryokjsa
3- (d) 'ke'khj] [kM~x([k) gLr] dj (x) ekrk] tuuh (?k) fe=k] l[kk (Ä) 'k=kq] oSjh
(p) xzke] cLrh
4- (d) HkkookP; ([k) deZokP; (x) HkkookP; (?k) dr`ZokP;
(Ä) deZokP;
5- (d) m $ r~ $ r~ $ v $ j~ $ v () ([k) n~ $ Í $ <+ ~ $ v $ r~ $ vk ()
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
?ksjk le;
 Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- fladnj osQ ckn ,d 'kkld MsesfVª;l izFke (bZ-iw- 220&175)us Hkkjr ij vkØe.k fd;kA mlus
iatkc dk ,d cM+k Hkkx thr fy;k vkSj lkdy dks viuh jkt/kuh cuk;kA
79
7 izk;f'pr
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
lekt esa O;kIr va/fo'okl dks js[kkafdr djukA iafMrksa osQ izfr yksxksa dh va/ Jn~/k dks of.kZr
djukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
vk¡[k ew¡ndj lekt dh fdlh ekU;rk dks ugha viukuk pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
jkew dh cgw izFke ckj ek;osQ ls llqjky vkbZA llqjky vkrs gh lkl us mls lkjh f”kEesnkjh lkSai nhA
ysfdu cgw pkSng o"kZ dh ckfydk FkhA ;fn og dHkh HkaMkj?kj esa cSBs&cSBs lks xbZ ;k HkaMkj?kj [kqyk jg
x;k] rks dcjh fcYyh vkrh vkSj ?kh&nw/ [kkus esa tqV tkrhA ,d fnu jkew dh cgw us [khj cukbZA dcjh
us m¡Qps rkd ij j[ks [khj osQ dVksjs dks iatk ekjdj fxjk fn;k vkSj [khj [kkus yxhA vc jkew dh cgw us
dcjh dh gR;k osQ fy, dej dl yhA vxys fnu fcYyh dks nw/ ihrs ns[k] mlus lkjk cy yxkdj ikVk
fcYyh ij iVd fn;kA ikVk yxrs gh dcjh ,dne&ls myV xbZA fcYyh dh gR;k dh [kcj fctyh dh
rjg iM+ksl esa iSQy xbZA izk;f'pr osQ fy, iafMr ijelq[k pkScs dks cqyk;k x;kA iafMr ijelq[k us izk;f'pr
osQ fy, bDdhl rksys dh lksus dh fcYyh cukdj cgw ls nku djokus osQ fy, dgkA blosQ ckn bDdhl
fnu rd ikB djokdj ?kj dks ifo=k djokus osQ fy, dgkA eksy&rksy osQ ckn ekeyk X;kjg rksys dh
lksus dh fcYyh ij r; gks x;kA blosQ ckn iafMr th us nku nsus osQ fy, djhc nl eu xsgw¡] ,d eu
pkoy] ,d eu nky] eu Hkj fry] ik¡p eu tkS vkSj ik¡p eu puk] ilsjh ?kh vkSj eu Hkj ued dh lwph
cuokbZA iafMr ijelq[k ck”kkj ls X;kjg rksys dh lksus dh fcYyh cuokus osQ fy, lksuk ek¡xus yxsA rHkh
egjh gk¡iQrh gqbZ dejs esa ?kql vkbZ vkSj cksyh fd fcYyh rks mBdj Hkkx xbZ!
f'k{k.k&laosQr%
ikB i<+kuk izkjaHk djus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks ikB osQ ewy Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡A Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd
gesa mfpr&vuqfpr osQ chp Hksn rF; dh dlkSVh ij dldj gh djuk pkfg,A
cPpksa ls iwNsa%
 D;k vki Hkh fdlh tho&tarq ;k i'kq fo'ks"k ls ?k`.kk djrs gSa\
 fcYyh dh gR;k dks cM+k iki D;ksa ekuk tkrk gksxk\
 vc rd fdrus ;qx gq, gSa\ orZeku esa dkSu&lk ;qx py jgk gS\
 D;k vkius Hkxorh pj.k oekZ dh dksbZ vU; jpuk i<+h gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks mls la{ksi esa crkb,A
80
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa va/fo'okl ij vk/kfjr dgkuh i<+saxsA
 ;g dgkuh vkidks oSQlh yxh\
 fcYyh osQ Hkkx tkus dh ckr lqudj iafMr ijelq[k dks oSQlk eglwl gqvk gksxk\
 D;k ,d vkneh osQ vosQys nksuksa le; dk Hkkstu djus ls ik¡p czkg~e.kksa osQ Hkkstu dk iQy
feyuk lgh gS\
 D;k vktdy iafMr ijelq[k pkScs dh rjg osQ ialsjh [kqjkdokys iafMr ik, tkrs gSa\
 iafMr ijelq[k us izk;f'pr osQ uke ij jkew dh ek¡ dks ,d yach&pkSM+h lwph Fkek nhA D;k
;g U;k;laxr Fkk\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú%
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj va/fo'okl rFkk
:f<+okfnrk ls nwj jgus osQ fy, dgsaA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) ekSdk feyrs gh dcjh ?kh&nwèk pV dj tk;k djrh FkhA
([k) fcYyh dks idM+us osQ fy, jkew dh cgw us cgqr lkjs iz;kl fd,A fcYyh i¡Qlkus osQ fy,
dB?kjk dk iz;ksx fd;k] nwèk osQ dVksjs dk iz;ksx fd;k rFkk ikVk ls fcYyh ij okj Hkh
fd;kA
(x) dcjh ls rax vkdj jkew dh cgw us fcYyh dks i¡Qlkus dk dB?kjk e¡xok;kA
(?k) fcYyh osQ ejus osQ ckn izk;f'pr djus osQ fy, iwtk&ikB gsrq iafMr th dks cqyk;k x;kA
(Ä) iafMr th de&ls&de bDdhl b rksys dh fcYyh nku djokuk pkgrs Fks] D;ksafd og nku
Hkh mUgsa gh feyuk FkkA
fyf[kr
1- (d) fcYyh us mldk [kkuk&ihuk gjke dj j[kk FkkA () ([k) cgw osQ flj ij iki yx
x;k FkkA ()
(x) fcYyh dh gR;k dk izk;f'pr djokuk FkkA ()
2- (d) ydM+h dk ,d pkSjl VqdM+k ikVk dgykrk gSA
([k) jkew dh cgw us dcjh dks blfy, ekjus dk fu'p; fd;k D;ksafd dcjh us jkew dh cgw
dk [kkuk&ihuk nq'kokj dj fn;k FkkA
(x) jkew dh cgw us [khj esa fi'rk] cknke] e[kkus vkSj rjg&rjg osQ esos MkysA
81
3- (d) ;fn fcYyh iafMrkbu ls ejrh rks 'kk;n iafMr th mlosQ izk;f'pr Lo:i brus deZdkaM
u djrsA
([k) jkew dh cgw us fi'rk] cknke] e[kkus vkSj rjg&rjg osQ esos Mky dj [khj cukbZA dcjh
fcYyh [khj ij viuk vfèkdkj tekrs gq, [khj [kk xbZA rc jkew dh cgw ij [kwu lokj
gks x;kA
(x) jkew dh cgw vijkfèku dh Hkk¡fr ckrsa blfy, lqu jgh Fkh] D;ksafd mlosQ gkFkksa dcjh
fcYyh ekjh xbZ FkhA
4- (d) fcYyh dh gR;k dh [kcj lqudj iafMr ijelq[k blfy, izlUu gks x,] D;ksafd izk;f'pr
dh iwtk esa mUgsa Hkjiwj Hkkstu vkSj idoku [kkus dks feyus okyk FkkA
([k) iafMr ijelq[k us fcYyh dh gR;k dk izk;f'pr djus osQ fy, fcYyh osQ o”ku osQ
cjkcj dh lksus dh fcYyh nku djus rFkk iwtk dh lkexzh esa djhc nl eu xsgw¡] ,d
eu pkoy] ,d eu nky] euHkj fry] ik¡p eu tkS vkSj ik¡p eu puk] ilsjh ?kh vkSj
eu Hkj ued nku osQ :i esa nsus dks dgkA
(x) iwjs ?kVukØe ij ;fn n`f"V Mkyh tk, rks ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd jkew dh cgw dh
rqyuk esa dcjh vfèkd cqn~fèkeku FkhA tc dHkh jkew dh cgw dcjh ls cpus osQ fy,
dksbZ mik; djrh] rks dcjh viuh prqjkbZ osQ cy ij mldk dkV fudky ysrhA viuh
bu prqjkbZ osQ cy ij Hkh dcjh ?kj Hkh jcM+h] eykbZ vkSj [khj pV dj xbZ FkhA
(?k) bl dgkuh ls lekt esa O;kIr èkeZ osQ ik[kaM vkSj vkMacjiw.kZ vaèkfo'okl dk o.kZu fd;k
x;k gSA gekjs lekt esa vkt Hkh yksx èkkfeZd vaèkfo'oklksa esa Mwcs gq, gSaA
5- fdlus fdlls
(d) iafMr ijelq[k us iafMrkbu ls
([k) fdluw dh ek¡ us iafMr ijelq[k ls
(x) feljkuh us iafMr th ls
(?k) NUuw dh nknh us iapksa ls
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) fcYyh dh 'kSrkuh ns[kdj jkew dh cgw osQ flj ij [kwu lokj gks x;kA
([k) fcYyh dh 'kjkjr ls rax vkdj jkew dh cgw us fcYyh dk jkLrk lkI+kQ djus osQ fy,
dej dl yhA
(x) iafMr us izk;f'pr djus osQ cgkus Hkkstu ij gkFk lkI+kQ dj fn;kA
(?k) izk;f'pr esa nku&iq.; djus osQ ckn ?kj esa yksxksa dh tku&esa&tku vk xbZA
2- (d) rkd osQ uhps [kM+s gksdj mlus mQij dVksjs dh vksj ns[kkA
([k) jkew dh ek¡ us pkjksa vksj ns[kkA
3- (d) fo'kky ([k) lqanj (x) catj (?k) eksVh (Ä) NksVk
82
(p) cM+k
4- (d) dcjh fcYyh dks ekSdk feyk] ?kh&nw/ ij tqV xbZA
([k) dcjh u fgyh] u Mqyh] u ph[kh vkSj u fpYykbZ] cl ,dne myV xbZA
(x) egjh us dgk] ^^dgks rks iafMr th dks cqyk ykm¡Q\**
(?k) ^^vjs! de&ls&de lkeku esa ge iwtk dj nsaxsA**
5- (d) ge ([k) vkidks (x) eSa (?k) ge yksx (Ä) vkiyksx (p) os (N) rqEgsa
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsa
2- fodkl dh jkg esa lcls cM+k jksM+k va/fo'okl
va/fo'okl ,d nhed dh rjg gS tks gekjs lkekftd&vkfFkZd rFkk vkè;kfRed fodkl dks [kks[kyk
djrk tk jgk gSA izxfr vkSj fodkl dh jkg esa ;g lcls cM+k jksM+k gSA va/fo'okl dk lcls Toyar
mnkgj.k gekjk ns'k Hkkjr gSA gekjs ;gk¡ ix&ix ij vaèkfo'okl osQ vojksèkd yxs gSaA ;fn ge dgha tk
jgs gSa vkSj fcYYkh jkLrk dkV xb± rks ge viuh ;k=kk LFkfxr dj nsrs gSaA dksbZ Nhad ns rks ;k=kk vi'koqQu
esa cny tkrh gSA ge dksbZ Hkh dk;Z fcuk eqgwrZ vkSj 'koqQu osQ ugha djrs gSaA lkekftd&vkfFkZd rFkk
jktuhfrd fodkl dks etcwr djus okyh ukjh&'kfDr dks Hkh va/fo'okl dh vkM+ esa jk"Vª vkSj lekt
osQ fgr osQ dk;ks± esa izeq[krk ugha nh tkrhA
;fn le`n~f/ vkSj fodkl dk lksiku r; djuk gS rks gesa va/fo'okl uked bl jk{kl dk uk'k djuk
gksxkA foKku vkSj VsDuksykWth osQ bl ;qx esa fdlh Hkh rjg osQ va/fo'okl dh dksbZ txg ugha gksuh
pkfg,A ubZ ,oa izxfr'khy lksp] u, fopkj rFkk ubZ ifjdYiukvksa dks lkeus j[kdj gh ge ns'k vkSj
lekt dks vkxs ys tk ldrs gSaA
3- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
 Nk=k Lo;a djsA
ikB ls vkxs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- f'k{kk dh vy[k txkvks]
va/fo'okl dks nwj HkxkvksA
83
8 LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
LoPNrk osQ egRo dk o.kZu djukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
LoLFk 'kjhj vkSj LoLFk eu dk O;fDrRo osQ fodkl ls lh/k laca/ gSA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
jk"Vªfirk egkRek xka/h ftruk egRo eu dh LoPNrk dks nsrs Fks] mruk gh vius vklikl dh lI+kQkbZ
dks nsrs FksA ns'k dh vk”kknh dh yM+kbZ osQ lkFk&lkFk muosQ fy, vius 'kkSpky; dh lI+kQkbZ Hkh mruh
gh ”k:jh FkhA muosQ fy, ;s nksuksa dke cM+s FksA 15 vxLr] 2014 dks iz/kuea=kh Jh ujsanz eksnh us yky
fdys ls jk"Vª osQ uke vius lacks/u esa egkRek xka/h dks Jn~/katfy osQ :i esa LoPN Hkkjr dk migkj
nsus dk ladYi O;Dr fd;kA rRi'pkr ns'k esa LoPNrk osQ izfr ,d ubZ psruk] u, mYykl dk okrkoj.k
cukA 25 flracj] 2014 ls 2 vDrwcj] 2014 rd ns'kHkj esa LOkPN Hkkjr lIrkg vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA
jk"Vªh; LoPNrk vfHk;ku osQ rgr o"kZ 2019 rd ns'k osQ gj ?kj esa 'kkSpky; cukus dk y{; j[kk x;k
gSA o"kZ 2016 osQ ctV esa LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku osQ fy, 11] 300 djksM+ #i;s dk vkoaVu fd;k x;k
gSA blesa xk¡oksa osQ fy, 9] 000 djksM+ vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa osQ fy, 2] 300 djksM+ #i, dk vkoaVu fd;k
x;k gSA 'kjhj dks LoLFk j[kus osQ fy, izfrfnu O;fDrxr lI+kQkbZ ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsus dh ”k:jr gSA
[kkuk [kkus ls igys vkSj 'kkSp tkus osQ ckn gkFkksa dks lkcqu ls vPNh rjg /ksuk pkfg,] rkfd 'kjhj
esa dhVk.kq izos'k u dj losaQA ¯prktud ckr ;g gS fd vkt Hkh gekjs ns'k esa [kqys esa 'kkSp djus dh
etcwjh gSA MkWDVjksa dk dguk gS fd lHkh ekSleh chekfj;k¡ [kqys esa 'kkSp djus osQ dkj.k gksrh gSaA futh
lI+kkQkbZ
QkbZ osQ lkFk&lkFk lkekftd lI +kQkbZ Hkh mruh gh vko';d gSA ;fn lkI+kQ&lI+kQkbZ dk iwjk è;ku j[kk
lIkQkbZ
tk,] rks ge u osQoy vius vklikl osQ okrkoj.k dks csrgj cuk ldrs gSa] cfYd chekfj;ksa ls Hkh
cp ldrs gSaA 2019 egkRek xka/h dh 150oha t;arh dk o"kZ gSA gekjk jk"Vªh; ladYi gS fd ge 2019
rd iwjs ns'k dks LoPN vkSj lqanj cuk,¡A xka/h th dk liuk rHkh lkdkj gksxkA o`QrK jk"Vª dh ckiw dks
;gh lPph Jn~/katfy gksxhA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+kus ls iwoZ crk,¡ fd 2019 rd Hkkjr dks LoPN cukuk gSA bl fn'kk esa lHkh dks
fey&tqydj iz;kl djuk pkfg,A
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 vk”kknh osQ brus o"kks± esa LoPNrk vfHk;ku dh ”k:jr igys D;ksa ugha eglwl dh xbZ\
 lkcjerh unh dgk¡ cgrh gS\ igys eSyh jgh lkcjerh unh dh orZeku esa D;k fLFkfr gS\
 egkRek xka/h dk tUe dc vkSj dgk¡ gqvk Fkk\
84
 xka/h th osQ dkSu&dkSu ls yksdfiz; miuke gSa\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa Hkkjr dks LoPN cukus dh vko';drk osQ ckjs
esa tkusaxsA
 LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku dh 'kq#vkr dc gqbZ\ bls dc rd iwjk gksuk gS\
 lekt vkSj ns'k dks vkxs ys tkus osQ fy, gesa D;k djuk gksxk\
 yksxksa us LoPNrk dh 'kiFk dc vkSj D;ksa yh\
 ok;jl iSQykus dk lcls cM+k ekè;e D;k gS\
 [kqys esa 'kkSp djus ls dkSu&dkSu lh chekfj;k¡ gksrh gSa\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
Nk=kksa dks ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj LoPNrk osQ egRo ls ifjfpr djk,¡A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) O;fDrRo osQ fodkl esa LoLFk 'kjhj vkSj LoLFk eu dk lhèkk lacaèk gSA
([k) vc gekjh jk"Vªh; izkFkfedrk ns'k dks LoPN vkSj lqanj cukuk gSA
(x) Jn~èkkatfy osQ :i esa LoLFk Hkkjr dk migkj jk"Vªfirk egkRek xka/h dks nsuk gSA
(?k) ns'kHkj esa LoPN Hkkjr lIrkg dk vk;kstu 25 flracj] 2014 ls 2 vDrwcj] 2014 rd
fd;k x;kA
fyf[kr
1- (d) (iii) () ([k) (iv) ()
lI+kQkbZ
2- (d) lIkQkbZ
kQkbZ lekt osQ lok±xh.k fodkl dk ,d izeq[k vax gSA
([k) lHkh ekSleh chekfj;k¡ [kqys esa 'kkSp osQ dkj.k gksrh gSaA
(x) lkekftd lI +kQkbZ ls vk'k; vius ?kj dk owQM+k&dpjk nwljs osQ ?kj osQ lkeus ;k jkLrs esa
lIkQkbZ
ugh Mkyus ls gSA
3- (d) cpiu ls gh lHkh cPps LoLFk jgssaxs] rHkh ns'k dk Hkfo"; lqjf{kr gksxkA
([k) LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku osQ rgr ns'k osQ 5] 551 'kgjksa esa ,d djksM+ 'kkSpky; cukus dk
y{; j[kk x;k gSA
(x) xka/h th us le> fy;k Fkk fd dbZ egkekfj;ksa dk dkj.k [kqys esa 'kkSp djuk vkSj ?kjksa
osQ vklikl iSQyus okyh xanxh gSA
(?k) 'kjhj dks LoLFk j[kus osQ fy, izfrfnu O;fDrxr lI+kQkbZ ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsus dh
”k:jr gSA
85
4- (d) jk"Vªfirk egkRek xka/h ftruk egRo eu dh LoPNrk dks nsrs Fks] mruk gh vius vklikl
dh lI+kQkbZ dks nsrs FksA mudh dFkuh vkSj djuh esa dksbZ varj ugha FkkA
([k) 15 vxLr] 2014 dks iz/kuea=kh ujsna z eksnh us fnYyh osQ yky fdys dh izkphj ls jk"Vª osQ
uke vius lacks/u esa LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku izkjaHk djus dh ckr dghA rc ls ns'k esa LoPNrk
osQ izfr ,d ubZ psruk] u, mYykl dk okrkoj.k cuk gSA 25 flracj] 2014 ls 2 vDrwcj]
2014 rd ns'kHkj esa LoPN Hkkjr lIrkg vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA
(x) 'kjhj dks LoLFk j[kus osQ fy, izfrfnu O;fDrxr lI+kkQkbZ QkbZ ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsus dh ”k:jr
gSA [kkuk [kkus ls igys vkSj 'kkSp tkus osQ ckn gkFkksa dks lkcqu ls vPNh rjg /ks,¡ rkfd
'kjhj esa dhVk.kq izos'k u dj losaQA
5- (d) lkI+kkQ&lq
Q&lqFkjs ns'kksa vkSj 'kgjksa esa i;ZVu dh vikj laHkkouk,¡ gksrh gSaA i;ZVu ls ns'k esa
fons'kh eqnzk dk izokg gksrk gSA LoPNrk ls lekt vkSj ns'k osQ ukxfjd LoLFk jgrs gSaA
vr,o vk/qfud] LoLFk vkSj izxfr'khy jk"Vª cuus osQ fy, lekt vkSj ns'k dks LoPN
vkSj lqanj cukuk gh gksxkA
([k) izk;% ns[kk tkrk gS fd ge vius ?kj dh lI +kkQkbZ
lIkQkbZ
QkbZ rks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr djrs gSa] ysfdu ?kj dk
owQM+k&dpjk vkxs lM+d ij ;k nwljs osQ ?kj osQ lkeus Mky nsrs gSaA bl izdkj ge ?kj
dh f”kEesnkjh rks fuHkkrs gSa] ysfdu lkekftd f”kEesnkjh fuHkkus esa gels pwd gks tkrh gSA
[kqys esa is'kkc u dj vkSj txg&txg ugha Fkwddj ge lkoZtfud LFkku dks lkI+kQ j[k
ldrs gSaA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) LoPN ([k) vk”kknh (x) izfrKk (?k) ryk'k (Ä) okrkoj.k
(p) Hkkx
2- (d) euilan eux<a+r ([k) fons'k Lons'k (x) rhozrj rhozxfr
(?k) xfrghu ln~xfr (Ä) vaxnku vaxHkax (p) Lo:i oqQ:i
3- (d) l~ $ o~ $ v $ p~ $ N~ $ v
([k) j~ $ vk $ "k~ $ V~ $ j~ $ v $ i~ $ b $ r~ $ vk
(x) l~ $ v $ i~ $ r~ $ vk $ g~ $ v
(?k) 'k~ $ vkS $ p~ $ vk $ y~ $ v $ ;~ $ v
4. vdeZd fØ;k ldeZd fØ;k
(d) xkaèkh th us le> fy;k FkkA (d) ÑrK jk"Vª us vc tkdj LoPNrk
vfHk;ku dks viuk;kA
([k) LoPNrk vfHk;ku py jgk gSA ([k) blls xanxh mlosQ isV esa igq¡p tk,xhA
(x) eD[kh ,d fnu esa rhu fdyksehVj (x) [kqys esa 'kkSp djuk chekfj;ksa dks
mM+rh gSA vkea=k.k nsuk gSA
86
(?k) ge vius vklikl dks csgrj cuk (?k) LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku dh jkg esa dbZ
ldrs gSaA #dkoVsa gSaA
(Ä) gj tho&tarq lI+kQkbZ ilan gksrk gSA (Ä) yksx dbZ rjg dh chekfj;ksa dks pisV
esa vk tkrs gSaA
5- (d) LoPN ([k) ÑrK (x) ?kksj (?k) leLr (Ä) LoPN
6- (d) eqnzk µ Hkkjr esa fons'kh eqnkz dh deh gks xbZ gSA
eqnzk µ os xaHkhj eqnzk esa cSBs FksA
([k) eu µ vk;kstu esa ,d eu vkVk dk bLrseky gqvkA
eu µ esjk eu fcyoqQy gh ugha yx jgkA
(x) izfr µ muosQ izfr esjs eu esa dksbZ nq[k ugha gSA
izfr µ if=kdk dh ,d izfr eq>s nhft,A
(?k) ey µ ogk¡ ey&ew=k fc[kjk iM+k FkkA
ey µ os ey&eydj ugk,A
(Ä) xzke µ ipkl xzke èkfu;k nksA
xzke µ irs ij xzke&iksLV lgh fy[kksA
fo"k; laoèkZu xfrfof/;k¡
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku
LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku Hkkjr ljdkj n~okjk pyk;k x;k ,d egRokdka{kh vfHk;ku gSA blosQ varxZr
Hkkjr dks LoPN rFkk lqanj j[kus okys fofHkUu dk;ZozQeksas rFkk mik;ksa dks j[kk x;k gSA jk"Vªfirk
egkRek xk¡/h n~okjk vkjaHk fd, x, LoPNrk osQ dk;ZozQeksa dks bl vfHk;ku dk izsj.kk Lkzksr ekuk
x;k gSA iz/kuea=kh ujsanz eksnh us bl vfHk;ku dk 'kqHkkjaHk fd;k rFkk ;g ns'k osQ izR;sd Hkkx esa cM+s
gh tks'k&[kjks'k osQ lkFk pyk;k tk jgk gSA
3- lkoZtfud LFkyksa] o`{kksa vkfn ij vius uke oqQjsnuk fdlh Hkh n`f"V ls mfpr ugha gSA blls u osQoy
bu ph”kksa dh {kfr gksrh gS cfYd blls budk lkSan;Z Hkh u"V gksrk gSA
ikB ls vkxs
1- lM+dks dks xank djuk] owQM+k isaQduk rFkk lkoZtfud LFkyksa ij /weziku djuk fdlh Hkh n`f"V ls
mfpr ugha gSA bldh jksdFkke osQ fy, Hkkjr esa Hkh izko/ku gSA ;fn bUgsa l[rh ls ykxw fd;k tk,]
rks ;g Hkkjr esa Hkh laHko gSA
2- 7 tqykbZ] 2016 dks osaQnzh; eaf=keaMy us ljdkj dh ;kstuk uekfe xaxs dh eatwjh nhA bl ;kstuk
osQ varxZr xaxk unh dks lexz rkSj ij lajf{kr vkSj LoPN djus osQ fy, dne mBk, tk,¡xsA
87
9 lfjrk
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
mn~xe LFky ls ysdj lkxj esa feyus rd unh osQ Lo:i vkSj dk;ks± dk o.kZu djukA unh vkSj
tuuh osQ chp lkE;rk LFkkfir djukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
lfjrk ls gesa fujarj vkxs c<+us dh izsj.kk feyrh gSA lfjrk dh rjg gesa Hkh fcuk fdlh HksnHkko
osQ gj izk.kh dh lgk;rk djuh pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
y?kq lfjrk dk izokfgr gksus okyk ty 'khry vkSj fueZy gSA cI+kQhZkQhZys igkM+ osQ cI+kQks± ls fudyus
okyk ;g ty nwèk&lk fueZy gSA dy&dy Ny&Ny dh vkok”k djrk gqvk ;g iy&iy uhps cgrk
vkrk gSA y?kq lfjrk dk cgrk ty 'kjhj ls papy vkSj eu ls fog~oy gSA ifo=k ty dh rs”k èkkjokyh
;g lfjrk dbZ Ükà[kykvksa dks ikj djosQ yxkrkj izokfgr gksrh jgrh gSA izokfgr gksus osQ ozQe esa ;g
ckj&ckj fxjrh&mBrh gSA fujarj pyus ij Hkh ;g y?kq lfjrk dk cgrk ty fdruk dksey vkSj f'k'kq dks
okRlY; Hkko iznku djus okyk gS] ekuks og tuuh dk ân; gks] ftldk 'khry djQ.kk&ty ;qxksa&;qxksa
ls yxkrkj cgrk jgk gSA xaxk] ;;eqequk] lj;w dh Hkk¡fr ;g y?kq lfjrk dk ty fueZy vkSj LoPN gSA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
ikB i<+kus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks dfork osQ ewy Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡ vkSj ;g Hkh crk,¡ fd dfo
blosQ ekè;e ls fujarj deZ djus dh izsj.kk nsrs gSaA
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
vkiosQ thou dk mn~ns'; D;k gS\

 unh vkSj tuuh esa D;k lekurk gS\
 fgeky; ioZr ls dkSu&dkSu lh ufn;k¡ fudyrh gSa\
 xaxk vkSj ;equk unh osQ rV ij Hkkjr osQ dkSu&dkSu ls izeq[k 'kgj vofLFkr gSa\
 D;k vki unh dh rjg fdlh dh HkykbZ djrs gSa\ ;fn gk¡] rks fdl izdkj djrs gSa\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os dfo xksiky ¯lg ûsikyh* dh bl dfork esa ,d unh osQ
mn~xe vkSj izokg osQ ckjs esa foLrkj ls tkudkjh izkIr djsaxsA
88
 xaxk] ;equk vkSj lj;w ufn;k¡ dgk¡ vkSj fdlesa tkdj feyrh gSa\
 y?kq lfjrk ekxZ esa dfBu vojksèk vkus ij viuh èkkjk cny ysrh gSA vki ekxZ esa ck/k,¡ vkus
ij D;k djrs gSa\
 xaxk vkSj ;equk dk laxe dgk¡ gksrk gS\
 lj;w unh dks vU; fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls cPpksa dks dfork i<+k,¡ vkSj crk,¡
fd ekxZ esa pkgs fdruh gh ckèkk,¡ D;ksa u vk,¡] gesa vius deZ ls fojr ugha gksuk pkfg,A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) cgrk gqvk ty foey nwèk&lk gksrk gS] tks dy&dy Ny&Ny djrk gqvk cgrk gSA
([k) ;g ty fgefxfj osQ fge ls fudyrk gSA
(x) lfjrk dk ty ty&oqaQMksa esa urZu djrk gSA
(?k) lfjrk dk ty isM+ dh tM+ksa dks lhaprk gSA
(Ä) lfjrk dk jkLrk jkg esa vkus okys iRFkj jksdrs gSaA
fyf[kr
1- (d) rhoz izokg osQ dkj.k () ([k)nwèk ls ()
(x) fLFkj () (?k) ygjksa osQ lkFk ()
(Ä) ioZr& Ükà[kyk () (p) tc mls ekxZ esa iRFkj jksdus dk iz;Ru djrs gSaA ()
2- (d) lfjrk dk ty fgefxfj osQ fge ls cgrk gqvk uhps vkrk gSA
([k) cgrk gqvk ty dy&dy] Ny&Ny dh èofu iSnk djrk gSA
(x) lfjrk dk ru papy vkSj eu fog~oy gSA
(?k) y?kq tyèkkjkvksa ls vk¯yxu djosQ rFkk ty&oqaQMksa esa urZu djosQ lfjrk viuk :i cny
ysrh gSA
3- (d) dfork esa xaxk] ;equk vkSj lj;w ufn;ksa dk o.kZu gSA
([k) cspSu ifFkd lfjrk osQ ty dks ihdj lq[k ikrk gSA vatfy Hkj 'khry ty ihdj ifFkd
izlUu gks tkrk gSA
(x) lfjrk dh rs”k èkkjk vusd Ükà[kykvksa dks ikj djrh gqbZ yxkrkj cgrh jgrh gS] ;g
ckj&ckj fxjrh&mBrh gS] ysfdu yxkrkj cgrh jgrh gSA
4- (d) lfjrk osQ ty dks jkLrs esa tc dfBu iRFkj jksdrs gSa] rc ijs'kku ,oa nq[kh gksdj og
flj iVd&iVddj jksus yxrh gS vkSj 'kksj epkus yxrh gSA
89
([k) lfjrk dk mn~xe fgefxfj osQ fge ls gksrk gS] tks nwèk osQ leku foey gksrk gSA ;g
fujarj cgrh gqbZ ufn;ksa osQ ty esa fey tkrh gSA
(x) unh dk ty 'khry vkSj fueZy gksrk gSA unh dk ru papy vkSj eu fog~oy gksrk gSA
unh dh ty/kjk rs”k gksrh gSA ;g fujarj cgrh jgrh gSA ifFkd unh dk ty ihdj
viuh I;kl cq>krk gSA ;g tuuh dh Hkk¡fr leLr thoksa dks viukrh gSA
(?k) vusd ioZr Ükà[kykvksa dks ikj djosQ lfjrk dh èkkjk rhoz gks tkrh gSA
(Ä) lfjrk dh rqyuk tuuh ls blfy, dh xbZ gS] D;ksafd ;g ,d ek¡ osQ leku leLr thoksa
dk fcuk fdlh HksnHkko osQ ikyu&iks"k.k djrh gqbZ viuk drZO; iwjk djrh gSA
5- (d) fgefxfj osQ fge ls fudy&fudy]] ([k) feyrk gS bldks tc iFk ij ij]
;g foey nwèk&lk fge dk ty] iFk jksosQ [kM+k dfBu iRFkj]
dj&dj fuukn dy&dy Ny&Ny]] vkoqQy vkrqj nq[k ls dkrj
cgrk vkrk uhps iy&iyA flj iVd&iVd
iVd&iVddj jks&jksdjA
6- (d) izLrqr iafDr;k¡ gekjh ikB~;iqLrd ûbZ xqyeksgj* osQ lfjrk uked ikB ls yh xbZ gSA blosQ
jpf;rk xksiky flag ûsikyh* gSA bu ifDr;ksa esa bUgksaus lfjrk osQ izokg esa vkus okyh ck/
kvksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
izLrqr iafDr;ksa osQ ekè;e ls dfo dgrs gSa fd lfjrk osQ fueZy ty dh rs”k èkkjk vusd
ioZr Ükà[kykvksa dks ikj djosQ fxjrh&mBrh yxkrkj cgrh jgrh gSA ;kuh blosQ izokg iFk
ij vusd ck/k,¡ vkrh gSa] fdarq ;g lcdks ikj djrs gq, fujarj vxzlj jgrh gSA bl ozQe
esa ;g dbZ ckj fxjrh vkSj mBrh gS] ysfdu vius mn~ns'; gsrq deZjr jgrh gSA
([k) izLrqr iafDr;k¡ gekjh ikB~;iqLrd ûbZ xqyeksgj* osQ lfjrk uked ikB ls yh xbZ gSaA
blosQ jpf;rk xksiky flag ûsikyh* gSaA bUgksaus bu iafDr;ksa esa lfjrk osQ izokgjr ty esa
gksus okys ifjorZuksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa dfo unh osQ fofHkUu Lo:iksa ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, dgrs gSa fd unh vius
izokg&iFk ij vkxs c<+rs gq, ,d ijekFkhZ dh Hkk¡fr vius fdukjksa ij fLFkr isM+&ikS/ksa dh
I;kl cq>krh gS muosQ thou dks jle; cukrh gSaA dgha jkLrs esa vkus okyh ty&/kjkvksa
dk ,d l[kh dh rjg vkfyaxu djrh gS] rks dgha izokg&iFk ij cus gq, ty oqaQMksa dks
,d ;k=kh dh rjg iM+ko LFky le>dj vkjke osQ le; esa u`R; osQ :i esa vB[ksfy;k¡
djrh gSA bl izdkj ls mlosQ Lo:i esa cgqr rjg osQ ifjorZu ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) fueZy ([k) fgefxfj (x) oRly (?k) tuuh
2- (d) rjafx.kh&lqjlfj ([k) r#&ikni (x) rfM+r&nkfeuh (?k) èkjk&èkjrh
3- (d) fo'kky ([k) Å"e (x) ljy (?k) uhjl
4- pkSM+h unh] fueZy unh] ifo=k unh] yach unhA
5- (d) tyµHkkjrh; yksxkas esa xaxk osQ ty dk cgqr gh egRo gSA
90
([k) fgeµiwjk ioZr fge ls vkPNkfnr gSA
(x) Ükà[kykµioZr Ükà[kyk dk n`'; cM+ gh euksje FkkA
(?k) lfjrkµlfjrk dk uhj ehBk FkkA
(Ä) dksykgyµcl esa ;kf=k;ksa dk dksykgy epk FkkA
^g¡lrs [ksyrs*
1- ?kk xa l ?k ps V
?k xk ; eq uk u
jk r j i c cz
l r yq t j g~
j i n l Hk e
;w ea nk fd uh iq
e dk os jh x =k
1- ?kk?kjk 2- lj;w 3- xaxk 4- psukc 5- czg~eiq=k
6- dkosjh 7- eankfduh 8- lryqt
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- ;fn ufn;k¡ ugha gksrha rks ikuh osQ vHkko esa Ñf"k dk ,d cM+k fgLlk v¯lfpr jg tkrkA ufn;k¡
okf.kT; vkSj O;kikj dk Hkh ,d izeq[k lk/u gSaA vr% buosQ u jgus ls O;kikj Hkj Hkh vlj iM+rkA
ufn;k¡ vklikl dh Hkwfe dks moZj Hkh cukrh gSaA buosQ u jgus ls ,d cM+h vkcknh osQ le{k is;ty
dk Hkh xaHkhj ladV vk [kM+k gksrkA
iz'u 3 rFkk 4 dk mRrj Nk=k Lo;a nsaA
?ksjk le;
 Nk=k Lo;a djsA
ikB ls vkxs
I. vkosVh µ czg~efxfj dh igkfM+;k¡ (dukZVd)
II. isUukj & uanh igkfM+;k¡ fpdoyiqj (dukZVd)
2- czg~eiq=k
91
10 iQkfg;ku dh Hkkjr ;k=kk
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
xqIr oa'k osQ le; Hkkjr dh ;k=kk djus okys phuh ;k=kh iQkfg;ku osQ ;k=kk&o`Rrkar osQ ckjs esa tkuukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
i;ZVu@;k=kk f'k{kk dk gh vax gSA vr% gesa vyx&vyx LFkkuksa dh ;k=kk djosQ ogk¡ dh HkkSxksfyd]
lkaLo`Qfrd] ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djuh pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
eè; phu dk fuoklh iQkfg;ku lu 400 bZú esa vius lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk Hkkjr dh ;k=kk ij fudykA
mldh ;k=kk dk mn~ns'; ckSn~/ rhFkZLFkkuksa osQ n'kZu vkSj ckSn~/ /eZ dh iqLrdksa dk laxzg djuk FkkA
ml dky esa phu ls Hkkjr vkus osQ nks ekxZ FksA ,d LFky ekxZ nwljk leqnzh ekxZA LFky ekxZ dk jkLrk
[kksrku uxj ls gksdj Hkkjrh; lhek ij igq¡prk FkkA [kksrku igq¡pus osQ fy, yki dk taxy ikj djuk
iM+rk FkkA bl taxy esa ikuh dh deh rFkk xjeh osQ dkj.k iQkfg;ku vkSj mlosQ lkfFk;ksa dks cM+k
d"V mBkuk iM+kA ekxZ osQ d"Vksa dks >sydj iQkfg;ku nks eghus esa [kksrku igq¡p x;kA ogk¡ yksxksa us
mldh cM+h vkoHkxr dhA ml dky esa [kksrku gjk&Hkjk vkSj laiUu ckSn~/ jkT; FkkA [kksrku ls pydj
iQkfg;ku dkcqy gksrs gq, ¯lèkq unh ikj dj eFkqjk igq¡pkA eFkqjk ls pydj iQkfg;ku us dUukSt] JkoLrh]
dfiyoLrq] oqQ'khuxj] ikVfyiq=k] jktx`g] x;k] dk'kh vkfn fofHkUu LFkkuksa dh ;k=kk dhA Hkxoku cqn~/
dh tUeHkwfe dfiyoLrq dks iQkfg;ku us cqjh n'kk esa ik;kA oS'kkyh uxj esa ckSn~/ /eZ dh iqLrdksa dk
laxzg djus osQ fy, nwljk lEesyu gqvkA bl LFkku dh n'kk vPNh FkhA ikVfyiq=k osQ iqjkus jktegy
vkSj nwljs eghus osQ vkBosa fnu gksus okys ckSn~/ mRlo dk Hkh iQkfg;ku us o.kZu fd;k gSA iQkfg;ku us
x;k esa ckSn~/o`{k rFkk ckSn~/ksa osQ vU; /kfeZd LFkkuksa osQ n'kZu fd,A mlosQ mijkar og dk'kh] rkezfyfIr
vkfn LFkkuksa dk Hkze.k dj tgk”k n~okjk ¯lgy n~ohi x;kA yadk es amlus cgqr&lh /kfeZd iqLrosaQ
bdV~Bh dj yhaA yadk esa nks o"kZ rd jgus osQ mijkar mls vius ns'k dh ;kn vkus yxhA leqnzh ekxZ ls
gh og vius ns'k dks py iM+kA Hkkjr&;k=kk djosQ iQkfg;ku us Lo;a dks /U; le>kA mlls vkt Hkh
izR;sd Hkkjroklh dk eLrd xkSjo ls m¡Qpk gks mBrk gSA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+kus ls iwoZ crk,¡ fd Hkkjr izkphu dky ls oSf'od ;kf=k;ksa osQ vkd"kZ.k dk osaQnz
jgk gSA
92
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 iQkfg;ku tc Hkkjr vk;k] ml le; fdl oa'k dk vkSj dkSu&lk 'kkld 'kklu dj jgk Fkk\
 esxkLFkuht dkSu Fkk\
 g~osulkax dc vkSj fdl 'kkld osQ 'kkludky esa Hkkjr vk;k Fkk\
 vyc#uh dkSu Fkk\ ;g fdl vkozQe.kdkjh osQ lkFk Hkkjr vk;k Fkk\
 okLdksfMxkek dkSu Fkk\ og dc Hkkjr vk;k Fkk\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa phuh ;k=kh iQkfg;ku osQ ;k=kk&o`Rrkar osQ ckjs esa
i<+dj tkudkjh izkIr djsaxsA
 r{kf'kyk D;ksa izfln~/ gS\ ;g fdl ns'k esa fLFkr gS\
 jktx`g fdu oa'kksa dh jkt/kuh jgk gS\
 la?kkjke fdls dgk tkrk Fkk\
 oS'kkyh ls tSu /eZ osQ fdu rhFk±dj dk laca/ jgk gS\
 fogkjksa esa jgus okys lk/q&larksa dks eqÝ+ r Hkkstu feyrk FkkA D;k vkt Hkh /kfeZd LFkyksa esa
lk/q&larksa dks eqÝ+r Hkkstu feyrk gS\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
Nk=kksa dks ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj i;ZVu dh egRrk ls ifjfpr djk,¡A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) iQkfg;ku [kksrku osQ ekxZ ls gksdj Hkkjr vk;kA
([k) iQkfg;ku yadk rFkk tkok osQ ekxZ ls gksdj vius ns'k phu okil ykSVkA
(x) iQkfg;ku ¯l/q unh dks ikj dj eFkqjk igq¡pkA
(?k) Hkkjr ;k=kk osQ mijkar iQkfg;ku us Lo;a dks /U; le>kA
fyf[kr
1- (d) (ii) () ([k) (iv) ()
2- (d) leqnz esa rwI+kQku vkus osQ dkj.k tyekxZ cM+k Hk;kog FkkA
([k) iQkfg;ku cM+k ohj vkSj fuHkhZd O;fDrRo dk Lokeh FkkA
(x) iQkfg;ku osQ vkxeu osQ le; jktiwrkus osQ jktk ckSn~/ /eZ dk ikyu fd;k djrs FksA
3- (d) iQkfg;ku lu 400 bZú esa vius ns'k ls Hkkjr dh ;k=kk ij fudykA
93
([k) rRdkyhu le; esa [kksrku gjk&Hkjk vkSj laiUu ckSn~/ jkT; FkkA
(x) yadk esa iQkfg;ku nks o"kZ rd jgkA
(?k) Hkkjr vkSj yadk ls iQkfg;ku ckSn~/ /eZ dh cgqr&lh /kfeZd iqLrosaQ vkSj ew£r;k¡ bdV~Bh
dj ys x;kA
4- (d) ikVfyiq=k dk iqjkuk jktegy cM+k vn~Hkqr gSA mlosQ fuekZ.k esa cM+&s cM+s iRFkjksa ls dke fy;k
x;k gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd euq"; osQ gkFkksa ls og u cuk gksxkA nwljs eghus osQ vkBosa
fnu ;gk¡ ,d mRlo gksrk gSA ml volj ij pkj ifg;ksa dk ,d jFk cukdj ml ij ik¡p
[kaMksa dk cuk gqvk ,d eafnj j[kk tkrk gSA mlesa Hkxoku cqn/ ~ dh ,d ewfrZ LFkkfir dh
tkrh gSA blh izdkj ls rhl jFk rS;kj fd, tkrs gSAa ;g mRlo cM+s lekjksg ls euk;k tkrk
gSA /uh yksxksa us uxj esa vlgk; jksfx;ksa dh fpfdRlk osQ fy, vkS"k/ky; [kksy j[ks gSAa
([k) iQkfg;ku vkSj mlosQ lkfFk;ksa dks Hkkjr ;k=kk esa [kksrku igqp
¡ us osQ fy, yki dk taxy ikj
djuk iM+rk FkkA bl taxy esa dkslksa ikuh dk uke rd ugha FkkA lw;Z vius izpMa rki ls
ri jgk FkkA I;kl vkSj xehZ osQ ekjs budk oaQB lw[kus yxkA dgha&dgha jkLrk Hkwy tkus ls
iQkfg;ku vkSj mlosQ lkfFk;ksa dks vkSj Hkh vf/d d"V mBkuk iM+kA
(x) Hkxoku cqn~/ us viuh bgyhyk oqQ'khuxj esa lekIr dhA xqIr oa'k osQ le; xkSre cqn~/
dk egkifjfuokZ.k LFky cqjh n'kk esa FkkA
(?k) Hkxoku cqn~/ dh tUeHkwfe dfiyoLrq dks iQkfg;ku us cqjh n'kk esa ik;kA uxj mtkM+ FkkA
oS'kkyh uxj dh n'kk vPNh FkhA oS'kkyh uxj esa ckSn~/ /eZ dh iqLrdksa dk laxzg djus
osQ fy, ckSn~/ksa dk nwljk lEesyu gqvkA
5- (d) Hkkjro"kZ esa îjksidkj gh thou gS*] ^losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku% losZ lUrq fujke;k* dh Hkkouk
izkphu dky ls gh vfLrRo esa gSA blh dkj.k mnkj ân;okys laiUu yksx vlgk; tuksa dks
jksxeqDr djus osQ fy, vkS"k/ky; pykrs FksA
([k) iQkfg;ku ckSn~/ /ekZoyach FkkA og ckSn~/ /eZ osQ laLFkkid xkSre cqn~/ osQ thou ls tqM+s
/kfeZd LFkyksa dks ns[kus dk vfHkyk"kh FkkA Hkkjr ;k=kk esa iQkfg;ku us ckSn~/ /eZ ls tqM+s
/kfeZd xazFkksa dk laxzg fd;kA bUgha dkj.kksa ls Hkkjr ;k=kk djosQ iQkfg;ku us Lo;a dks
/U; le>kA iQkfg;ku us Hkkjr dks rFkk ckSn~/ /eZ ls tqM+s LFkyksa dks bruk egRo fn;k]
bl dkj.k izR;sd Hkkjroklh xkSjokfUor eglwl djrk gSA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- ([k) FkksM+h µ vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.k
(x) oqQN µ vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.k
(?k) Ng µ la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k
94
2- (d) izkphu egyksa] Lrwiksa] ckxksa vkSj fogkjksa osQ [kaMgjksa osQ :i esa ml jkT; dh le`n~f/ osQ
fpg~u vkt Hkh ik, tkrs gSaA
([k) fogkjksa esa jgus okys lk/q&larksa dks Hkkstu eqÝ+r feyrk gSA
(x) jktiwrkus dk jktk ckSn~èk gSA nf{k.k dh vksj tks ns'k gS] og eè; izns'k dgykrk gSA
3- (d) vid"kZ ([k) ijra=k (x) foiUu (?k) oqQ:i
(Ä) uhpk (p) BaMk (N) nq[kh (t) vfuf'pr
4- (d) edku x`gLFkh ([k) riL;k rki (x) dejk Js.kh
(?k) nkfguk nf{k.k fn'kk (Ä) gquj /uq"k dh Mksjh
5- (d) Hkkjr vkSj phu esa O;kikj gksrk FkkA
([k) og yadk rFkk tkok osQ ekxZ ls gksdj vius ns'k dks ykSVkA
(x) fdrus gh ;k=kh ?kcjk x,A
(?k) iQkfg;ku yadk esa nks o"kks± rd jgkA
(Ä) var esa mlus ,d tgkt ls ;k=kk dhA
6- O;fDrokpd laKk tkfrokpd laKk Hkkookpd laKk
iQkfg;ku ns'k d"V
phu iztk èkS;Z
eFkqjk jktk mRd"kZ
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- g~osulkax g"kZo/Zu osQ 'kklu dky esa Hkkjr vk;kA
3- ikVyhiq=k& iVuk
jktx`g&jktxhj
dk'kh&okjk.klh
?ksjk le;
 Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- dkcqy& viQxkfuLrku
xak/kj& viQxkfuLrku
r{kf'kYkk& ikfdLrku
is'kkoj& ikfdLrku
95
11 tc eSaus igyh iqLrd [kjhnh
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
iqLrd i<+us dh vknr dks of.kZr djukA iqLrd i<+us osQ izfr jQ>ku ls Nk=kksa dks voxr djkukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
iqLrdksa esa Kku dk vlhe HkaMkj lekfgr gksrk gSA iqLrosaQ euq"; dh lcls vPNh nksLr gksrh gSaA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
ys[kd èkeZohj Hkkjrh dk cpiu bykgkckn esa chrkA muosQ firk vk;Zlekth Fks vkSj ek¡ us L=kh&f'k{kk
osQ fy, vkn'kZ dU;k ikB'kkyk dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k esa ys[kd dks cpiu ls gh
i=k&if=kdk,¡] dgkfu;k¡ i<+us dh pkg yx xbZA ys[kd dh ek¡ LowQyh i<+kbZ ij ”kksj nsrhaA firk osQ
le>kus ij ys[kd us th&rksM+ ifjJe fd;k vkSj ik¡posa n”ksZ esa izFke vk,A vaxzs”kh esa lokZfèkd uacj
ykus osQ dkj.k buke esa mUgsa vaxzs”kh dh nks fdrkcsa feyhaA baVjehfM,V ikl djus ij ys[kd us iqjkuh
ikB~;iqLrosaQ cspdj chú,ú dh lsoaQM gSaM iqLrosaQ [kjhnhaA blesa u tkus oSQls nks jQi;s cp x,A ys[kd
nsonkl fi+QYe dk ,d xkukµ ^nq[k osQ fnu vc chrr ukgh* vdlj xquxqukrs jgrs FksA ek¡ dks ;g
ekywe gksus ij fd ;g rks fi+QYe ^nsonkl dk xkuk gS] flusek dh ?kksj fojksèkh ek¡ us ys[kd dks fi+QYe
ns[kus dh vuqefr ns nhA flusek gkWy osQ ikl gh ,d ifjfpr fdrkc dh nqdku ij ^nsonkl* iqLrd
ns[kdj ys[kd mls myVus&iyVus yxsA iqLrd foozsQrk us mUgsa iqjkuk xzkgd gksus osQ dkj.k nl vkus esa
gh ;g fdrkc ns nhA ys[kd us fiQYe ^nsonkl* ns[kus dk eksg R;kxk vkSj ?kj vkdj ckdh cps ,d
jQi;k Ng vkus ek¡ osQ gkFk ij j[k fn,A ek¡ osQ iwNus ij dgk fd fiQYe ugha ns[kh] ;g fdrkc ys
vk;kA ;g ys[kd osQ vius iSls ls [kjhnh] viuh futh ykbczsjh dh igyh fdrkc FkhA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
ikB 'kq: djus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks ikB osQ ewy Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡A Lokè;k; ls gh ys[kd ,d
izfln~èk lkfgR;dkj cus] bl ckjs esa crk,¡A
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 vkiosQ fiz; ys[kd dkSu gSa\
 orZeku le; esa izdkf'kr gksus okyh cky&if=kdk,¡ dkSu&dkSu lh gSa\
 vk;Z lekt osQ laLFkkid dkSu Fks\
 cekZ dk u;k uke D;k gS\

 D;k vkius 'kjrpanz pV~Vksikè;k; n~okjk fyf[kr js[kkfp=k ^vfrfFk* i<+h gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks og
vkioQks oSQlh yxh\

blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa ,d ,sls Nk=k osQ ckjs esa i<+saxs] ftls cpiu ls gh
ewèkZU; lkfgR;dkjksa dh jpuk i<+us dh yr yx xbZ FkhA
96
 ;g ikB vkidks oSQlk yxk\
 D;k vkius èkeZohj Hkkjrh dh dksbZ vU; jpuk ;k dgkuh i<+h gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks og jpuk vkioQks
oSQlh yxh\
 D;k vkiosQ ?kj dksbZ cky&if=kdk vkrh gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks mldk uke crkb,A cky&if=kdk dk
dkSu&lk LraHk vkidks lcls vPNk yxrk gS\

 D;k ^ckyl[kk* vkSj ^pepe if=kdk,¡* vc Hkh izdkf'kr gks jgh gSa\
 Hkkjr dk jk"Vªxhr fdl izfln~èk iqLrd ls fy;k x;k gS\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd iqLrdksa
ls vftZr Kku og èku gS] ftls vkils dksbZ ugha Nhu ldrkA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) ys[kd osQ firk us xkaèkh th osQ vkg~oku ij ljdkjh ukSdjh NksM+ nhA
([k) miU;kl v/wjk NwV tkus osQ dkj.k ys[kd dks iqLrdky; ls ckgj vfuPNkiwoZd vkuk
iM+rk FkkA
(x) ys[kd dks iqLrosaQ bdV~Bh djus dk tquwu blfy, gqvk] D;ksafd os iqLrdksa dks ckj&ckj
i<+uk pkgrs FksA
(?k) ys[kd dh ek¡ us L=kh&f'k{kk osQ fy, vkn'kZ dU;k ikB'kkyk dh LFkkiuk dhA
fyf[kr
1- (d) Lokeh
okeh n;kuan dh thouh () ([k) lHkh ()
(x) 'kjrpanz pV~Vksikè;k; () (?k) ek¡ us xys yxk fy;k ()
(Ä) Lokeh n;kuan ()
2- (d) ys[kd dks d fon~;ky; ls vaxzs”kh dh nks iqLrosaQµif{k;ksa okyh vkSj VªLVh n jx buke esa
feyh] D;ksafd muosQ vaxzs”kh esa lcls ”;knk uacj vk, FksA
([k) gfj Hkou uked iqLrdky; osQ ykbczsfj;u dk uke 'kqDy th FkkA
(x) ys[kd n~okjk [kjhnh xbZ igyh iqLrd dk uke ^nsonkl* vkSj blosQ ys[kd dk uke ^'kjrpanz
pV~Vksikè;k;* FkkA
(?k) ys[kd us fI+kQYe blfy, ugha ns[kh] D;ksafd mUgsa fdrkc dh nqdku ij nsonkl iqLrd
fey xbZ FkhA
3- (d) ys[kd osQ ?kj esa fu;fer :i ls vkus okyh if=kdk,¡ Fkhaµvk;Zfe=k] lkIrkfgd] osnksn;]
ljLorh] x`fg.kh vkSj cky&if=kdk,¡µ ckyl[kk vkSj pepeA
97
([k) ys[kd dh izkjafHkd f'k{kk ?kj ij blfy, gqbZ] D;ksafd muosQ firk ugha pkgrs Fks fd
ukle> mez esa mudk csVk xyr laxfr esa iM+dj xkyh&xykSt lh[ks vkSj cqjs laLdkj
xzg.k djsA
(x) ys[kd dh ek¡ dh ¯prk dk dkj.k ;g Fkk fd ys[kd d{kk dh fdrkcsa ugha i<+rs Fks]
blfy, ikl gksuk eqf'dy yx jgk FkkA mudh ¯prk dk dkj.k ;g Hkh Fkk fd dgha csVk
lkèkq cudj ?kj ls Hkkx u tk,A
(?k) ik¡poha d{kk esa izFke vkus ij ys[kd dks LowQy ls buke esa vaxzs”kh dh nks iqLrosaQ feyhaA
ys[kd osQ firk us vkyekjh osQ ,d [kkus esa viuh ph”ksa gVkdj txg cukbZ vkSj nksuksa
fdrkcsa ml [kkus esa j[kdj ys[kd dh ykbczsjh dh 'kqjQvkr dhA
(Ä) ys[kd dh ek¡ us mUgsa flusek ns[kus dh vuqefr blfy, nh] D;ksafd os ^nsonkl* fi+ QYe
dk xkuk ^nq[k osQ fnu vc chrr ukgh* vdlj xquxqukrs jgrs FksA
4- (d) ys[kd us vius thou dh igyh iqLrd vius iSls ls rc [kjhnh] tc os viuh ek¡ ls
vuqefr ysdj ^nsonkl* fI+kkQYe +kQYe
QYe ns[kus tk jgs FksA fIfIkQYe
kQYe 'kq: gksus esa nsj gksus osQ dkj.k
os ikl gh fLFkr fdrkc dh nqdku ij x, vkSj tc mUgsa 'kjrpanz pV~Vksikè;k; n~okjk
fyf[kr iqLrd ^nsonkl* fn[kh] rks mls [kjhnus osQ ckn fI+kQYe ns[kus dk mudk fopkj
cny x;kA
([k) ys[kd osQ firk mUgsa ?kqekrs gq, yksdukFk dh nqdku ij ys x, vkSj le>k;k fd ok;nk
djks fd ikB~;Øe dh fdrkcsa Hkh iwjs è;ku ls i<+ksxs] ek¡ dh ¯prk feVkvksxsA
(x) bl iafDr osQ ekè;e ls ys[kd dguk pkgrs gSa fd mUgksaus ykbczsjh esa vusd iqLrdksa dk
vè;;u fd;kA blfy, muosQ fy, iqLrdksa osQ ekè;e ls lkjh nqfu;k osQ dFkk&ik=kksa ls
eqykdkr djuk csgn vkd"kZd FkkA
(?k) bl iafDr osQ ekè;e ls ys[kd ;g dguk pkgrs gSa fd bu iqLrdksa osQ ekè;e ls mUgsa
if{k;ksa vkSj leqnz rFkk ukfodksa dh ¯”knxh dh tkudkjh feyhA
(Ä) Lokeh n;kuan osQ thou dh ?kVuk,¡ ys[kd dks cgqr vfèkd izHkkfor djrh Fkha] D;ksafd
os lc ys[kd osQ cky eu dks cgqr jksekafpr djrh FkhaA
5- (d) ys[kd dks iqLrosaQ i<+us dh vR;fèkd bPNk Fkh] blfy, os v/wjs jg x, fdrkc dks
NksM+dj vfuPNk ls gh ykbczsjh ls ckgj vkrs FksA
([k) miU;kl vèkwjk NwVus ij ys[kd osQ eu esa ;g dld gksrh Fkh fd dk'k muosQ ikl brus
iSls gksrs fd ykbczsjh dk lnL; cudj fdrkc b';w djk ykrk ;k dk'k bl iqLrd dks
[kjhn ikrk rks ?kj esa j[krkA
(x) ys[kd us ykbczsjh dk lnL; cuus ;k iqLrd dks [kjhn ikus osQ lius dks iwjk gksus dh
ckr dgh gSA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) lkIrkfgd ([k) ikB~;ozQe (x) iqLrdky; (?k) fu/Zu
2- (d) vkReiz'kalk viuh iz'kalk Lo;a djuk
98
vkRexkSjo viuk Lo;a dk xkSjo
([k) 'khrdkyhu BaM ;k 'khr dk le;
xzh"edkyhu xehZ dk le;
o"kkZdkyhu o"kkZ dk le;
(x) fy[kkoV fy[kus dh 'kSyh
cukoV cukus dh 'kSyh
FkdkoV Fkdku dk Hkko
3- (d) L=kh¯yx ([k) iq¯Yyx (x) L=kh¯yx
(?k) iq¯Yyx (Ä) L=kh¯yx] iq¯Yyx
4- O;fDrokpd laKk tkfrokpd laKk Hkkookpd laKk
ljLorh firk cpiu
lR;kFkZ izdk'k ek¡ d"V
cafdepanz iqLrd lR;
5- (d) xkaèkhth osQ vkg~oku ij mUgksaus viuh ljdkjh ukSdjh NksM+ nh
nhA
([k) [kkuk [kkrs le; Fkkyh osQ ikl if=kdk,¡ j[kdj i<+rkkAA
(x) bu nks fdrkcksa us esjs fy, ,d ubZ nqfu;k dk n~okj [kksy fn;kA
(?k) ml xkus dks eSa vdlj xquxqukrk jgrk FkkA
(Ä) nks #i;s ysdj ek¡ dj lgefr ls fiQYe ns[kus x; x;kA
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- ;fn eq>s dksbZ ,d iqLrd [kjhnus osQ fy, iSls fn, tk,¡ rks eSa eqa'kh izsepan dh dgkfu;ksa dk laxzg
êkuljksoj* [kjhnuk ilan d:¡xk D;ksafd blls eq>s Hkkjrh; lekt dh fofHkUu folaxfr;ks dks
lw{erkiwoZd tkuus&le>us dk volj izkIr gks losQxkA
2- eSa cky if=kdk uanu i<+rk gw¡] ftldh oqQN izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaµbleas Kkuo/Zd
dgkfu;k¡ gksrh gSaA budks i<+us ls euksjatu osQ lkFk&lkFk Kku esa Hkh o`n~f/ gksrh gSA uanu if=kdk
dh yxHkx lHkh dgfu;k¡ ldkjkRed rFkk ewY;ijd gksrh gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr blesa cgqr lkjs LraHk
Hkh gksrs gSa] ftuesa eSa Hkkx ysrk gw¡A ;g if=kdk cPpksa dks ys[ku osQ fy, Hkh izksRlkfgr djrh gSA
;g esjh fiz; if=kdk gSA
?ksjk le;
 Nk=k LOk;a djs
ikB ls vkxs
 Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
99
12 fgEer vkSj ¯”knxh
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
¯”knxh esa lkgl vkSj fgEer osQ xq.kksa dk egRo of.kZr djukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
lkgl vkSj fgEer ls dke ysus ij gh thou lkFkZd gksrk gSA yhd ls gVdj vyx jkg cukus okyk
gh egku curk gSA lkgfld thou thus okys O;fDr ls gh euq";rk dks izdk'k feyrk gSA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
ys[kd dk ekuuk gS fd tks lq[kksa dk ewY; igys pqdkrs gSa vkSj muosQ e”ks ckn esa ysrs gSa] mUgsa
Lokn vf/d feyrk gSA ftUgsa vkjke vklkuh ls fey tkrk gS] muosQ fy, vkjke gh ekSr gSA miokl
vkSj la;e] ;s vkRegR;k osQ lk/u ugha gSaA Hkkstu dk vlyh Lokn mlh dks feyrk gS] tks oqQN fnu
fcuk [kk, Hkh jg ldrk gSA lkgl dh ¯”knxh lcls cM+h ¯”knxh gksrh gSA ,slh ¯”knxh dh lcls cM+h
igpku ;g gS fd ;g fcyoqQy fuMj] fcyoqQy cs[kkSI+kQkQ gksrh gSA lkglh euq"; dh igyh igpku ;g gS
fd og bl ckr dh ¯prk ugha djrk fd rek'kk ns[kus okys yksx mlosQ ckjs esa D;k lksprs gSaA tuer
dh mis{kk djosQ thus okyk vkneh nqfu;k dh vlyh rkdr gksrk gS vkSj euq";rk dks izdk'k Hkh mlh
vkneh ls feyrk gSA vM+ksl&iM+ksl dks ns[kdj pyuk lk/kj.k tho dk dke gSA lkglh euq"; mu
liuksa esa Hkhkh jl ysrk gS] ftu liuksa osQ dksbZ O;kogkfjd vFkZ ugha gSaA var esa ys[kd thou osQ lk/dksa
;kuh lHkh ekuoksa dk vkg~oku djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd dkeuk dk vk¡py NksVk er j[kksA gj og ph”k
rqEgkjh Hkh gks ldrh gS] ftls rqe viuh igq¡p ls ijs ekudj ykSVs tk jgs gksA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
ikB i<+kuk izkjaHk djus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks ikB osQ ewy Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡A Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd
fgEer fn[kkus ij vkneh esa dbZ lkjs vU; xq.k iSnk gks tkrs gSaA
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 D;k vki rSjuk tkurs gSa\
 tSu /eZ viukus okys ekS;Z lezkV dkSu Fks\ mUgksaus dgk¡ miokl djosQ vius 'kjhj dk R;kx
fd;k\
 laFkkjk D;k gS\
100
 vdcj us fdl /eZ dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh\ bl /eZ dks Lohdkj djus okyk igyk O;fDr dkSu Fkk\
 vdcj osQ firk dk uke D;k Fkk\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa ¯”knxh osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa osQ ckjs esa tkusaxs vkSj
vH;kl] miokl] la;e] R;kx] lkgl vkSj lq[k osQ vuNq, igyqvksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djsaxsA
 jke/kjh ¯lg ^fnudj* jfpr ;g fuca/ vkidks oSQlk yxk\
 fo'o esa fdrus leqnz ;k egklkxj gSa\ lcls cM+k egklkxj dkSu&lk gS\
 Hkkjr osQ jktLFkku esa fLFkr jsfxLrku dk D;k uke gS\ fo'o osQ lcls cM+s jsfxLrku dk uke
D;k gS\
 yk{kkx`g dk "kM~;a=k D;k Fkk\
 ¯olVu pfpZy fdl ns'k osQ jktusrk Fks\
 ys[kd us HksM+ vkSj HkSal dk mnkgj.k nsdj D;k crkuk pkgk gS\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd fgEer
vkSj lkgl ls dfBu&ls&dfBu dke laHko cu tkrk gSA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) ikuh esa ve`rokyk rRo gSA
([k) ftUgsa vkjke vklkuh ls fey tkrk gS] muosQ fy, vkjke ekSr gSA
(x) Hkkstu dk vlyh vkuan mlh dks feyrk gS] tks oqQN fnu fcuk [kk, Hkh jg ldrk gSA
(?k) lkgl dh ¯”knxh lcls cM+h ¯”knxh gksrh gSA
fyf[kr
1- (d) tks nwj jsfxLrku ls vk jgs gSa ()
([k) ftUgsa vkjke vklkuh ls fey tkrk gS ()
(x) nwljk vkSj rhljk ()
2- (d) tks èkwi esa lw[k pqdk gS] ogh ikuh esa ve`rokys rRo dh igpku dj ldrk gSA
([k) tks yksx ik¡o Hkhxus osQ [kkSI+kQ ls ikuh ls cprs jgrs gSa] leqnz esa Mwc tkus dk [krjk mUgha
osQ fy, gSA
101
(x) thou dk Hkksx R;kx osQ lkFk djuk pkfg,A
(?k) vM+ksl&iM+ksl dks ns[kdj pyuk lkèkkj.k tho dk dke gSA
3- (d) pk¡nuh dh rk”kxh vkSj 'khryrk dk vkuan ogh euq"; ysrk gS] tks nksigj Hkj èkwi esa
[kVdj ykSVk gS] ftlosQ 'kjhj esa vc rhykbZ ”k:jr eglwl gksrh gS vkSj ftldk eu ;g
tkudj larq"V gS fd fnuHkj dk le; mlus fdlh vPNs dke esa yxk;k gSA
([k) ¯”knxh dh nks lwjrsa gSaµigyh ;g fd vkneh cM+s&ls&cM+s edln osQ fy, dksf'k'k djsA
vliQyrk,¡ ;fn dne&dne ij v¡fèk;kjs dk tky cqu jgh gSa] rc Hkh og ihNs dks ik¡o
u gVk,A nwljh lwjr ;g gS fd mu xjhc vkRekvksa dk getksyh cu tk,] tks u rks cgqr
vfèkd lq[k ikrh gSa vkSj u gh ftUgsa cgqr vfèkd nq[k ikus dk gh la;ksx gSA
(x) lkglh euq"; dh igyh igpku ;g gS fd og bl ckr dh ¯prk ugha djrk fd rek'kk
ns[kus okys yksx mlosQ ckjs esa D;k lksp jgs gSaA lkglh euq"; mu liuksa esa Hkh jl ysrk
gS] ftu liuksa osQ dksbZ O;kogkfjd vFkZ ugha gSaA lkglh euq"; lius mèkkj ugha ysrk] og
vius fopkjksa esa jek gqvk viuh gh fdrkc i<+rk gSA
(?k) tuer dh mis{kk djosQ thus okyk vkneh nqfu;k dh vlyh rkdr gksrk gS vkSj euq";rk
dks izdk'k Hkh mlh ls feyrk gSA
4- (d) tks O;fDr vius edln dks ikus osQ fy, [kwc esgur djrk gS vkSj fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr
dk lkeuk iwjh fgEer ls djrk gS] ,sls yksx ges'kk lq[kh jgrs gSAa ,sls O;fDr lq[kksa dk ewY;
igys pqdkrs gSa vkSj muosQ e”ks ckn esa ysrs gS]a mUgsa lq[k dk Lokn vfèkd feyrk gSA
([k) ^R;Drsu HkqathFkk%* dk vFkZ gSµ thou dk Hkksx R;kx osQ lkFk djksA ;g osQoy ijekFkZ dk
mins'k ugha gSA la;e ls Hkksx djus ij thou ls tks vkuan izkIr gksrk gS] og fujkHkksxh
cudj Hkksxus ls ugha fey ikrkA
(x) lkgl dh ¯”knxh dh lcls cM+h igpku ;g gS fd ;g fcyoqQy fuMj] fcyoqQy cs[kkSI+kQ
gksrh gSA
(?k) ¯”knxh dks Bhd ls thuk ges'kk gh ”kksf[ke >syuk gSA tks vkneh loqQ'ky thus osQ fy,
tksf[ke dh txg ij ,d ?ksjk Mkyrk gS] og varr% vius gh ?ksjksa osQ chp oSQn gks tkrk
gS vkSj ¯”knxh dk dksbZ e”kk mls ugha fey ikrkA tksf[ke ls cpus dh dksf'k'k esa] vly
esa og ¯”knxh dks gh vkus ls jksd nsrk gSA
5- (d) vkjke ([k) miokl] la;e (x) fgEer (?k) lkgl
(Ä) HkSal
102
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) lekurk () ([k) lkgl () (x) vuko';d () (?k) vlarq"V ()
2- (d) lqvolj] lq'kklu ([k) lRdkj] lRdeZ (x) iqutZUe] iqufoZokg
(?k) fpjk;q] fpjdky (Ä) yk”kokc] ykbykt (p) LoHkko] Lons'k
(N) fucaèk] fu;ksx (t) vkxeu] vkxarqd (>) izfrowQy] izfrdkj
(×k) nqxqZ.k] nqyZHk
3- (d) ij ([k) dk (x) ls
(?k) dh (Ä) ls (p) us] ls
4- (d) ph”ksa ([k) lwjrsa (x) ¯”knxh (?k) ikaMoksa
5- (d) e#Hkwfe ([k) dher (x) nsg (?k) fgEer
(Ä) i`"B
6- (d) ikuh esa tks ve`rokyk rRo gS] mls og tkurk gS tks èkwi esa lw[k pqdk gSA
([k) lp iwfN, rks og [kq'kcwnkj iwQyksa osQ jl esa fnu&jkr lM+ jgk gSA
(x) Hkkstu dk vlyh Lokn mlh dks feyrk gS] tks oqQN fnu fcuk [kk, Hkh jg ldrk gSA
(?k) ¯tnxh dh nks lwjrsa gSaA
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- fdlh Hkh ph”k dks ikus dk vlyh e”kk ml ph”k dks izkIr djus gsrq mBk, x, tksf[ke vkSj ;Ru
osQ ifjek.k ls yxrk gSA ;fn dksbZ Hkh ph”k vkils fcNM+ tkrh gS vkSj ml ph”k dh izkfIr gsrq vki
lrr la"k?kZ djrs gSa] rks tc ml oLrq dh izkfIr gks tkrh gS rks vkidks vykSfdd&vn~Hkqr lq[k dk
vuqHko gksrk gSA blh izdkj ls Hkkstu dk vlyh Lokn dk irk rc pyrk gS tc mls izkIr djus esa
dfBu Je vkSj yack le; yxrk gSA fuR; Hkkstu dk vkuan ysus okyksa dh vis{kk dbZ fnuksa osQ Hkw[ks
O;fDr dks Hkkstu dk vkuan vf/d izkIr gksrk gSA Je] le; vkSj thoV ls izkIr Hkkstu fu'p; gh
vkuannk;d vkSj lqLoknq gksrk gSA
• iz'u 2 rFkk 3 osQ mRrj Nk=k Lo;a nsaA
?ksjk le;
 Nk=k Lo;a djs
ikB ls vkxs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- fofy;e 'ksDlfi;j
103
13 nksgk&n'kd
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
nSfud thou esa dke vkus okyh O;kogkfjd] uhfr oqQ'ky rFkk vuqHkotfur ckrksa dks nksgksa osQ :i
esa of.kZr djukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
nksgs de 'kCnksa esa gesa thou dh mi;ksxh ckrsa crkrs gSaA izR;sd nksgs esa ve`r rqY; thou lans'k
gksrk gSA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
^nksgk&n'kd*
d* ikB esa xksLokeh rqylhnkl vkSj jghenkl osQ nksgs fy, x, gSaA xksLokeh rqylhnkl th
dgrs gSa fd tgk¡ tkus ij vkidks ns[kdj yksxksa esa g"kZ O;kIr u gks vkSj vk¡[kksa esa Lusg ugha >yosQ]
ogk¡ ugha tkuk pkfg,A nwljs nksgs esa crkrs gSa fd n;k /eZ dk ewy Hkko gS vkSj iki dk ewy vfHkeku
gSA rhljs nksgs esa dgrs gSa fd v;ksX; yksxksa osQ gkFk esa lRrk vkus ij fon~oku yksx pqi jgrs gSaA mUgksaus
ehBs opu dh egRrk dks crkrs gq, dgk gS fd ehBs opu ls lekt ;k ifjokj esa lq[k dk okl gksrk
gSA ;g yksxksa ls vPNs laca/ cukus dk lcls izHkkoh ea=k ekuk gSA
dfo jghe th dgrs gSa fd lTtu O;fDr viuk /u nwljksa dh HkykbZ esa dke vkus osQ fy, lafpr
djosQ j[krs gSaA os nhid vkSj oqQiq=k dk pfj=k ,d leku crkrs gSaA bUgksaus vius rhljs nksgs esa crk;k gS
fd cM+k gks ;k NksVk nksuksa osQ vius&vius egRo vkSj mi;ksfxrk gSA Hkys vkSj cqjs lHkh O;fDr ,d ls
yxrs gSa] tc rd fd os cksyrs ugha gSaA cksyrs gh Hkys vkSj cqjs O;fDr dk irk py tkrk gSA os iq#"k
/U; gSa] tks nwljksa dk midkj djrs gSaA bUgksaus dgk gS fd ogh O;fDr cM+k vkSj lEeku djus ;ksX; gksrk
gS tks xjhcksa dk mn~/kj djrk gSA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
ikB i<+kuk izkjaHk djus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks ikB osQ ewy Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡A mUgsa crk,¡ fd gesa
thou esa O;kogkfjd] rF;kUos"kh vkSj oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dks viukus okyk gksuk pkfg,A
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 xksLokeh rqylhnkl th osQ cpiu dk uke D;k Fkk\  xksLokeh rqylhnkl osQ xqjQ dk uke
D;k Fkk\
 dfo jghe osQ firk dk D;k uke Fkk\
 dfo jghe dks fdl eqxy 'kkld us nRrd iq=k osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k\
 jghe osQ vykok vdcj osQ njckj osQ uojRu dkSu&dkSu Fks\
104
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa dfo f'kjksef.k xksLokeh rqylhnkl vkSj jghenkl
osQ thou esa izfr{k.k dke vkusokys nksgs i<+saxsA
 ^nksgk&n'kd* ikB vkidks oSQlk yxk\
 xksLokeh rqylhnkl vkSj dfo jghe dh izeq[k jpukvksa osQ uke crkb,A
 ;fn o`{k viuk iQy vkSj unh&rkykc viuk ikuh ihrs] rks D;k gksrk\
 o`Q".k vkSj lqnkek dh D;k dFkk gS\
 dfo jghe osQ vuquqlkj nhi vkSj oqQy diwr dh ,d tSlh xfr D;ksa gksrh gS\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj vuqHko ij
vkèkkfjr nksgksa ls lh[k xzg.k djus osQ fy, dgsaA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k LOk;a djsaA
2- (d) tgk¡ tkus ij yksx ns[kdj gf"kZr u gksa vkSj mudh vk¡[kksa esa Lusg u gks] ogk¡ ugha tkuk
pkfg,A ,slh txgksa ij tkus ls dHkh lEeku ugha feyrkA
([k) gesa mi;qDr le; ij gh cksyuk pkfg, D;ksafd o"kkZ Írq osQ le; dks;y Hkh ekSu
jgrh gSA
(x) lTtu O;fDr nwljksa dh lgk;rk djus osQ fy, èku dk laxzg djrs gSaA
(?k) Hkys&cqjs O;fDr dh igpku cksyrs gh gks tkrh gSA
(Ä) tks O;fDr mRre izo`Qfr dk gksrk gS] ml ij oqQlaxfr dk izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
fyf[kr
1- (d) n;n;kk rFkk vfHkeku dks () ([k) n;k dks () (x) unh ()
(?k) ijksidkjh () (Ä) mRre ij ()
2- (d) ehBs opu ls pkjksa vksj lq[k mRiUu gksrk gSA
([k) rqylhnkl osQ vuqlkj larksa dk lekxe vkSj gfjdFkk nqyZHk gSA
(x) xjhc dk fgr djus okys gh okLro esa cM+s yksx gksrs gSaA
(?k) ikB esa o`Q".k vkSj lqnkek dh fe=krk dk gokyk fn;k x;k gSA
(Ä) lqnkek dks cspkjk dgus dk vfHkizk; mudh xjhch ls gSA
3- (d) ijksidkjh O;fDr dk dY;k.k lq[k ck¡Vus ls gksrk gSA
([k) tks O;fDr xjhc osQ nq[k o d"Vksa dks le>dj mls nwj djus dk iz;kl djs] ogh nhucaèkq
osQ leku gSA
105
(x) jghe us o`Q".k vkSj lqnkek dh fe=krk dks vkn'kZ ekuk gSA
4- (d) izLrqr iafDr osQ ekè;e ls xksLokeh rqylhnkl us ;g Li"V fd;k gS fd /eZ osQ ekxZ ij
pyus ls iwoZ n;k&Hkko dk gksuk vko';d gSA vfHkeku lnk iki osQ ekxZ ij /osQy
nsrk gSA
([k) izR;sd oLrq dk viuk egRo gksrk gSA ftl izdkj tgk¡ ij lqbZ dh vko';drk gS] ogk¡
ryokj dk dksbZ dke ugha gSA mlh izdkj NksVh&cM+h lHkh oLrqvksa dk viuk&viuk egRo
gksrk gSA
(x) euq"; dk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gksrk gSA rhljk vFkZ vkVs osQ lanHkZ esa mlesa feyk, tkus
okys ty ls gSA ty osQ fcuk vkVs dh dksbZ mi;ksfxrk ugha gksrhA jghe th us bu rhuksa
mnkgj.kksa osQ vk/kj ij ikuh oQk egRo dks crk;k gSA jghenkl th us ikuh osQ egRo dks
mn~?kkfVr djus gsrq ikuh osQ rhu vFkks± dks mnkgj.kLo:i fy;k gSA ikuh dk igyk vFkZ
eksrh osQ lanHkZ esa mloQh ped ls gSA ped osQ fcuk eksrh dk dksbZ egRo ugha gksrkA
nwljk vFkZ euq"; osQ lanHkZ esa mloQh ^bT”kr* ls gSA ^bTtr* osQ fcuk blosQ vHkko esa os
lc oqQN lwuk crk jgs gSA
(?k) mRre izo`Qfr osQ yksxksa ij oqQlax dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk] D;ksafd muosQ ewy esa n;k]
èkeZ ,oa ijksidkj dh Hkkouk lekfgr gksrh gSA ,sls O;fDr ijksidkj djus osQ fy, gh iSnk
gksrs gSaA blfy, ,sls yksxksa ij [kjkc laxfr dk dksbZ vlj ugha gksrk] ftl izdkj panu
ij liZ osQ jgus dk dksbZ vlj ugha gksrk gSA
(Ä) jghe osQ vuqlkj oSls yksx èkU; gaS] tks nwljksa dh lsok esa yxs jgrs gSa] nwljksa osQ nq[k esa
ennxkj gksrs gSaA
5- (d) rqylhnkl th osQ vuqlkj lkèkq&larksa dk ,d LFkku ij ,df=kr gksuk] gfjdFkk gksuk vR;ar
gh nqyZHk gSA iq=k] iRuh vkSj èku rks ,d ikih osQ ikl Hkh gksrk gSA
([k) rqylhnkl th dgrs gSa fd Hkys vkSj cqjs lHkh ,d ls izrhr gksrs gSa] tc rd os cksyrs
ugha gSaA ftl izdkj olar ½rq osQ vkxeu rd dks;y vkSj dkS, osQ chp varj irk ugha
pyrk] os leku izrhr gksrs gSaA olar ½rq osQ vkrs gh cksyh osQ dkj.k dks;y vkSj dkS,
dk varj lcdks irk py tkrk gSA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) ;ksx ([k) Írq (x) vaèkdkj (?k) lwph (Ä) euq"; (p) u;u
2- (d) tM+] eq[; ([k) oa'k] lewg (x) nsg] ?kM+k
106
(?k) pky] fn'kk (Ä) esok] ifj.kke (p) ty] b””kr
3- (d) izk.k ([k) nqyZHk ([k) izo`Qfr (?k) o`Q".k (Ä) Írq (p) r#oj
4- ehBs & opu ,d & ea=k mRre izÑfr & jghe
midkjh & vax cM+k & Hkkst
5- n;k & ozwQjrk iki & iq.;
ekSu & eq[kj fgr & vfgr
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
Nk=k Lo;a djsa
ikB ls vkxs
1- Lo; djsaA
2- HkfDrdkyhu lar dfo rFkk mudh jpuk,¡
dchjnkl & chtd
lwjnkl& lwjlkxj] lwjlkjkoyh
ehjkckbZ & ehjkckbZ dh inkoyh
rqylhnkl& Jh jkepfjrekul] fou; if=kdk
jghe& jghe nksgkoyh] cjoS] ukf;dk Hksn
3- esjs fiz; dfo xksLokeh rqylhnkl ¯gnh lkfgR; osQ egku dfo FksA budk tUe lksgks 'kwdj{ks=k (,Vk)
mRrj izns'k esa 1511 bZ- esa gqvk FkkA bUgsa vkfn dkO; jkek;.k osQ jpf;rk egf"kZ okYehfd dk vorkj
Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA jkepfjrekul ,d yksd rFkk ifo=k xzaFk gSA bls laiw.kZ Hkkjr esa cM+h Jn~/k vkSj
HkfDr&Hkko ls i<+k tkrk gSA fou; if=kdk mudk ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ xzzaFk gSA egkdkO; jkepfjrekul
dks fo'o osQ LkoZJks"B 100 xzaFkksa eas 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA rqylhnkl dh Ñfr jkepfjrekul Hkkjrh;
lekt esa jp&cl xbZ gSA
107
14 cnyk rks eSaus Hkh fy;k Fkk
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
gkWdh osQ egku f[kykM+h è;kupan th osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh iznku djukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
izfrHkk fNik, ugha fNirhA ikj[kh dh u”kj iM+us dh nsj gksrh gSA tUeHkwfe LoxZ ls Hkh c<+dj
gksrh gSA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
fo'o osQ egkure f[kykfM+;ksa esa ls ,d è;kupan th dk tUe 1904 esa iz;kx osQ ,d lk/kj.k jktiwr
ifjokj esa gqvkA ckn esa budk ifjokj >k¡lh vkdj cl x;kA 16 lky dh mez esa ;s îQLVZ csfz geu jsthesVa *
esa ,d lk/kj.k flikgh osQ :i esa Hkjrh gq,A bl jsthesVa osQ lwcns kj estj frokjh us mUgsa gkWdh [ksyus osQ
fy, izfs jr fd;kA vius laLej.k esa è;kupan th us ,d fnypLi ?kVuk dk o.kZu fd;k gSA lu 1933 dh
ckr gSA mu fnuksa è;kupan th iatkc jsthesVa dh vksj ls [ksyk djrs FksA ,d fnu îatkc jsthesVa * vkSj ^lSilZ
,aM ekbulZ* Vhe osQ chp eSp py jgk FkkA ekbulZ Vhe osQ f[kykM+h è;kupan th ls xsna Nhuus esa liQy
ugha gks jgs FksA [khtdj bl Vhe osQ ,d f[kykM+h us è;kupan th osQ flj ij gkWdh ns ekjhA mUgsa eSnku
ls ckgj ys tk;k x;kA FkksMh+ nsj ckn iV~Vh ck¡/dj ;s fiQj eSnku esa vk,A vkrs gh mUgksua s ml f[kykM+h ls
dgk fd rqe ¯prk er djks] eSa bldk cnyk ”k:j ywx¡ kA bruk lqurs gh og f[kykM+h ,dne ?kcjk x;kA
bl chp è;kupan th us ,d osQ ckn ,d >ViV Ng xksy dj fn,A [ksy [kRe gksus osQ ckn mUgksua s ml
f[kykM+h dh ihB FkiFkikdj dgk fd eSua s viuk cnyk ys fy;k gSA vxj rqe eq>s gkWdh u ekjrs] rks eSa
rqEgsa 'kk;n nks gh xksyksa ls gjkrkA lu 1936 esa c£yu vksyfa id esa mUgsa Hkkjrh; Vhe dk dIrku cuk;k
x;kA c£yu vksyfa id esa gh muosQ [ksyus osQ <ax ls izHkkfor gksdj yksxksa us mUgsa ^gkWdh dk tknwxj* dguk
'kq: dj fn;kA [ksyrs le; mudh dksf'k'k jgrh Fkh fd xsna dks xksy osQ ikl ys tkdj vius fdlh lkFkh
f[kykM+h dks nsa rkfd xksy djus dk Js; mls fey tk,A viuh blh [ksy Hkkouk osQ dkj.k mUgksua s teZuh
osQ pkalyj fgVyj dk fny thr fy;kA c£yu vksyfa id esa Hkkjrh; Vhe dks Lo.kZ ind feykA fgVyj
us è;kupan th dks teZuh vkus vkSj lsuk esa ek'kZy dk in xzg.k djus dk vkea=k.k fn;kA ysfdu vuU;
ns'kizes h è;kupan th us ;g izLrko vLohdkj dj fn;kA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+kus ls iwoZ crk,¡ fd gkWdh osQ tknwxj è;kupan th osQ fy, yxu] lk/uk vkSj
[ksy&Hkkouk ;gh liQyrk dk lcls cM+k ea=k FkkA
cPpksa ls iwNsa %
 D;k vki Hkkjr osQ oqQN izfln~/ gkWdh f[kykfM+;ksa osQ uke crk ldrs gSa\
 orZeku esa gkWdh [ksyus okys Hkkjr vkSj fo'o osQ oqQN izeq[k f[kykfM+;ksa osQ uke crkb,A
 estj è;kupan osQ HkkbZ dk uke crkb,] ftUgksaus gkWdh esa Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/Ro fd;k\
108
 29 vxLr dks Hkkjrh; [ksy fnol fdl egku f[kykM+h osQ tUefnu osQ volj ij euk;k tkrk gS\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa gkWdh osQ egku f[kykM+h estj è;kupan th dk
fy[kk laLej.k i<+saxsA
 estj è;kupan us fdu vksyafid [ksyksa esa dIrkuh dh\
 teZuh fdl egkns'k esa vofLFkr gS\
 n~forh; fo'o ;qn~/ osQ dkj.k dc vksyafid [ksyksa dk vk;kstu ugha gks ldk\
 us'kuy LVsfM;e fnYyh esa fdl f[kykM+h dh izfrek LFkkfir gS\
 è;kupan th us lu 1920 ls gkWdh [ksyuk 'kq: fd;kA mUgksaus fdrus vksyafid [ksyksa esa Hkkjr
dk izfrfuf/Ro fd;k\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
Nk=kksa dks ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd [ksy dks [ksy&Hkkouk osQ lkFk
gh [ksyuk pkfg,A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) gkWdh osQ ([k) iz;kx esa (x) yxu] lk/uk vkSj [ksy&Hkkouk dks (?k) >k¡lh
fyf[kr
1- (d) lSilZ ,aM ekbulZ Vhe osQ f[kykM+h us ([k) ykaluk;d (x) Lo.kZind
2- (d) [ksy osQ eSnku esa vk, fnu /Ddk&eqDdh vkSj ekj&/kM+ dh ?kVuk,¡ gksrh jgrh gSaA
([k) lu 1933 esa è;kupan iatkc jsthesaV dh vksj ls [ksyk djrs FksA
(x) cqjk dke djus okyk vkneh gj le; Mjk jgrk gS fd mlosQ lkFk Hkh cqjkbZ dh tk,xhA
(?k) vius jsthesaV osQ lwcsnkj estj frokjh dh izsj.kk ls è;kupan th us gkWdh [ksyuk 'kq: fd;kA
3- (d) è;kupan [ksy esa ¯glk osQ leFkZd ugha FksA os fojksf/;ksa dh ¯gld izo`fRr dk cnyk [ksy
ls ysrs FksA ,d ckj lsailZ ,aM ekbulZ Vhe osQ ,d f[kykM+h us muosQ flj ij gkWdh ns
ekjhA mUgsa eSnku ls ckgj ys tk;k x;kA FkksM+h nsj ckn iV~Vh ck¡/dj fiQj eSnku esa igq¡p
x,A mUgksaus ,d osQ ckn ,d >ViV Ng xksy dj fn,A [ksy [kRe gksus osQ ckn mUgksaus
ml f[kykM+h ls dgk fd eSaus viuk cnyk ys fy;k gSA vxj rqe eq>s gkWdh u ekjrs] rks
eSa rqEgsa 'kk;n nks gh xksyksa ls gjkrkA
([k) c£yu vksyafid esa è;kupan th dks gkWdh Vhe dk dIrku pquk x;kA bl vksyafid esa
yksx è;kupan osQ gkWdh [ksyus osQ <ax ls brus izHkkfor gq, fd mUgksaus mUgsa gkWdh dk
tknwxj dguk 'kq: dj fn;kA blh vksyafid esa è;kupan us viuh [ksy Hkkouk ls teZuh
osQ pkalyj fgVyj dk fny thr fy;kA
(x) è;kupan th dh ges'kk ;g dksf'k'k jgrh Fkh fd xsan dks xksy osQ ikl ys tkdj vius
fdlh lkFkh f[kykM+h dks ns nsa] rkfd mls xksy djus dk Js; fey tk,A
109
(?k) è;kupan th jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr FksA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fgVyj n~okjk teZu lsuk
esa ek'kZy cuk, tkus dk izLrko mUgksaus vLohdkj dj fn;kA
4- (d) cqjkbZ vkSj vPNkbZ ijLij foijhr /qzo ij fLFkr gSaA cqjk dke djus okyk vkneh ;g
le>rk gS fd og xyr ekxZ ij gS] blfy, mlosQ lkFk vPNk ugha gks ldrkA ;gh
lkspdj og ges'kk cqjk gksus osQ Mj ls l'kafdr jgrk gS] tcfd vPNkbZ dh jkg ij pyus
okyk O;fDr la'k;&eqDr jgrk gSA
([k) Hkkjrh; Vhe (fczfV'k dkyhu) esa p;u osQ ckn estj è;kupan dks viuh f”kEesnkjh dk
Hkku FkkA [ksyrs le; iwjs ns'k dh vk'kk,¡ muls tqM+h gksrh FkhaA mUgsa lnk bl ckr dk
è;ku jgrk Fkk fd Vhe dh thr ;k gkj ns'k dh thr ;k gkj gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd
og lnk vPNs izn'kZu osQ izfr lps"V jgrs FksA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) lsuk dh VqdM+h ([k) vkeuk&lkeuk (x) lekIr
(?k) fudEek (Ä) inksUufr (p) vfHkizk;] mn~ns';
2- (d) gh ([k) rks] gh (x) Hkh (?k) osQoy
3- (d) ;ksX;rk ([k) Hkkjrh;rk (x) HkO;rk (?k) liQyrk
4- (d) ej.k ([k) vanj (x) vliQyrk (?k) vfuf'pr
(Ä) vlkèkkj.k (p) thr
5- (d) ekrk th dy iVuk tkus okyh gSaA ([k) yM+fd;k¡ eSnku esa [ksy jgh FkhaA
(x) f'kf{kdk vHkh d{kk esa ugha vkbZ gSaA (?k) eqxkZ nkuk [kk jgk gSA
6- (d) thou u'oj gSA ([k) [ksy dk eSnku cgqr gh NksVk gSA
(x) [ksy esa Hkh ,d oSQfj;j gSA (?k) lSfud lhek ij yM+ jgs gSaA
(Ä) eq>s Hkkst esa vkea=k.k feyk gSA (p) vehck ,d NksVk&lk tho gSA
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
 Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
 Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- fj;ks vksyafid esa Hkkjr us oqQy nks ind (,d jtr rFkk ,d dkWL;) thrs Fks
2- Hkkjr jRu fØosQV osQ egku f[kykM+h lfpu rsanqydj dks feyk gSA
110
1- (d) ladV ls f?kjs O;fDr dk lalkj blfy, migkl mM+krk gS] D;ksafd og Lo;a dks de”kksj
eglwl djrk gSA
([k) Lok/hurk lsukuh ukjk;.k nkl dks thouHkj osQ fy, 500 jQi;s eghus dk HkRrk ljdkj
n~okjk eatwj fd;k x;k] rc lukru vkSj e/qferk osQ LoHkko esa vpkud ifjorZu vk;kA
(x) izo`Qfr ls euq"; dk xgjk laca/ gSA izo`Qfr ,d ifjokj dh rjg gS] ftlesa isM+&ikS/s vkSj
i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ lkFk] unh] igkM+ vkSj euq"; Hkh lfEefyr gSaA
(?k) lfjrk dh rqyuk tuuh ls blfy, dh xbZ gS] D;ksafd ;g ,d ek¡ osQ leku leLr thoksa
dk fcuk fdlh HksnHkko osQ ikyu&iks"k.k djrh gqbZ viuk drZO; iwjk djrh gSA
2- (d) vkn'kZ ([k) U;k; (x) fxjÝ + rkj
fxjÝrkj (?k) ¯”knxh
3- (d) ifjorZu izo`Qfr dk ,d 'kk'or fu;e gSA ys[kd izo`Qfr osQ lehi tkus ij cknyksa osQ
:i&jax esa gksus okys bl ifjorZu dk vkuan mBkrs gSaA ckny o"kkZ osQ :i esa ikuh cudj
i`Foh ij fxjrs gSaA iqu% egklkxjksa] ufn;ksa] >hyksa vkSj tyk'k;ksa esa ,df=kr ;gh ikuh Hkki
osQ :i esa mM+dj ckny curk gSA ifjorZu dk ;g pozQ pyrk jgrk gS] Bhd ekuo&thou
dh gh rjgA blhfy, ys[kd dgrs gSa fd ifjorZu dk vkuan ysdj ckn esa mlls vyx
gksuk gh thou dh lkèkuk gSA
([k) [ksy osQ eSnku esa [ksy&Hkkouk dk gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA blosQ fcuk [ksy] [ksy ugha
jgrkA ,d la?k"kZ cu tkrk gSA gkWdh osQ tknwxj è;kupan us bu iafDr;ksa osQ ekè;e ls
blh ckr dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSA gkWdh osQ [ksy osQ nkSjku ,d f[kykM+h us muosQ flj ij
gkWdh fLVd ns ekjk] rks mUgksaus mlls dgk fd os mldk cnyk ysaxs] ¯drq mudh rjg
ughaA os [ksy esa xksy nkxdj vkSj mudh Vhe dks gjkdj bldk cnyk ysaxsA
4- (d) ijkt; ([k) nqHkkZX; (x) mHkjk (?k) vfo'okl
5- (d) nhokjsa ([k) Mqcfd;k¡ (x) ukSdk,¡ (?k) phafV;k¡
6- (d) fu'kk ([k) unh (x) ioZr (?k) uhj
7- (d) ljy okD; () ([k) ljy okD; ()
8- (d) mRlkg ([k) vliQyrk
9- (d) ij ([k) ls (x) us (?k) dh
10- (d) LoHkko ([k) izfrKk (x) fu"ks/ (?k) nqjkxzg
111
1- (d) LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku Hkkjr dks LoPN rFkk lqanj j[kus osQ fy, viuk, tkus okys dk;ZØe
dk uke gSA
([k) LoPNrk vfHk;ku dh jkg esa fuEufyf[kr ckèkk,¡ gSaµekuo vif'k"V dks lgh rjhosQ ls
fuiVku ugha djuk] O;fDrxr lI+kQkbZ rFkk [kkus&ihus dh ph”kksa dh LoPNrk ij Bhd ls
è;ku ugha nsuk] Bksl vkSj rjy dpM+s dk Bhd ls fuiVkjk ugha djuk vkfnA
(x) lkI+kQ&lI+kQkbZ dk è;ku j[kus ls ge u osQoy vius vklikl osQ okrkoj.k dks csgrj cuk
ldrs gSa] cfYd chekfj;ksa ls Hkh cp ldrs gSaA
2- (d) rqylhnkl th osQ vuqlkj lkèkq&larksa dk ,d LFkku ij ,df=kr gksuk] gfjdFkk gksuk vR;ar
gh nqyZHk gSA iq=k] iRuh vkSj èku rks ,d ikih osQ ikl Hkh gksrk gSA
([k) rqylhnkl th dgrs gSa fd Hkys vkSj cqjs lHkh ,d ls izrhr gksrs gSa] tc rd os cksyrs
ugha gSaA ftl izdkj olar ½rq osQ vkxeu rd dks;y vkSj dkS, osQ chp varj irk ugha
pyrk] os leku izrhr gksrs gSaA olar ½rq osQ vkrs gh cksyh osQ dkj.k dks;y vkSj dkS,
dk varj lcdks irk py tkrk gSA
3- (d) ^fgefxjh* ls dfo dk rkRi;Z fge ;kuh cI+kZQ ls vkPNkfnr igkM+ksa ls gSA
([k) fge dk ty fueZy] nwèk tSlk gksrk gSA
(x) ty dy&dy] Ny&Ny djrk gqvk uhps vkrk gSA
(?k) bl dfork osQ dfo xksiky ¯lg ûsikyh* gSaA
4- (d) fcYyh dh 'kSrkuh ns[kdj jkew dh cgw osQ flj ij [kwu lokj gks x;kA
([k) fcYyh dh 'kjkjr ls rax vkdj jkew dh cgw us fcYyh dk jkLrk lkI+kQ djus osQ fy,
dej dl yhA
(x) iafMr us izk;f'pr djus osQ cgkus Hkkstu ij gkFk lkI+kQ dj fn;kA
(?k) izk;f'pr esa nku&iq.; djus osQ ckn ?kj esa yksxksa dh tku&esa&tku vk xbZA
5- (d) l~ $ o~ $ v $ p~ $ N~ $ v
([k) j~ $ vk $ "k $ V~ $ j~ $ v $ i~ $ b $ r~ $ vk
6- (d) iz'uokpd okD; ([k) fu"ksèkokpd okD;
7- fo'ks"k.k µ lqanj] vlgk; fo'ks"; µ ckSn~/&Lrwi] O;fDr
8- (d) oa'k] lewg ([k) urhtk] dksbZ Hkh [kkus okyk iQy
9- (d) (iv) ([k) (i) (x) (ii) (?k) (iii)
10- (d) lkIrkfgd ([k) ikB~;ozQe (x) iqLrdky; (?k) fu/Zu
112
d{kk&8
• ig#,] lko/ku jguk
• lk,
• esjh lkgfld ;k=kk
• eSa gw¡ muosQ lkFk [kM+h
• fHk[kkfju
• vYcVZ vkbaLVhu
• iQk¡lh ls igys
• lkbfdy dh lokjh
• deZohj
• floaQnj vkSj iq#
• esjk fon~;kFkhZ thou
• Hkfo"; dk Hk;
• laLo`Qfr D;k gS\
• uhyw
113
1 ig#,] lko/ku jguk
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
Lora=krk izkfIr osQ mijkar ns'k osQ ukxfjdksa dks lko/ku vkSj ltx jgus dh lh[k nsukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
y{; izkIr gksus ij Hkh gesa vlko/ku ugha jguk pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
izLrqr dfork esa dfo us ns'k osQ j[kokyks
yksa dks Lora=krk feyus osQ i'pkr lko/ku jgus dh lykg
nh gSA ns'k dh lhek,¡ [kqyh gksus osQ dkj.k dfo j{kdksa ls nh;s osQ leku fLFkj jgdj ns'k dh j{kk
djus osQ fy, dgrs gSaA Lora=krk izkfIr osQ mijkar dfo dgrs gSa fd vHkh thou :ih eksfr;ksa dh yM+h
iwjh gksuh ckdh gS] D;ksafd chrs gq, le; esa feyh nq[k dh dkyh js[kk,¡ vHkh feV ugha ikbZ gSaA csfM+;ksa
esa tdM+s dbZ izdkj osQ fu;e lekIr gq, gSa vkSj vc leLr fn'kkvksa esa ge fuckZ/ :i ls dgha Hkh
vk&tk ldrs gSaA ;qxksa ls ijra=krk dh lhekvksa esa vkcn~/ gok vkt iwjs osx ls py jgh gSA floqQM+h
vkSj fleVh gqbZ lhek,¡ [kafMr gks pqdh gSaA Lora=krk feyus osQ i'pkr gekjk eLrd m¡Qpk gqvk gSA ge
nklrk dh csfM+;ksa ls eqDr gq, gSa] ysfdu vkxs dk jkLrk dfBu gSA 'k=kq gV x;k] ysfdu mlosQ n~okjk
iksf"kr Nk;k :ih vkarfjd 'k=kq dk Mj cuk gqvk gSA gekjs lekt esa vHkh oqQN yksx 'kks"k.k osQ f'kdkj
gSaA ¯drq izlUurk dh ckr ;g gS fd ubZ ih<+h osQ cPpksa esa ,d vyx gh vkRefo'okl gS] tks ns'k
dks ubZ lathouh nsrk gSA vc tuekul osQ fopkj esa ,d u;k izokg ns[kus dks feyrk gSA dfo Hkkjrh;
ukxfjdksa dk vkg~oku djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd vki lnk blh izdkj mQtkZoku jgdj lgh fn'kk esa vkSj
ns'kfgr esa dk;Z djrs jgsaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
Nk=kksa dks dfork osQ ewy Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡ vkSj Lora=krk osQ ewY;ksa dks lgstus vkSj lqjf{kr
j[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
Nk=kksa ls iwNsa %
 igys Hkkjr osQ 'k=kq dkSu Fks\ orZeku esa Hkkjr osQ 'k=kq dkSu gSa\
 Hkkjr vaxsz”kksa dk fdrus le; rd xqyke jgk\
 fl;kfpu dgk¡ gS\ ;g fdlfy, izfln~/ gS\
 Lora=krk izkfIr osQ ckn Hkkjr dh fdu&fdu ns'kksa osQ lkFk vkSj dc&dc yM+kbZ gqbZ gS\
114
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd bl dfork esa Lora=krk izkfIr osQ ckn ns'k dh Lora=krk dks cuk,
j[kus osQ fy, fujarj ltx vkSj lps"V jgus osQ ckjs esa tkusaxsA
 ;g dfork vkioQks oSQlh yxh\
 ^tuuh tUeHkwfe'p LoxkZnfi xjh;lh* dk D;k vFkZ gS\
 ;fn Hkkjr vkt ijra=k gksrk] rks ns'k dks Lora=k djkus osQ fy, vki D;k djrs\
 izkphu dky ls ysdj orZeku dky rd D;k Hkkjr us fdlh nwljs ns'k ij vkozQe.k fd;k gS\
 iwjs fo'o dks 'kkafr vkSj v¯glk dk lans'k nsus okys rhu Hkkjrh; vkSj rhu fons'kh egkiq#"kksa osQ
uke crkb,A
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks dfork i<+k,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd gesa
viuh Lora=krk dks lnk v{kq..k cuk, j[kuk pkfg,A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) dfo Lora=krk izkfIr dh ckr dj jgs gSaA
([k) tu&eaFku ls ns'k ossQ ukxfjd tkx:d gks x, gSaA
(x) ge m¡Qpkb;ksa ij igq¡prs tk jgs gSa ysfdu vkxs dk jkLrk dfBu gS] tgk¡ gesa 'k=kqvksa dk
[krjk u”kj vk jgk gSA
(?k) bl dfork esa îg#,] lko/ku jguk* iafDr dks ckj&ckj nksgjk;k x;k gS] D;ksafd Lora=krk
izkfIr osQ ckn ns'k dh j{kk osQ fy, rRij jguk vc vkSj Hkh vko';d gks x;k gSA
fyf[kr
1- (d) ig#, dks lko/ku dj jgk gS () ([k) nhid () (x) leqnz ()
(?k) lhekvksa dk () (Ä) lekt dk ()
2- (d) dfo panzek dks nhfIreku jgus dks dg jgk gSA
([k) tu xaxk ls dfo dk rkRi;Z ekuo :ih lewg ls gSA
(x) dfo ns'k osQ ukxfjdksa dks vpy nhid osQ leku jgus osQ fy, dgrk gSA
3- (d) dfo lko/ku jgus dks dg jgk gS] D;ksafd Lora=krk izkfIr osQ ckn ns'k dh lhekvksa ij
'k=kqvksa dk [krjk gSA blfy, gesa ltx jgdj ns'k dh j{kk osQ fy, rS;kj jguk iM+sxkA
([k) leLr fn'kk,¡ [kqyus ls dfo dk rkRi;Z jk"Vª dh Lora=krk ls gSA
115
(x) gok,¡] lhek,¡ o izfrek,¡ 'kCnksa n~okjk dfo us ozQe'k% ijra=krk osQ ;qx dks ck¡/us okyh
gokvksa] vo#n~/ vkSj fleVh ns'k dh lhek rFkk iqjkus 'kkldksa dh izfrekvksa osQ ckjs esa
dgk gSA
(?k) dfo dks ns'k dh lhek ls 'k=kq osQ ihNs gVus osQ ckn Hkh mldh Nk;kvksa dk Hk; gSA
(Ä) bl dfork dk eq[; Loj Lora=krk izkfIr osQ ckn vius ns'k dh j{kk osQ fy, lko/ku
jgus ls gSA ns'k osQ j{kdksa dks ns'k osQ uo&fuekZ.k rFkk lqj{kk osQ izfr ltx jguk pkfg,A
4- (d) vkt lekt dh fLFkfr e`rd osQ leku gS] D;ksafd iwjs lekt dk 'kks"k.k fd;k tk jgk
gSA 'kks"k.k ls gekjk lekt vkSj ns'k de”kksj gks x;k gSA
([k) izLrqr dfork esa dfo gesa ns'k dh j{kk osQ izfr ltx jgus osQ fy, izsfjr dj jgs gSaA
dfo osQ vuqlkj Lora=krk izkIr djus ls gh gekjh f”kEesnkjh lekIr ugha gksrh] cfYd vkSj
c<+ tkrh gSA ns'k osQ j{kdksa dks ns'k osQ uo&fuekZ.k rFkk lqj{kk osQ izfr ltx jgus dh
vko';drk gSA
(x) fo"ke Ükà[kykvksa ls dfo dk vfHkizk; fofHkUu tkfr vkSj /eZ osQ yksxksa ls gSA fofHkUu
tkfr vkSj /eZ osQ yksxksa esa izk;% ,drk dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA
5- (d) (i) lekt 'kks"k.k osQ dkj.k e`r gSA
(ii) ;gk¡ ^?kj* 'kCn ^ns'k* dk i;kZ; gSA
(iii) ;gk¡ ^de”kksj* dk rkRi;Z ^'kksf"kr oxZ* ls gSA
([k) (i) Lora=krk ikus osQ ckn gekjh e'kky m¡Qph gqbZA
(ii) dfo osQ vuqlkj xqIr rFkk vkarfjd 'k=kqvksa ls yM+us dk dke dfBu Mxj gSA
(iii) ;gk¡ ^'k=kq dh Nk;k* dk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd 'k=kq pys x,] ysfdu mlosQ vkus dk
[krjk cuk gqvk gSA
6- bl dkO;ka'k esa Lora=krk&izkfIr osQ ckn dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
Lora=krk izkfIr osQ ckn Hkkjr dks dfo us LoxZ rqY; ekuk gSA dfo us bl tu&eaFku ls fudyus
okys fu"d"kZ dks igyh jRu ygj dk uke fn;k gSA blosQ ckotwn dfo dk ekuuk gS fd vHkh
thou :ih eksfr;ksa dh ekyk iwjh gksuk 'ks"k gS] D;ksafd chrs fnuksa dh dkyh djrwrkas okyh nq[k
dh Nk;k feV ugha ikbZ gSA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) vO;;hHkko ()([k) rRiqjQ"k () (x) rRiq#"k ()
2- (d) gesa vkus okys [krjksa osQ izfr ges'kk lkoèkku jguk pkfg,A
([k) os vius fu.kZ; ij vpy FksA
116
(x) gesa ges'kk vkRe&eaFku djuk pkfg,A
(?k) muosQ ikl dbZ cgqewY; jRu gSaA
(Ä) vaèkdkj esa dbZ yksx e'kky ysdj vk jgs FksA
(p) gesa xjhcksa dk 'kks"k.k ugha djuk pkfg,A
3- (d) igyk loZJs"B ([k) ik¡o dky (x) nsoyksd vkdk'k
(?k) yksx iztk (Ä) dky tksM+k (p) ckdh vof'k"V
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
• Lora=krk izkfIr osQ ckn gesa yacs la?k"kZ osQ ckn izkIr bl Lora=krk dks v{kq..k j[kus gsrq vkSj vfèkd
tkx:d rFkk pkSdl jguk gksxkA vkt ns'k osQ vanj rFkk ns'k osQ ckgj cgqr lkjh foèoald 'kfDr;k¡
fØ;k'khy gSa] tks gesa vfLFkj djuk pkgrh gSaA buls gesa lkoèkku jguk gksxkA d'ehj esa vyxkookfn;ksa
dh fØ;k'khyrk] ikfdLrku rFkk phu osQ ukikd fØ;kdyki] ns'k osQ vanj fØ;k'khy foèoald rRo
rFkk {ks=kh;rkokn ns'k dh lqj{kk ls lacafèkr izeq[k leL;k,¡ gSaA budk funku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
• iz'u 2] 3 rFkk 4 osQ mRrj Nk=k Lo;a nsaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
• i`Foh ij eq[;r% ik¡p egklkxj gSa] tks fuEufyf[kr gSaµ 1- iz'kkar egklkxj] 2- vaèk egklkxj]
3- mRrjèkzqoh; egklkxj] 4- ¯gn egklkxj] 5- nf{k.k èkqoz h; egklkxj
• Hkkjrh; Hkwfe ij ;wjksi osQ fczVsu] Úkal rFkk iqrZxky us viuk dC”kk tek;k FkkA
• Hkkjr dh lhek,¡ fuEufyf[kr ns'kksa ls feyrh gSaµikfdLrku] viQxkfuLrku] phu] HkwVku] usiky]
ckaXykns'k vkSj E;k¡ekjA
117
2 lk,
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
,d lPps fe=k dh fe=krk osQ ckjs esa crkukA fe=k dks fn;k x;k opu fuHkkus osQ fy, izsfjr djukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
lPpk fe=k vueksy /u osQ leku gksrk gSA lPpk fe=k] fe=k osQ tkus osQ ckn Hkh viuh fe=krk
fuHkkrk gSA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
ifr dke osQ flyflys esa vizQhdk osQ osQU;k ns'k x, gSaA dkI +kQh
dkIkQh
kQh la?k"kZ osQ i'pkr uSjksch esa os viuk
dke 'kq: djrs gSaA b/j muosQ ?kj (Hkkjr) esa iRuh chekj gS vkSj cPps nq/eq¡gsa gSaA dbZ fpV~fB;k¡ vkSj
rkj Mkyus osQ ckn ,d fnu osQU;k dh eksgj yxk ,d fons'kh fyIkQkI kQkI+kQk bl ifjokj dks feykA blosQ ckn
fyI+kQkI
kQkIkQk
fu;fer :i ls i=k vkSj lkFk esa iSls vkus 'kq: gq,A blls chekj iRuh dk LokLF; lq/jk vkSj cPpksa
dh i<+kbZ Hkh Bhd <ax ls gksus yxhA cPps cM+s gks x,A vBkjg lky dh mez ikj djrs gh ruq dh 'kknh
/we/ke ls gks xbZA gkbZ LowQy dh ijh{kk esa vTtw us ftys esa igyk LFkku izkIr fd;kA dkI+kQh feUurksa
osQ ckn Hkh firk dk Hkkjr vkuk Vyrk jgkA firk dh bPNkuqlkj ruq osQ fookg vkSj vTtw dks buke esa
+kQks
feyh lkjh oLrqvksa dh IIkQks
kQksVks firk dks Hkst nh xbZA ,d fnu viuh i<+kbZ iwjh djus osQ ckn vTtw firk
dks pkSadkus dh ;kstuk cukdj lh/k i=k esa fn, x, irs ij uSjksch igq¡pkA ogk¡ rkyk yxk FkkA jkr dks
,d cw<+s O;fDr us rkyk [kksyk vkSj ifjp; tkuus osQ ckn vTtw dks xys yxkrs gq, dgk fd eSa rqEgkjs
firk dk ftxjh nksLr gw¡A rqEgkjs firk rks rc gh xq”kj x, FksA eSa vius lk>s dkjksckj ls] muosQ fgLls
osQ iSls fu;fer :i ls rqEgkjs ifjokj dks Hkstrk jgkA fdrus fnuksa ls eSa blh fnu osQ bar”kkj esa FkkA vc
rqe vius bl dkjksckj esa esjk gkFk cVkvksA esjk opu iwjk gks x;k] tks eSaus mls ejrs le; fn;k Fkk---A
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
ikB 'kq: djus osQ iwoZ Nk=kksa dks ikB osQ ewy Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd lPpk fe=k
feyuk [k”kkuk ikus osQ leku gSA
Nk=kksa ls iwNsa %
 vkiosQ fdrus fe=k gSa\ D;k vkidh n`f"V esa muesa ls dksbZ lPpk fe=k gS\
 lPpk fe=k vki fdls ekurs gSa\ nq[k esa lkFk nsus okyksa dks ;k osQoy lq[k osQ le; lkFk jgus
okyksa dksA
118
 o`Q".k&lqnkek dh fe=krk osQ ckjs esa vki D;k tkurs gSa\
 jke vkSj lqxzho dh fe=krk D;ksa izfln~/ gS\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os vkt bl ikB esa nks fe=kksa dh vuks[kh fe=krk osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA
 ;fn ifr dh e`R;q osQ ckjs esa ifjokj dks igys gh irk py tkrk] rks ifjokj ij D;k chrrh\
 uSjksch fdl ns'k dh jkt/kuh gS\
 osQU;k fdl egkns'k esa fLFkr gS\
 D;k vki bl ckr ls lger gSa fd ftlus iSnk fd;k gS] og ijofj'k Hkh djsxk\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd gesa
fe=kksa dk p;u lkoèkkuhiwoZd djuk pkfg,A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) vTtw ckjg lky dk NBh d{kk esa i<+us okyk ,d yM+dk FkkA
([k) vTtw osQ firk vizQhdk osQ osQU;k esa ukSdjh djrs FksA
(x) ruq vTtw dh cM+h cgu FkhA
(?k) vTtw cM+k gksdj ,d O;olk;h cukA
(Ä) vTtw vius firk dh [kkst esa uSjksch x;kA
fyf[kr
1- (d) osQU;k
U () ([k) D;ksafd ifr fons'k esa cgqr chekj FkkA ()
(x) ubZ IIkS+kkSSQDVjh esa e”knwjksa us gM+rky dj nh FkhA () (?k) laca/ksa dh Mksj ()
2- (d) cPpksa osQ firk dke&dkt osQ flyflys esa fons'k x, FksA
([k) firk osQ [kjkc LokLF; ls lacaf/r lekpkj FkkA
(x) D;ksafd i=k esa ifr osQ chekj gksus dk lekpkj fy[kk FkkA
(?k) vTtw i<+kbZ esa vOoy FkkA
3- (d) i=k esa 'kknh esa lfEefyr u gksus dk dkj.k ;g fy[kk Fkk fd tks u;k dkjksckj 'kq:
fd;k gS] mlesa e”knwjksa dh gM+rky py jgh gSA ,sls ladV osQ le; ;g lc NksM+dj
ogk¡ 'kknh esa vkuk laHko ugha gSA
119
([k) vius firk osQ ckj&ckj ?kj vkus dh foo'krk tkuus osQ ckn vTtw us Lo;a uSjksch tkus
dk I+kSQlyk fd;kA
(x) nwljk i=k ikdj lHkh osQ psgjs [kq'kh ls f[ky mBs] D;ksfa d blesa vTtw osQ firk osQ LokLF;
esa lq/kj dh [kcj FkhA
4- (d) cPpksa dh ek¡ us tks i=k Hkstk] mlesa ?kj vkus dk lans'k FkkA blosQ vykok ruq osQ fookg
osQ fy, tkr&fcjknjh dk dksbZ vPNk&lk yM+dk <w¡<+us dh ckr fy[kh FkhA
([k) ruq dh 'kknh r; gksdj laiUu gks tkuk vklku gks x;k] D;ksafd oj i{k dks ;g Hkze Fkk
fd dU;k dk cki vizQhdk esa lksuk cVksj jgk gSA
(x) o`n~/ O;fDr us vTtw osQ firk dh e`R;q dk jgL; fNikdj j[kk Fkk] D;ksafd ;g tkudj
mldk ifjokj cqjh rjg ls VwV tkrkA blfy, mUgksaus vius fe=k osQ ifjokj dks ,d lk,
dh rjg laj{k.k fn;kA
(?k) o`n~/ O;fDr us fe=k dks fn, opu dk c[kwch ikyu fd;k vkSj fe=k osQ ifjokjtuksa dks
iwjk laj{k.k fn;kA mUgsa fdlh izdkj dh deh ugha gksus nhA fe=k dh csVh ruq dk fookg
djok;k rFkk iq=k vTtw dks i<+k&fy[kkdj dkjksckj ls tksM+kA
(Ä) Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
5- (d) ;g oDrO; o`n~/ O;fDr dk gSA
([k) bl xn~;ka'k esa o`n~/ O;fDr vkSj vTtw osQ chp ckrphr gks jgh gSA
(x) [kks,&[kks,] dHkh&dHkhA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) ifr dk i=k i<+dj iRuh vkSj cPps jks iM+sA laca/ dkjd
([k) o`n~/ O;fDr usus vTtw dks mlosQ firk dh e`R;q dh tkudkjh nhA usµdrkZ dkjd]
dks&dh µ laca/ dkjd
(x) firk 'kknh esa lfEefyr u gks losQA vf/dj.k dkjd
(?k) ?kj ls i=k tkrs jgsA viknku dkjd
(Ä) og fdlh ls fy[kokdj i=k Hkstrk FkkA dj.k dkjd
2- (d) esa () ([k) d{kk,¡ () (x) fons'k ()
(?k) izlUu gks mBuk ()
3- (d) fpV~fB;k¡ ([k) cgusa (x) ukosa (?k) jkrsa
(Ä) xgus (p) psgjs (N) cPps (t) yM+fd;k¡
4- (d) izlUu gks mBuk µ ijh{kk esa vOoy vkus ij vthr dk eq[kM+k f[ky mBkA
120
([k) enn dh mEehn djuk µ firk dk lk;k gVus osQ ckn ls ifjokj osQ yksx vius lacaf/;ksa
dk eq¡g rkdrs jgrs gSaA
(x) csM+k ikj gks tkuk µ xks¯on dh ukSdjh yxrs gh ekuks ifjokjokyksa dh uko fdukjs
yx xbZA
(?k) rs”kh ls le; xq”kjuk µ jkosQ'k dBksj ifjJe djrk jgk vkSj le; ia[k ck¡/dj mM+rk
jgkA
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
• iz'u la[;k 1] 2 rFkk 3 osQ mRrj Nk=k Lo;a nsaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
3- izfrHkk iyk;u dk rkRi;Z gksrk gS] ns'k esa fLFkr izfrHkkvksa dk fon'kksa esa iyk;uA lacafèkr ns'k esa
leqfpr volj u fey ikus osQ dkj.k ;fn ogk¡ dh Je'kfDr vFkok izfrHkk nwljs ns'kksa dks iyk;u
djrh gS] rks bls izfrHkk iyk;u (Brain drain) dgk tkrk gSA blls ml ns'k dks viuh ns'k dh
izfrHkkvksa dks lsokvksa ls oafpr jg tkuk iM+rk gSA
121
3 esjh lkgfld ;k=kk
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
Nk=kksa dks thou esa mRiUu pqukSfr;ksa dk lkgl vkSj fgEer ls lkeuk djus osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh nsukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
thou la?k"kZ dk gh nwljk uke gSA thou esa izfriy mRiUu gksus okyh pqukSfr;ksa dk MVdj lkeuk
djuk pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
jkW¯clu ozwQlks dk tUe 1622 bZú esa ;koZQ uxj esa gqvk FkkA jkW¯clu viuh igyh leqnzh ;k=kk osQ
nkSjku gh Hkkjh rwI+kkQku
Qku esa i¡Ql x;kA fdlh rjg ,d uko esa cSBdj fdukjs rd igq¡pkA yanu esa mldh
eqykdkr xq;kuk tkus okys ,d tgk”k osQ ekfyd ls gqbZA xq;kuk ;k=kk osQ fy, jkW¯clu us oqQN lkeku
[kjhnk] rkfd mls cspdj oqQN equkI+kkQkQk dek losQA nwljh ;k=kk esa leqnzh MkoqQvksa us tgk”k ij geyk cksy
fn;kA jkW¯clu dks MkoqQvksa osQ ljnkj us viuk nkl cuk fy;kA ,d fnu uko ysdj leqnz esa eNfy;k¡
idM+us osQ cgkus jkW¯clu Hkkx fudyk vkSj czkthy tkus okys ,d tgk”k ij ;k=kk 'kq: dhA pkj o"kks±
rd czkthy esa jgus osQ ckn og ,d ckj fiQj xq;kuk dh ;k=kk ij fudy x;kA ,d fnu leqnzh rwI+kQku
osQ dkj.k tgk”k leqnzh jsr esa i¡Ql x;kA ikl okyk Vkiw jkW¯clu osQ fy, vutku FkkA bl n~ohi ij
¯”knk jgus osQ fy, jkW¯clu us ,d NksVh&lh uko cukbZ vkSj ”k:jh lkeku tgk”k ls n~ohi ij ys vk;kA
,d lqcg jkW¯clu us rV ij ik¡p ukosa vkrh ns[khaA bu taxyh yksxksa osQ lkFk oqQN oSQnh Hkh FksA muesa ls
,d oSQnh ekSdk ikdj ogk¡ ls Hkkx fudykA mlosQ ihNs nks taxyh HkkxsA jkW¯clu us mu nksuksa taxfy;ksa
dks ekjdj ml oSQnh dh izk.k j{kk dhA jkW¯clu us oSQnh dk uke îzQkbMs* j[kk] D;ksafd og blh fnu
mldks feyk FkkA blh izdkj ,d ckj baXySaM osQ ,d tgk”k esa ukfodksa us fonzksg dj dIrku lfgr nks
yksxksa dks oSQnh cuk fy;k vkSj blh n~ohi ij ys vk,A jkW¯clu vkSj izQkbMs osQ lg;ksx ls dIrku us
Lo;a dks eqDr fd;k vkSj fonzksfg;ksa dks ijkLr fd;kA dIrku osQ lg;ksx ls jkW¯clu vV~BkbZl o"kZ ml
n~ohi ij fcrkdj izQkbMs osQ lkFk baXySaM pyk vk;kA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
Nk=kksa dks ikB osQ ewy Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd lkgl ls thou esa gj dke vklku
gks tkrk gSA
Nk=kksa ls iwNsa %
 vkidks dkSu&lk [ksy ilan gS\
122
 thou esa jksekap dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA D;k vkidks ioZrkjksg.k] rSjkdh] uko [ksuk vkfn esa ls
dksbZ fo/k vkrh gS\
 vesfjdk esa nkl izFkk dk mUewyu dc gqvk\
 ns'k esa ca/v
q k e”knwjh] csxkjh vkSj cky Je dkuwuu voS/ gSAa ;fn vki dgha ,slk gksrs ns[krs gS]a
rks D;k djsxa \s
 baXySaM fdl egkns'k esa fLFkr gS vkSj bldh jkt/kuh dgk¡ gS\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os vkt bl ikB esa jgL; vkSj jksekap ls Hkjh jkW¯clu ozwQlks dh
lkgfld ;k=kk osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA
 ;g ikB vkidks oSQlk yxk\
 jkW¯clu ozwQlks ;fn nkl gh cuk jgrk] rks D;k gksrk\
 fdlh dks xqyke cukdj j[kuk oSlk gh gS] tSlk fd i'kqvksa dks ck¡/dj j[kukA D;k vki blls
lger gSa\
 czkthy dh jkt/kuh dgk¡ gS\
 xq;kuk mRrjh vesfjdk vkSj nf{k.kh vesfjdk osQ chp fLFkr n~ohih; ns'k gSA osLVbaMht esa 'kkfey
vU; n~ohi dkSu&ls gSa\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd
jksekapdkjh thou dk e”kk gh oqQN vkSj gSA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) jkWfcalu ozwQlks dk tUe lu 1622 bZú esa gqvk FkkA
([k) jkWfcalu ozwQlks igyh leqnzh ;k=kk ij rwI+kQku esa i¡Ql x, FksA
(x) jkWfcalu ozwQlks dk tUe ;koZQ uxj esa gqvk FkkA
(?k) jkW¯clu ozwQlks tgk”k osQ ekfyd osQ lkFk xq;kuk x,A
fyf[kr
1- (d) MkoqQvksa us () ([k) MkoqQvksa osQ ljnkj us ()
(x) jksVh vkSj lw[ks vaxwj ()
123
(?k) tku cpkus osQ fy, () (Ä) 28 o"kZ () (p) vukt j[kus osQ fy, ()z
2- (d) jkWfcalu ozwQlks MkoqQvksa osQ ljnkj osQ fy, eNfy;k¡ idM+us leqnz esa tkuk iM+rk FkkA
([k) czkthy esa jkWfcalu owzQlks pkj o"kks± rd jgsA
(x) lHkh dks canh cuk fy;k x;kA
(?k) izQkbMs taxfy;ksa n~okjk cuk;k x;k oSQnh FkkA
3- (d) jkW¯clu dks leqnz ls dkI+kkQhQh izse FkkA blfy, MkoqQvksa ls cp tkus osQ ckn Hkh mlus nksckjk
xq;kuk dh ;k=kk ij tkus dk I+kSQlyk dj fy;kA
([k) xq;kuk tkrs le; leqnz esa Hk;adj rwI+kkQkuQku vk x;k Fkk] ftlls tgk”k esa ikuh Hkjus yxkA
tgk”k ,d vutku n~ohi dh rjI+kQ c<+us yxk FkkA
(x) bl okD; ls ys[kd dk rkRi;Z gSµleqnzh rwI+kQku kQku esa i¡Qls gksus ij eq>s ,d cM+h ygj
n~ohi osQ fdukjs dh vksj ys vkbZA
(?k) jkW¯clu us viuh tku [krjs esa Mkydj izQkbMs o dIrku dh lgk;rk dh rkfd og muosQ
lkFk bl futZu n~ohi ls ckgj fudy losQA
4- (d) baXySaM osQ tgk”k osQ ukfodksa us fonzksg dj fn;k FkkA mUgksaus dIrku vkSj mlosQ lkfFk;ksa
dks canh cuk fy;k FkkA jksfcalu ozwQlks us mUgsa eqlhcr ls cpkus osQ fy, gfFk;kj fn,A
blh chp dIrku vkSj mlosQ lkfFk;ksa us fonzksfg;ksa ij xksfy;k¡ nkxhaA ckdh fonzksfg;ksa us
viuh tku cpkus osQ fy, vkReleiZ.k dj fn;kA
([k) bl okD; ls ys[kd dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd mlus n~ohi ij taxyh yksxksa osQ iSjksa osQ fu'kku
ns[ksA mls ;g Mj lrkus yxk fd ;fn taxyh yksx mls ns[k ysaxs] rks dgha os mls ekj u
MkysaA ys[kd us leqnz osQ fdukjs ?kwers le; euq";ksa dh fc[kjh gqbZ gM~fM;k¡ Hkh ns[kh FkhaA
(x) jksfcalu ozwQlks dks leqnz osQ izfr dkI+kQh yxko FkkA mls leqnzh ;k=kkvksa ij tkus dk 'kkSd
Fkk vkSj jksekap cgqr ilan FkkA og eqlhcrksa ls ?kcjkrk ugha Fkk] cfYd mudk MVdj
lkeuk djrk FkkA mls eqlhcr esa i¡Qls yksxksa dh lgk;rk djus ls dksbZ xqjst ugha FkkA
5- (d) tgk”k osQ dIrku dh ekSr gks xbZ FkhA
([k) geys osQ le; MkoqQvksa dh la[;k vf/d FkhA
(x) jkW¯cluowzQlks eNfy;k¡ idM+us leqnz esa tkrs FksA
(?k) dIrku us jkWfDlu ozwQlks dks tgk”k esa ;k=kk djus dh vuqefr nhA
(Ä) czk”khy esa ys[kd us [ksrh&ckM+h dk dke&/a/k 'kq: fd;kA
124
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- vdeZd fozQ;k ldeZd fozQ;k
(d) eSa czkthy esa pkj o"kks± rd jgkA (d) bl ;k=kk osQ fy, eSaus oqQN lkeku
[kjhnkA
([k) esjk tUe lu 1922 esa ;koZQ uxj esa gqvkA ([k) rHkh tgk”k esa ikuh Hkjus yxkA
(x) eSa mlosQ lkFkk py fn;kA (x) eSaus ogk¡ [kkus dk oqQN lkeku bdV~Bk
fd;kA
(?k) ogk¡ ls yanu igq¡pkA (?k) vius fuokl osQ vkxs ydM+h osQ [kw¡Vksa
vkSj rkjksa dh ,d e”kcwr nhokj&lh cuk
yh FkhA
(Ä) ckdh rhu uko esa cSBs jgsA (Ä) feV~Vh ls cjru cuk, vkSj mUgsa vkx esa
idk fy;kA
2- (d) tku () ([k) o`Qr?u () (x) lkxj] ¯l/q] tyf/ () (?k) Vksdfj;k¡
3- (d) laosQrokpd okD; ([k) vkKkokpd okD; (x) fo/kuokpd okD;
(?k) iz'uokpd okD; (Ä) lansgokpd okD; (p) fu"ks/okpd okD;
(N) bPNkokpd okD; (t) foLe;kfnokpd okD;
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
• czkthy nf{k.k vesfjdk esa fLFkr gSA vksyafid] 2016 czkthy osQ fj;ks nh tsusjks esa vk;ksftr fd, x,A
125
4 eSa gw¡ muosQ lkFk [kM+h
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
viuk ekxZ Lo;a iz'kLr djus dk egRo crkukA nqfu;k ls le>kSrk djus osQ fy, ugha >qdus dh
lh[k nsukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
viuk U;k;ksfpr vf/dkj ugha R;kxuk pkfg,A flj >qdkdj vR;kpkj lgu ugha djuk pkfg,A vius fopkjksa dks
fuHkhZdrkiwoZd O;Dr djuk pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
izLrqr dfork esa dfo fu;fr n~okjk ;g dgyokrs gSa fd eSa muosQ lkFk [kM+h gw¡] tks nwljksa ij vkfJr
ugha gSa] u nwljksa dh cukbZ yhd ij pyrs gSaA ,sls O;fDr vius U;k;ksfpr vf/dkj dks ugha R;kxrs vkSj
u 'kh'k >qdkdj vR;kpkj lgu djrs gSaA ,sls O;fDr vosQys gksa ;k Hkkjh HkhM+ osQ lkFk gksa] viuh jh<+
lh/h j[krs gSaA bl izdkj osQ O;fDr xzg&u{k=k dks ns[kdj vius dk;Z ugha djrs] cfYd vius Je ls
viuh rdnhj cukus esa fo'okl j[krs gSaA lgh&xyr osQ ckjs esa ijke'kZ nsus okyksa ls os iwNrs gSa fd rqe
eq>ls lgh iFk tku ysus osQ ckjs esa iz'u djus okys dkSu gksrs gks\ dfo dgrs gSa fd lksp&lkspdj
vkSj iwN&iwNdj Hkyk dHkh rwI+kkQku
Qku pyrk gS\ lR; dk ekxZ ogh gS] ftl ij ohj viuh Nkrh rkudj
pyrs gSa vkSj fu;fr lnk ,sls O;fDr;ksa osQ lkFk jgrh gSA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
dfork 'kq: djus ls iwoZ cPpksa dks dfork osQ ewy Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd gesa
izfrowQy ifjfLFkfr dk Hkh /S;Z vkSj lkgl ls eqdkcyk djuk pkfg,A
Nk=kksa ls iwNsa %
 D;k vki viuk U;k;ksfpr vf/dkj NksM+rs gSa\ ;fn gk¡] rks D;ksa\
 Hkkjr tc xqyke Fkk] rc fons'kh ge ij vR;kpkj vkSj vukpkj djrs FksA D;k vk”kknh osQ ckn
Hkh ,slk gksrk gS\
 Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa ekSfyd vf/dkj osQ rgr fdl vuqPNsn osQ n~okjk cksyus dh Lora=krk iznku
dh xbZ gS\
 dfo gfjoa'kjk; ^cPpu* fdl izfln~/ vfHkusrk osQ firk gSa\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os vkt bl dfork esa viuk iFk vki iz'kLr djus osQ dfo osQ
fopkj ls voxr gksaxsA
126
 D;k vkius êk¡>h* fI+kQYe ns[kh gS\ ;g fI+kQYe fdl O;fDr osQ thou ij vk/kfjr gS\
 eè;dky esa fdl izfln~/ Hkkjrh; 'kkld us vdcj osQ le{k >qddj le>kSrk ugha fd;k\
 Hkkjr ij dbZ ckj vkrrkf;;ksa us vkozQe.k fd;k vkSj g”kkjksa funksZ"k yksxksa dks ryokj ls ekSr
osQ ?kkV mrkj fn;kA D;k vki ,sls vkrrkf;;ksa osQ uke crk ldrs gSa\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
vius mQij vkRefo'okl j[kuk pkfg, vkSj fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa vuko';d >qduk ugha pkfg,A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) dfork osQ dfo gfjoa'kjk; ^cPpu* gSaA
([k) dfo us fuHkZ; gksdj mn~xkj&fopkj ?kksf"kr djus dh ckr dgh gSA
(x) gkj&thr dk lkSnk djus osQ fy, dfo izk.kksa dh ck”kh yxkus dks rS;kj gSaA
fyf[kr
1- (d) vR;kpkj ()
([k) tks lkglh vkSj foosdh gSa ()
(x) tks le; osQ i{k&foi{k esa gksus dks ugha ns[krs gSa ()
2- (d) lgh vkSj xyr dh tkudkjh gekjs fy, vko';d gS D;ksafd blosQ fcuk ge mi;qDr
ekxZ dks ugha igpku ik,¡xsA
([k) ns'k dh j{kk osQ fy, tks rudj lh/s [kM+s jgrs gSa] 'k=kq dh ryokj Hkh mUgsa ugha jksd
ldrh gSA
(x) fdlh ls le>kSrk u djus okys m¡¡Qps&ls&m¡Qps liuksa dks U;ksrk nsrs jgrs gSaA
3- (d) ^vkrrkf;;ksa dh 'ke'khj* dk rkRi;Z vdkj.k funksZ"kksa dh gR;k djus okys dh ryokj ;k
'k=kqvksa dh ryokj ls gSA
([k) tks fuHkZ; gksdj vius mn~xkj&fopkj O;Dr djrs gSa] mudh ftg~ok ij varj dk vaxkj
gksrk gSA
127
(x) tks yksx vkRelEeku osQ lkFk foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh lkgl ,oa foosd ls dke ysrs
gSa] ogh MVdj eqlhcrksa dk lkeuk djrs gSaA
4- (d) lhèkh jh<+ j[kus okys ohj vkSj lkglh yksx gksrs gSaA ;s c<+dj vius oaQ/ksa ls ioZr ls
VDdj ysrs gSa vkSj ekxZ esa vkus okyh ck/kvksa dks buosQ ik¡o pqukSrh nsrs gSaA
([k) dfo us U;k;ksfpr vf/dkj dks ugha NksM+us dh ckr dh gSA
(x) dfork dk ewy mn~ns'; ukxfjdksa dks vkRelEeku osQ lkFk thus dh izsj.kk nsuk gS rFkk
foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh lkgl ,oa foosd ls dke ysrs gq, lR;ekxZ ij pyus dh
lh[k nsuk gSA
5- ftudh iSuh vk¡[ksa vkus okys le; esas Nkus okys va/dkj dks igys gh Hkk¡i ysrh gSa] eSa muosQ
lkFk [kM+h gw¡A ,sls O;fDr vius ne ij [kM+s gksrs gSa] fdlh dk lgkjk ugha ysrsA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) fuHkZ; ([k) izk.k (x) Mªe (?k) mn~xkj
2- (d) fdukjk] ck.k () ([k) /u] iz;kstu ()
3- (d) izdk'k () ([k) izfrowQy () (x) Hk;Hkhr ()
4- (d) lhèkh jh<+ ([k) Hkkjh HkhM+ (x) m¡Qpk liuk (?k) viuk NIij
(Ä) lgh&xyr iFk
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
128
5 fHk[kkfju
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
fHk{kk ek¡xdj [kkus okyh fHk[kkfju osQ nkrk :i ls ikBdksa dks voxr djkukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
vukFk dks lgkjk nsuk ,d mPp dksfV dk ekuoh; ewY; gSA /jksgj :ih vekur dks gM+iuk ,d
fuo`Q"Vre vijk/ gSA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
,d va/h fHk[kkfju izfrfnu izkr% ls laè;k rd dk'kh osQ ,d eafnj osQ njok”ks ij [kM+h gksdj
gkFk iSQykdj fHk{kk ek¡xrhA lân; vkSj Jn~/kyq nks&pkj iSls mls ns gh nsrsA laè;k dks viuh >ksaiM+h osQ
lehi igq¡prs gh ,d nl o"khZ; ckyd mNyrk&owQnrk vkrk vkSj mlls fpid tkrkA va/h us viuh
>ksaiM+h esa ,d gk¡M+h xkM+ j[kh Fkh] ftlesa og ek¡xdj yk, x, iSls Mkyrh FkhA gk¡M+h yxHkx Hkj tkus
osQ ckn og mls lsB cukjlh nkl osQ ikl vekur osQ :i esa j[k vkbZA lsB osQ equhe us iSls fxudj
vius [kkrs esa fy[k fy,A nks o"kZ cgqr lq[k osQ lkFk chr x,A blosQ i'pkr fHk[kkfju dk iq=k eksgu
Toj ls ihfM+r gks x;kA MkWDVj ls bykt djkus osQ fy, #i;ksa dh ”k:jr iM+us ij og lsB th dh
dksBh ij tk igq¡phA lsB th vkSj muosQ equhe us fHk[kkfju osQ iSls vius ikl gksus ls budkj dj fn;kA
+kkQk;nk
cPps dh n'kk fcxM+rh xbZ] bykt gh ugha gqvk] rks IIkQk;nk
Qk;nk oSQls gksrkA varr% cqf<+;k us cPps dks viuh
xksn esa mBk fy;k vkSj fxjrh&iM+rh lsB th osQ ?kj igq¡ph vkSj n~okj ij /juk nsdj cSB xbZA ?kj ls
ckgj vkus ij lsB th dks cPps dks ns[kdj vk'p;Z gqvk] D;ksafd mldh 'kDy&lwjr muosQ [kks, iq=k
eksgu ls feyrh&tqyrh lh yxhA lsB us cPps dks fHk[kkfju ls Nhu fy;k vkSj ukSdj ls MkWDVj dks
cqykus osQ fy, dgkA Toj ls ihfM+r eksgu ek¡&ek¡ dh jV yxkrk jgkA fujk'k lsB fHk[kkfju dh >ksaiM+h
esa vk, vkSj mlls eksgu osQ ikl pyus osQ fy, dgkA va/h ek¡ dh lsok&'kqJw"kk ls eksgu Bhd gks x;kA
lsB th us fHk[kkfju ls ogha mlh ?kj esa eksgu osQ lkFk jgus osQ fy, dgk] ysfdu og ugha ekuhA lsB
th us ,d FkSyh esa mls mlosQ iSls {kek ek¡xrs gq, ykSVkus pkgsA bl ij fHk[kkfju us dgk fd ;s #i;s
eSaus rqEgkjs eksgu osQ fy, laxzg fd, Fks] mlh dks ns nsukA bl le; lsB ;kpd Fkk vkSj og nkrk FkhA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
ikBu ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks ikB osQ ewy Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd ,d fHk[kkfju Hkh lsB
ls egku gks ldrh gSA
Nk=kksa ls iwNsa %
 D;k vkius johanzukFk VSxksj dh dksbZ vU; jpuk i<+h gS\
 fHk{kko`fRr mfpr gS ;k vuqfpr\
 dFkk lezkV eq'a kh izes pan us ,d va/s O;fDr dks osQa nz esa j[kdj ,d miU;kl fy[kk gS] mldk uke
irk dhft,A
129
cSad cuus ls igys yksx vius iSls fdl izdkj j[krs gksaxs\

blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os vkt bl dgkuh esa ,d va/h fHk[kkfju osQ ckjs esa i<+saxs] ftlus
,d vukFk ckyd dks viuk;kA
 va/h fHk[kkfju us rks eerk dh ykt j[k yh] ysfdu D;k lsB cukjlhnkl us vius is'ks vkSj
euq";rk dh ykt j[kh\
 ;fn va/h osQ iSls pksjh gks tkrs] rks dgkuh esa D;k ifjorZu vkrk\ D;k lsB th dks eksgu fey ikrk\
 ikB esa ;g D;ksa dgk x;k gS fd 'osr oL=kksaokys iSls nsus dh vis{kk f>M+fd;k¡ fn;k djrs gSa\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
,d fHk[kkfju Hkh vkn'kZ dk;e dj ldrh gSA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) fHk[kkfju va/h FkhA
([k) va/h fHk[kkfju ,d gk¡M+h esa iSls j[krh FkhA
(x) lsB dk uke cukjlh nkl FkkA
(?k) dk'kh esa lsB cukjlh nkl cgqr izfln~/ O;fDr FksA
(Ä) va/h lsB osQ ikl viuh tek&iw¡th j[kus xbZA
fyf[kr
1- (d) ck¡xyk () ([k) ckcw th] va/h ij n;k gks tk,A ()
(x) nl o"kZ dk ,d yM+dk mNyrk&owQnrk vkrk () (?k) lsB ()
(Ä) csVk () (p) gk¡M+h () (N) lsB th osQ ikl ()
2- (d) va/h izfrfnu eafnj osQ njok”ks ij [kM+h gksrh Fkh] rkfd mls Hkh[k fey tk,A
([k) jkgxhj vaèkh cqf<+;k dks f>M+fd;k¡ fn;k djrs FksA
(x) Hkh[k esa yk, iSls va/h] >ksaiM+h esa blfy, fNikdj j[krh Fkh rkfd nwljh dh u”kj ml
ij u iM+sA
(?k) lsB cukjlh nkl dk'kh osQ izfln~/ O;fDr FksA
(Ä) va/h csVs osQ bykt osQ fy, iSls ek¡xus vkbZA
3- (d) va/h viuk xq”kkjk Hkh[k esa feys iSls vkSj nku esa feys vukt ls pyk fy;k djrh FkhA
([k) lsB th cukjl osQ cgqr izfln~/ O;fDr FksA os cgqr cMs+ ns'kHkDr vkSj /ekZRek FksA dbZ
130
O;fDr lsB th osQ ikl viuh tek&iw¡th èkjksgj osQ :i esa j[krs FksA
(x) va/h osQ ikl j[kh gk¡M+h iSls ls iwjh Hkj xbZ FkhA mls Mj Fkk fd dksbZ mls pqjk u ysA og
Mjrs&Mjrs lsB osQ ikl xbZ vkSj dgk fd lsB th bls vius ikl j[k yks] eSa va/h&vikfgt
dgk¡ j[krh fiQ:¡xhA
(?k) va/h dk csVk Toj esa rM+i jgk FkkA dksbZ nok ml ij vlj ugha dj jgh FkhA blfy,
og nksckjk enn osQ fy, lsB osQ ?kj igq¡ph vkSj /jus ij cSB xbZA
4- (d) bl ?kVuk osQ ckn laHkor% lsB th osQ O;ogkj esa vewy&pwy ifjorZu vk;k gksxkA vaèkh
cqf<+;k osQ n~okjk vius csVs osQ thou&nku nsus ls muosQ eu esa fu'p; gh vc Ny&diV
ugha djus rFkk nwljksa osQ izfr ijksidkj dh Hkkouk txh gksxhA
([k) csVs osQ bykt osQ fy, tc va/h lsB ls iSls ysus xbZ] rks lsB us mls Mk¡Vrs gq, dgk fd
esjs ikl rsjh dksbZ tek&iw¡th ugha gSA rc cqf<+;k us lkspk fd lsB csbZeku gSA fiQj cqf<+;k
us mls ;kn fnykrs gq, crk;k fd og nks o"kZ igys viuh tek&iw¡th lsB osQ ikl /jksgj
osQ :i esa j[kdj xbZ FkhA lsB us bl ckjs esa equhe ls iwNkA rc cqf<+;k dks yxk fd
bruk èkkfeZd O;fDr >wB ugha cksy ldrk] mls ;kn ugha jgk gksxkA
(x) lsB th dks fHk[kkfju osQ ikl viuk lkr o"kZ iwoZ [kks;k gqvk csVk fey x;k FkkA og
Toj esa rM+i jgk FkkA vxys fnu FkksM+k Bhd gqvk] rks viuh va/h fHk[kkfju ek¡ dks <w¡<+us
yxkA ek¡ dks lehi u ns[kdj mls fiQj ls Toj p<+ x;k vkSj ek¡&ek¡ dh jV yxkus yxkA
MkWDVjksa us Hkh lsB dks tokc ns fn;k FkkA ml le; lsB dks va/h fHk[kkfju dk [k;ky
vk;k vkSj og foo'krko'k enn ek¡xus mlosQ ikl igq¡p x;kA
(?k) va/h fHk[kkfju us ftl csVs dk brus lky ikyu&iks"k.k fd;k Fkk] og njvly lsB dk
[kks;k gqvk csVk FkkA chekj csVs osQ fy, og lsB ls enn ysus xbZ Fkh] ij lsB us vius
[kks, gq, csVs dks ikdj mlls Nhuuk pkgkA csVs dh gkyr fcxM+us ij mls va/h fHk[kkfju
ls gh lgk;rk ek¡xus tkuk iM+kA fHk[kkfju us Hkh enn ls euk ugha fd;kA bl izdkj va/h
fHk[kkfju gksrs gq, Hkh lsB th ls egku lkfcr gqbZA
(Ä) va/h us lsB th osQ ?kj jgdj chekj csVs dh [kwc lsok dhA tks dke gdheksa osQ uqL[ks]
oSn~;ksa dh iqfM+;k vkSj MkWDVjksa osQ feDlpj u dj ik,] og va/h dh Lusge;h lsok us
iwjk dj fn;k FkkA eksgu osQ iwjh rjg LoLFk gksus ij va/h us fonk ek¡xhA lsB us vius
ikiksa dk izk;f'pr djrs gq, cqf<+;k osQ iSls ykSVkus pkgs] rks cqf<+;k us euk dj fn;kA
mlus dgk fd ;g mlus lsB osQ csVs eksgu osQ fy, laxzg fd, Fks vkSj ;s mlh osQ gSaA
bl izdkj lsB ;kpd vkSj cqf<+;k nkrk fln~/ gqbZA
5- fdlus fdlls
(d) va/h fHk[kkfju us eafnj vkus&tkus okys Jn~/kyqvksa ls
131
([k) lsB cukjlh nkl us va/h fHk[kkfju ls
(x) va/h fHk[kkfju us lsB cukjlh nkl ls
(?k) equhe us lsB cukjlh nkl ls
(Ä) va/h fHk[kkfju us eksgu ls
6- (d) va/h cqf<+;k us gk¡M+h blfy, xkM+ j[kh Fkh] rkfd og nwljs O;fDr;ksa dh u”kj esa u vk,A
([k) cqf<+;k Hkh[k esa tks oqQN Hkh iSls ek¡xdj ykrh] og ml gk¡M+h esa Mky nsrhA
(x) D;ksafd gk¡M+h ij ;fn fdlh dh u”kj iM+rh] rks og mls pqjkus dh lksprkA
(?k) ^½* Loj
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) lsB cukjlh nkl izfln~/ O;fDr FksA xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k
([k) nl o"kZ dk yM+dk vk;kA la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k
(x) ;g esjk cPpk gSA lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k
(?k) og ukSdj ckgj vk;kA lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k
(Ä) og cgqr /uh O;fDr gSA xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k
2- (d) fHk[kkjh ([k) MkWDVjuh (x) lsBkuh
(?k) va/k (Ä) cPph (p) iafMrkbu
3- (d) [kwu&ilhuk ,d fd;k ()
([k) iRFkj ij tksad u yxuk ()
(x) rk¡rk yx x;k ()
4- (d) L=kh Hkh mlosQ iYys esa FkksM+k&cgqr vukt Mky tk;k djrh FkhA
([k) cPps dkSu gSa\
(x) gkfM+;k¡ yxHkx iwjh Hkj xbZ FkhaA
(?k) vifjfpr 'kDy ns[kdj mlus vius us=k can dj fn,A
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- johanzukFk VSxksj dks o"kZ 1913 esa mudh Ñfr ^xhrkatfy* osQ fy, ukscsy iqjLdkj izkIr gqvk FkkA
3- Hkkjrh; jkT; >kj[kaM dh jktèkkuh jkWph esa ^VSxksj fgy* uked igkM+h dk uke j[kk x;k gSA
132
6 vYcVZ vkbaLVhu
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
egku oSKkfud vYcVZ vkbaLVhu osQ thou ls Nk=kksa dks ifjfpr djkukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
Kku ls ifjiw.kZ efLr"d dk lgh fn'kk esa vkSj lkFkZd mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A
ikB dk lkjka'k %
vYcVZ vkbaLVhu hu dk tUe 14 ekpZ] 1879 dks teZuh osQ mQYe uxj esa ,d xjhc ;gwnh ifjokj esa
gqvk FkkA muosQ firk dk uke gjeku vkbaLVhu vkSj ekrk dk uke ikSyhu FkkA cpiu esa ckyd vYcVZ
dks nsj ls cksyuk vk;kA blls ek¡&cki ?kcjk x, fd dgha os xw¡xs u gksaA blosQ vykok vkB&ukS o"kZ
dh meZ rd os csgn 'kehZys LoHkko osQ ckyd FksA mudh izkjafHkd f'k{kk mQYe vkSj E;wfud esa gqbZA
vYcVZ osQ pkpk ;kdkso us muosQ eu esa xf.kr osQ izfr izse tkx`r fd;kA lu 1894 esa buosQ ekrk&firk
bVyh osQ feyku uxj esa tk clsA ij vkbaLVhu dks i<+us osQ fy, E;wfud esa gh jguk iM+kA teZuh dk
lSfud okrkoj.k ukilan djus okys vkbaLVhu us vkxs pydj fLoVtjySaM dh ukxfjdrk Lohdkj dj
yhA fMxzh dh f'k{kk iwjh dj ysus osQ ckn vYcVZ us feysok esfjl ls fookg dj fy;kA fLoVtjySaM
osQ cuZ 'kgj osQ isVsaV foHkkx esa bUgsa ukSdjh Hkh fey xbZA vc mudk efLr"d l`f"V osQ jgL;ksa dh
m/sM+cqu esa yxk jgrkA lu 1905 esa teZuh osQ ,d oSKkfud i=k esa muosQ dbZ ys[k izdkf'kr gq,A vc
vkbaLVhu vKkr oSKkfud ugha jgsA lu 1906 esa mUgksaus isVsaV foHkkx dh ukSdjh NksM+dj fLoVtjySaM osQ
,d fo'ofon~;ky; esa vè;kid dk in Lohdkj dj fy;kA lu 1909 esa os HkkSfrdh osQ ewy fln~/karksa
osQ vlk/kj.k vkpk;Z gksdj T;wfj[k x,A muosQ u, oSKkfud dk;ks± osQ fy, mudh izfln~f/ fnu&izfrfnu
c<+rh tk jgh FkhA muosQ lkis{krk osQ fln~/kar ij g”kkjksa fVIif.k;k¡ izdkf'kr gqb±A lu 1921 esa vkbaLVhu
dks ukscsy iqjLdkj feykA vkbaLVhu us vesfjdk osQ ¯izlVu 'kgj dh ^baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ ,MokaLM LVMh*
esa dke djuk 'kq: fd;kA ckn esa os vesfjdk osQ ukxfjd cu x,A fon~;k£Fk;ksa dks i<+kus osQ lkFk&lkFk
[kkyh le; esa os Lora=k :i ls vuqla/ku Hkh djrs FksA vkbaLVhu osQoy vius ;qx osQ egku oSKkfud
gh ugha Fks] cfYd lR; osQ iqtkjh] ekuo osQ ewy vf/dkjksa osQ lkglh leFkZd vkSj 'kkafr osQ j{kd Hkh
FksA mUgksaus izFke fo'o ;qn~/ dk izkjaHk ls gh fojks/ fd;kA 18 vizSy] 1955 dks bl b egku oSKkfud
dh e`R;q gks xbZA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+kus ls iwoZ oSKkfud [kkstksa osQ egRo ls ifjfpr djk,¡ vkSj vkbaLVhu osQ eq[;
[kkstksa dh laf{kIr tkudkjh nsaA
133
Nk=kksa ls iwNsa %
 vki fdu oSKkfudksa osQ ckjs esa tkurs gSa\
 Hkkjr osQ fdu oSKkfudksa dks ukscsy iqjLdkj fey pqdk gS\
 vkbaLVhu us xka/h th osQ ckjs esa D;k dgk Fkk\
 MkWú gjxks¯on [kqjkuk us fdldk vkfo"dkj fd;k\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa egku oSKkfud vYcVZ vkbaLVhu osQ thou ls tqM+h
tkudkjh izkIr djsaxsA
 baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ ,MokaLM LVMh dgk¡ gS\  fgVyj dkSu Fkk\
 fgjksf'kek fdl ns'k esa fLFkr gS\  U;wVu us fdl ph”k dk vkfo"dkj fd;k Fkk\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
lekt esa tkx:drk ykus rFkk va/fo'okl dks nwj dj oSKkfud lksp mRiUu djkus esa oSKkfudksa dk
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgrk gSA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) chloha 'krkCnh dk lcls egRoiw.kZ nLrkos”k vYcVZ vkba
v LVhu osQ v.kq lac/
a h rhl i`"B osQ
ys[k dks dgk tkrk gSA
([k) vkbaLVhu us ¯izlVu 'kgj osQ baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ ,MokaLM LVMh esa dke fd;kA
(x) fgjksf'kek ij 6 vxLr] 1945 dks v.kq ce fxjk;k x;kA
(?k) vkbaLVhu dh e`R;q 18 vizSy] 1955 dks gqbZA
fyf[kr
1- (d) teZuh () ([k) fcLekoZQ () (x) johanzukFk VSXkksj ls ()
2- (d) vkbaLVhu dk tUe ,d xjhc ;gwnh ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA
([k) lu 1894 esa vkbaLVhu osQ ekrk&firk bVyh osQ feyku esa tkdj cl x,A
(x) vycZV vkbaLVhu dh iRuh dk uke feysok esfjl FkkA
(?k) vycZV vkbaLVhu dks o"kZ 1921 esa ukscsy iqjLdkj feykA
3- (d) vkbaLVhu dks teZuh dk lSfud okrkoj.k ilan u FkkA
([k) isVsaV foHkkx esa vkbaLVhu dk dke rduhdh fo'ks"kK dk Fkk] ;kuh isVsaV osQ fy, vk,
vkosnu&i=k dks tk¡pukA
(x) tkWtZ cukZMZ 'kk us vkbaLVhu dks lalkj osQ egku O;fDr;ksa esa fxuk vkSj mudk nj”kk
usiksfy;u tSls 'kkldksa ls mQij crk;kA
134
(?k) fgjksf'kek ij v.kq ce fxjus dh [kcj lqudj vkbaLVhu cksys] ^^vkg] nqfu;k blosQ yk;d
ugha gS---**A
4- (d) vkbaLVhu dk dguk Fkk fd vxj esjk cl pys] rks eSa osQoy ml ns'k esa jgw¡] tgk¡
jktuhfrd Lok/hurk] lgu'khyrk vkSj dkuwu osQ le{k lHkh ukxfjdksa dh lekurk dk
fu;e gksA
([k) vYcVZ vkbaLVhu osQ firk gjeku vkbaLVhu dh vkenuh bruh u Fkh fd og viuh iRuh
ikSyhu] iq=k vYcVZ vkSj iq=kh ektk dk thou fuokZg vPNh rjg dj losaQA
(x) cpiu esa vYcVZ vkbaLVhu dks cksyuk nsj ls vk;kA ek¡&cki ?kcjk x, fd dgha og xw¡xs
gh u gksaA vkB&ukS lky dh mez esa og brus 'kehZys Fks fd lcls vyx jgrs FksA gj ckr
esa fgpdrs] dksbZ u;k dke gkFk esa ysus ls loqQpkrs vkSj laxh&lkfFk;ksa ls nwj jgrs FksA
5- (d) fMxjh rd f'k{kk izkIr dj ysus osQ ckn vycVZ us fookg dj fy;kA
([k) mudh iRuh dk uke feysd esfjnk FkkA
(x) vyoVZ dks fLoVtjySaM osQ cuZ uked 'kgj osQ isVsaV foHkkx esa ukSdjh feyhA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) ân;] e`R;q] tkx`r ([k) vk'p;Ztud] viwoZ] teZuh
(x) izeq[k] izdk'k] ozQkafr (?k) jk"Vªifr] VªLV] Vªke
2- (d) 'krkCnh ([k) fo'ks"kK (x) tknwxj (?k) vlhe
3- (d) Lrj] nLrkos”k ([k) 'krkCnh] 'kCn
(x) Lok/hurk] Lora=k (?k) ;ksX;rk] X;kjg
(Ä) iRuh] iz;Ru (p) fcLekoZQ] Le`fr
4- vius&vius] dHkh&dHkh] /hjs&/hjs] cM+s&cM+s] lkFk&lkFk
5- mlus esjk eSa muosQ og
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
• iz'u la[;k 1] 2 rFkk 4 osQ mRrj Nk=k Lo;a nsaA
3- Hkkjr osQ ukscsy iqjLdkj izkIr O;fDr;ksa dh lwph rFkk mudk dk;Z{ks=kµ
1- johanzukFk VSxksj (lkfgR;) 1913
2- panz'ks[kj csadVjeu (foKku) 1930
3- enj Vsjslk ('kkafr) 1979
4- veR;Z lsu (vFkZ'kkL=k) 1998
5- oSQyk'k lR;kFkhZ (cky vfèkdkj ,oa lekt lsok) 2014
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
135
7 iQk¡lh ls igys
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
ns'k ij izk.k U;ksNkoj djus okys ozQkafrdkfj;ksa osQ thou osQ vafre {k.kksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh nsukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
ekr`Hkwfe dh j{kk djus ls izkIr lq[k ls c<+dj nqfu;k esa dksbZ lq[k ugha gSA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
uoacj 1930 esa Hkxr ¯lg lsaVªy tsy] ykgkSj esa canh FksA mUgsa iQk¡lh dh l”kk lqukbZ tk pqdh FkhA
ogha ls mUgksaus vius lkFkh cVqosQ'oj nRr dks ,d i=k fy[kkA bl i=k esa mUgksaus fy[kk fd eq>s iQk¡lh
dk naM feyk gS] ¯drq rqEgsa vkthou dkjkokl dkA rqEgsa thfor jgdj nqfu;k dks ;g fn[kkuk gS fd
ozQkafrdkjh vius vkn'kks± osQ fy, osQoy ej gh ugha ldrs] cfYd thfor jgdj gj eqlhcr dk eqdkcyk
Hkh dj ldrs gSaA iQk¡lh yxus ls rhu fnu igys rhuksa ozQkafrdkfj;ksa us ok;ljk; dks i=k fy[kdj Lo;a
dks ;qn~/canh crkrs gq, ;qn~/cafn;ksa tSlk O;ogkj dj iQk¡lh nsus osQ cnys xksyh ls mM+k nsus dh ek¡x
dhA iQk¡lh yxus ls Bhd ,d fnu igys 22 ekpZ] 1931 dks lsaVªy tsy osQ gh okMZ uaú 14 esa jgus
okys canh ozQkafrdkfj;ksa us Hkxr ¯lg osQ ikl ,d ijpk Hkstk fd ;fn vki iQk¡lh ls cpuk pkgrs gksa rks
crk,¡A bu ?kfM+;ksa esa Hkh 'kk;n oqQN gks losQA blosQ mRrj esa Hkxr ¯lg us fy[kk fd esjk uke ¯gnqLrkuh
^badykc* ikVhZ dk fu'kku cu pqdk gS vkSj badykc&ilan ikVhZ osQ vkn'kks± vkSj cfynkuksa us eq>s cgqr
m¡Qpk dj fn;k gSA bruk m¡Qpk fd ¯”knk jgus dh lwjr esa blls m¡Qpk eSa gjfx”k ugha gks ldrkA gk¡]
ns'k vkSj bulkfu;r osQ fy, tks gljrsa esjs fny esa Fkha] mudk g”kkjok¡ fgLlk Hkh eSa iwjk ugha dj ldkA
vxj ¯”knk jg ldrk] rks 'kk;n mldks iwjk djus dk ekSdk feyrk vkSj eSa viuh gljrsa iwjh dj ldrkA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
ikB 'kq: djus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks ikB osQ osaQnzh; Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd ns'k dks
xqykeh osQ na'k ls eqDr djkus dk iz;kl djuk] lHkh ns'kokfl;ksa dk iquhr drZO; gSA
Nk=kksa ls iwNsa %
 ozQkafrdkfj;ksa n~okjk vaxzs”kksa dks mlh dh Hkk"kk esa tokc nsuk vkidks oSQlk yxk\ vius fopkj
crkb,A
 ykyk yktir jk; dh gR;k dk cnyk ysus osQ fy, ozQkafrdkfj;ksa us fdl fczfV'k vf/dkjh dks
ekjk Fkk\
 tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM esa xksyh pykus dk vkns'k nsus okys cnuke vf/dkjh tujy vks
Mk;j dks fdl Hkkjrh; us yanu tkdj ekjk Fkk\
 ;rhanzukFk nkl vkSj Hkxorhpj.k us viuk cfynku fdl izdkj fn;k\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa ozQkafrdkfj;ksa osQ lkgl] ohjrk] R;kx vkSj cfynku
osQ ckjs esa tkusaxsA
136
 i=k ij vk/kfjr ;g ikB vkidks oSQlk yxk\
 ;fn vkt ozQkafrdkjh ¯”knk gksrs] rks ns'k dh rLohj oSQlh jgrh\
 cVqosQ'oj nRr dc l”kk ls eqDr gq,\
 ^badykc ¯”knkckn* dk ukjk fdl izfln~/ ozQkafrdkjh us fn;k Fkk\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
ozQkafrdkfj;ksa us ns'k dh Lora=krk osQ fy, viuk loZLo U;ksNkoj dj fn;kA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) ;g i=k Hkxr ¯lg us cVqosQ'oj nRr dks fy[kk FkkA
([k) ;g i=k ykgkSj dh lsaVªy tsy ls fy[kk x;k FkkA
(x)nwljs i=k esa Hkxr ¯lg us iatkc osQ xouZj dks fy[kk fd mUgsa iQk¡lh ugha] xksyh ls mM+k;k tk,A
(?k) izk.kukFk esgrk ,MoksosQV FksA
fyf[kr
1- (d) iQk¡lh dk () ([k) iQk¡lh ls ,d fnu igys ()
(x) cVqosQ'oj nRr ()
(?k) iQk¡lh osQ cnys xksyh ls mM+k nsus osQ fy, () (Ä) Hkxr ¯lg ()
2- (d) izk.kukFk esgrk us Hkxr ¯lg ls thounku izkFkZuk&i=k ij gLrk{kj djus dk vuqjks/ fd;kA
([k) xouZj&iatkc dks Hkxr ¯lg] jktxq# vkSj lq[knso us i=k fy[kkA
(x) xouZj&iatkc dks i=k&fy[kdj os ;g ek¡x djuk pkgrs Fks fd mUgsa iQk¡lh osQ cnys xksyh
ls mM+k fn;k tk,A
(?k) Hkxr ¯lg us ¯gnqLrku lks'kfyLV fjifCydu ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA
3- (d) Hkxr ¯lg vkSj muosQ lkfFk;ksa ij lezkV tkWtZ iape osQ fo#n~/ ;qn~/ djus dk vkjksi
r; fd;k x;kA
([k) Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd usrk ozQkafrdkjh ny osQ lnL;ksa dks viuk 'k=kq le>rs Fks] D;ksafd muosQ
fopkj esa os ¯glk esa fo'okl j[krs FksA
(x) vius i=k esa Hkxr ¯lg us xouZj&tujy ls ;g vuqjks/ fd;k fd mUgsa iQk¡lh osQ cnys
xksyh ls mM+k fn;k tk,A
(?k) Hkxr ¯lg dks iQk¡lh ij yVdus dh csrkch Fkh] D;ksafd os nqfu;k dks ;g fn[kkuk pkgrs
Fks fd ozQkafrdkjh vius vkn'kks± osQ fy, ohjrk ls cfynku ns ldrs gSaA
4- (d) Hkxr ¯lg us cVqosQ'oj nRr dks ;g lans'k Hkstk fd tks ozQkafrdkjh la;ksxo'k iQk¡lh osQ
137
iaQns ls cp x, gSa] mUgsa thfor jgdj nqfu;k dks ;g fn[kk nsuk pkfg, fd os u osQoy
vius vkn'kks± osQ fy, iQk¡lh ij p<+ ldrs gSa] cfYd tsyksa dh vaèkdkjiw.kZ NksVh dksBfj;ksa esa
?kqV&?kqVdj fuo`Q"Vre n”ksZ osQ vR;kpkjksa dks lgu Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
([k) Hkxr ¯lg lkezkT;okn vkSj iw¡thokn dk fojks/ dj jgs Fks] D;ksafd bl O;oLFkk esa ywV
dk lkezkT; LFkkfir FkkA iw¡thifr;ksa n~okjk fu/Zuksa dk [kwu pwlk tk jgk FkkA
(x) ê`R;q lkalkfjd dfBukb;ksa ls eqfDr izkIr djus dk lk/u ugha cuuh pkfg,* dk rkRi;Z
;g gS fd oqQN yksx Lo;a dh ijs'kkfu;ksa ls rax vkdj e`R;q dk oj.k djuk pkgrs gSa]
tks loZFkk xyr gSA
(?k) Hkxr ¯lg oSQn gksdj ;k ikcan gksdj ¯”knk jguk ugha pkgrs FksA
5- (d) csrkch] iQk¡lh] lkSHkkX; ([k) vfHk;ksx] dkuwu&fo'kkjnksa
(x) ohjkaxukvksa] cfynku (?k) lkezkT;okn ,oa iw¡thokn
(Ä) oqQnjrh] fNikuk
6- (d) () ([k)() (x) () (?k) () (Ä) () (p) ()
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) fefJr okD; ([k) fefJr okD; (x) feJ okD; (?k) ljy okD; (Ä) ljy okD;
2- iq¯Yyx µ naM] vijk/h] cfynku] dkjkokl] vkn'kZ] ;qn~/] vR;kpkj] mik;] fo'okl]
lEeku] "kM~;a=k
L=kh¯yx µ iQk¡lh] izkFkZuk] nqfu;k] turk] ljdkj] jk;] lsok] O;k[;k] yM+kbZ
3- (d) dh ([k) dh (x) fd (?k) fd
4- (d) vk ([k) v (x) l (?k) fuj
(Ä) cs (p) iz
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- vkt osQ lapkj Økafr osQ ;qx esa i=k osQ vykok bZ&esy] VsyhiQksu ls eSlst] OgkV~li bR;kfn ekè;eksa
osQ n~okjk lans'k Hksts tk ldrs gSaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- dkdksjh dkaM Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke osQ Økafrdkfj;ksa osQ n~okjk fczfV'k jkt osQ f[kykiQ ,d la?k"kZ
Fkk] ftlesa fczfV'k jkt dk [ktkuk ywVus dh ;kstuk Fkh] tks 9 vxLr] 1925 dks ?kfVr gqbZ FkhA bl
?kVuk esa jke izlkn fcfLey] jktsanz ukFk ykfgM+h] v'kI+kQkd mYyk [kk¡] panz'ks[kj vk”kkn ,oa vU;
Økafrdkjh 'kkfey FksA
2- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
138
8 lkbfdy dh lokjh
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
lkbfdy lh[kus dh ?kVuk dk gkL; vkSj O;aX; osQ lkFk lekos'k dj jkspd rjhosQ ls o.kZu djukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
yxu vkSj lefiZr Hkko ls gj ph”k lh[kh tk ldrh gSA [k;kyh iqyko idkus vkSj vk/s&v/wjs <ax
ls lh[kus ij vliQyrk gh gkFk yxrh gSA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
ys[kd dks 1942 bZú esa lkbfdy pykuk lh[kus dk [k;ky vk;kA lkbfdy pykuk lh[kus osQ
fy, ys[kd us iqjkus diM+ksa dh ejEer djokbZA pksV yxus ij yxkus osQ fy, ck”kkj ls tacd osQ nks
fMCcs [kjhn fy,A frokjh th ls ppkZ dj lkbfdy pykuk fl[kkus okys ,d mLrkn dks <w¡<+ fudkyk
x;kA I+kkQhl
Qhl osQ :i esa chl #i;s vfxze mUgsa fn, x,A ykjsal ckx osQ eSnku esa ys[kd lkbfdy dh
lokjh djus yxsA vkB&ukS fnu esa ys[kd lkbfdy pykuk lh[k x, FksA ysfdu lkbfdy ij p<+uk ugha
vkrk FkkA ,d fnu mLrkn us ys[kd dks lkbfdy ij p<+k fn;k vkSj lM+d ij NksM+rs gq, dgk fd ys
tkvks] vc rqe lh[k x,A ys[kd lkbfdy pykrs gq, fny&gh&fny esa iwQys u lek jgs FksA rHkh lkeus
ls ,d rk¡xk vkrk fn[kkbZ fn;kA ys[kd us mls ckb± rjI rjIkQ+kQ jgus osQ fy, dgkA vpkud irk ugha ?kksM+k
HkM+d x;k ;k rk¡xsokys dks 'kjkjr lw>h] tks Hkh gks] rk¡xk lkeus vk x;kA ys[kd osQ gkFk&iSj iwQy x,A
rjIkQk+ Q fudy tkrsA exj cqjk le; vkus ij cqn~f/ igys gh Hkz"V
”kjk&lk gSaMy ?kqekus Hkj ls os nwljh rjI
gks tkrh gSA fiQj D;k Fkk] ys[kd lkbfdy lesr rk¡xs osQ uhps vkdj csgks'k gks x,A gks'k vkus ij os
?kj esa Fks vkSj 'kjhj ij iV~fV;k¡ c¡/h FkhaA ys[kd us lkjk by”kke frokjh th ij Mkydj cpuk pkgkA
ysfdu Jherh th us eqldjkdj tokc fn;k fd ;g pdek mls nsuk] tks oqQN u tkurk gksA ml rk¡xs ij
cPpksa dks ysdj eSa gh rks ?kweus fudyh FkhA fu#Rrj gksdj ys[kd us vk¡[ksa can dj yhaA ml fnu osQ ckn
ys[kd us lkbfdy dks fiQj dHkh gkFk ugha yxk;kA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
ikB 'kq: djus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks ikB osQ ewy Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd lh[kus dh dksbZ
mez ugha gksrhA osQoy n`<+ bPNk'kfDr vko';d gksrh gSA
Nk=kksa ls iwNsa %
 D;k vkidks lkbfdy pykuh vkrh gS\
 vki fon~;ky; oSQls tkrs gSa\
 D;k vkius ys[kd lqn'kZu dh dksbZ vU; jpuk i<+h gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks jpuk dk uke vkSj mldk
fo"k; crkb,A
139
 gokbZ tgk”k vkSj lkbfdy osQ vkfo"dkjd dk uke irk dhft,A
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa ys[kd dh lkbfdy lh[kus dh dFkk osQ ckjs esa
tkusaxsA
 ;g gkL; dgkuh vkidks oSQlh yxh\
 tgk¡xhj dkSu Fkk\ mldk edcjk dgk¡ gS\
 Hkkjr 1942 esa Lora=k Fkk ;k ijra=k\
 dgha vkrs&tkrs le; fcYyh osQ jkLrk dkV nsus ;k fdlh O;fDr osQ Nhadus dks cqjk D;ksa ekurs gS\a
 D;k vkius rk¡xs dh lokjh dh gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks mldk vuqHko crkb,A
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
fgEer vkSj lkgl ls vlaHko Hkh laHko gks tkrk gS] fiQj lkbfdy pykuk lh[kuk dkSu&lh cM+h ckr gS!
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) ys[kd lkbfdy pykuk vkSj gkjeksfu;e ctkuk lh[kuk pkgrk FkkA
([k) lkbfdy dh lokjh djus osQ fy, ys[kd iQVs&iqjkus diM+ksa dh ejEer djk jgs FksA
(x) frokjh th us ,d mLrkn <w¡<+dj ys[kd dks lkbfdy lh[kus esa enn dhA
(?k) ys[kd osQ iq=k us lkbfdy pykuk lh[kus dh fon~;k pqipki lh[k yhA
(Ä) lkbfdy pykuk lh[k ysus osQ ckn ys[kd lkbfdy izf'k{k.k fon~;ky; [kksyuk pkgrs FksA
fyf[kr
1- (d) HkkbZ dks crk;k () ([k) chl #i;s ()
2- (d) ys[kd dks vius csVs ls lkbfdy pykuk lh[kus dh izsj.kk feyhA
([k) tc ys[kd us vius csVs dks lkeus ls lkbfdy ij lokj gksdj fudyrs ns[kk] rc muosQ
eu esa yTtk vkSj ?k`.kk osQ Hkko mBsA
(x) ys[kd us tacd osQ nks fMCcs [kjhns] rkfd pksV yxus ij mldk mlh le; bykt fd;k
tk losQA
(?k) lkbfdy pykuk lh[kdj ys[kd lcls igys tgk¡xhj osQ edcjs ij tkuk pkgrs FksA
(Ä) ys[kd us viuh iRuh dks mldk dkj.k crk;k fd rk¡xs dk [kpZ jks”k&jks”k ekj Mkyrk gSA
3- (d) ys[kd tc igyh ckj lkbfdy lh[kus osQ fy, fudys] rc ,d fcYyh mudk jkLrk
dkV xbZ vkSj ,d yM+osQ us Nhad fn;kA
140
([k) ys[kd us lkbfdy 'kgj ls nwj] ykjsal ckx osQ eSnku esa lh[kus dk fu'p; fd;kA ogk¡
dh Hkwfe uje gksus osQ dkj.k pksV yxus dh laHkkouk de FkhA nwljs ogk¡ fxjus ij dksbZ
ns[krk Hkh ughaA
(x) I+kQhl dh ckr lqudj Hkh ys[kd dks nq[k osQ cnys izlUurk blfy, gqbZ fd mUgsa lkbfdy
pykuk fl[kkus gsrq ;ksX; izf'k{kd fey x;kA
(?k) ys[kd us nq?kZVukxzLr gksus osQ ckn lkjk by”kke frokjh th ij yxkdj lkI lkIkQ+kQ cpuk pkgkA
ysfdu ftl rk¡xs ls mudh lkbfdy VdjkbZ] ml ij mudh iRuh vkSj cPps cSBs FksA bl
izdkj ys[kd osQ >wB dh iksy [kqyhA
4- (d) lkbfdy lh[kus osQ fy, igyk fnu O;FkZ blfy, chrk] D;ksafd ys[kd us tYnh vkSj
?kcjkgV esa ik”kkek vkSj vpdu nksuksa myVs igu fy, Fks vkSj mUgsa ?kj ykSVuk iM+kA nwljs
fnu viuh gh lkbfdy osQ iSjksa ij fxj tkus ls ys[kd ”k[eh gks x, vkSj mUgsa ?kj ykSVuk
iM+kA vkB&ukS fnuksa esa ys[kd us lkbfdy pykuk lh[k fy;kA
([k) mLrkn us tc ys[kd dks lkbfdy ij p<+kdj NksM+ fn;k] rks ys[kd dk ;g gky Fkk
fd nks lkS x”k osQ I+kQklys
kQklys ij dksbZ vkneh gksrk] rks os xyk iQkM+&iQkM+dj fpYykuk 'kq:
dj nsrsµlkgc! ”kjk ckb± rjI rjIkQ+kkQQ gV tkb,A nwj IIkQklys
+kkQklys
Qklys ls dksbZ xkM+h vkrh fn[kkbZ nsrh rks
muosQ izk.k lw[k tkrs FksA blosQ ckn mudh lkbfdy ,d rk¡xs ls Vdjk xbZ vkSj os ?kk;y
gks x,A
(x) bl dgkuh esa lcls vf/d g¡lh ml LFkku ij vkrh gS] tc igys fnu ys[kd lkbfdy
lh[kus tkrs gSa vkSj ik”kkek vkSj vpdu nksuksa myVs igu ysrs gSaA mUgsa ns[kdj yksx g¡l
jgs gksrs gSaA
5- fdlus fdlls
(d) ys[kd dh iRuh us ys[kd ls
([k) ys[kd us frokjh th ls
(x) mLrkn us ys[kd ls
(?k) frokjh th us ys[kd ls
(Ä) ys[kd us mLrkn ls
(p) ys[kd us frokjh th ls
6- (d) cprk] dVrk ([k) mLrkn (x) ekeyk
(?k) I+kQhl osQ #i;s (Ä) Jn~/k (p) ijksidkjh
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) vpjt Hkjh ([k) /hjs&/hjs (x) g¡lrs&g¡lrs (?k) lglk
141
2- (d) o`Qik djosQ budh ejEer dj MkyksA
([k) rqe gj le; cgl er djksA
(x) vc bl voLFkk esa lkbfdy ij p<+ksxs\
(?k) brus esa frokjh th us ckgj ls vkok”k nhA
(Ä) nqfu;k yk[k cqjh gS] fiQj Hkh Hkys vknfe;ksa ls [kkyh ugha gSA
(p) tc vk¡[k [kqyh rks fnu fudy vk;k FkkA
3- (d) pdukpwj gks x;kA ([k) dh vkx esa iw¡QosQ tk jgs
(x) gkFk&ik¡o iwQy x,A (?k) tw¡ rd ugha jsaxhA
(Ä) iwQyk u lekrk FkkA
4- (d) oqQN gh fnu esa lh[k ysaxsA
([k) vk¡[ksa ey&eydj ns[kk fd dksbZ vkSj rks ugha gSA
(x) geus ck”kkj ls tacd osQ nks fMCcs [kjhn fy,A
(?k) exj geus Hkh dPph xksfy;k¡ ugha [ksyh FkhA
(Ä) lcus fey&feykdj gekjk ik¡o lkbfdy ls fudkykA fudkyk
5- (d) izkjCèk ([k) èkkj.kk (x) Ñik (?k) ;qfDr (Ä) bZ";kZ
6- (d) gekjs ([k) ge (x) x) os (?k) esjh (Ä) eSa
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- lkbfdy dk vkfo"dkj doZQisfVªd eSdfeyu (LdkVySaM) us 1840 bZ- esa fd;k FkkA
3- ykgkSj ikfdLrku dk ,d izfln~èk 'kgj gSA
142
9 deZohj
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
deZ dh egRrk dk o.kZu djukA le; dk egRo le>krs gq, bls O;FkZ u x¡okus osQ ckjs esa crkukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
deZohj iq#"k osQ fy, dksbZ dke djuk dfBu ugha gSA deZohj iq#"k deZ ij fo'okl dj HkkX;
osQ Hkjksls dHkh ugha cSBrsA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
deZohj O;fDr rjg&rjg dh #dkoVksa vkSj vM+puksa dks ns[kdj ?kcjkrs ugha gSaA HkkX; osQ Hkjksls
jgdj nq[k Hkksxdj os iNrkrs ugha gSaA dfBu&ls&dfBu dke gksus ij Hkh os mdrkrs ugha gSaA deZohj
iq#"k vkt osQ dke dks vkt gh fuiVkrs gSaA tks oqQN os lksprs gSa vkSj dgrs gSa] mls dj fn[kkus esa
fo'okl j[krs gSaA lcdh ckr lquus osQ ckn gh os viuk fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA bl lalkj esa tks O;fDr viuh
enn Lo;a djrs gSa vkSj Hkwydj Hkh nwljksa dk eq¡g dHkh ugha ns[krs] muosQ fy, dksbZ dke vlaHko ugha
gSA deZohj O;fDr vius le; dks ;ksa gh O;FkZ ugha x¡okrs gSaA dke djus dh txg ckrsa cukus esa os
fo'okl ugha j[krsA vkt dy djrs gq, fnu fcrkuk Hkh mUgsa ugha vkrkA iz;kl djus ls os dHkh ihNs
ugha gVrsA os Lo;a nwljksa osQ fy, ,d mnkgj.k cu tkrs gSaA deZohj O;fDr dks fdlh nqxZe ekxZ ij
tkus ;k fdlh dfBu dke dks djus esa ukdkeh ugha feyrh gSA deZohj O;fDr fpyfpykrh /wi dks
pk¡nuh cukus vkSj le; iM+us ij 'ksj dk lkeuk djus dk gkSlyk j[krs gSaA deZohj O;fDr ;g ekurs
gSa fd muosQ fy, dksbZ dke dfBu ugha gSaA ,sls O;fDr dkslksa pyus osQ ckotwn Fkdrs ugha gSaA dksbZ
,slh xk¡B ugha gS] ftls os ugha [kksy ldrsA ,d ckj dke 'kq: djus osQ ckn os mls chp esa NksM+dj
ugha gVrsA vkleku ls iwQy rksM+dj ykus dh O;FkZ ckr os ugha djrsA eu ls djksM+ksa dh laifRr tksM+us
dh ckr os ugha djrsA deZohj osQ gkFk yxus ls dkjcu ghjk cu x;kA deZohj iq#"k dk¡p dks mTToy
jru djosQ fn[kk nsrs gSaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
i<+kus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks dfork osQ ewy Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡ vkSj mulss deZ dh egRrk osQ ckjs
esa tkuus vkSj le>us osQ fy, dgsaA
Nk=kksa ls iwNsa %
 D;k vki deZ esa fo'okl j[krs gSa\ ;fn gk¡] rks D;ksa\
 deZohj O;fDr vkt dk dke dc djrs gSa\
 deZohj O;fDr fpyfpykrh /wi dks D;k cuk nsrs gSa\
143
 deZohj O;fDr nwljksa osQ fy, fdl izdkj mnkgj.k cu tkrs gSa\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa vius deZ dks bZ'oj ekuus okys deZohj osQ ckjs
esa tkusaxsA
 HkkX; osQ Hkjksls jgus okys nq[k Hkksxdj D;ksa iNrkrs gSa\
 ohj HkhM+ esa viuh papyrk D;ksa ugha fn[kykrs gSa\
 ^yksgs osQ pus pckuk* eqgkojs dk D;k vFkZ gS\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd deZohj
dfBu dke dks ns[kdj ?kcjkrs ugha gSaA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) deZohj deZ djus esa fo'okl j[krs gSa] blfy, os HkkX; osQ Hkjksls ugha cSBrsA
([k) deZohj vius&vki ij fo'okl j[krs gSa] blfy, nwljs ij vkfJr u jgdj viuh enn
Lo;a djrs gSaA
(x) deZohj vius Je ls os nwljksa osQ fy, mnkgj.k curs gSaA
(?k) deZohj vius Je ls fpyfpykrh /wi dks Hkh pk¡nuh osQ leku cuk nsrs gSaA os gj dke
dj ldrs gSa vkSj le; vkus ij 'ksj dk Hkh lkeuk dj ldrs gSaA
(Ä) ^xk¡B [kksyus* ls dfo dk vfHkizk; eqf'dy dke djus ls gSA
fyf[kr
1- (d) deZohj () ([k) e#Hkwfe esa () (x) ioZrksa dks dkVdj ()
(?k) fojks/h () (Ä) dke ()
2- (d) deZohj eqf'dy fLFkfr;ksa ls ugha ?kcjkrs gSaA
([k) deZohj O;fDr vius HkkX; ij i'pkrki ugha djrsA
(x) dfBu dke gksus ij Hkh deZohj O;fDr mdrkrs ughaA
(?k) deZohj O;fDr viuk dke vkt gh djrs gSa] dy ij ugha VkyrsA
3- (d) deZohj ijs'kkuh ns[kdj ugha ?kcjkrs] u gh os le; dks O;FkZ x¡okrs gSaA bl izdkj mUgsa
thou osQ gj {ks=k esa liQyrk feyrh gSA
144
([k) O;fDr vius deks± ls gh fo'o esa tkuk tkrk gSA vius vPNs dk;ks± osQ cy ij gh O;fDr
ifjokj] lekt o ns'k dk uke m¡Qpk djrk gSA
(x) tks O;fDr ijs'kkfu;ksa dks ns[kdj ?kcjkrs ugha] mudk MVdj lkeuk djrs gSa] ,sls O;fDr
thou esa dHkh ukdke ugha jgrsA
(?k) îoZrksa dks dkVdj lM+osaQ cuk nsus* ls dfo dk vk'k; mu dk;ks± ls gS] tks vU; yksxksa
osQ fy, vlaHko gksrs gSa] ¯drq deZohj osQ fy, laHko gksrs gSaA
4- (d) deZohj ioZrksa dks dkVdj lM+osaQ cuk nsrs gSa] lSdM+ksa e#Hkwfe esa ufn;k¡ cgk nsrs gSa vFkkZr
dke dks loksZifj le>usokys yksx dHkh Hkh fodV ifjfLFkfr;ksa ;k my>uksa ls ugha ?kcjkrs]
cfYd mudk MVdj lkeuk djrs gSaA eqf'dy dke djus ls os ihNs ugha gVrs] cfYd
mUgsa iwjh esgur ls vatke rd igq¡pkrs gSaA
([k) deZohj O;fDr dHkh Hkh O;FkZ le; ugha x¡okrs vkSj u gh dHkh dke djus ls th pqjkrs
gSaA os viuh lgk;rk djus osQ fy, dHkh Hkh nwljksa ls enn dh mEehn ugha djrsA os
dHkh Hkh dke djus dh txg ckrsa ugha cukrsA fdlh Hkh dke dks vkjaHk djosQ chp esa
ugha NksM+rs] cfYd mUgsa iwjk djosQ gh ne ysrs gSaA
(x) deZohj u;k mRlkg deZHkwfe esa fn[kkrs gSaA deZohj O;fDr dke djrs le; fpyfpykrh
/wi dks Hkh pk¡n dh 'khry jks'kuh cuk nsrs gSaA vFkkZr mUgsa dke djrs gq, vkusokyh
dfBukb;ksa dk [kkl iQoZQ ugha iM+rkA os rks iwjh rjg dke esa jedj mls iwjk djus esa
tqV tkrs gSaA
(?k) lPps deZohj O;fDr dHkh ijs'kkuh ns[kdj ugha ?kcjkrsA os viuk dke Lo;a djrs gSa
vkSj vlaHko dk;ks± dks Hkh laHko dj fn[kkrs gSaA muosQ fy, dksbZ Hkh dke vlaHko ugha
gksrkA os dHkh Hkh vkt dk dke dy ij ugha NksM+rs] cfYd mUgsa vkt gh iwjk djus esa
fo'okl j[krs gSaA
5- (d) deZohj O;fDr ck/kvksa vkSj fo?uksa dks lkeus ns[kdj ?kcjkrs ugha gSaA os HkkX; osQ Hkjksls
cSBdj vkSj nq[k Hkksxdj iNrkrs ugha gSaA
([k) deZohj O;fDr le; osQ egRo ls Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ifjfpr gksrs gSaA vr% os vius le; dks
O;FkZ ugha x¡okrs gSaA os vius le; dk lnqi;ksx dj dke djrs gSa] ckrssa cukus esa deZohj
;dhu ugha j[krsA
(x) deZohj iqjQ"k fdrus gh dksl iSny pysa ij Fkdrs ughaA ;kuh dBksj Je djus ij Hkh
mUgsa Fkdku ugha gksrhA dksbZ ,slk eqf'dy dke ugha gS] ftls deZohj iqjQ"k ugha dj ik,¡A
6- (d) dfork ^deZohj*] dfo v;ksè;k ¯lg mikè;k; ^gfjvkS/* n~okjk jfpr gSA
([k) my>usa vkus ij Hkh deZohj eqf'dy ls eqf'dy dke dj fn[kkrs gSaA
(x) deZohj iwjk dk;Z djosQ gh viuh txg ls Vyrs gSaA
145
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) xxupqach xksy ([k) dkyk vlhe (x) ifo=k 'khry
(?k) ckgjh iwohZ (Ä) lqugjh pedhyh (p) ?ku?kksj l?ku
2- (d) eq¡g rkduk ([k) dystk eq¡g dks vkuk (x) vkdk'k Nwuk
(?k) yksgk ysuk (Ä) xxu osQ iwQy rksM+uk
3- (d) cqjs fnu ([k) lSdM+ksa vM+pusa (x) lc dky
(?k) dfBu dke (Ä) u;k mRlkg
4- (d) HkhM+ dks ns[kdj 'kjkjrh ;k piy gksukA
([k) ty&jkf'k osQ vanj ?kqldj uko pykukA
(x) lqulku LFkku esa pgy&igy epk nsukA
(?k) dfBu dk;Z dks iwjk dj fn[kkukA
(Ä) dke ls ugha HkkxukA
5- (d) usrk th osQ vkrs gh HkhM+ csdkcw gks xbZA
([k) ohj iq#"k dfBukb;ksa ls ugha ?kcjkrsA
(x) esgur dk iQy ehBk gksrk gSA
(?k) mudk 'kjhj yksgs dh rjg l[r FkkA
(Ä) fe=krk dh xk¡B e”kcwr gksrh gSA
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- eSa deZoknh cuuk ilan d:¡xk] D;ksafd thou esa HkkX; ls vfèkd deZ dk egRo gksrk gSA ;fn
vki deZghu gSa vFkkZr deZ esa fo'okl ugha djrs rFkk osQoy HkkX; dks ekurs gSa] rks ,slh n'kk esa
vkidh liQyrk lafnXèk gSA HkkX; mUgha dk lkFk nsrk gS] tks vius iq#"kkFkZ vFkok deZ ij fo'okl
j[krs gSaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
146
10 floaQnj vkSj iq#
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
Nk=kksa dks lp dk lkFk nsus vkSj nwljksa dks lPpkbZ ls voxr djkus dh f'k{kk nsukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
lkgl vkSj lPpkbZ dh cnkSyr nq'eu dk fny Hkh thrk tk ldrk gSA pkiywl vkSj ns'knzksfg;ksa ls
nwjn'khZ 'kkld izHkkfor ugha gksrsA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
;wukuh 'kkld floaQnj fo'ofot;h vfHk;ku ij fudyk gSA lHkh ns'kksa dks thrrk gqvk og Hkkjr esa
izos'k djrk gSA floaQnj jkr osQ v¡èksjs esa èkks[ks ls vkozQe.k dj iapun ujs'k egkjkt iqjQ dks ijkftr
dj canh cukrk gSA ;wukuh lSfud osQ os'k esa ;wukuh njckj esa ekStwn jktoqQekj lej firk dks gFkdM+h
yxk ns[k ryokj mBkdj [kM+k gks tkrk gSA ;wukuh lSfud mls gVkrs gSa vkSj ys tkrs gSaA floaQnj egkjkt
iqjQ dh ohjrk ls izHkkfor gksdj mUgsa caèku eqDr djus dk vkns'k nsrk gSA floaQnj n~okjk egkjkt iqjQ
dh cgknqjh vkSj fnysjh dh iz'kalk djus osQ tokc esa iqjQ floaQnj dks mRrj esa [kjh&[kjh lqukrs gSaA bl
ij ;wukuh lsukifr lsY;wdl iqjQ dks vnc ls cksyus osQ fy, dgrk gSA bl ij egkjkt iqjQ dgrs gSa
fd tc nks yksx ckrsa dj jgs gksa] rks chp esa cksyus ls nksuksa dk vieku gksrk gSA floaQnj osQ dgus ij
lsY;wdl egkjkt iqjQ ls {kek ek¡xrk gS vkSj os mls {kek dj nsrs gSaA floaQnj egkjkt iqjQ vkSj jktoqQekj
lej dks vk”kkn dj nsrk gSA lkFk gh >sye unh osQ vklikl dk lkjk thrk gqvk bykdk vkSj fxjÝ+rkj
lSfud egkjkt iqjQ osQ gokys dj okil ykSVus dh rS;kjh dk vkns'k nsrk gSA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
ikB 'kq: djus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks ikB osQ osaQnzh; Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡A LokfHkekuh vkSj ohj 'kkld
egkjkt iqjQ osQ ckjs esa crk,¡A
Nk=kksa ls iwNsa %
 vki Hkkjr osQ fdu ohj vkSj cgknqj jktkvksa osQ ckjs esa tkurs gSa\
 ekS;Z oa'kh; fdl 'kkld us floaQnj osQ fojQn~èk Nkikekj ;qn~èk fd;k Fkk\
 floaQnj >sye unh ls vkxs D;ksa ugha c<+ ik;k\
 orZeku esa ;wuku dh jktèkkuh dgk¡ gS\ ;wuku dh Hkk"kk D;k gS\
ikB i<+kus osQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa iapun izns'k osQ jktk iqjQ osQ LokfHkeku
vkSj cgknqjh osQ ckjs esa tkusaxs] ftuosQ mRrjksa ls izHkkfor gksdj floaQnj us muls fe=krk dj thrk x;k
izns'k mUgsa okil ykSVk fn;kA
147
 ;g ,oQkadh vkidks oSQlh yxh\
 floaQnj dh e`R;q osQ ckn mlosQ n~okjk thrs x, eè; ,f'k;kbZ izkarksa dk 'kkld dkSu cuk\
 floaQnj osQ iatkc ij vkozQe.k osQ le; exèk dk 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
 floaQnj dk xqjQ dkSu Fkk\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd Hkkjr
esa ohj vkSj cgknqj 'kkldksa dh ,d lqnh?kZ ijaijk jgh gSA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) lej jktk iq# dk iq=k FkkA
([k) lsY;wdl us jktk iq# dks viuk lcls cM+k 'k=kq dgkA
(x) flikgh jktk iq# dks canh cukdj njckj esa ykrs gSaA
(?k) lej floaQnj osQ njckj esa ;wukuh os'k esa blfy, vk;k Fkk D;ksafd og vius firk jktk
iq# dks canh cuk, tkus dk cnyk ysuk pkgrk FkkA
(Ä) iq# ,d LokfHkekuh Hkkjrh; jktk FkkA
fyf[kr
1- (d) lsY;wdl dl vkSj ;qeuhl () ([k) iq# dks () (x) rhuksa fodYi lgh gSa ()
(?k) floaQnj us iq# dks () (Ä) floaQnj ()
2- (d) floaQnj ;wuku dk 'kkld FkkA
([k) floaQnj us Hkkjrh; jktk iq# dks ijkftr dj fn;k Fkk vkSj ;gh mlosQ g"kZ dk dkj.k FkkA
(x) lsY;wdl fuosQVj floaQnj dk lsukifr FkkA
(?k) egkjkt iqjQ dks floaQnj osQ lkFk vnc ls ckr djus osQ fy, dgus] nks jktkvksa osQ chp
ckrphr esa O;oèkku Mkyus osQ dkj.k lsY;wdl dks egkjkt iqjQ ls {kek ek¡xuh iM+hA
3- (d) jktk iq# dh cgknqjh vkSj LokfHkeku dks ns[kdj floaQnj us iq# osQ fy, ^fnysj* 'kCn dk
iz;ksx fd;kA
([k) lej dh cgknqjh vkSj mldh Hkkoukvksa dk vknj djrs gq, floaQnj us lej dks {kek dj fn;kA
(x) floaQnj us iq# dks èkks[ks ls gjk;kA jkr osQ v¡èksjs dk lgkjk ysdj floaQnj us geyk djosQ
iq# osQ jkT; ij vfèkdkj dj fy;kA
(?k) lej floaQnj osQ njckj esa vius firk jktk iq# osQ vieku dk cnyk ysus osQ fy, vk;k FkkA
4- (d) floaQnj ,d egku 'kkld Fkk vkSj og cgknqj ,oa LokfHkekuh yksxksa dh dnz djrk FkkA
148
jktk iq# dh cgknqjh vkSj LokfHkeku ls izHkkfor gksdj floaQnj us iq# osQ Lokxr dh ckr dghA
([k) firk dks ns[krs gh lej floaQnj ls cnyk ysus dh Hkkouk ls ryokj mBkdj [kM+k gks
tkrk gSA blls mldh ohjrk] fuHkhZdrk vkSj firìzse dk irk pyrk gSA
(x) floaQnj us iq# dh rkjhI+kQ esa ;g dgk fd geus cgqr&ls ckn'kkg ns[ksA cgqr&ls ckn'kkgksa
dks gjk;k Hkh] ysfdu geus vki tSlk cgknqj vkSj fnysj ckn'kkg vkt rd ugha ns[kkA
(?k) bl ,dkadh ls gesa ;g izsj.kk feyrh gS fd eqlhcr ;k cqjs le; esa Hkh gesa lkgl]
cgknqjh vkSj vkRelEeku dk lkFk ugha NksM+uk pkfg,A
5- (d) iq# ,d LokfHkekuh Hkkjrh; jktk Fks vkSj mUgsa jktnwr osQ :i esa vk, ckn'kkg dks u
ekjus osQ vius fu.kZ; ij xoZ FkkA
([k) canh cuk, tkus osQ ckn Hkh jktk iq# floaQnj ls vius fy, oSlk gh O;ogkj pkgrs gSa]
tSlk ,d jktk nwljs ls vis{kk djrk gSA
(x) floaQnj us jktk iq# osQ LokfHkeku ls vR;ar izHkkfor gksdj muosQ n~okjk fn, x, nksuksa
kus osQ fy, dgk rkfd ;wuku tkdj ogk¡ osQ yksxksa dks
tokcksa dks lqugjs v{kjksa esa fy[kokus
bls fn[kk;k tk losQA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) xje ([k) fot; (x) vieku (?k) [kq'kh
2- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
3- g"kZ µ okg! okg! Hkkjr dh twfu;j gkWdh Vhe us D;k 'kkunkj [ksy fn[kk;k gSA
foLe; µ vjs! Hkkjr fo'o di thr x;kA
'kksd µ vjs! lquhy osQ nknk th dh ekSr gks xbZA
?k`.kk µ fN&fN! ;gk¡ fdruh xanxh iSQyh gSA
4- (d) vkRe ij fo'okl () ([k) gkFk osQ fy, dM+h ()
(x) lsuk dk uk;d ()
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- panzxqIr ekS;Z Hkkjr osQ lezkV FksA bUgksaus ekS;Z lekt dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA
3- floaQnj osQ xq# vkjLrq FksA
4- panzxqIr ekS;Z osQ xq# pk.kD; FksA
5- xkaèkkj ns'k dk jktk vkafHkA
149
11 esjk fon~;kFkhZ thou
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
egkREkk xka/h osQ Nk=k thou ls tqM+h lPph ?kVukvksa ls fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks voxr djkukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
'kkjhfjd f'k{kk osQ fy, Hkh fon~;kè;;u esa mruk gh LFkku gksuk pkfg,] ftruk ekufld f'k{kk dk gSA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
xka/h th fon~;kFkhZ thou esa vius dks cgqr ;ksX; u le>rs FksA ;n~;fi ik¡posa rFkk NBs ntsZ esa
mUgsa ozQe'k% pkj #i;s vkSj nl #i;s ekfld dh Nk=ko`fRr;k¡ Hkh feyh FkhaA vius vkpj.k osQ izfr os
lnk lroZQ jgrs FksA cpiu esa xka/h th dk ekuuk Fkk fd dljr dk f'k{kk osQ lkFk dksbZ laca/ ugha
gSA dljr osQ egRo dk irk mUgsa ckn esa pykA [kqyh gok esa ?kweus dh vknr Mkydj mUgksaus dljr
u djus dh deh dks oqQN gn rd iwjk dj fy;kA nksjkoth ,nyth xheh muosQ LowQy osQ gsMekLVj
FksA os vuq'kklufiz; vkSj dljr dks ikB~;ozQe esa 'kkfey djus osQ fgek;rh FksA ,d fnu ?kM+h u gksus
vkSj vkleku esa ckny Nk, jgus osQ dkj.k xka/h th dks lgh le; dk irk ugha pyk vkSj os dljr
osQ fy, le; ij ugha igq¡p ik,A mudh lgh ckr ij fo'okl u dj mu ij ,d ;k nks vkuk tqekZuk
yxk;k x;kA xka/h th dks bl ckr ls vR;ar nq[k igq¡pk fd mUgsa >wBk le>k x;kA oqQN fnu ckn mUgsa
firk osQ dkj.k dljr ls NqV~Vh fey xbZA ekLVj o`Qik'kadj osQ dkj.k mUgsa laLo`Qr dk Kku izkIr gqvkA
Ng&lkr o"kZ dh mez ls ysdj lksyg o"kZ rd fon~;kè;;u djus osQ mijkar Hkh mUgsa /eZf'k{kk u feyhA
;gk¡ /eZ ls mudk vfHkizk;µ vkRe lk{kkRdkj vkSj vkReKku ls FkkA oS".ko laiznk; esa tUe gksus osQ
dkj.k os gosyh tkrs Fks] ijarq mlosQ izfr Jn~/k mRiUu u gqbZA gosyh dk oSHko mUgsa ilan ugha vk;kA
gosfy;ksa esa gksus okys vukpkjksa dh ckrsa lqu&lqudj mudk eu mlosQ izfr mnklhu gks x;kA oqQVqac dh
iqjkuh ukSdjkuh jaHkk nkbZ osQ izfr mudk izse vkthou cuk jgkA cpiu esa xka/h th Hkwr&izsr ls Mjk djrs
FksA jaHkk nkbZ us mUgsa crk;k fd Hkwr&izsr dh nok jke&uke gSA ;gh jke&uke xka/h th osQ fy, veks?k
'kfDr cu x;kA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
i<+kus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks ikB osQ ewy Hkko ls voxr djkrs gq, fon~;kFkhZ thou esa lnkpkj osQ
ewyHkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡A
Nk=kksa ls iwNsa %
 xka/h th ,d ys[kd Hkh FksA muosQ n~okjk fy[kh xbZ iqLrdksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A
 xka/h th us fdu lekpkj&i=kksa dk laiknu fd;k\
150
 xka/h th us lR; vkSj v¯glk ij vk/kfjr vlg;ksx vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr dgk¡ ls dh\
 ^lkcjerh* D;ksa izfln~/ gS\
 xka/h th osQ jktuhfrd xq# dkSu Fks\
rRi'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa xka/h th osQ Nk=k&thou osQ fofo/ igyqvksa osQ ckjs
esa tkusaxsA
 vkidks xka/h th n~okjk fyf[kr ;g laLej.k i<+dj oSQlk yxk\
 tc vkiosQ n~okjk cksys x, lp dks >wB le>k tkrk gS] rc vkioQks oSQlk yxrk gS\
 xka/h th LowQy ls vkus osQ ckn vius firk dh lsok djrs FksA D;k vki Hkh ,slk gh djrs gSa\
 xka/h th nf{k.k vizQhdk dc vkSj D;ksa x, Fks\ os ogk¡ ls Hkkjr dc okil ykSVS\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM
M lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+k,¡A
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) gkbZ LowQy esa xka/h th ew[kZ ugha ekus tkrs FksA
([k) NBs ntsZ esa xka/h th dks nl #i;s dh Nk=ko`fRr feyhA
(x) buke ;k Nk=ko`fRr feyus ij xka/h th dks vk'p;Z gksrk FkkA
(?k) lnkpkj esa pwd gksus ij xka/h th dks jksuk vk tkrk FkkA
fyf[kr
1- (d) pkj () ([k) pkj () (x) pkSFkh ()
2- (d) nksjkoth ,nyth xheh xka/h th osQ LowQy esa gsMekLVj FksA
([k) d{kk esa lksjB izkar osQ fon~;kFkhZ cgqr ugha gksrs FksA
(x) xka/h th us O;k;ke dh txg ?kweuk tkjh j[kkA
(?k) xka/h th dk tUe oS".ko laiznk; esa gqvkA
3- (d) xka/h th osQ [ksyksa esa Hkkx u ysus dk izeq[k dkj.k [ksyksa esa eu u yxuk vkSj >saiwiu FkkA
([k) fon~;kFkhZ thou esa xka/h th vius vkpj.k osQ izfr fo'ks"k lroZQ jgrs FksA
(x) nf{k.k vizQhdk esa xka/h th dks ogk¡ osQ odhyksa vkSj ;qodksa osQ eksrh osQ nkus dh rjg
laqnj v{kj ns[kdj vius [kjkc ys[ku ij iNrkok gqvkA
(?k) xka/h th osQ vuqlkj lp cksyus okys dks xkfI+kQy Hkh ugha jguk pkfg,A
4- (d) ik¡posa rFkk NBs ntsZ esa ozQe'k% pkj #i;s vkSj nl #i;s ekfld dh Nk=ko`fRr;k¡ feyh FkhaA
Nk=ko`fRr;k¡ feyus esa esjh ;ksX;rk dh vis{kk rdnhj us vf/d enn dhA ;s Nk=ko`fRr;k¡
lc yM+dksa osQ fy, ugaha Fkha vkSj ml le; pkyhl&ipkl Nk=kksa dh d{kk esa lksjB izkar
osQ fon~;kFkhZ cgqr ugha gks ldrs FksA
151
([k) O;k;ke osQ ckjs esa igys xka/h th dk fopkj Fkk fd bldk f'k{kk osQ lkFk dksbZ laca/
ugha gS] blfy, ;g vko';d ugha gSA vkxs pydj mUgksaus le>k fd O;k;ke vFkkZr
'kkjhfjd f'k{kk osQ fy, Hkh fon~;kè;;u esa mruk gh LFkku gksuk pkfg,] ftruk ekufld
f'k{kk dk gSA
(x) Hkkjro"kZ dks mPp f'k{k.k&ozQe esa ekr`Hkk"kk osQ mijkar jk"VªHkk"kk ¯gnh] laLo`Qr] Ik+ Qkjlh] vjch
vkSj vax”sz kh osQ fy, LFkku gksuk pkfg,A tks ,d Hkk"kk dks fof/iwod Z lh[k ysrk gS] mls
nwljh Hkk"kkvksa dk Kku lqxerk ls gks tkrk gSA
(?k) oS".ko laiznk; esa tUe gksus osQ dkj.k xka/h th ckj&ckj gosyh tkrs Fks] ijarq mlosQ izfr
Jn~/k mRiUu u gqbZA gosyh dk oSHko mUgsa ilan ugha vk;kA gosfy;ksa esa gksus okys vukpkjksa
dh ckrsa lqu&lqudj mudk eu mlosQ laca/ esa mnklhu gks x;kA
5- (d) 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk ls 'kjhj LoLFk jgrk gSA LoLFk 'kjhj esa gh LoLFk eu dk fuokl gksrk
gSA LoLFk eu fon~;kè;;u esa lgk;d gksrk gSA ekufld f'k{kk n~okjk ckSn~f/d Kku dh
izkfIr gksrh gSA vr% fon~;kè;;u esa ekufld f'k{kk osQ gh leku 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk dks LFkku
feyuk pkfg,A
([k) mRre ys[ku dyk fujarj vH;kl ls gh fu[kjrh gSA mRre [kr&ys[ku igyh gh n`f"V esa
i<+us okys dk eu eksg ysrh gSA [kjkc [kr&ys[ku ls dksbZ izHkkfor ugha gksrk vkSj ;g
v/wjh f'k{kk dh fu'kkuh ekuh tkrh gSA
(x) xka/h th Hkwr&izsr ls Mjrs FksA jaHkk nkbZ us mUgsa crk;k fd bldh nok jke&uke gSA ys[kd
dks xq# ea=k osQ :i esa jaHkk nkbZ ls jke&uke feykA blosQ ckn rks jke xka/h th osQ vkjkè;
cu x,A jke dh HkfDr esa mUgksaus ^j?kqifr jk?ko jktk jke] ifrr ikou lhrk jke* dh Hkh
jpuk dhA
+kQkjlh] vjch vkSj vaxzs”kh dhA
6- (d) jk"VªHkk"kk ¯gnh] laLo`Qr] IIkQkjlh]
([k) bu Hkk"kkvksa dh fxurh ls fdlh dks Mjus dh ”k:jr ughaA
(x) Hkk"kk,¡ tc fof/iwoZd i<+kbZ tk,¡ vkSj lc fo"k;ksa dk vè;;u vaxzs”kh osQ n~okjk djkus
dk ge ij cks> u gks] rks iwoksZDr Hkk"kkvksa esa jl vkus yxsxkA
(?k) ,d Hkk"kk dks fof/iwod Z lh[k ysus ij nwljh Hkk"kkvksa dk Kku lqxerkiwod Z ls gks tkrk gSA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) fon~;k $ vFkhZ ([k) fon~;k $ vè;;u (x) iwoZ $ mDr
(?k) izfr $ ,d (Ä) lq $ vkxr
2- (d) ;ksX;rk ([k) [ksy (x) cpiu (?k) ew[kZrk (Ä) dfBurk (p) ljyrk
3- (d) v ([k) vk (x) iu (?k) vo (Ä) v
152
(p) Ro (N) vkbZ (t) vu~ (>) vfHk (×k) vuh;
4- (d) vkt esjh vkRek o`Q".k'kadj ekLVj dk midkj ekurh gSA
([k) esjs ikl ?kM+h u FkhA
(x) laLo`Qr eq>s js[kkxf.kr ls Hkh eqf'dy tku iM+hA
(?k) ;g jaHkk nkbZ dk cks;k gqvk cht gh gSA
5- (d) ldeZd fØ;k ([k) la;qDr fØ;k (x) izsj.kkFkZd fØ;k (?k) ldeZd fØ;k
(Ä) lkekfld fØ;k
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- gekjs 'kjhj osQ 'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld fodkl osQ fy, O;k;ke dk egRo vifjgk;Z gSA blls u
osQoy 'kjhj osQ vo;o Bhd jgrs gSa cfYd blls ekufld fodkl esa Hkh vfHko`n~fèk gksrh gSA
O;k;ke osQ n~okjk dbZ izdkj dh O;kfèk;ksa ij Hkh fu;a=k.k ik;k tk ldrk gSA O;k;ke osQ n~okjk ge
fcuk dksbZ O;; fd, viuh lsgr dks ranq#Lr j[k ldrs gSaA
3- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
4- 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk i<+kbZ dk gh ,d fgLlk gSA bl dFku ls eSa fcYoqQy gh lger gw¡A 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk
osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks 'kkjhfjd :i ls pqLr&nq#Lr jgus dh f'k{kk nh tkrh gSA bl f'k{kk osQ
n~okjk Nk=kksa dks u osQoy 'kkjhfjd lsgr Bhd j[kus osQ fofHkUu mik; crk, tkrs gSa] cfYd ckSn~fèkd
fodkl osQ fy, Hkh fofHkUu fØ;k&dykiksa dh f'k{kk nh tkrh gSA blesa Nk=kksa dks fofHkUu 'kkjhfjd
vo;oksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh crk;k tkrk gSA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
IkkB osQ vkxs
1- xkaèkh th ,d eqdnes osQ flyflys esa nf{k.k vfÚdk x, FksA
2- xkaèkh th osQ jktuhfrd xq# xksiky Ñ".k xks[kys FksA
3- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
4- ôS".ko tu rks rsus dfg,] tks ihj ijkbZ tk.ks js* uj¯lg esgrk n~okjk jfpr xhr gSA
153
12 Hkfo"; dk Hk;
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
cky Je dk fojks/ vkSj f'k{kk osQ leku vf/dkj ls voxr djkukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
f'k{kk ij lcdk leku vf/dkj gSA LowQy tkus dh mezokys cPpksa ls Je djkuk vuqfpr gS]
vijk/ gSA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
LowQy ls vkrs gh ?kjokyksa us rqyrqy ij nks"kkjksi.k fd;k fd mlh ls rax vkdj Vquh dh ek¡ ukSdjh
NksM+dj pyh xbZ gSA fcuk [kkuk [kk, Nr ij tkdj cSBh rqyrqy lksp jgh Fkh fd egjh dks mlus fdl
rjg ls rax fd;k FkkA LowQy esa rqyrqy dh fel us mls crk;k Fkk fd ;g varjkZ"Vªh; cky o"kZ gSA bl
lky NksVs&NksVs yM+osQ&yM+fd;ksa dh ”;knk ns[kHkky djuh gksxh vkSj mUgsa I;kj djuk iM+sxkA blosQ ckn
gh rqyrqy us dy egjh dks LowQy ls ykSVrs gh dgk fd dy ls Vquh ;g lc xank dke ugha djsxhA dy
ikik LowQy esa Vquh dk nkf[kyk djok nsaxsA mlosQ ckn gh LowQy tkus osQ fy, vius ikik ls iwNus osQ cgkus
Vquh dh ek¡ mls ysdj vius ?kj pyh xbZ vkSj ugha ykSVhA rqyrqy dh fopkj Ükà[kyk Hkax gqbZ] tc ek¡ mls
[kkus osQ fy, cqykus vkbZ vkSj dgk fd rw gh lksp Vquh vxj LowQy tkus yxsxh] rks mldh ek¡ dk xq”kkjk
oSQls gksxk\ Vquh fdruk gkFk c¡Vkrh gSA bl ij rqyrqy us ”kksj&”kksj ls dgk fd NksVs&NksVs cPpksa ls dke
djkuk cgqr cM+k iki gSA ek¡ us g¡ldj dgk fd Bhd gS tc rqe cM+h gksxh] rks bls cny MkyukA vius
lHkh nksLrksa osQ lkFk feydjA bl ij rqyrqy cksyh fd vxj cM+h gksdj eSa Hkh rqEgkjh rjg myV&iyV
tkm¡Q] vxj ;g Hkwy tkm¡Q fd lHkh yksx ,d leku gSa\
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
ikB 'kq: djus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks ikB osQ ewy Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd f'k{kk lcosQ
fy, vko';d gSA
Nk=kksa ls iwNsa %
 Hkkjr esa fdl mez rd osQ cPpksa ls Je djkuk dkuwuu vijk/ gS\
 Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ fdl vuqPNsn osQ varxZr cky Je voS/ gS\
 ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk osQ fy, ljdkj n~okjk dkSu&dkSu ls dne mBk, x, gSa\
 bZ'oj panz fon~;klkxj dkSu Fks\ mudk fdu {ks=kksa esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gS\
154
 lafo/ku iznRr lekurk dk vf/dkj feyus osQ ckn Hkh yksx ,d&nwljs osQ lkFk vleku O;ogkj
D;ksa djrs gSa\
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl dgkuh esa ,d cgknqj ckfydk rqyrqy osQ ckjs esa i<+saxs]
tks viuh f'kf{kdk osQ funsZ'kksa dk v{kj'k% ikyu djrs gq, cky Jfed osQ :i esa dke djus okyh
ckfydk dks LowQy Hkstuk pkgrh gSA
 cPpksa dks f'k{kk ls oafpr dj muls dke djkuk D;k U;k;ksfpr gS\
 rqyrqy us lcdks ikih D;ksa dgk\
 rqyrqy lgh Fkh ;k mlosQ ifjokjokys\ dkj.k Hkh crkb,A
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
de mez osQ cPpksa ls dke djkuk lgh ugha gSA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) ?kj okyksa osQ O;ogkj ls rax vkdj rqyrqy eq¡g iqQykdj Nr ij cSB xbZ FkhA
([k) egjh Vquh dh ek¡ FkhA
(x) cky fnol 14 uoacj dks euk;k tkrk gSA
(?k) Vquh dh ek¡ osQ dke NksM+dj tkus dk vkjksi rqyrqy ij yxus osQ dkj.k og ukjk”k gks xbZA
fyf[kr
1- (d) Vquh dh ek¡ rqyrqy osQ dkj.k dke NksM+dj pyh xbZ FkhA ()
([k) dgha Vquh osQ ikik mls LowQy tkus ls euk u dj nsaA ()
(x) n;k osQ lkxj fon~;klkxj dh iqLrd ()
(?k) mi;qZDr lHkh ckrsa ()
(d) Vquh dh ek¡ us rqyrqy dh ek¡ ls ([k) rqyrqy us Vquh dh ek¡ ls
(x) rqyrqy us vius&vki ls (?k) rqyrqy us ek¡ ls
3- (d) egjh dh csVh dk uke Vquh Fkk ([k) lans'k caxky dh feBkbZ gSA
(x) rqyrqy osQ ukuk dk ?kj tyikbZxqM+h esa FkkA
155
4- (d) Vquh cgqr xjhc ifjokj ls FkhA mldh ek¡ yksxksa osQ ?kj dk dke djrh FkhA Vquh viuh
ek¡ osQ dke esa gkFk c¡Vkrh FkhA blfy, mldh ek¡ Vquh dks LowQy ugha Hkstuk pkgrh FkhA
([k) rqyrqy pkgrh Fkh fd Vquh Hkh LowQy esa i<+us tk,A Vquh dks mldh ek¡ osQ lkFk ?kj dk
dke djrs ns[kus ij rqyrqy mldh ek¡ dks Mk¡Vrh jgrhA blls rax vkdj Vquh dh ek¡
?kj dk dke NksM+dj pyh xbZA
(x) fon~;klkxj dh thouh i<+dj rqyrqy dk xjhcksa osQ izfr u”kfj;k cny x;k FkkA mlus
viuk dkfMZxu Hkh mrkjdj ,d xjhc yM+osQ dks ns fn;k FkkA
(?k) rqyrqy fcy[kdj blfy, jksbZ] D;ksafd mlosQ ?kjokyksa dk u”kfj;k vHkh Hkh Vquh osQ fy,
ugha cnyk FkkA Hkfo"; esa mls Hkh viuh ek¡ dh rjg iyV tkus dk Hk; FkkA
5- (d) varjkZ"Vªh; cky fnol osQ volj ij vè;kfidk us d{kk esa crk;k fd ;g lky NksVs&NksVs
yM+osQ&yM+fd;ksa dk gSA bl lky mudh ”;knk ns[kHkky djuh gksxh vkSj mUgsa I;kj djuk
iM+sxkA vPNk [kkuk] diM+s vkSj twrs iguus osQ fy, nsus gksaxsA mUgsa i<+kuk&fy[kkuk gksxkA
cPps chekj u iM+sa] bldk Hkh [k;ky j[kuk gksxkA cPpksa ls dksbZ xank&NksVk dke ugha
djok;k tk,xkA
([k) vè;kfidk osQ fopkjksa dk rqyrqy ij xgjk izHkko iM+kA vius ?kj esa dke djus okyh
ukSdjkuh dh csVh Vquh dk og LowQy esa nkf[kyk djokuk pkgrh FkhA ?kjsyw dk;Z djus ls
Hkh rqyrqy us Vquh dks euk dj fn;k FkkA varjkZ"Vªh; cky fnol ij og le> xbZ Fkh
fd Vquh tSls cPpksa dh ns[kHkky djuh ”k:jh gSA
(x) xjhc cPpksa dh f'k{kk osQ fy, ljdkj us dbZ Bksl dne mBk, gSaA cPpksa dk nkf[kyk
djokus dh I+kkQhl
Qhl lHkh LowQyksa esa ekI+kQ dj nh xbZ gSA i<+us osQ fy, fdrkc&dkWfi;k¡ Hkh
eqÝ+ r esa feyrh gSaA [kkuk Hkh eqÝ+ r esa feyrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd iguus osQ fy, ;wfuiQkWeZ
dk Hkh eqÝ+ r esa forj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
(?k) Vquh osQ izfr ?kj osQ cM+s yksxksa dk O;ogkj vkSj rqyrqy dk O;ogkj fcyoqQy foijhr
FkkA rqyrqy vius ?kjokyksa ls vkSj Vquh dh ek¡ ls mldk LowQy esa nkf[kyk djokus osQ
fy, dg jgh FkhA bl ij mlosQ ?kjokyksa us dksbZ [kkl izfrfozQ;k ugha nhA Vquh dh ek¡
Hkh rqyrqy dh ckrsa g¡ldj Vky nsrh FkhA ckn esa rqyrqy dh ckrksa ls rax vkdj ek¡&csVh
nksuksa ?kj dk dke NksM+dj pyh xbZA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) >kM+w vkSj iksaNk ([k) yM+osQ vkSj yM+fd;k¡ (x) gkFk vkSj eq¡g
(?k) nqcyh vkSj iryh (Ä) xank vkSj NksVk (p) fdrkc vkSj dkWih
156
2- LowQy µ fon~;ky; ikoZQ µ mn~;ku njok”kk µ iQkVd] fdokM+
es”k µ Vscy ;wfuI+kQkWeZ µ onhZ flI+kZQ µ osQoy
jks”k µ izfrfnu ekLVj µ f'kf{kdk@f'k{kd ”;knk µ vf/d
I+kzQkWd µ cPpksa dk diM+k csoowQI+kQ µ ew[kZ nqfu;k µ lalkj] fo'o
nkf[kyk µ izos'k I+kQhl µ 'kqYd eqÝ+r µ fu%'kqYd
fVfI+kkQu
Qu µ vYikgkj Msatjl µ [krjukd ph”k µ oLrq] inkFkZ
xq”kkjk µ fuokZg
3- (d) nks"kjfgr () ([k) cgqr Hkw[k yxuk () (x) fHk{kk ()
4- (d) LowQy ls ykSVrs gh bruh Hkw[k yxrh FkhA
([k) cPpksa ls dksbZ xank&NksVk dke ugha djok;k tkrk gSA
(x) jkst&jkst ,slk gh gksrk gksxkA
(?k) ,slk djuk cgqr [kjkc ckr FkhA
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- Hkkjr esa cky fnol 14 uoacj dks euk;k tkrk gSA ;g Hkkjr osQ iwoZ izèkkuea=kh tokgjyky usg:
dk tUefnu gSA
2- Nk=k Lo;a djasA
157
13 laLo`Qfr D;k gS\
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
laLo`Qfr vkSj lH;rk osQ chp varj Li"V djukA Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr vkSj fofo/rk esa ,drk dk o.kZu
djukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
euq"; dks vius nqxqZ.kksa ;k Ng fodkjksa ij fu;a=k.k j[kuk pkfg,] rHkh og lkaLo`Qfrd n`f"V ls mPp
curk gSA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
izLrqr fuca/ esa ys[kd us laLo`Qfr ,oa lH;rk osQ chp lw{e varj dks O;k[;kf;r fd;k gSA lH;rk
euq"; dk og xq.k gS] ftlls og viuh ckgjh rjDdh djrk gSA laLo`Qfr euq"; dk og xq.k gS ftlls
og viuh Hkhrjh mUufr djrk gS] n;k] ek;k vkSj ijksidkj lh[krk gSA vlH;rk dh gkyr ls fudydj
T;ksa&T;ksa euq"; vkxs c<+k] R;ksa&R;ksa og lH; gksrk x;kA izR;sd lH; O;fDr lqlaLo`Qr Hkh gksrk gS] ,slk
ugha dgk tk ldrk_ D;ksafd vPNh iks'kkd iguus okyk vkneh Hkh xyr vkpj.k dk gks ldrk gS vkSj
;g laLo`Qfr osQ fo#n~/ ckr gSA laLo`Qfr /u ugha] xq.k gSA laLo`Qfr BkV&ckV ugha] fou; vkSj fouezrk
gSA laLo`Qfr cgqr gh lw{e vkSj eghu gS vkSj og chekjh izR;sd ilan rFkk vknr esa fNih jgrh gSA
vkneh osQ Hkhrj tks Ng fodkjµ dke] ozQks/] yksHk] en] eksg vkSj eRlj gSa] os izo`Qfr iznRr gSaA bu
fodkjksa ij ;fn fu;a=k.k u j[kk tk,] rks vkneh bruk fxj tk,xk fd mlesa vkSj tkuoj esa dksbZ Hksn
ugha jg tk,xkA bu nqxqZ.kksa ij tks vkneh ftruk ”;knk fu;a=k.k dj ikrk gS] mldh laLo`Qfr Hkh mruh
gh m¡Qph le>h tkrh gSA laLo`Qfr dk dke vkneh osQ nks"k dks de djuk] mlosQ xq.k dks vf/d
cukuk gSA laLo`Qfr dk LoHkko gS fd og vknku&iznku ls c<+rh gSA tc nks ns'kksa ;k tkfr;ksa osQ yksx
vkil esa feyrs gSa] rc mu nksuksa dh laLo`Qfr;k¡ ,d&nwljs dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA lkaLo`Qfrd n`f"V ls
laiUu ns'kksa esa Hkkjr dk uke cgqr vknj osQ lkFk fy;k tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr dk tc&tc fdlh
fons'kh laLo`Qfr ls feyu gqvk] rc&rc gekjh laLo`Qfr esa ,d ubZ rk”kxh vk xbZA Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr esa
,slk ekSdk ckj&ckj vk;k gSA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
ikB 'kq: djus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks ikB osQ ewy Hkko ls voxr djk,¡A Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd laLo`Qfr
/u ugha xq.k gSA
158
Nk=kksa ls iwNsa %
 D;k vkius jke/kjh ¯lg ^fnudj* n~okjk jfpr dksbZ vU; fuca/ i<+k gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks mldk
o.kZu djsaA
 fnudj th dks fdl jpuk osQ fy, vkSj fdl o"kZ KkuihB iqjLdkj izkIr gqvk\
 ¯gnh Hkk"kk osQ fy, fdl jpukdkj dks loZizFke KkuihB iqjLdkj izkIr gqvk\
 xkSre cqn~/ vkSj o/Zeku egkohj dk tUe dgk¡ gqvk\ buosQ n~okjk izo£rr /eks± osQ uke
crkb,A
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa laLo`Qfr vkSj lH;rk osQ ckjs esa foLrkj ls tkudkjh
izkIr djsaxsA
 vkfnekuo dkSu Fks\
 izo`Qfr osQ fn, gq, fdu fodkjksa dk R;kx dj nsuk pkfg,\
 laLo`Qfr dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr fdl izdkj /uh gS\
 bZlkbZ /eZ dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl fdl izdkj gqvk\
 nks laLo`Qfr;k¡ ,d&nwljs dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrh gSa\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj le>k,¡ fd
laLo`Qfr dh n`f"V ls èkuh ns'kksa esa Hkkjr dk uke cgqr vknj osQ lkFk fy;k tkrk gSA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- (d) Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) izR;sd lH; vkneh lqlaLÑr ugha gks ldrkA
([k) laLÑfr èku ugha gSA
(x) geesa laLo`Qfr dk xq.k fNik gksrk gSA
(?k) vkneh osQ Hkhrj Ng fodkj gksrs gSaA
fyf[kr
1- (d) laLo`Qfr ls () ([k) n;k () (x) eqlyeku ()
2- (d) vPNs Hkkstu dk lkeku ge lH;rk osQ tfj, iSnk djrs gSaA
([k) laLÑfr dh n`f"V ls èkuh ns'kksa esa Hkkjr dk uke vknj ls fy;k tkrk gSA
(x) gekjh izR;sd ilan rFkk vknr esa laLÑfr fNih gksrh gSA
159
(?k) Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa olar ½rq cM+s iSekus ij pkj ckj vkrh gSA
3- (d) laLo`Qfr dk dke vkneh osQ nks"k dks de djuk] mlosQ xq.k dks vf/d cukuk gSA
([k) laLo`Qfr dk LoHkko gS fd og vknku&iznku ls c<+rh gSA
(x) ge vius ns'k Hkkjr dks lH; ekurs gSaA
(?k) i'kq esa i'kqRo cuk jgrk gS ysfdu vkneh tkuoj osQ xq.k ;kuh i'kqRo dks NksM+dj vkxs
c<+rk gS vkSj mldh laLo`Qfr vPNh gksrh tkrh gSA
4- (d) vkfne thou thuk ;kuh igkM+ dh [kksg esa jguk] [ksrh osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh ugha gksuk]
oaQn&ewy vkSj taxyh i'kqvksa dks [kkdj xq”kkjk djuk vkSj isM+ksa dh Nky dks igudj
xq”kkjk djuk gh vlH;rk gSA bl gkyr ls fudydj vkneh T;ksa&T;ksa vkxs c<+k] R;ksa&R;ksa
og lH; gksrk x;kA
([k) vkneh Hkh ,d rjg dk i'kq gh gSA laLo`Qfr dk dke euq"; osQ nks"k dks de dj] mlosQ
xq.k dks vf/d cukuk gSA laLo`Qfr osQ n~okjk gh euq"; i'kqRo dks NksM+dj euq";Ro dh
vksj izo`Rr gksrk gS vkSj n;k] ek;k] ijksidkj tSls xq.kksa dks viukrk gSA
(x) Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr fo'o dh lokZf/d izkphu laLo`Qfr gSA losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku% losZ lUrq
fujke;k] olq/So oqQVaaqcde~ tSlh mfDr;ksa esa O;fDr fo'ks"k ugha] cfYd lewph ekuo tkfr
dh eaxy dkeuk dh xbZ gSA Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr esa iwjs fo'o dks ,d ifjokj ekuk tkrk gSA
vr% Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr nqfu;k dh laLo`Qfr dk vkbZuk cuus osQ lokZf/d mi;qDr gSA
(?k) Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr dks mUur cukus okys pkj vè;k; bl izdkj gSaµ izFke vè;k; tc vk;Z
bl ns'k esa vk, vkSj nzfoM+ tkfr ls feydj mUgksaus ¯gnw ;k Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr dh uhao
MkyhA nwljk vè;k; og gS tc iqjkuh iM+ pqdh bl laLo`Qfr osQ f[kykI+kQ egkRek cqn~/
vkSj egkohj us fonzksg fd;k] ftlosQ iQyLo:i cgqr&lh :f<+;k¡ nwj gqb± vkSj ;g laLo`Qfr
,d ckj fiQj ls uohu gks xbZA Hkkjr esa eqlyeku vkus ij rhljk vè;k; 'kq: gqvk vkSj
¯gnw&/eZ dk blyke ls laca/ gqvkA pkSFks vè;k; osQ :i esa ¯gnqRo vkSj blyke dk
laca/ bZlkbZ èkeZ vkSj ;wjksi osQ foKku vkSj cqn~f/okn ls gqvkA
5- (d) lH;rk dk dke fuekZ.k djuk vkSj laLo`Qfr dk dke mldk foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx djuk gSA
vkt nqfu;k esa cM+s&cM+s ce vkSj nwljs gfFk;kj cu jgs gSa] D;ksafd lH;rk osQ ekeys esa
nqfu;k cgqr vkxs c<+ xbZ gSA laLo`Qfr lH; nqfu;k dks vkxkg dj jgh gS fd bu ?kkrd
ceksa vkSj gfFk;kjksa dks iz;ksx esa er ykvks] D;ksafd buls iwjh nqfu;k rckg gks tk,xhA
([k) laLo`Qfr /u ugha gSA laLo`Qfr ,d vkarfjd xq.k gS] tks eksVs rkSj ls fn[kkbZ ugha nsrhA
laLo`Qfr cgqr gh lw{e vkSj eghu gS vkSj og gekjh izR;sd ilan rFkk vknr esa fNih
jgrh gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd laLo`Qfr /u ugha xq.k gSA
160
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- vyx vyx] T;ksa&T;ksa] R;ksa&R;ksa] tc&tc] rc&rc] iqdkj&iqdkj
2- (d) ijksidkjh ([k) ew£rdkj (x) taxyh (?k) ,sfrgkfld
(Ä) lfg".kq
3- (d) og eksVj ugha] eksVj cukus dh dyk gS] edku ugha] edku cukus dh #fp gSA
([k) laLo`Qfr BkV&ckV ugha] fou; vkSj fouezrk gSA
(x) laLo`Qfr dk LoHkko gS fd og vknku&iznku ls c<+rh gSA
(?k) laLo`Qfr dk dke vkneh osQ nks"k dks de djuk] mlosQ xq.k dks vf/d cukuk gSA
4- deZokP; ([k) dr`ZokP; (x) dr`ZokP; (?k) HkkookP;
(Ä) dr`ZokP;
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
1- Hkkjr fofoèk Hkk"kk] laLÑfr] èkeZ] laiznk; rFkk leqnk; ls lacn~èk yksxksa dk ns'k gSA ;gk¡ fofHkUu
èkeks± rFkk laiznk;ksa osQ yksx fey&tqydj fofHkUu izdkj osQ ioZ R;ksgkj] jhfr&fjokt rFkk ikjaifjd
mRloksa dks eukrs gSaA d'ehj ls ysdj dU;koqQekjh rd Hkkjr osQ yksxksa dh lkaLÑfrd fofHkUurk dh
>yd ns[kh tk ldrh gSA ¯drq mlosQ ckotwn ge ,d gSaA ;gh gekjh igpku gSA
2- Hkkjr dh laLÑfr ^loZ èkeZ leHkko* rFkk ôlqèkSo oqQVaqcde~* dks ekuus okyh gSA ;gk¡ jke] Ñ".k]
cqn~èk] egkohj] xq# ukud rFkk egkRek xkaèkh tSls egkekuo iSnk gq,] ftUgksaus i`Foh ij iSQys vlR;]
vukpkj] vU;k; rFkk vlekurk osQ f[kykiQ yM+kbZ yM+h rFkk laiw.kZ ekuork dks u"V gksus ls
cpk;kA bl èkjrh ij lwjnkl] rqylh] jghe] jl[kku tSls dfo gq, ftUgksaus laiw.kZ i`Foh ij
Hkkr`Hkko rFkk izse dk vy[k txk;kA vr% fu'p; gh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr nqfu;k dh laLÑfr dk
vkbZuk cu ldrh gSA
3- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
161
14 uhyw
ikB&;kstuk
ikB dk mn~ns'; %
ikyrw 'oku uhyw osQ foy{k.k xq.kksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh nsukA
ikB~;xr thou&ewY; %
i'kq&if{k;ksa dks Hkh lq[k&nq[k dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA ladV dh ?kM+h esa i'kq vius vkJ;nkrk osQ izfr
viuh laosnuk,¡ izdV djrs gSaA
ikB dk lkjka'k %
uhyw dh ek¡ dk uke ywlh FkkA og lkekU; oqQRrksa ls fHkUu vkSj dbZ jktlh fo'ks"krkvksa ls ;qDr FkhA
'khrdky esa mRrjk;.k osQ fuoklh ywlh osQ xys esa #i;s vkSj lkexzh dh lwph osQ lkFk ,d cM+k v¡xksNk
;k pknj ck¡/dj mlls lkeku ykus dk vuqjks/ djrs FksA fdlh&fdlh fnu mls dbZ ckj vkuk&tkuk
iM+rk Fkk] ij lkeku e¡xokus okyksa osQ HkqyDdM+iu ls mls dHkh dksbZ f'kdk;r ugha jghA uhyw viuh
vko`Qfr dh fo'ks"krk osQ lkFk cy vkSj LoHkko esa Hkh fo'ks"k FkkA og m¡Qph nhokj dks Hkh ,d Nyk¡x
esa ikj dj ysrk FkkA ¯glk dh izo`fRr dk mlesa dksbZ fpg~u ugha FkkA jks'kunkuksa esa xkSjS;k osQ cus ?kksalys
ls i{kh&'kkod tc mM+us osQ vliQy iz;kl esa uhps fxjus yxrs] rc uhyw osQ Hk; ls dksbZ Hkh vU;
oqQRrk&fcYyh mu uknku mM+us&fiQjus okyksa dks gkfu igq¡pkus dk lkgl ugha dj ikrk FkkA blh izdkj
uhyw us ,d ckj [kjxks'kksa dh taxyh fcYyksa ls izk.k j{kk dhA ,d ckj tc eksVj&nq?kZVuk esa ysf[kdk
?kk;y gksdj vLirky esa HkrhZ Fkha] rc uhyw us viuh lgt psruk ls fdlh vfu"V dk vkHkkl ikdj
rhu fnuksa rd u oqQN [kk;k] u fi;k rc MkWDVj ls vuqefr ysdj mls vLirky yk;k x;kA rc ls
gj nwljs fnu vLirky u ys tkus ij og vu'ku vkjaHk dj nsrkA uhyw dks pkSng o"kZ dk thou feyk
vkSj tUe ls e`R;q osQ {k.k rd og ysf[kdk osQ ikl gh jgkA uhyw dk thou ,dkdh gh chrkA thou
osQ leku mldh e`R;q Hkh nhurk ls jfgr FkhA ;fn uhyw osQ leku 'kkar fufyZIr Hkko ls dksbZ e`R;q dk
lkeuk dj losQ] rks ,slh e`R;q dh dkeuk euq"; esa Hkh gksxhA
f'k{k.k&laosQr %
ikB 'kq: djus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks ikB osQ ewy Hkko ls ifjfpr djk,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd i'kq&i{kh Hkh
I;kj dh Hkk"kk le>rs gSaA
Nk=kksa ls iwNsa %
 D;k vkiosQ ?kj ;k iM+kl s esa dksbZ ikyrw i'kq&i{kh gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks mlosQ gko&Hkko] vknrksa vkSj
dk;ks± osQ ckjs esa crkb,A
 D;k vki fdlh ,sls LFkku ij x, gSa] tgk¡ cI+kZQ fxjrh gks\ ;fn vkidk mRrj gk¡ gS] rks ml
LFkku vkSj izns'k dk uke rFkk ogk¡ osQ vuqHko crkb,A
 Hkkjr esa vHkh Hkh dbZ ,sls xk¡o gSa] tgk¡ tkus osQ fy, lM+d ugha gSA bl ckjs esa vki D;k
fopkj j[krs gSa\
 D;k vkius ysf[kdk egknsoh oekZ dh dksbZ vU; jpuk i<+h gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks blosQ ckjs esa crkb,A
162
blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd os bl ikB esa ysf[kdk osQ i'kq&i{kh izse vkSj 'oku uhyw osQ
foy{k.k xq.kksa osQ ckjs esa tkusaxsA
 iwN
¡ fgykdj oqQRrs vius ekfyd osQ izfr LokehHkfDr trkrs gSAa D;k lHkh uLy osQ oqQRrs ,slk djrs gS\a
 xyh osQ oqQRrksa dks dbZ cPps iRFkj isaQddj ekjrs gSaA D;k mudk ,slk djuk lgh gS\
 ljnh yxus ls dkSu&dkSu lh chekfj;k¡ gksrh gSa\
JO;&n`'; lhúMhú %
iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd i'kq
gekjs lgk;d dk dke djrs gSaA
ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj
ekSf[kd
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
2- (d) uhyw ysf[kdk egknsoh oekZ dk oI+kkQknkjQknkj oqQRrk FkkA\
([k) uhyw dh ek¡ dk uke ywlh FkkA
(x) uhyw vYlsf'k;u vkSj HkwfV;k fefJr uLy dk oqQRrk FkkA
(?k) ywlh ,d ydM+cX?ks dk f'kdkj cu xbZA
fyf[kr
1- (d) vfM+;y () ([k) ljfn;ksa esa () (x) BaM osQ dkj.k ej x;k ()
(?k) 'kkar () (Ä) 14 o"kks± rd () (p) dtyh ()
2- (d) uhyw xjfe;ksa esa ckgj ykWu vkSj ljfn;ksa esa ?kj osQ cjkens esa r[r ij cSBrk FkkA
([k) ywlh mQij ls dkyk vkHkkl nsus okys Hkwjs ihrkHk jax dh FkhA
(x) oqQRrksa osQ nq'eu ydM+cX?ks gksrs gSaA
(?k) cI+kkZZQ ij jDr osQ /Ccs ywlh osQ FksA
3- (d) ywlh dh 'kkjhfjd cukoV esa mQij dkyk vkHkkl nsus okys Hkwjs ihrkHk jkse] dkyh ij
NksVh vk¡[ksa] ltx [kM+s dku vkSj yach iw¡N FkhA
([k) eksVj xkM+h dk ekxZ nks igkfM+;ksa osQ chp ls tkrk FkkA
(x) uhyw osQ xys dk Loj bruk Hkkjh] ean vkSj xw¡tus okyk Fkk fd jkf=k esa mldk ,d ckj
HkkSaduk Hkh okrkoj.k dh LrC/rk dks oaQfir dj nsrk FkkA
(?k) uhyw i{kh&'kkodksa osQ fy, lroZQ igjsnkj dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk FkkA mlosQ Hk; ls dksbZ
Hkh vU; oqQRrk&fcYyh mu uknku mM+us&fxjus okyksa dks gkfu igq¡pkus dk lkgl ugha dj
ikrk FkkA dHkh&dHkh uhyw cgqr NksVs i{kh 'kkodksa dks iqu% ?kksalys esa j[kokus osQ fy,
mUgsa gkSys ls vius eq[k esa nckdj ysf[kdk osQ ikl ys vkrk FkkA
(Ä) [kjxks'k osQ cPpksa dks taxyh fcYys ls cpkus osQ fy, uhyw iwjh jkr fcy osQ n~okj ij
ljnh esa ckgj jgk] ftl dkj.k ljnh yxus ls mls U;weksfu;k gks x;kA
4- (d) 'khrdky esa cI+kZQ ls ekxZ Hkj tkus osQ dkj.k mRrjk;.k osQ fuoklh eksVj&ekxZ osQ var esa
igkfM+;ksa osQ chp ls [kkn~; lkexzh ykus nqdku rd ugha igq¡p ikrs FksA rc ywlh nqdku
ls lkeku ykdj mudh lgk;rk djrh FkhA
163
([k) uhyw fdlh fo'ks"k ifjfpr dks vk;k ns[kdj lniZ /hjs&/hjs Hkhrj vkdj ysf[kdk osQ
dejs osQ njok”ks ij [kM+k gks tkrkA mldk bl izdkj vkuk gh ysf[kdk osQ fy, fdlh
fe=k dh mifLFkfr dh lwpuk FkhA ^vk jgh gw¡* lqurs gh og iqu% ckgj vius fuf'pr
LFkku ij tk cSBrkA
(x) ysf[kdk osQ chekj iM+us ij uhyw dks fdlh vfu"V dk vkHkkl fey x;k FkkA mldh
fo"kkne;h fu'ps"V eqnzk dks ns[kdj MkWDVj dh vuqefr ysdj mls vLirky yk;k x;kA
iV~fV;ksa osQ ?kVkVksi esa ysf[kdk dks vPNh rjg ns[kus osQ fy, uhyw iyax osQ pkjksa vksj
?kweus yxk vkSj fiQj vk'oLr gksdj izgjh dh fpjifjfpr eqnzk esa iyax osQ uhps cSB x;kA
(?k) vYlsf'k;u oqQRrk ,d gh Lokeh dks Lohdkj djrk gSA og fdlh dk vkns'k ugha ekurk]
ijarq Lusgiw.kZ vuqjks/ dh j{kk esa rRij jgrk gSA tcfd HkwfV;k oqQRrs ozQks/h vkSj ¯gld
LoHkko osQ gksrs gSaA
(Ä) egknsoh th dh bl dgkuh esa oqQRrs dk i{kh&'kkodksa] [kjxks'k osQ cPpksa rFkk ysf[kdk osQ
izfr yxko dk tks Hkko iznf'kZr gks jgk gS] blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd dgkuh esa d#.kk
dh vf/drk gSA
5- (d) mRrjk;.k ls tks ixMaMh nks igkfM+;ksa osQ chp ls eksVj&ekxZ rd tkrh Fkh] mlosQ var esa
,d nqdku FkhA
([k) 'khrdky esa ;g ekxZ cI+kZkZQ ls Hkj tkrk FkkA
(x) mRrjk;.k osQ fuoklh ywlh osQ xys esa #i;s vkSj lkexzh dh lwph osQ lkFk cM+k v¡xksNk
;k pknj ck¡/dj mlls nqdku ls lkeku e¡xokrs FksA
(?k) nqdkunkj ywlh osQ xys ls d iM+k [kksydj #i;s] lwph ysus osQ ckn lkeku dh xBjh mlosQ
diM+
xys ;k ihB ls ck¡/ nsrs FksA
6- (d) oqQRrksa esa lw¡?kdj igpku djus dh ,d vn~Hkqr {kerk gksrh gSA ysf[kdk ls feyus okyksa
esa uhyw izk;% lHkh dks igpkurk FkkA
([k) vU; oqQRrksa osQ leku [kkus osQ fy, ykykf;r jguk] izlUurk O;Dr djus osQ fy, iw¡N
fgykuk rFkk izo`QfrnRr vU; 'oku xq.kksa dk uhyw esa loZFkk vHkko FkkA mlosQ fiz;&ls&fiz;
[kkn~; dks Hkh ;fn voKk osQ lkFk isaQddj fn;k tkrk] rks og mldh vksj ns[krk Hkh
ugha FkkA bl izdkj og vyH; niZ ls ;qDr FkkA
(x) thou osQ leku uhyw dh e`R;q Hkh nSU; ls jfgr FkhA blfy, ;fn uhyw osQ leku 'kkar
fufyZIr Hkko ls dksbZ e`R;q dk lkeuk dj losQ] rks ,slh e`R;q dh bPNk gj euq"; dks gksxhA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- (d) cI +kQhZ
kQhZyk
cIkQhZ ([k) ihrkHk (x) ioZrh; (?k) ¯gld (Ä) v/cquk
2- (d) osQ leku ([k) dh vksj (x) osQ vkxs
3- (d) lqfnu ([k) fuo`Q"V (x) 'khr (?k) vkxr (Ä) nqyZHk
g¡lrs&[ksyrs
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
?ksjk le;
• Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
ikB ls vkxs
1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
164
1- (d) fo"ke Ükà[kykvksa ls dfo dk vfHkizk; fofHkUu tkfr vkSj /eZ osQ yksxksa ls gSA fofHkUu
tkfr vkSj /eZ osQ yksxksa esa izk;% ,drk dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA
([k) jkWfcalu ozwQlks us tgkt osQ dIrku rFkk mlosQ lkfFk;ksa dks fonzksfg;ksa ls yM+us osQ fy,
gfFk;kj iznku dj mudh lgk;rk dhA
(x) va/h fHk[kkfju us ftl csVs dk brus lky ikyu&iks"k.k fd;k Fkk] og njvly lsB dk
[kks;k gqvk csVk FkkA chekj csVs osQ fy, og lsB ls enn ysus xbZ Fkh] ij lsB us vius
[kks, gq, csVs dks ikdj mlls Nhuuk pkgkA csVs dh gkyr fcxM+us ij mls va/h fHk[kkfju
ls gh lgk;rk ek¡xus tkuk iM+kA fHk[kkfju us Hkh enn ls euk ugha fd;kA bl izdkj va/h
fHk[kkfju gksrs gq, Hkh lsB th ls egku lkfcr gqbZA
(?k) Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd usrk ozQkafrdkjh ny osQ lnL;ksa dks viuk 'k=kq le>rs Fks] D;ksafd muosQ
fopkj esa os ¯glk esa fo'okl j[krs FksA
2- (d) izLrqr okD;ka'k osQ ekè;e ls ;g Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd ,d NksVh&lh enn ls gj
fdlh dks lgkjk fey tkrk gS vkSj viuk thou th fy;k tkrk gSA ysfdu dHkh&dHkh
ge NksVh&lh enn dh vk'kk osQ lgkjs eqlhcr ls ckgj fudy tkrs gSaA
([k) izLrqr okD;ka'k osQ n~okjk ;g Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd yksgs ls cuh lkbfdy Bksl FkhA èkkrq
ls fu£er gksus osQ dkj.k euq"; ls bldk dksbZ eqdkcyk ugha FkkA
3- (d) gk¡M+h ([k) iSls
(x) cqf<+;k gk¡M+h blfy, <k¡idj j[krh Fkh D;ksafd ;fn ml ij fdlh dh u”kj iM+rh] rks
og mls pqjkus dh lksprkA
(?k) mlesa] mls loZuke 'kCn gSaA
4- (d) vO;;hHkko () ([k) rRiqjQ"k () (x) rRiqjQ"k ()
5- (d) ifr dk i=k i<+dj iRuh vkSj cPps jks iM+sA laca/ dkjd
([k) o`n~/ O;fDr us vTtw dks mlosQ firk dh usµdrkZ dkjd] dks&dh µ laca/ dkjd
e`R;q dh tkudkjh nhA
(x) firk 'kknh esa lfEefyr u gks losQA vf/dj.k dkjd
(?k) og fdlh ls fy[kokdj i=k Hkstrk FkkA dj.k dkjd
6- (d) fuHkZ; ([k) izk.k (x) :<+ (?k) ioZr
7- (d) fHk[kkjh ([k) lsBkuh (x) va/k (?k) iafMrkbu
8- (d) dh ([k) fd
9- (d) cqjs fnu ([k) lc vM+pusa (x) dfBu dky (?k) lSdM+ksa dke
165
1- (d) floaQnj vkozQe.kdkjh Fkk ijarq ,d egku 'kkld Fkk] tks ohjrk dk lEeku djrk FkkA
jktk iqjQ dks ijkftr djus osQ ckn Hkh floaQnj us mudh ohjrk dk lEeku fd;k vkSj
thrk gqvk mudk jkT; lEeku osQ lkFk okil dj fn;kA
([k) Hkkjro"kZ esa mPp f'k{k.k&ozQe esa ekr`Hkk"kk osQ mijkar jk"VªHkk"kk ¯gnh] laLo`Qr] I+kQkjlh]
vjch vkSj vaxzs”kh osQ fy, LFkku gksuk pkfg,A tks ,d Hkk"kk dks fof/iwoZd lh[k ysrk
gS] mls nwljh Hkk"kkvksa dk Kku lqxerk ls gks tkrk gSA Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQ fo"k; esa xkaèkhth
osQ ;gh fopkj FksA
(x) xjhc cPpksa dh f'k{kk osQ fy, ljdkj us dbZ Bksl dne mBk, gSaA cPpksa dk nkf[kyk
djokus dh I+kQhl lHkh LowQyksa esa ekI+kQ dj nh xbZ gSA i<+us osQ fy, fdrkc&dkWfi;k¡ Hkh
eqÝ+r esa feyrh gSaA fVI+kQu esa [kkuk Hkh eqÝ+r esa feyrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd iguus osQ fy,
;wfuiQkWeZ dk Hkh eqÝ+r esa forj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
(?k) lc izkf.k;ksa esa ls vkneh dks Js"B ekuk x;k gS] D;ksafd lHkh izkf.k;ksa esa ls osQoy vkneh
osQ ikl gh foosd vkSj cqn~f/ gSA
2- (d) dfo&v;ksè;k ¯lg mikè;k; ^gfjvkSèk*] dfork & deZohj
([k) iq#"kkFkhZ yksx viuh esgur osQ cy ij fpyfpykrh èkwi dks Hkh pk¡nuh cuk nsrs gSaA
(x) deZohj dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk viuh deZBrk] lkgl] iq#"kkFkZ rFkk vkRecy dh
lgk;rk ls djrs gSaA
(?k) izfr;ksfxrk ijh{kk esa liQyrk izkIr djus osQ fy, mls yksgs osQ pus pckus iM+sA
3- (d) izLrqr iafDr esa deZohj O;fDr osQ ckjs esa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd ftl dk;Z dks os vkt
djus dk lksprs gSa] oSls O;fDr gh oqQN dj fn[kkus dh {kerk j[krs gSaA
([k) bu iafDr;ksa osQ ekè;e ls dfo us mu yksxksa dk Lrqfr&xku fd;k gS] ftUgsa nq"V vkSj nqxZe
izo`fRr osQ yksxksa dh ryokj Hkh Hk;Hkhr ugha dj ldrhA
4- (d) 'kSy] fxjh ([k) lq/k] vfe;
5- (d) feBkb;k¡ ([k) ryokjsa (x) ekyk,¡ (?k) cPps
6- (d) vukM+h gksuk ([k) <k<+l c¡/uk
7- (d) mr~ $ ufr ([k) l $ vknj
(x) ykyp $ bZ (?k) lq $ vkxr
8- (d) mlus ghjs dks mBk fy;kA µ ldeZd fozQ;k
([k) yksx fouksck th dk vknj djrs FksA µ ldeZd fozQ;k
9- (d) ijksidkjh ([k) lgu'khy
166
d{kk&6] 7 vkSj 8
ikBksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z&i=kksa osQ mRrj
d{kk&6
ikB&1
dk;Z&i=kµ1 osQ mRrj
1- (d) tc lsod :ih cknyksa ij izkr%dkyhu lw;Z dh fdj.ksa iM+rh gSa] rks ,slk izrhr gksrk gS
ekuks cknyksa us Lo.kZ ls fufeZr iks'kkd /kj.k dj j[kh gksA ;gh n`'; ns[kdj dfo us bl
dkO;&iafDr dh jpuk dh gSA
([k) i{kh] canh vkSj pkj.k dh rjg lw;Z dk dhfrZ&xk;u dj jgs gSaA
+ QkSt ijkftr gksrh gS] rc og eSnku NksM+dj Hkkxrh gSA
(x) tc dksbZ IkkQkS
(?k) ^jkr dk jktk [kM+k gS] jkg esa cudj fHk[kkjhA* dfork esa vkbZ blh iafDr ls Li"V gksrk
gS fd panzek dk rs”k fuLrst gks x;k gSA
2- (d) vk jgh jfo dh lokjhA ([k) uo&fdj.k dk jFk ltk gS]
(x) dfy&oqQlqe ls iFk ltk gS (?k) cknyksa ls vuqpjksa us
(Ä) Lo.kZ dh iks'kkd /kjhA
3- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
4- (d) oqQlqe ([k) Lo.kZLo.kZ (x) fogx (?k) eSnku
5- (d) o~Q $ m $ l~ $ m $ e~ $ v ([k) v $ u~ $ m $ p~ $ v $ j~ $ v
(x) l~ $ o~ $ v $ j~ $ .k~ $ v (?k) o~Q $ bZ $ j~ $ r~ $ b
(Ä) Hk~ $ b $ [k~ $ vk $ j~ $ bZ
6- (d) rkjk ([k) lksuk (x) i{kh (?k) ;'k (Ä) lsuk
7- iq¯Yyx µ jfo ckny rkjd
L=kh¯yx µ dfy fdj.k dhfrZ
8- (d) ,dopu ([k) cgqopu (x) cgqopu (?k) ,dopu
• Nk=k Lo;a nsaxsA
ikB&2
1- (d) twfy;k dks ys[kd us viuh i<+kbZ osQ dejs esa cqyk;kA
([k) twfw y;k dks Hkyh izdkj ls ,glkl gks pqdk Fkk fd ys[kd mlosQ lkFk vU;k; dj jgk gS]
fiQj Hkh mlosQ n~okjk bl vU;k; osQ fo#n~/ izfrdkj u djus ij ys[kd dks xqLlk vk x;kA
167
(x) twfy;k us ys[kd dks ru[okg nsus osQ fy, /U;okn dgkA
(?k) viuk vfLrRo cuk, j[kus osQ fy, ân;ghu lalkj ls yM+uk gksxkA
2- (d) ihyk ([k) pkyhl (x) okU;k (?k) pkj (Ä) nCcw
3- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
4- (d) osru ([k) de le;okyk (x) Mjiksd (?k) eerkjfgr
5- (d) ik¡p ([k) gk¡ (x) japek=k (?k) eSaus (Ä) [kjksap
(p) vk¡lqvksa (N) dk¡iuk (t) ugha (>) Bw¡ldj (×k) nk¡r
6- (d) lPpk dPpk ([k) iUuk xUuk (x) iRrk xRrk
(?k) fpYykuk fcYyh (Ä) fMCck xqCckjk
7- (d) cPph ([k) ysf[kdk (x) ekfyd (?k) iRuh (Ä) efgyk
8- (d) iSls ([k) NqV~fV;k¡ (x) vk¡[ksa (?k) twrs (Ä) [kjksapsa
ikB&3
1- (d)) tsyj n~okjk ek¡ osQ feyus vkus dh [kcj lqudj jkeizlkn fcfLey ,dk,d mnkl gks x,A
([k) fcfLey dks ns'k osQ fy, oqQckZu gksrs ns[kuk gh mudh ek¡ osQ fy, lcls cM+h [kq'kh dk
fnu FkkA
(x) fcfLey viuh rlohj ,slh txg j[kus osQ fy, dgrs gSa] tgk¡ ls os vk”kknh dk igyk
t'u ns[k losaQA
(?k) ek¡ dh vk¡[kksa esa vk¡lw ns[kdj fcfLey us dgk fd vk¡lqvksa ls muosQ dne Mxexk jgs gSaA
(Ä) viuh larku dks vius gh gkFkksa ns'k osQ fy, oqQckZu djus dk xkSjo fcfLey dh ek¡ dks
izkIr gks jgk FkkA
(d) fcfLey us tsyj ls ([k) ek¡ us fcfLey ls
(x) fcfLey us ek¡ ls
3- (d) gS ([k) gSa (x) gS (?k) gS (Ä) gSa
4- (d) mRlo ([k) varj (x) fLFkj (?k) bPNk
5- ljI+kQjks'kh dh reUuk] vc gekjs fny esa gSA
ns[kuk gS ”kksj fdruk cktq&,&dkfry esa gSA
168
flI+kZQ feV tkus dh gljr bd fnys fcfLey esa gSA
vc rsjh fgEer dh ppkZ] xSj dh egfI+kQy esa gSA
6- (d) dkfry () ([k) ljI+kQjks'kh () (x) os'kHkw"kk () (?k) ns'koklh ()
(Ä) Loho`Qfr ()
7- (d) izlUu ([k) igyk (x) vlk/kj.k (?k) ?k`.kk (Ä) ca/u
8- (d) ozQkafrdkjh ([k) vxz.kh (x) la?k"kZ (?k) ekfeZd (Ä) fczfV'k
(p) ppkZ (N) izlUu (t) vk'p;Z (>) oqQckZu (×k) nnZ
ikB&4
1- (d) ysf[kdk dks fxYyw dkS, dh pksapksa osQ ?kko ls ?kk;y feykA og fu'ps"V&lk xeys ls
fpiVk iM+k FkkA
([k) rhu&pkj eghus ckn fxYyw osQ fLuX/ jks,¡] >Ccsnkj iw¡N vkSj papy pedhyh vk¡[ksa lcdks
fofLer djus yxhaA
(x) ysf[kdk osQ ikl dbZ i'kq&i{kh Fks] ysfdu buesa ls fdlh us Hkh mudh Fkkyh esa ls [kkuk
[kkus dh fgEer ugha dhA fxYyw cM+h gh lI +kQkbZ ls muosQ lkFk [kkuk [kkrk FkkA bl izdkj]
lIkQkbZ
fxYyw buesa viokn FkkA
2- (d) Lof.kZe ([k) y?kqizk.k (x) fiz;tuksa
(?k) doZQ'k (Ä) o"kZ (p) vkdf"kZr
3- (d) oaQ/k ([k) laf/ (x) cw¡n (?k) pksap (Ä) eq¡g
(p) laKk (N) jks,¡ (t) vk¡xu (>) m¡xyh (×k) Lo;a
4- (d) lsfodk ([k) 'kjhj (x) esy
(?k) gSjku (Ä) dkSvk (p) izkr%dky
5- (d) lksutwgh esa ,d ihyh dyh yxh gSA
([k) fxygjh dk cPpk ?kk;y iM+k FkkA
(x) ysf[kdk fxYyw dks idM+dj fyI+kQkI+ksQ esa j[k nsrh FkhaA
(?k) fxYyw osQ thou dk izFke clar vk;kA
(Ä) uhe&pesyh dh xa/ dejs esa vkrh FkhA
6- (d) dkd Hkq'kaqMh Hkh fofp=k i{kh gSµ ,d lkFk leknfjr] vuknfjr] vfr lEekfur] vfr
169
voekfurA
([k) fxYyw Hkw[k yxus ij ^fpd&fpd* djrk FkkA
(x) eq>s pkSadkus dh bPNk mlesa u tkus dc vkSj oSQls mRiUu gks xbZ Fkh\
(?k) fxYyw dh thou&;k=kk dk var vk gh x;kA
(Ä) dktw mldk fiz; [kkuk FkkA
7- (d) dfy;k¡ ([k) i{khoàn (x) dkS, (?k) fxygfj;k¡ (Ä) iw¡Nsa
(p) vk¡[ksa (N) fyI+kQkI+kkssQ (t) f[kM+fd;k¡ (>) es”ksa (×k) iats
8- (d) L=kh¯yx ([k) iq¯Yyx (x) L=kh¯yx (?k) iq¯Yyx (Ä) iq¯Yyx
ikB&5
1- (d) o`n~/ ea=kh us e/qfydk
dk ls dgk] ^^vcks/] D;k dg jgh gS\ jktk dh o`Qik dk frjLdkj!**
([k) jkf=k mRlo esa ex/ osQ jktoqQekj v#.k us Hkkx ugha fy;k] D;ksafd mldh vk¡[kksa esa uhan
ugha Fkh vkSj og e/qfydk osQ ckjs esa lksp jgk FkkA
(x) e/qfydk us jktoqQekj vjQ.k osQ vuqxzg dks vLohdkj dj fn;k] D;ksafd og jk"Vª&fu;e
ugha cnyuk pkgrh FkhA
(?k) lsukifr vf/dka'k lSfud ysdj nL;q&uk'k osQ fy, cgqr nwj x, gq, FksA
(Ä) e/qfydk us dkS'ky ujs'k dks lwpuk nh dh vkt xqIr 'k=kqvksa n~okjk JkoLrh nqxZ ij nf{k.kh
ukys osQ ikl ls vkozQe.k gksusokyk gSA
2- (d) vkdk'k esa dkys&dkys ckny ?kqeM+ jgs FksA
([k) nso! vius firkegksa dh Hkwfe cspuk esjs fy, vijk/ gSA
(x) brus lSfud lkFk j[kus dh D;k vko';drk gS\
(?k) vkt jkr osQ rhljs igj esjh fot;&;k=kk gksxhA
(Ä) e/qfydk] D;k ;g lR; gS\
3- (d) ioZrekyk ([k) izfln~/ (x) lkSan;Z (?k) banz (Ä) nqxZ
(p) izk.knaM
4- fdlus fdlls
(d) vjQ.k us e/qfydk ls
170
([k) e/qfydk us dkS'ky osQ jktk ls
5- (d) vkdk'k esa dkys&dkys ckny ?kqeM+ jgs FksA ckny
([k) mRlo dk iz/ku dk;Z lekIr gks x;kA dk;Z
(x) e/qfydk ifjJeh FkhA e/qfydk
(?k) eSa vius ckgqcy ls u;k jkT; cukm¡QxkA jkT;
(Ä) rhu cjl gq, esjh Hkwfe ys yh xbZ FkhA cjl
6- (d) eSa ([k) og (x) mldh (?k) mls
(Ä) rqEgkjk
7- (d) eqnzk,¡ ([k) >ksaifM+;k¡ (x) ukys (?k) dU;k,¡
(Ä) >kfM+;k¡
8- (d) iztk ([k) vLohdkj (x) iqjLdkj (?k) vehj
(Ä) ljy
ikB&6
1- (d) HkkSfrd lq[k&lqlqffo/k
o/k izkIr djus osQ fy, geus mQtkZ dk vR;f/d iz;ksx fd;kA blls
ok;qeaMy osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls gkfudkjd dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM] tyok"i vkSj ukbVªl vkWDlkbM
dh ek=kk bruh c<+ xbZ fd /jrh ij vkusokyh lw;Z dh xehZ dks ckgj tkus ls blus jksd
fn;kA bl izdkj c<+rs rkieku osQ f”kEesnkj ge Lo;a gSaA
([k) tyok;q ifjorZu dk vuqeku yxkus gsrq la;qDr jk"Vªla?k us 1988 esa ^baVjxouZesaV iSuy
vkWu DykbesV psat* uked ,d oSKkfud ny dk xBu fd;kA
(x) leqnz dk tyLrj osQoy ,d ehVj mQij mBus ij nqfu;k osQ dbZ fgLls lnk osQ fy,
lkxj esa foyhu gks ldrs gSaA buesa ekynho] caxykns'k] uhy unh dk MsYVk] ÝyksfjMk dk
rV vkSj ywbfl;kuk izkar dk dkiQh fgLls 'kkfey gSaA
(?k) isM+&ikS/s 'okl osQ :i esa dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM xSl ysrs gSaA bl rjg ek=k ,d gsDVs;j
ij yxs taxyh isM+ izR;sd o"kZ 13-6 Vu dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM dh ek=kk lks[k ldrs gSaA
2- (d) 4 ([k) 2 (x) 3 (?k) 1
3- (d) fo'o dk] oSf'od ([k) fgeun] fgekuh
(x) tyok;q (?k) ifjorZu
4- (d) ”kcjnLr ([k) f”kEesnkj (x) cI+kZQ (?k) rs”kh
(Ä) dkI+kQh (p) ”kehu (N) ”k:jh (t) o”kg
171
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
6- (d) osQ fy, ([k) ij (x) osQ (?k) ls (Ä) esa
7- (d) c<+rk ([k) c<+us (x) ok;qeaMy (?k) vkWDlkbM (Ä) p<+ko
(p) fMxzh (N) vk¡dM+ksa (t) iM+rky (>) iM+rk (×k) ck<+
8- (d) igkM+ Hkw/j ([k) ¯l/q lkxj
(x) i`Foh olq/k (?k) jfo fnudj
(Ä) o`{k foVi
ikB&7
1- (d) FkkWel oqQd oaQiuh us eqlkfI+kQjks kQjksa osQ fy, eksVj n~okjk oSQjksa uxj rFkk ¯LiQDl ns[kus dk
izca/ fd;k FkkA
([k) fijkfeMksa esa 'ko osQ lkFk diM+s] xgus] cSBus dh pkSdh] vUu] Ükàxkj dk lkeku] jFk] ukosa
vkfn oLrq,¡ xkM+h tkrh FkhaA
(x) izkphu dky esa ¯LiQDl Hkfo"; dh ckrsa crkrh FkhA
(?k) yanu esa ys[kd dks xkso/Zu dk cuk;k ¯gnqLrkuh [kkukµ nky] Hkkr] jksVh] lC”kh feyus
yxkA
2- (d) iRrk] xRrk ([k) f”kEesnkj] vEek (x) NTtk] lTtk (?k) dPpk] lPpk
(Ä) xUuk] vUu
3- (d) {k.kHkaxjq ([k) nksigj
4- (d) ia[k] mQij ([k) thou] I;kj
I;kjk (x) utnhd] mRrh.kZ (?k) gkFk] VSDl
(Ä) rjiQ] Nksj
5- (d) lTtu ([k) lqjf{kr (x) vfuR;rk (?k) ykHk
(Ä) izkphu
6- (d) es”ksa ([k) ;k=khx.k (x) iqLrosaQ (?k) diM+s
(Ä) ewfrZ;k¡
7- (d) fons'kh ([k) ,d (x) cgqrsjh (?k) izrkih
(Ä) pkS[kjh
8- (d) esjs dejs esa ,d ikjlh lTtu Hkh FksA
([k) eSaus rks oSQjksa ?kwe ysuk vPNk le>kA
172
(x) ckn'kkgksa dk uke vc osQoy iqLrdksa esa gh jg x;k gSA
(?k) fllyh Vkiw osQ ikl gksdj gh tgk”k xq”kjkA
(Ä) eSa rks eqdnes dh iSjoh osQ fy, yanu x;k FkkA
ikB&8
1- (d) MkWú vacsMdj osQ firk jketh FksA os fczfV'k lsuk esa lwcsnkj FksA lsokfuo`Rr gksus ij os ,d fefyVªh LowQy esa
14 o"kZ rd iz/kukpk;Z jgsA
([k) firk osQ fu/u osQ i'pkr vkfFkZd dfBukb;ksa osQ dkj.k MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj osQ fy,
mPp f'k{kk izkIr djuk vlaHko&lk gks x;kA
(x) êwduk;d* lekpkj&i=k dk mn~ns'; nfyr mRFkku rFkk Hkkjrh; lekt esa O;kIr va/
fo'okl] tkfrizFkk] NqvkNwr vkfn cqjkb;ksa dks nwj djuk FkkA
(?k) MkWú vacsMdj th us bafMisaMsaV yscj ikVhZ dk xBu fd;k FkkA bl ikVhZ dks lu 1936
esa gq, izkarh; pquko esa Hkkjh liQyrk feyhA vacsMdj th vusd lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk Hkkjh
cgqer ls fot;h gq,A
2- (d) (iv) ([k) (iii) (x) (ii) (?k) (i)
3- (d) osQ fy, ([k) ls (x) osQ (?k) us
4- (d) lsokfuo`Rr ([k) lSU;] IIkQkS +kQkS
kQkSt (x) egkfon~;ky; (?k) mikf/
(Ä) vko';d (p) f'k{kk (N) fu/Zu (t) lekt] lHkk
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) ()
(Ä) ()
6- (d) fookg ([k) fons'k (x) Kkufiiklq (?k) mn~/kj (Ä) #X.k
7- (d) ysfdu Hkhejko fujk'k ugha gq,] mUgksaus viuh lw>&cw> ls vlaHko dks laHko dj fn;kA
([k) mudk dFku gSµ¶iqLrosaQ Kku&izkfIr o euksjatu dk loksZRre lk/u gSaA¸
(x) 'kkgwth us dgk] ¶rqEgsa vacsMdj osQ :i esa viuk mn~/kjd fey x;k gSA¸
(?k) fln~/kFkZ dkWyst us f'k{kk osQ tfj, tu&tkxj.k dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA
(Ä) 1990 esa mUgsa ej.kksijkar ^HkkjrjRu* dh mikf/ ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
8- 'kCn milxZ ewy 'kCn izR;;
(d) fons'kh fo ns'k --------------------
([k) Lons'k Lo ns'k --------------------
(x) fu;fer -------------------- fu;e br
173
(?k) Hkkjrh; -------------------- Hkkjr bZ;
(Ä) ekuork -------------------- ekuo rk
ikB&9
1- (d) bu inksa esa JhÑ".k dh cky&yhykvksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
([k) ;'kksnk th Jho`Q".k dks lqykus osQ fy, fgykrh gSa] nqykj djrh gSa vkSj uhan dks lacksf/r
dj dgrh gSa fd rqe D;ksa ugha esjs yky dks vkdj lqykrh gksA rqe 'kh?kzrk ls vkvks]
dkUgk cqyk jgk gSA
(x) panz&f[kykSuk ugha feyus ij Ñ".k th xk; dk nw/ ugha fi,¡xsA
2- (d) pksVh ([k) xk; (x) nw/ (?k) /jrh (Ä) lqykuk
(p) 'kh?kzrk ls
3- (d) gyjkoS ([k) cqykoS (x) ean (?k) lksb
4- (d) lksor ([k) Hkkfeuh (x) lqjHkh (?k) f[kykSuk
5- (d) gk¡ ([k) ugha (x) ugha (?k) ugha (Ä) ugha
6- dcgq¡ iyd gfj ew¡fn ysr gSa] dcgq¡ v/j iQjdkoSA
lksor tkfu ekSu gS oSQ jfg] dfj&dfj lSu crkoSA
b¯g varj voqQykb mBs gfj] tlqefr e/qjs xkoSA
tks lq[k lwj vej eqfu nqjyHk lks uan&Hkkfeuh ikoSA
7- (d) >qykuk ([k) xkuk (x) cqykuk (?k) crkuk (Ä) ikuk
(p) vkuk
8- (d) dVq ([k) vkdk'k (x) lqyHk (?k) nq[k (Ä) diwr
ikB&10
1- (d) xk¡o osQ yksx rkykc esa ugkrs gSa] oL=k /ksrs gSa vkSj i'kqvksa dks Hkh mlh esa ikuh fiykrs
vkSj ugykrs gSaA
([k) iznw"k.k osQoy /wy ;k /q,¡ ls ugha] cfYd xans LFkku] xanh oLrqvksa vkSj xans ty ls Hkh
gksrk gSA
174
(x) 'kgjksa osQ dbZ eksgYys esa dbZ&dbZ eaf”ky m¡Qps vkSj vkil esa lVs edkuksa dh o”kg ls yksxksa
dks lw;Z osQ n'kZu rd ugha gks ikrsA jkr esa fctyh osQ izdk'k esa txexkusokys ?kj fnu esa
lw;Z osQ izdk'k osQ fy, rjlrs jgrs gSaA
(?k) nw/] ngh] ?kh] gjh lC”kh] rk”kk iQy] [kkus dk 'kqn~/ rsy] xqM+] bZ[k] nky] vukt ikSf"Vd
Hkkstu osQ vk/kj gSaA budk mRiknu fdlku djrs gSaA
2- (d) 4 ([k) 2 (x) 1 (?k) 3
3- (d) jks'kuh] T;ksfr ([k) ty] uhj (x) Hkw] /jrh (?k) jfo] fnudj
4- (d) oLrq,¡ ([k) diM+s (x) jkrsa (?k) lM+osaQ
(Ä) xkS,¡ (p) ckrsa (N) c¡Vokjs (t) ;qokoxZ
5- (d) gk¡ ([k) ugha (x) gk¡ (?k) gk¡
(Ä) ugha
6- (d) thou'kSyh ([k) mUufr (x) vkRek (?k) iwjd
(p) vkdkj
7- (d) i~ $ j~ $ v $ e~ $ vks $ n~ $ v
([k) o~ $ ;~ $ v $ o~ $ v $ l~ $ Fk~ $ vk
(x) i~ $ v $ j~ $ b $ o~ $ v $ j~ $ r~ $ v $ u~ $ v
(?k) i~ $ v $ o~Q $ o~Q $ bZ
(Ä) e~ $ v $ u~ $ vks $ j~ $ va $ t~ $ v $ u~ $ v
8- (d) rs”kh lkIkQ+kQ
([k) lkI (x) lI+kQkbZ (?k) eaf”ky
(Ä) ”kjk
(p) rk”kk (N) lC”kh (t) ck”kkj (>) ”ksc
(×k) jks”kxkj
ikB&11
1- (d) dfo us mu yksxksa dks Jn~/katfy nh gS] ftUgksaus ns'k osQ fy, vius xjnu dk eksy fy,
fcuk izk.kksa dh vkgqfr ns nhA
([k) ns'kHkDrksa us ns'k osQ fy, vikj ;kruk,¡ lgh gSaA
(x) /jrh ohjksa osQ ¯lgukn ls lgeh gksus osQ dkj.k vHkh rd Mksy jgh gSA
175
(?k) ohjksa dh xkSjo xkFkk osQ lk{kh lw;Z] panz] Hkwxksy rFkk [kxksy gSaA
2- (d) vfLFk;k¡ ([k) ¯pxkjh (x) eq¡g (?k) f'k[kk,¡ (Ä) panz
(p) ¯lgukn
3- (d) xjnu ([k) rwI+kQku (x) Lusg (?k) bfrgkl (Ä) [kxksy
4- (d) bl dye dh fy[kkoV vPNh gSA
([k) nhi esa rsy de Fkk] blfy, tYnh cq> x;kA
(x) BaM osQ ekSle esa fnu NksVk gksrk gSA
(?k) /jrh Mksy jgh gSA
5- (d) gk¡ ([k) ugha (x) gk¡ (?k) gk¡
(Ä) ugha
6- laKk µ dye] /jrh] lw;Z loZuke µ mudh] ftudh] og
7- ¯yx opu
(d) L=kh¯yx cgqopu
([k) L=kh¯yx ,dopu
(x) L=kh¯yx cgqopu
(?k) iq¯Yyx ,dopu
(Ä) iq¯Yyx ,dopu
8- (d) eksy ([k) lgkjs (x) fn'kk,¡ (?k) gkjk
ikB&12
1- (d) f[kykSusokys osQ vkus ij ;qofr;k¡ NksVs&NksVs cPpksa dks xksn esa fy, fpdksa dks mBkdj
NTtksa ls uhps >k¡dus yxrh FkhaA
([k) eqjyhokys us eqjyh dk nke rhu iSls crk;k vkSj og nks iSls esa csp jgk FkkA
(x) feBkbZ jax&fcjaxh] [kV~Vh&ehBh vkSj ”kk;osQnkj gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk [kk¡lh dks Hkh nwj djrh FkhA
(?k) feBkbZokys us crk;k fd mlosQ nks cPps Fks vkSj os lksus osQ ltho f[kykSus yxrs FksA
2- (d) fot; ckcw lekpkj&i=k i<+ jgs FksA
176
([k) jk; fot;cgknqj osQ nks cPps Fksµ pqUuw vkSj eqUuwA
(x) ek¡ th] fdruh feBkbZ nw¡\
(?k) edku] O;olk;] xkM+h&?kksM+s] ukSdj&pkdj lHkh oqQN FkkA
(Ä) fo/krk dh yhyk!
3- (d) okyk ([k) br (x) bZ (?k) vkSuk
4- (d) o~ $ b $ p~ $ b $ r~ $ j~ $ v ([k) N~ $ v $ t~ $ t~ $ vk
(x)l~ $ u~ $ vk $ u~ $ v (?k) e~ $ b $ B~ $ vk $ bZ
(Ä) i~ $ j~ $ v $ r~ $ b $ "k~ $ B~ $ b $ r~ $ v
5- (d) f[kykSusokyk ([k) cPps (x) jk; fot;cgknqj (?k) jksfg.kh
6- (d) LokFkZ] Lo;a ([k) vLr] O;Lr (x) fjDr] O;fDr (?k) okD;] D;kjh
(Ä) vè;k;] è;ku
7- ¯yx opu
(d) L=kh¯yx cgqopu
([k) iq¯Yyx cgqopu
(x) iq¯Yyx ,dopu
(?k) iq¯Yyx ,dopu
(Ä) L=kh¯yx cgqopu
8- (d) dM+ok ([k) iwjk (x) ukilan (?k) de (Ä) xjeh
(p) nks"k
ikB&13
1- (d) ekLVj Lo:iukFk dn esa cgqr gh ukVs] ¯drq i<+kus esa vR;ar oqQ'ky FksA os ys[kd dh
d{kk esa vaxzs”kh i<+krs FksA mudh fy[kkoV cgqr gh laqnj FkhA
([k) xaxk/j dks fLiu xsanck”k dg ldrs gSaA os /hjs xsan isaQdrs Fks] ysfdu f[kykM+h osQ iSj osQ
ikl xsan frjNh gksdj foosQV ls Vdjk tkrh FkhA
(x) Hkhe izrki ¯lg vius uke osQ gh vuq:i Hkhedk; vko`Qfrokys ;kuh gV~Vs&dV~Vs 'kjhj
osQ Lokeh FksA os iqQVckWy osQ cgqr vPNs f[kykM+h FksA
177
(?k) ljLorh ikB'kkyk osQ okrkoj.k dk ys[kd ij vfeV izHkko iM+kA muesa Lons'k osQ izfr
izse txk] jk"Vªoknh Hkkouk dk fodkl gqvkA
2- (d) iqjkru] izphu ([k) tud] rkr (x) oL=k] ifj/ku (?k) nksLr] l[kk
3- (d) osQ lkeus laca/cks/d ([k) rks leqPp;cks/d
(x) pw¡fd leqPp;cks/d (?k) /hjs&/hjs fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k
4- (d) >k¡lh ([k) laca/ (x) eap (?k) ;gk¡
(Ä) [kw¡[kkj (p) iatk (N) vR;ar (t) c¡xyk
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) ()
(Ä) ()
6- (d) (v) ([k) (iv) (x) (i) (?k) (iii)
(Ä) (ii)
7- (d)ikl ([k) iqjkuk (x) ihNs (?k) ¯unk
(Ä)oqQ:i
8- milxZ ewy 'kCn izR;;
(d) µ izlUu rk
([k) Lo 'kklu µ
(x) vk o`Qfr µ
(?k) vuq 'kklu µ
(Ä) vfHk eku µ
ikB&14
1- (d) LowQy ls v#fp gksus osQ ckotwn ys[kd dh i<+kbZ cjkcj pyrh jghA ?kj ij gh Hkk"kk]
xf.kr] foKku] fp=kdyk vkSj laxhr dh f'k{kk nh xbZA
([k) miu;u laLdkj esa flj eq¡M+k, tkus ij ys[kd dks bl ckr dh ijs'kkuh gqbZ fd eq¡M+s flj
ls eSa LowQy oSQls tk ikm¡QxkA
(x) T;ksfrfjanz nknk ukVd fy[kk djrs FksA ys[kd ukVd osQ fy, xhr fy[kdj mudh enn
djrs FksA
178
(?k) baXySaM tkus ls igys pqLr vkSj vk/qfud cuus osQ [k;ky ls ys[kd dks vgenkckn esa
lR;sanz nknk osQ ikl jguk iM+kA vgenkckn vkSj eqacbZ esa Ng eghus jgus osQ ckn os baXySaM
osQ fy, jokuk gq,A
2- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) ()
3- fo'ks"k.k fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k
(d) vPNk µ
([k) µ rs”k
(x) pkj µ
(?k) µ /hjs&/hjs
4- (d) xaxk eaxy ([k) papy eapu
(x) fHkaMh MaMk (?k) /a/k pank
5- (d) (iv) ([k) (v) (x) (ii)
(?k) (iii) (Ä) (i)
6- (d) Mqcdh Mjkrk Msd
([k) <duk <yku <Ddu
(x) peM+h f[kM+dh [kfM+;k
(?k) nk<+h i<+k;k c<+rk
7- (d) lI+kkQj
Qj ([k) jks”k (x) f”kn (?k) ukjk”k
(Ä) uI+kkQjr
Qjr +kkQkjlh
(p) IIkQkjlh
Qkjlh (N) rkjhI+kQ (t) e”kk
+
(>) flIkZkZQ +
(×k) IkQkSkQkSju
8- (d) vehj nkSyrean ([k) nkl lsod
(x) ljksoj lj (?k) fu'kk jkf=k
• Nk=k Lo;a nsaxsAW
179
d{kk&7
ikB&1
1- (d) dfo bZ'oj osQ n~okj ij foifRr;ksa ls j{kk djus dh izkFkZuk ysdj ugha vk, gSaA
([k) HkkX; esa lalkj osQ vfu"V] vuFkZ vkSj Ny&diV vkus ij Hkh dfo dk varj {kh.k ugha gqvkA
(x) dfo deZ;ksxh gSa vkSj deZ osQ iqtkjh gSaA vr% bZ'oj ls ladVksa ls Hkjh bl nqfu;k esa ek=k
ladVksa osQ lekèkku djus dh 'kfDr ek¡xrs gSaA ;kuh bl ladV :ih lkxj esa Mwcus ugha]
cfYd rSjrs jgus dh 'kfDr ek¡xrs gSaA
(?k) lq[k Hkjs {k.kksa esa dfo ureLrd gksdj bZ'oj osQ n'kZu djus dh 'kfDr pkgrs gSaA
2- (d) ;g ;kpuk iw.kZ gksus dh lkaRouk ugha pkgrk
pkgrk]
;g Hkkj ogu djosQ pyrk jgw¡*µ;gh izkFkZuk gSA
^;g
([k) ^tc lkjh nqfu;k esjk migkl djsxh*
rc eSa 'kafdr u gksm¡Qµ ;gh ojnku pkgrk gw¡A
3- (d) lqj{kk] laj{kkFkZ ([k) ojnku] ojekyk
(x) njcku] njdkj (?k) izHkkj] vkHkkj
4- (d) eu] n`f"V ([k) mRre] uo fookfgrk L=kh dk ifr
(x) Hkko] ngyh”k (?k) cks>] mRrjnkf;Ro
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
6- (d) (iii) ([k) (ii) (x) (i) (?k) (ii)
7- (d) i~ $ j~ $ vk $ j~ $ Fk~ $ v $ u~ $ vk
([k) o~ $ ;~ $ v $ Fk~ $ b $ r~ $ v
(x) vk $ 'k~ $ bZ $ j~ $ o~ $ vk $ n~ $ v
(?k) v $ u~ $ b $ "k~ $ V~ $ v
(Ä) u~ $ v $ r~ $ v $ e~ $ v $ l~ $ r~ $ v $ o~Q $ v
(p) n~ $ v $ j~ $ 'k~ $ v $ u~ $ v
8- laKk µ izHkq j{kk izkFkZuk ojnku fpRr
fo'ks"k.k µ Hk;Hkhr O;fFkr vfu"V ur 'kafdr
180
ikB&2
1- (d) lu 1942 esa ^vaxzs”kks] Hkkjr NksM+ks* vkanksyu gqvkA bl vkanksyu esa ukjk;.k ckcw us fczfV'k
ljdkj osQ fojQn~n~/ tupsruk txkus osQ bjkns ls Hkwfexr jgrs gq, mM+hlk (vksfM'kk) osQ
,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd vk”kknh dh vy[k txkbZA
([k) ukjk;.k ckcw fczfV'k 'kkludky esa njksxk osQ in ij Fks vkSj vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa egkRek xka/h
osQ vkg~oku ij mUgksua s ljdkjh ukSdjh NksM+ nh vkSj Lora=krk vkanksyu eas 'kkfey gks x,A
(x) ukjk;.k nkl dks ;g lkspdj gh csgn rdyhI+kQkQ gksrh gS fd mUgsa ,sls fnu Hkh ns[kus iM+
jgs gSa] tc Hkksx gh thou dk ,dek=k y{; cu pqdk gSA R;kx dh ckrsa vkSjksa dks mins'k
nsus osQ fy, gh jg xbZ gSaA
(?k) ukjk;.k nkl ,sls yksxksa ls csgn ?k`.kk djrs Fks] tks iQy dk jl ihdj vu'ku rksM+us dk
y{; ysdj vu'ku 'kq: djrs gSaA
2- fdlus fdlls
(d) e/qferk us ukjk;.k nkl ls
([k) ukjk;.k nkl us e/qferk ls
(x) ukjk;.k nkl us e/qferk ls
(?k) e/qferk us ukjk;.k nkl ls
+
3- (d) fxjÝrkj ([k) rs”k (x) ”k:j (?k) rdyhI+kQ
(Ä) vk”kknh (p) equkI+kQk (N) flI+kQkfj'k (t) flI+kZQ
4- gh µ viuh mUufr esa gh ns'k dh mUufr gSA
Hkh µ ml vk/h jkr dks Hkh osQoy ?kaVs Hkj osQ fy, ?kj vk, FksA
rks µ jkr chrrh] rks MkWDVj ;k oSn~;jkt dks fn[kk nsrsA
ek=k µ lukru dks ek=k chl jQi;s dh vko';drk gSA
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
6- (d) ckj&ckj ([k) es?k (x) iqfyl (?k) eerk (Ä) ;qx
7- (d) ijr&nj&ijr v¡/sjk lkjs ifjos'k dks vk'kadk vkSj Hk; ls O;xz fd, ns jgk FkkA
([k) lkSnkfeuh us dgk] ^^ros&lh rirh bldh nsg NksM+dj oSQls tkvksxs\**
(x) cq[kkj rs”k Fkk] lkFk esa iq=k&Lusg dh mQ"ek fey xbZA
181
(?k) ukjk;.k nkl us foLe; ls dgk] ^^cgw] rqe f'k{kd gks] cnyh rks gksxh ghA**
(Ä) ukjk;.k ckcw us iwNk] ^^dkSu] xksoqQy\**
8- (d) ?kj igq¡pus ij ns[kk fd lukru cq[kkj esa csgky iM+k gSA
([k) lu 1942 osQ fnuksa dh ckr gSA
(x) os le> x, fd bl ;qx esa iSlk gh lc oqQN gSA
(?k) cq[kkj rs”k Fkk] lkFk esa iq=k&Lusg dh mQ"ek fey xbZA
(Ä) e/qferk dks dksjkiqV esa v[kckj i<+dj irk pyk fd llqj chekj gSaA
ikB&3
1- (d) i`Foh ij tUe ysus osQ lkFk gh euq"; vius&vki dks ,d fo'ks"k izdkj osQ vkoj.k ls
f?kjk gqvk eglwl djrk gSA ;g fo'ks"k izdkj dk vkoj.k gh okrkoj.k gS] tks izo`Qfr osQ
lkfUuè; ls curkcur gSA
([k) ys[kd us viuh vkykspuk djus okyksa ls dgk fd vly esa bu isM+&iRrksa vkSj i'kq&if{k;ksa esa ls gh ,d
izk.kh eSa Hkh gw¡A Hkwyo'k vki yksxksa dh l;kuh nqfu;k esa vk x;k gw¡A
(x) okLro esa ge lc izo`Qfr osQ ckyd gSaA 'kgjh thou vkSj o`Qf=ke nqfu;k [kM+h djosQ ge
izo`Qfr ls fcNqM+ x, gSa] vU;Fkk isM+&ikSèkksa osQ fcuk gels jgk gh ugha tkrkA
(?k) ys[kd tc fdlh igkM+ osQ f'k[kj ij [kM+s gksdj ,d vksj vla[; f'k[kjksa dks vusd
:i ls ns[krs gSa vkSj nwljh vksj uhps eSnku osQ lqnh?kZ foLrkj vkSj vanj pedrh nks&rhu
ufn;ksa osQ eksM+ dh js[kk,¡ ns[krs gSa] rc mUgsa ,d fo'kky fo'o dk fuoklh gksus osQ dkj.k
viuk thou lkFkZd yxus yxrk gSA
2- (d) fuoklh ([k) lkekftd (x) ozr (?k) izo`Qfr (Ä) vuqHko
3- (d) ikSèks ([k) i{khoàn (x) ufn;k¡ (?k) js[kk,¡ (Ä) iRrs
(p) vk¡[ksa
4- (d) l~ $ vk $ e~ $ vk $ t~ $ b $ o~Q $ v ([k) i~ $ j~ $ vk $ .k~ $ bZ
(x) l~ $ m $ n~ $ bZ $ j~ $ ?k~ $ v
(?k) vk $ r~ $ e~ $ bZ $ ;~ $ v $ r~ $ vk
182
5- (d) vifjp; dh HkM+d feVus osQ ckn isM+ vkSj muosQ iRrs ys[kd osQ lkFk ckrsa djrs gSa vkSj
fo'okliwoZd vius lq[k&nq[k dh xkFkk,¡ izLrqr djrs gSaA
([k) i'kq&i{kh ys[kd dh vk¡[kksa esa vkneh;r ugha] cfYd vkReh;rk ns[krs gSaA
(x) tSls ge gSokfu;r 'kCn frjLdkj osQ lkFk bLrseky djrs gSa] oSls gh i'kq&i{kh ^vkneh;r*
'kCn dk bLrseky dj viuk lkjk dM+ok vuqHko O;Dr djrs gksaxsA
(?k) [kx] euq";
6- (d) 3- () ([k) 2- () (x) 2- ()
7- (d) ;g okrkoj.k gS] tks izo`Qfr osQ lkfUuè; ls curk gSA
([k) bruk gh ugha] esjh vkykspuk Hkh dh gSA
(x) bu isM+&iRrksa vkSj i'kq&if{k;ksa esa ls gh ,d izk.kh eSa Hkh gw¡A
(?k) ekuork osQ gekjs Å¡ ps&Å¡ ps vkn'kZ i'kq&i{kh ugha tkursA
(Ä) ckny vkxs&ihNs] Åij&uhps] nlksa fn'kkvksa esa nkSM+rs gSa] iwQyrs gSa vkSj fi?ky tkrs gSaA
8- (d) us ([k) esa (x) osQ fy, (?k) osQ
ikB&4
1- (d) vaxzs”kksa osQ fojQn~èk l'kL=k ozQkafr osQ fy, èku vkSj gfFk;kjksa dh deh FkhA bl deh dks
iwjk djus osQ fy, jkeizlkn fcfLey] v'kI+kQkd mYyk [kk¡ vkSj muosQ lkfFk;ksa us ljdkjh
[k”kkuk ywVus dh ;kstuk cukbZA
([k) 9 vxLr] 1925 bZú dh 'kke] jkeizlkn fcfLey vius lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk lgkjuiqj ls vkus
okyh vkB Mkmu jsy esa cSBs FksA
(x) 9 vxLr] 1925 bZú dks vkB Mkmu jsy tSls gh dkdksjh igq¡ph] fcfLey vkSj muosQ
lkfFk;ksa us tathj [khapdj jsy jksd nh vkSj ljdkjh [k”kkuk ywV fy;kA bl ?kVuk dks gh
bfrgkl esa ^dkdksjh dkaM* osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
(?k) v'kI+kQkd mYyk [kk¡ vkSj vU; ozQkafrdkfj;ksa dk mn~ns'; vk”kknh gkfly djus osQ fy,
ns'kHkj esa ozQkafr ykuk FkkA
2- (d) (ii) () ([k) (iii) () (x) (iv) ()
3- (d) Lo $ vèkhu ([k) fu% $ p; (x) le~ $ lkj (?k) le~ $ okn
(Ä) mr~ $ Toy
183
4- (d) l'kL=k ([k) fu'p; (x) fr”kksjh (?k) foMacuk
(Ä) lefiZr (p) lqywd (N) iz'kalk (t) ,slksfl,'ku
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
6- (d) (v) ([k) (iv) (x) (i) (?k) (ii) (Ä) (iii)
7- (d) i~ $ j~ $ vk $ j~ $ Fk~ $ v $ u~ $ vk
([k) v $ r~ $ ;~ $ vk $ p~ $ vk $ j~ $ v
(x) c~ $ b $ l~ $ e~ $ b $ y~ $ v
(?k) n~ $ , $ 'k~ $ v $ Hk~ $ v $ o~Q $ r~ $ b
(Ä) l~ $ v $ e~ $ v $ j~ $ i~ $ b $ r~ $ v
8- (d) èkuoku èkughu ([k) ?kjckj ?kjokyk (x) i=kdkj i=kokgd
(?k) dkeèkke dke;kc (Ä) xhrdkj laxhr
ikB&5
1- (d) gkj Lohdkj djus okys yksx Hkh# vkSj dk;j izo`fRr osQ gksrs gSaA muesa lkgl dh deh
gksrh gS vkSj os [krjk eksy ysus ls Mjrs gSaA
([k) dksf'k'k djus okys yksx liQyrk izkIr gksus rd yxkrkj dksf'k'k djrs jgrs gSaA ,sls yksx
dHkh gkjrs ugha] lnk thrrs gSaA
(x) tks yksx liQy gksus rd ,d riLoh osQ leku thou thrs gSa] lq[k] pSu] uhan dks R;kxdj
fujarj iz;kljr jgrs gSa vkSj la?k"kZ djrs gSa] nqfu;k esa mUgha dh t;&t;dkj gksrh gSA
(?k) bl dfork ls gesa fujarj iz;Ru djus] vliQyrk dks pqukSrh osQ :i esa Lohdkj dj
liQyrk izkIr gksus rd ugha #dus dh lh[k feyrh gSA
2- (d) eu dk fo'okl jxksa esa lkgl Hkjrk gS]
p<+dj fxjuk] fxjdj p<+uk u v[kjrk gSA
([k) vliQyrk ,d pqukSrh gS] bls Lohdkj djks]
D;k deh jg xbZ] ns[kks vkSj lq/kj djksA
3- (d) pkSdk ([k) Hkkj (x) ejrk (?k) ¯cnq
(Ä) egt (p) igjs (N) 'kSrku (t) jSu
184
4- (d) ¯cnq ([k) ¯l/q (x) Mqcfd;k¡ (?k) phaVh
(Ä) eqV~fB;k¡ (p) ygjksa (N) uhan (t) la?k"kZ
5- (d) ugha ([k) gk¡ (x) gk¡ (?k) ugha (Ä) gk¡
6- (d) vliQyrk feyus ij fujk'k ugha gksus vkSj vliQyrk dks ,d pqukSrh osQ :i esa ysdj
liQyrk izkfIr dh fn'kk esa dne c<+kus osQ fy, dgk x;k gSA gk¡] eSa bl dFku ls lger
gw¡A viuh dfe;ksa dks nwjdj lefiZr Hkko ls iz;kl djus ij ge pqukSrh Hksndj y{;
izkIr dj ldrs gSa ;kuh liQy gks ldrs gSaA
([k) eu esa ;fn liQyrk ikus dk n`<+ fo'okl gS] rks ;g jxkssa esa lkgl dk lapkj djrk gSA
vliQy jgus ij Hkh O;fDr fujk'k ugha gksrk gS] D;ksafd mlosQ eu esa liQy gksus dk
n`<+ fo'okl gksrk gSA
7- (d) ijkt;] ekyk ([k) var] unh] leqnz vkfn dk nwljh vksj dk fdukjk
(x) nIkQk] nsj
(?k) var%dj.k] bPNk (Ä) gLr] okj djus dk <ax
8- (d) esgur % rfey yid dVgy ygj jde egd
([k) mRlkg % geyk yky yiV VeVe eVj jVuk
ikB&6
1- (d) cydju osQ tUefnu ij mldh ek¡ us rjg&rjg dh feBkb;k¡ cukbZ FkhaA vc og vius
I;kjs csVs dks ugykdj] panu yxkdj iwQyksa dh ekyk igukus okyh FkhA
([k) ”kiQj vyh us lksuk&pk¡nh dks ywVuk bl oDr dk eq[; edln crk;kA mlosQ vuqlkj
Hkkjr osQ yksx rLohjksa osQ ihNs nhokj esa viuk lksuk&pk¡nh j[krs gSaA
(x) eqckjd us 'kadk O;Dr djrs gq, dgk fd dgha bu feBkb;ksa esa ”kgj u feyk gksA blosQ
tokc esa ”kiQj vyh us dgk fd ;gk¡ osQ yksx brus lh/s gSa fd os ;s ckrsa djuk tkurs
gh ugha vkSj fiQj geus /kok bruh tYnh cksyk gS fd fdlh dks ,slk djus dk] lkspus
dk oDr gh ugha fey ldrkA
(?k) rSewj osQ lkeus de yksx vkrs gSaµrw vk;kA rSewj de yksxksa dks ekI+kQ djrk gS] vkt
fd;kA og dkfI+kQjksa dk [kwu ihrk gS] vkt rq>ls Nhudj nw/ fi;kA ;g ,d dfj'ek gSA
2- (d) (iv) ([k) (iii) (x) (ii) (?k) (i)
3- (d) ekxZn'kZd ([k) vfoLej.kh; (x) lkglh (?k) ohjrk
4- (d) edku] x`gLFkh ([k) ukfldk] izfr"Bk (x) cM+h eksVj xkM+h] vf/dkj
(?k) ped] mxz
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
185
6- (d) tUefnu ([k) LrC/rk (x) feBkb;k¡ (?k) ryokj (Ä) ry?kj
7- (d) eSa vHkh ysdj vk;k gw¡A ([k) feBkb;k¡ ml dksus esa j[kh gqbZ FkhaA (x)
og vk,xk!
(?k) buosQ ihNs nhokj esa oqQN gSA (Ä) eSa nwljs xk¡o tkm¡QxkA
8- (d) vkt ([k) vHkh (x) nwj (?k) uhps (Ä) oqQN
ikB&7
1- (d) izFke ckj ek;osQ vkus ij jkew dh cgw ifr dh I;kjh vkSj lkl dh nqykjh cu xbZA
HkaMkj?kj dh pkch mldh dj/uh esa yVdus yxh] ukSdjksa ij mldk gqDe pyus yxk
vkSj jkew dh cgw ?kj esa lc oqQN gks xbZA
([k) de vk;q osQ dkj.k jkew dh cgw dHkh [kqys HkaMkj?kj esa cSBs&cSBs lks tkrh vkSj ekSdk
feyrs gh dcjh fcYyh ?kh&nw/ pV dj tkrhA jkew dh cgw gk¡M+h esa ?kh j[krs&j[krs m¡Q?k
tkrh vkSj cpk gqvk ?kh dcjh osQ isV esa pyk tkrkA dcjh jkew dh cgw ls oqQN ,slk
ijp xbZ fd jkew dh cgw osQ fy, [kkuk&ihuk nq'kokj gks x;kA
(x) ijelq[k pkScs NksVs&ls] eksVs&ls iafMr th FksA tc ialsjh [kqjkdokys iafMrksa dks <w¡<+k tkrk
Fkk] rks iafMr ijelq[k dks lwph esa izFke LFkku fn;k tkrk FkkA
(?k) jkew dh ek¡ osQ ;g dgrs gh ^^vc rks tks ukp upkvksxs] ukpuk gh iM+sxkA** iafMr ijelq[k
fcxM+ x, vkSj cksys] ^^jkew dh ek¡! ;g rks [kq'kh dh ckr gS] vxj rqEgsa v[kjrk gks] rks
u djks] eSa pykA**
(d) egjh us jkew dh ek¡ ls ([k) jkew dh ek¡ us egjh ls
(x) jkew dh ek¡ us iafMr ijelq[k ls (?k) egjh us jkew dh ek¡ ls
3- (d) ?kjkuk ?kjuh ([k) lokj okjnkr (x) cqjkbZ cqjknk
(?k) lcy cyghu
4- (d) vf/dkfjd vkns'k] vkKk ([k) gkV] eaMh (x) LoPN] fueZy
(?k) /jkry
(Ä) iQkVd] fdokM+ (p) èofu] cksy (N) vksj] cxy
(t) cpr
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
6- (d) dj/uh ([k) [khj (x) fctyh (?k) dVksjk (Ä) nku&iq.;
7- (d) fcyko ([k) iRuh (x) llqj (?k) ukSdjkuh (Ä) ckyd
186
(p) iafMrkbu (N) pwgk (t) nknh (>) firk (×k) yykbu
8- (d) c~ $ j~ $ vk $ g~ $ e~ $ v $ .k~ $ v
([k) e~ $ m $ g~ $ mQ $ j~ $ v $ r~ $ v
(x) n~ $ m $ 'k~ $ v $ o~ $ vk $ j~ $ v
(?k) l~ $ o~ $ vk $ n~ $ b $ "k~ $ V~ $ v
(Ä) i~ $ j~ $ vk $ ;~ $ v $ 'k~ $ p~ $ b $ r~ $ v
ikB&8
1- (d) egkRek xka/h osQ fy, ns'k dh vk”kknh dh yM+kbZ osQ lkFk&lkFk vius 'kkSpky; dh lI+kQkbZ
Hkh mruh gh ”k:jh FkhA muosQ fy, ;s nksuksa dke cM+s ”k:jh FksA
([k) xka/h th us nf{k.k vizQhdk esa Lo;a vkSj vius ifjokj ls lIk+ QkbZ dh 'kq#vkr dj ,d O;fDrxr
lIkQkbZ
mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;kA
(x) vius vklikl osQ dpjs dk lgh rjhosQ ls fuiVku djosQ ge vius vklikl osQ okrkoj.k
dks 'kqn~/ vkSj LoPN j[k ldrs gSaA
(?k) LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku dh jkg esa izeq[k ck/k,¡ gSaµ xank ikuh ihuk] ekuo vif'k"V dk
lgh rjhosQ ls fuiVku ugha djuk] O;fDrxr lI+kQkbZ vkSj [kkus&ihus dh ph”kksa dh LoPNrk
ij Bhd ls è;ku ugha nsuk] Bksl vkSj rjy dpjs dk Bhd ls fuiVkjk ugha djukA
2- (d) LoPNrk ([k) O;fDrRo (x) izkFkfedrk (?k) eeRo
(Ä) [ksrh (p) xjeh (N) ekuork (t) euq";rk
3- (d) laca/ ([k) iw¡N (x) igq¡p (?k) chekfj;k¡
(Ä) tk,¡xs (p) varj (N) lqanj (t) iz/kuea=kh
4- (d) dh ([k) fd (x) dh (?k) fd
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
6- (d) lkekftd ([k) izfro"kZ (x) i'kqikyu (?k) /krq,¡ (Ä) midj.k
7- (d) Hkhrjh fHkUu ([k) fopkj u”kj (x) fo'ks"krk /eZ
(?k) ,d fn'kk iqjkuk (Ä) edku fBdkuk
8- (d) vuko';d ([k) Vs<+k (x) ean (?k) ukilan
(Ä) vLoLFk
187
ikB&9
1- (d) lfjrk dk ty fgefxjh ls fudydj uhps dh vksj vkrk gSA mQij ls uhps fxjus vkSj
iznw"k.k eqDr gksus osQ dkj.k ;g LoPN vkSj nwèk&lk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
([k) y?kq lfjrk dh èkkjk yxkrkj cgrh jgrh gSA yxkrkj vkxs c<+us vkSj cgus osQ ozQe esa bls
ekxZ esa vkbZ dbZ ckèkkvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] ftlosQ dkj.k dbZ ckj ;g uhps
fxjrh gS vkSj mQij mBrh gSA lfjrk ls gesa ckèkkvksa dks nwjdj yxkrkj vkxs c<+us dh
izsj.kk feyrh gSA
(x) lfjrk ekxZ esa o`{kksa dh tM+ksa dks lhaprh] y?kq ty&èkkjkvksa ls vk¯yxu djrh vkSj
ty&oqaqQMksa esa u`R; djrh gqbZ viuk cgq ifjorZu djrh gSA
(?k) tc esjs ekxZ esa dksbZ ckèkk vkrh gS] rks eSa lfjrk dh gh rjg MVdj mldk lkeuk djrk
gw¡A ekxZ dh dbZ ckèkkvksa dks lfjrk viuh rhoz tyèkkjk esa cgk ys tkrh gS] mlh izdkj
eSa Hkh dbZ ckèkkvksa dks lewy u"V dj nsrk gw¡A ftl izdkj lfjrk igkM+] ioZr osQ :i esa
ekxZ esa cM+k vojksèk vkus ij viuk jkLrk cny ysrh gS] mlh izdkj eSa cM+h ckèkk vkus
ij viuk ekxZ cny ysrk gw¡A
2- (d) gk¡ ([k) ugha (x) gk¡ (?k) ugha
3- (d) Fky ([k) ihry (x) lgrk (?k) eu (Ä) gjk
(p) jFk (N) lq[k (t) j?kq
4- (d) ufn;k¡ ([k) dfork,¡ (x) ewyksa (?k) Ükà[kyk,¡ (Ä) iRFkjksa
(p) cgrs (N) /kjk,¡ (t) ;qxksa
5- (d) fueZy ty dh ;g rs”k èkkj èkkj] ([k) djosQ rjQ ewyksa dk ¯lpu]
djosQ fdruh Ükà[kyk ikj] y?kq ty&èkkjksa ls vk¯yxu]
cgrh jgrh gS yxkrkj] ty&oqaQMksa esa djrs urZu]
fxjrh mBrh gS] ckj&ckjA djosQ viuk cgq ifjorZuA
6- (d) 4 ([k) 6 (x) 3 (?k) 5 (Ä) 2 (p) 1
7- (d) lfjrk ([k) 'khry (x) fueZy (?k) fgefxfj (Ä) fog~oy
(p) Ükà[kyk (N) rjQ (t) ifjorZu (>) vatfy (×k) varLry
8- dj&dj dy&dy Ny&Ny iy&iy ckj&ckj
iVd&iVd jks&jks fi?ky&fi?ky ih&ih ;qx&;qx
188
ikB&10
1- (d) iQkfg;ku dh Hkkjr&;k=kk
jr&;k=kk dk mn~ns'; ckSn~/ rhFkZLFkkuksa dk n'kZu vkSj ckSn~/ /eZ dh iqLrdksa
dk laxgz djuk FkkA
([k) iQkfg;ku us Hkkjr esa eFkqjk] dUukSt] JkoLrh] dfiyiLrq] oqQ'khuxj] ikVyhiq=k] jktx`g]
x;k] dk'kh vkfn fofHkUu LFkkuksa dh ;k=kk dhA
(x) iQkfg;ku us eFkqjk dk o.kZu djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd ;gk¡ ;equk osQ nksuksa fdukjksa ij chl
la?kkjke gSaA muesa yxHkx rhl g”kkj lk/q fuokl djrs gSaA ckSn~/ /eZ dk vf/d izpkj gSA
(?k) ikB esa of.kZr gS fd nf{k.k dh vksj tks ns'k gS] og eè; izns'k dgykrk gSA bl ns'k dh
tyok;q u cgqr xeZ gS] u cgqr BaMhA cI+kkZZQ ;k oqQgjs dh vf/drk ugha gSA iztk lq[kh
gSA yksxksa dks dj vf/d ugha nsuk iM+rkA 'kkld yksx vR;kpkj ugha djrsA fdlkuksa dks
viuh mit dk ,d fuf'pr Hkkx jktk dks nsuk iM+rk gSA
2- (d) (iv) ([k) (iii) (x) (ii) (?k) (i)
3- (d) ;k=kh ([k) phuh (x) vR;kpkjh (?k) vkS"k/ky;
4- (d) osQ fy, ([k) ls (x) esa (?k) us] dks
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
6- (d) jktegy ([k) yadk (x) vijk/h (?k) mit (Ä) vR;kpkj
7- ,dopu µ vkS"k/ky; euq"; lk/q >hy jktk
cgqopu µ ;kf=k;ksa jksfx;ksa jkLrs ew£r;k¡ nqdkusa
8- (d) ou vj.; ([k) ty uhj (x) bZ'oj ijekRek
(?k) isM+ foVi (Ä) nq[k ijs'kkuh
ikB&11
1- (d) vk;Z lekt ,d lqèkkjoknh vkanksyu gS] ftldh LFkkiuk Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh us 1875
bZú esa dhA ys[kd osQ firk vk;Z lekt] jkuh eaMh osQ izèkku FksA
([k) bl ikB esa VkWyLVkW; dh ^vUuk djsfuuk*] foDVj g~;w dh îsfjl dk oqQcM+k*] xksdhZ dh
ênj*] vkSj lokZjht dh ^MkWu fDoDtksV* tSlh jpukvksa dk o.kZu gSA
(x) ys[kd dh n`f"V esa Lokeh n;kuan rRdkyhu ik[kaMksa osQ fojQn~èk vnE; lkgl fn[kkus okys
189
vn~Hkqr O;fDrRo osQ Lokeh FksA lekt fojksèkh] euq"; fojksèkh :f<+;ksa dk [kaMu djuk vkSj
var esa vius gR;kjs dks {kek dj mls lgkjk nsus osQ dkj.k ys[kd Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh
ls izHkkfor gq,A
(?k) iqLrd foozsQrk us iwoZ igpku gksus osQ dkj.k ys[kd dks de dher esa fdrkc csphA
ys[kd dks nsonkl iqLrd myVrs&iyVrs ns[k mlus dgk fd rqe fon~;kFkhZ gks] ;gha viuh
iqLrosaQ csprs gksA gekjs iqjkus xzkgd gksA rqels viuk deh'ku ugha yw¡xkA osQoy nl vkus
esa rqEgsa ;g fdrkc ns nw¡xkA
(d) firk us ys[kd ls ([k) firk us ys[kd ls
(x) ek¡ us ys[kd ls (?k) ek¡ us ys[kd ls
3- (d) lqèkkjoknh ([k) izdk'k (x) js[kkfp=k (?k) mifu"kn~
(Ä) izHkkfor (p) fgef'k[kjksa (N) vuqHko (t) deh'ku
4- (d) vkuan ([k) fon~;ky; (x) vè;kid (?k) vad
(Ä) vfèkd (p) oLrq,¡ (N) iqLrdky; (t) fdrkcksa dh nqdku
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
6- (d) vkfFkZd ([k) vnE; (x) fu;fer (?k) fnoaxr (Ä) ifjfpr
7- (d) ?kj esa vU; iqLrosaQ Hkh Fkhaµ mifu"kn~ vkSj muosQ ¯gnh vuqokn] lR;kFkZ izdk'kA
([k) firk dh vPNh&[kklh ljdkjh ukSdjh FkhA
(x) ikl oSQls gksxk\ dgha [kqn lkèkq cudj ?kj ls Hkkx x;k rks\
(?k) ek¡ us eq>s xys yxk fy;k] firk eqldjkrs jgs] oqQN cksys ughaA
(Ä) lglk ns[kk] dkma Vj ij ,d iqLrd j[kh gSµ^nsonkl*A
8- (d) leFkZd ([k) e`R;q (x) vlgefr (?k) vifjfpr (Ä) iwjk
ikB&12
1- (d) ¯”knxh osQ vlyh e”ks muosQ fy, ugha gSa] tks iwQyksa dh Nk¡g osQ uhps [ksyrs vkSj lksrs gSaA
([k) cM+h ph”ksa cM+s ladVksa esa fodkl ikrh gSa vkSj cM+h gfLr;k¡ cM+h eqlhcrksa esa iydj nqfu;k
ij dC”kk djrh gSaA
(x) egkHkkjr osQ ;qn~/ esa ikaMoksa dh thr blfy, gqbZ] D;ksafd mUgksaus yk{kkx`g dh eqlhcrsa
190
>syh Fkha vkSj ouokl osQ tksf[ke dks ikj fd;k FkkA
(?k) ¯olVu pfpZy us dgk gS fd ¯”knxh dh lcls cM+h flI+kQr fgEer gSA vkneh osQ vkSj
lkjs xq.k mlosQ fgEerh gksus ls gh iSnk gksrs gSaA
2- (d) (ii) () ([k) (i) () (x) (iii) ()
3- (d) iwQy ([k) liuk (x) vksaB (?k) vkx
(Ä) lky (p) uhp (N) ikuh (t) iUuk
4- (d) e~ $ vkS $ o~Q $ r~ $ b $ o~Q $ v
([k) v $ e~ $ ½ $ r~ $ v $ o~ $ vk $ y~ $ vk
(x) p~ $ vk¡ $ n~ $ v $ u~ $ bZ
(?k) i~ $ v $ j~ $ v $ e~ $ vk $ j~ $ Fk~ $ v
(Ä) p~ $ m $ u~ $ vkS $ r~ $ bZ
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
6- (d) R;kx ([k) tksf[ke (x) O;kogkfjd (?k) iw¡th (Ä) mis{kk
7- (d) le~ $ rq"V ([k) le~ $ ;e (x) ije $ vFkZ (?k) fu% $ p;
(Ä) le~ $ rks"k
8- (d) nks igjksa (le;) dk lekgkj ([k) leqnz rd (x) ou esa okl
(?k) vM+ksl vkSj iM+ksl (Ä) turk dk er
ikB&13
1- (d) rqylh
lhnkl th osQ vuqlkj 'kjhj esa izk.k jgus rd n;k dks ugha NksM+uk pkfg,A
([k) rqylhnkl th dgrs gSa fd ikih&ls&ikih euq"; osQ ikl Hkh iq=k] iRuh vkSj /u gksrk gSA
(x) dfo jghe dk dguk gS fd cM+ksa dks ns[kdj NksVksa dh vuns[kh ugha djuh pkfg,] D;ksafd
tgk¡ lqbZ dh ”k:jr gS] ogk¡ ryokj dk D;k dke!
(?k) dfo jghe dk dguk gS fd nfjnz O;fDr lHkh dks fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] ysfdu mldh nfjnzrk
dks dksbZ ugha ns[krkA nfjnz dh nfjnzrk ftldks fn[kkbZ nh] og rks nhuca/q (nhuksa osQ
lgk;d) osQ leku gks tkrk gSA
2- (d) rqylh ehBs opu ls] lq[k mitr pgq¡vksjA
olhdj.k ,d ea=k gS] ifjgfj opu dBksjAA
191
([k) rjQoj iQy u¯g [kkr gSa] ljoj fi;¯g u ikuA
dfg jghe ij dkt fgr] laifr l¡pfg lqtkuAA
3- (d) pkjksa vksj ([k) nksuksa (x) es?k (?k) 'kjhj
(Ä) ikuh (p) oqQiq=k (N) fn[kkbZ nsuk (t) dks;y
4- (d) fo"kkn ([k) iq.; (x) cqjk (?k) lq[k
(Ä) vfgr (p) liwr (N) ve`r (t) fo"ke
5- (d) rqylhnkl th dgrs gSa fd tgk¡ tkus ij yksx ns[kdj gf"kZr u gksa] mudh vk¡[kksa esa I;kj
u >yosQ] ogk¡ Lo.kZ (/u) dh o"kkZ gksus ij Hkh ugha tkuk pkfg,A
([k) dfooj jghe dk dguk gS fd ftl rjg o`{k viuk iQy Lo;a ugha [kkrk gS vkSj rkykc
viuk ikuh Lo;a ugha ihrk gS] mlh rjg lTtu O;fDr vius /u dks nwljksa osQ dke vkus
osQ fy, tek djosQ j[krs gSaA
6- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
7- (d) n`x ykspu ([k) iq=k csVk (x) lk/q egkRek
(?k) jek deyk (Ä) panzgkl o`Qik.k
8- (d) dje ([k) gy (x) nq[k (?k) gks; (Ä) /ke
(p) lkt (N) dkSu (t) pwu (>) Hkqtxa (×k) tksx
ikB&
ikB&14
1- (d) 1933 esa è;kupan th iatkc jsthesaV dh vksj ls lSilZ ,aM ekbulZ Vhe osQ fo#n~/ eSp
[ksy jgs FksA ekbulZ Vhe osQ f[kykM+h muls xsan Nhuus esa vliQy jgsA xqLls esa vkdj
ekbulZ Vhe osQ ,d f[kykM+h us gkWdh è;kupan th osQ flj ij ns ekjhA
([k) ?kk;y gksus osQ ckn è;kupan th dks eSnku ls ckgj ys tk;k x;kA okil vkrs gh mUgksaus ,d
osQ ckn ,d Ng xksy dj fn,A [ksy [kRe gksus osQ ckn mUgksaus ml f[kykM+h ls dgkµ^êSaus
viuk cnyk ys fy;k gSA vxj rqe eq>s gkWdh u ekjrs] rks eSa rqEgsa 'kk;n nks gh xksyksa ls
gjkrkA** bl fujkys <ax ls è;kupan th us viuk cnyk fy;kA
(x) ;g dFku è;kupan th us Lo;a osQ ckjs esa dgkA 16 lky dh mez esa è;kupan th îQLVZ
cszfgeu jsthesaV* esa ,d lk/kj.k flikgh osQ :i esa Hkjrh gq,A bl jsthesaV dk gkWdh [ksy
192
esa cgqr uke FkkA jsthesaV osQ lwcsnkj è;kupan th ls gkWdh [ksyus osQ fy, dgrsA Nkouh
osQ lSfud tc pkgs eSnku esa igq¡p tkrs vkSj vH;kl 'kq: dj nsrsA ml le; è;kupan
th ,d ukSflf[k;k f[kykM+h FksA
(?k) è;kupan th us yxu] lk/uk vkSj [ksy&Hkkouk dks viuh liQyrk dk jk”k crk;kA
2- (d) (iv) ([k) (iii) (x) (i) (?k) (ii)
3- (d) dh vksj ([k) osQ ckn (x) osQ ikl (?k) osQ dkj.k
4- (d) l~ $ b $ i~ $ vk $ g~ $ bZ
([k) i~ $ j~ $ v $ ;~ $ vk $ x~ $ v
(x) l~ $ ,s $ u~ $ b $ o~Q $ v
(?k) ?k~ $ v $ V~ $ v $ u~ $ vk $ ,¡
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
6- (d) [ksy ([k) fuf'pr (x) fnypLih (?k) gkWdh (Ä) cnyk
7- (d) fe=k] l[kk ([k) euq";] O;fDr (x) jk"Vª] eqYd (?k) lnk] loZnk (Ä) o"kZ] cjl
8- (d) ls ([k) esa (x) dks] osQ (?k) us (Ä) osQ fy,
193
d{kk&8
ikB&1
1- (d) ^[kqys ns'k osQ n~okj* ls dfo dk rkRi;Z gS fd Hkkjr yacs le; osQ ckn Lora=k gqvkA ,d
uoksfnr jk"Vª osQ lEeq[k tks pqukSfr;k¡ gksrh gSa] ogh Hkkjr osQ lkFk Hkh FkhaA vkfFkZd vkSj
lkefjd n`f"V ls Hkkjr iaxq FkkA lhek {ks=k Hkh vlqjf{kr FksA blh lanHkZ esa dfo us [kqys
ns'k dk n~okj dgk gSA
([k) Hkkjr yacs le; rd xqyke jgkA fons'kh 'kklu us ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks [kks[kyk dj
fn;kA ukxfjdksa ij rjg&rjg osQ vR;kpkj fd,A bl izdkj gj oks dke fd;k] ftlls ns'kh
O;kikj] lkekftd rkus&ckus] ukxfjdksa osQ ewykf/dkj vkSj LokfHkeku dks pksV igqp ¡ kbZ tk
losQA bls gh dfo us chrk gqvk nq[k dgk gS] tks feV ugha ik;k gSA
(x) xqykeh osQ le; ns'k vkSj ;gk¡ osQ ukxfjd Ükà[kykvksa esa c¡/s FksA Lora=krk feyus osQ lkFk gh
fo"ke Ükà[kyk,¡ VwV xb±A
(?k) 15 vxLr] 1947 dks Hkkjr vaxzs”kksa dh xqykeh ls vk”kkn gqvkA vaxsz”kksa us tkrs&tkrs
fo[kaMu osQ cht cks fn,A Hkkjr Lora=k rks gqvk] ysfdu Hkkjr ls gh vyx gksdj ikfdLrku
,d eqlfye jk"Vª cukA ckn esa ikfdLrku ls vyx gksdj 1971 esa caxykns'k Lora=k jk"Vª
cukA blls Hkkjr dk {ks=kiQy ?kV x;kA bls gh dfo us fleVh lhek,¡ dgk gSA
2- (d) izFke pj.k gS u, LoxZ dk ([k) m¡Qph gqbZ e'kky gekjh
gS eaf”ky dk Nksj vkxs dfBu Mxj gS
bl tu&eaFku ls mB vkb vkbZ 'k=kq gV x;k] ysfdu mldh
igyh jRu fgyksj Nk;kvksa dk Mj gS
3- (d) fons'k] Lons'k ([k) v'ks"k] fo'ks"k (x) ;qx/eZ] uo;qx (?k) tufiz;] tuoklk
4- (d) izk.k] ty ([k) edku] E;ku (x) ik¡o] dky (?k) le;] tksM+k
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) ()
(Ä) ()
6- (d) (v) ([k) (iv) (x) (i) (?k) (ii) (Ä) (iii)
7- (d) i~ $ v $ g~ $ v $ j~ $ m $ , ([k) i~ $ j~ $ v $ Fk~ $ v $ e~ $ v
(x) l~ $ vk¡ $ o~ $ v $ y~ $ bZ (?k) p~ $ b $ g~ $ u~ $ v
(Ä) 'k~ $ vks $ "k~ $ v $ .k~ $ v
8- (d) eaFku ([k) D;ksafd (x) eaf”ky (?k) ughaa
(Ä) ¯lgklu (p) lk¡oyh (N) fn'kk,¡
(t) gok,¡ (>) lhek,¡ (×k) Ükà[kyk,¡
194
ikB&2
1- (d) cPps NksVs FksA iRuh jQX.k FkhA ukrs&fj'rs dk dksbZ ,slk ugha Fkk] tks ”k:jr ij dke vk losQA
([k) fpV~Bh esa firk us crk;k fd os vius dkjksckj dk foLrkj dj jgs gSa] /hjs&/hjs oqQN ubZ
”kehu [kjhnus dk Hkh bjknk gSA 'kgj osQ ikl ,d îQkeZ gkml* cukus dh ;kstuk gSA
(x) cPpksa us fpV~Bh esa firk n~okjk crkbZ xbZ fgnk;rksa dk v{kj'k% ikyu fd;kA ek¡ dks fdlh
rjg dk d"V ugha fn;k vkSj dguk ekukA i<+kbZ esa th yxkdj esgur dhA
(?k) fe=k us vTtw osQ firk osQ ckjs esa crk;k fd ge nksuksa ftxjh nksLr FksA yacs le; rd
ge lkFk&lkFk jgs] nks nksLrksa dh rjg ugha] lxs Hkkb;ksa dh rjgA mlh us eq>s ¯gnqLrku
ls ;gk¡ cqyk;k Fkk vkSj cM+h yxu ls lkjk dke fl[kk;kA lkFk&lkFk lk>s esa geus ;g
dkjksckj 'kq: fd;kA uSjksch dh vkt ;g cgqr vPNh iQeZ gSA
(d) o`n~/ us vTtw ls ([k) o`n~/ us vTtw ls
(x) o`n~/ us vTtw ls (?k) vTtw us o`n~/ ls
3- (d) dh vksj ([k) osQ ckn (x) osQ ikl (?k) osQ lkFk
4- (d) iRuh i=k i<+rh vkSj jksrh jgrhA
([k) fpV~fB;k¡ fu;fer :i ls vkrh jghaA
(x) jksx dkcw ls ckgj gS] blfy, MkWDVj us vkWijs'ku dh lykg nh gSA
(?k) 'kknh dh frfFk fuf'pr gks xbZA
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
6- (d) esgekunkjh ([k) vcks/ (x) HkVdus (?k) fookg (Ä) dkjksckj
7- (d) fpV~fB;k¡ ([k) vk¡[ksa (x) e”knwjoxZ (?k) jQi;s (Ä) cPps
(p) nksLrksa (N) o"kks± (t) ouksa (>) oSQejs (×k) ?kfM+;k¡
8- fo'ks"k.k µ nq/eq¡gk¡ jQX.k lqnwj yacs fons'kh
fo'ks"; µ cPpk iRuh vizQhdk le; fyI+kQkI+kQk

195
ikB&3
1- (d) n~ohi ij ¯”knk jgus osQ fy, jkW¯clu us tgk”k ls oqQN lkeku ykus dk fu'p; fd;kA
jLlh osQ lgkjs tgk”k ij p<+dj [kkus dk lkeku bdV~Bk fd;kA ydM+h osQ oqQN yV~Bs
vkSj r[rs tksM+dj ,d NksVh&lh uko cuk yhA mlij [kkus dh lkexzh] vkStkj] gfFk;kj
vkSj diM+s ykndj mls [khapdj fdukjs rd ys vk;kA
([k) n~ohi ij jkW¯clu dh lcls cM+h ¯prk uj&Hkf{k;ksa vkSj [krjukd tkuojksa ls viuh j{kk
djus dh FkhA
(x) ukoksa ls rV ij vk, yksxksa us vkx tykbZ vkSj ukpuk 'kq: dj fn;kA os Hk;adj eqnzk,¡
cukdj ukp jgs FksA muosQ lkFk oqQN oSQnh Hkh FksA
(?k) oSQnh us ”kehu pweh vkSj jkW¯clu ozwQlks dk ik¡o vius flj ij j[k fy;kA ;g jkW¯clu
osQ izfr mldh oI+kQknkjh dk lcwr FkkA
2- (d) fonzksg ([k) izrh{kk (x) 'kCn (?k) nkl
3- (d) vk¡/h ([k) cgqr (x) ykHk (?k) LoPN] fueZy
(Ä) thfor (p) midj.k (N) n`f"V (t) Hkwfe] /jrh
4- (d) MkoqQvksa ([k) eNfy;k¡ (x) n~ohiksa (?k) ygjsa
(Ä) fcfYy;k¡ (p) Vksdfj;k¡ (N) ik¡oksa (t) ukosa
5- (d) jkW¯clu dk tUe lu 1622 esa ;koZQ uxj esa gqvk FkkA
([k) xq;kuk dh ;k=kk ls ykSVus osQ ckn dIrku dh e`R;q gks xbZA
(x) tgk”k czkthy tk jgk FkkA
(?k) tgk”k ,d lkS chl Vu dk FkkA
(Ä) n~ohi ij jkW¯clu dks fdlh O;fDr osQ ik¡oksa osQ fu'kku fn[kkbZ fn,A
(d) izQkbMs us jkW¯clu ls ([k) jkW¯clu us oSQfn;ksa ls
(x) tgk”k osQ dIrku us jkW¯clu ls (?k) jkW¯clu us dIrku ls
7- (d) dh ([k) fd (x) dh (?k) fd (Ä) fd (p) dh
8- (d) mlus eq>s lkFk pyus dks dgkA
([k) lc rjI+kkQQ leqnz iSQyk FkkA
(x) NksVh&eksVh Vgfu;ksa ls eSaus dbZ izdkj dh Vksdfj;k¡ cuk yhaA
(?k) ,d fnu n~ohi ij eq>s fdlh O;fDr osQ ik¡oksa osQ
fu'kku fn[kkbZ fn,A
(Ä) og esjk uke ysdj eq>s cqykrk FkkA
196
ikB&4
1- (d) viuh jh<+ lh/h j[kus okys viuk U;k;ksfpr vf/dkj dHkh ugha NksM+ ldrs gSaA ,sls
O;fDr 'kh'k >qdkdj vR;kpkj Hkh lgu ugha djrs gSaA
j&thr dk lkSnk izk.kksa dh ckth yxkdj djrs gSa] os leqnz esa owQnus ij
([k) tks O;fDr gkj&thr
iyVdj fdukjs dh vksj ugha ns[krs gSaA
(x) dfo us lgh&xyr crkus okyksa osQ ckjs esa izfriz'u fd;k gS fd rqe dkSu gks] tks eq>ls
iFk dh tkudkjh osQ ckjs esa iwN jgs gks\ D;k dHkh rwI+kkQku
Qku lksp&lkspdj vkSj iwN&iwNdj
pyk gS\
(?k) ftl iFk ij ohj viuh Nkrh rkudj pyrs gSa] ogh lRiFk gSA
2- (d) (iv) ([k) (iii) (x) (i) (?k) (ii)
3- (d) rtuk] rtoh”k ([k) lgt] lgthoh (x) 'kiFk] iFkjko (?k) ohjrk] ohjRo
4- (d) iM+h ([k) rHkh (x) phM+ (?k) Jksrk
(Ä) le (p) ekj (N) /hj (t) eku
5- (d) 2 ([k) 3 (x) 5 (?k) 1 (Ä) 4
6- (d) vkink,¡ ns[kdj ohj ugha fNirs gSaA
([k) ohj ftl dke esa yx tkrs gSa] mls iwjk djrs gSaA dke djus osQ i'pkr ohj O;FkZ iNrkrs
ugha gSaA
(x) ohj dfBu iFk dks ns[k lnk eqldjkrs gSa vkSj ladVksa osQ chp lnk xkrs gSaA
(?k) ohjksa osQ fy, oqQN vlaHko ugha gS] D;ksafd os dfBu dke dks ljy vkSj vlaHko dks
laHko djus dk ekn~nk j[krs gSaA
(Ä) dfBu × ljy vlaHko × laHko
7- (d) ryokj] o`Qik.k ([k) fo'o] lalkj (x) rV] fdukjk (?k) leqnz] lkxj
(Ä) ekxZ] jkLrk
8- (d) lh/h ([k) U;k;ksfpr (x) le>kSrk (?k) fuHkZ; (Ä) vuqowQy
(p) jh<+ (N) vR;kpkj (t) ftg~ok (>) m¡Qps (×k) rdnhj
197
ikB&5
1- (d) fHk[kkfju osQ vuqlkj eafnj esa vkus okys lân; vkSj Jn~/kyq gqvk djrs gSaA mldh lksp
lgh Fkh] D;ksafd eafnj vkus&tkus okys nks&pkj iSls mlosQ gkFk ij j[k gh nsrsA fL=k;k¡ Hkh
mlosQ iYys eas FkksM+k&cgqr vukt Mky tk;k djrh FkhaA
([k) izkr% ls laè;k rd va/h fHk[kkfju eafnj osQ njok”ks ij vkdj gkFk iSQyk, [kM+h jgrhA
mlosQ i'pkr eu&gh&eu Hkxoku dks iz.kke djrh vkSj viuh ykBh osQ lgkjs uxj ls
ckgj viuh >ksaiM+h esa vkrhA igys cPps dks isV Hkjdj [kkuk f[kykrh fiQj Lo;a [kkrhA jkr
dks cPps dks vius o{k ls yxkdj ogha iM+h jgrhA izkr% gksrs gh mldks f[kyk&fiykdj
fiQj eafnj osQ n~okj ij tk cSBrhA ;gh mldh fnup;kZ FkhA
(x) lsB osQ ikl d”kZ osQ bPNqd rks vkrs gh Fks] ijarq ,sls O;fDr;ksa dk Hkh rk¡rk c¡/k jgrk] tks
viuh iw¡th lsB th osQ ikl /jksgj :i esa j[kus vkrs FksA lSdM+ksa fHk[kkjh viuh tek&iw¡th
bUgha lsB th osQ ikl tek dj tkrs FksA
(?k) lsB th dk bdykSrk iq=k eksgu Toj ls ihfM+r FkkA nokbZ dke ugha dj jgh FkhA MkWDVj
fujk'k gks x, FksA eksgu jg&jgdj viuh fHk[kkfju ek¡ dks iqdkjrk Fkk] ysfdu fHk[kkfju
ogk¡ tkus osQ fy, rS;kj ugha gks jgh Fkh] blfy, etcwju lsB th dks va/h fHk[kkfju osQ
ik¡oksa ij fxjuk iM+kA
2- (d) 1 ([k) 4 (x) 3 (?k) 2
3- (d) izfrfnu ([k) >ksaiM+h (x) jkgxhjksa (?k) vlk/kj.k
(Ä) /ekZRek (p) o`Qi;k (N) 'kqJw"kk (t) lqpk#
4- (d) vf/d ([k) Í.k (x) fpfdRld (?k) ftls /eZ dk fopkj u gks] v/ehZ
(Ä) pkdj (p) ?kj (N) jDr (t) ?kksy
5- (d) gk¡ ([k) ugha (x) ugha (?k) gk¡ (Ä) gk¡
6- (d) ?k`.kk ([k) ckgj (x) Toj (?k) [kkus (Ä) vifjfpr
7- (d) vkus&tkus okys nks&pkj iSls mlosQ gkFk ij j[k gh nsrsA
([k) mlosQ ikl dkI+kQh #i;s gks x, Fks] gk¡M+h yxHkx iwjh Hkj xbZ FkhA
(x) lsB th us gk¡M+h dh vksj ns[kdj dgkµ ^^blesa D;k gS\**
(?k) va/h dh tku esa tku vkbZ] vk'kk c¡/hA
(Ä) eerk 'kCn us va/h dks fody dj fn;kA mlus rqjar dgkµ ^^vPNk pyksA**
8- pwe&pwe] cPpk&cPpk] Mjrs&Mjrs] ek¡x&ek¡x] cSBs&cSBs
198
ikB&6
1- (d) fcLekoZQ osQ le; iwjk ns'k I+kQkSth pkSdh cuk gqvk FkkA LowQyksa esa Hkh I+kQkSth 'kklu dk
okrkoj.k Nk;k jgrk Fkk] blfy, LowQy dk uke lqurs gh vYcVZ tSls cPps Mj tkrsA
([k) cuZ dh xfy;ksa esa vius uotkr iq=k dks xkM+h esa Vgykrs le; mudk efLr"d l`f"V osQ
jgL;ksa dh m/sM+cqu esa yxk jgrkA os vius vklikl osQ okrkoj.k dks ,dne Hkwy tkrsA
dHkh&dHkh jQddj os viuh Mk;jh esa vius efLr"d esa mBs fopkjksa dks fy[k ysrsA
(x) vkbaLVhu 'kkafr osQ j{kd vkSj ;qn/
~ osQ fojks/h FksA vkbaLVhu [email protected] ceksa dks xSjdkuwuh
cuk nsus osQ i{k/j FksA
(?k) tc vkbaLVhu dks Kkr gqvk fd fgVyj dh ljdkj ijek.kq ijh{k.k dj jgh gS] rks mUgksaus
2 vxLr] 1939 dks jk"Vªifr :tosYV dks i=k fy[kdj bl fn'kk esa vko';d dne
mBkus osQ fy, mudk è;ku vkdf"kZr fd;kA
2- (d) cM+h eksVj xkM+h] osQoy (x) bPNk] dk;Z
([k) iRrk] fpV~Bh (?k) iSj] vksgnk
3- (d) ifj $ uke ([k) vfr $ vko';d (x) le~ $ lkj (?k) le~ $ eku
4- (d) osQ ckn ([k) osQ lkFk (x) osQ ikl (?k) dh vksj
5- (d) jkt ([k) czg~ekaM (x) xf.kr (?k) izlUu
(Ä) vuqla/ku
6- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) ()
(Ä) ()
7- (d)) rks ([k) blfy, (x) ysfdu (?k) ;kuh
(Ä) cfYd
8- (d) o~ $ b $ t~ $ ×k~ $ vk $ u~ $ v $ y~ $ vks $ o~Q $ v
([k) vk $ o~Q $ vka $ o~Q $ "k~ $ vk
(x) o~ $ vk $ r~ $ vk $ o~ $ v $ j~ $ v $ .k~ $ v
(?k) l~ $ o~ $ bZ $ o~Q $ vk $ j~ $ v
(Ä) l~ $ mQ $ j~ $ ;~ $ v $ x~ $ j~ $ v $ g~ $ v $ .k~ $ v
199
ikB&7
1- (d) iQk¡lh dh izrh{kk djus okys cgqr&ls vijk/h ;gh izkFkZuk djrs Fks fd fdlh rjg iQk¡lh
ls cp tk,¡A
([k) ozQkafrdkjh Hkxr flag dks iQk¡lh dk Hk; ugha FkkA os cM+h csrkch ls ml fnu dh izrh{kk
dj jgs Fks] tc vius vkn'kks± osQ fy, mUgsa iQk¡lh osQ iaQns ij >wyus dk lkSHkkX; izkIr gksxkA
(x) ykgkSj "kM~;a=k vfHk;ksx j{kk lfefr osQ dkuwu fo'ks"kKksa dh jk; Fkh fd fdlh rjg oqqQN
fnu Hkxr flag vkSj muosQ nksuksa lkfFk;ksa dks yxus okyh iQk¡lh Vyuh pkfg,] ftlls mUgsa
iQk¡lh ls cpkus dk iz;Ru O;kid :i ls gks losQA
(?k) U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ; ls nks ckrasa Li"V gqb±µizFke ;g fd vaxzs”k tkfr vkSj Hkkjrh; turk
osQ eè; ,d ;qn~/ py jgk gS_ nwljh ;g fd ozQkafrdkfj;ksa us fuf'pr :i ls bl ;qn/ ~ esa
Hkkx fy;k gS] vr% jktdh; ;qn/ ~ canh gSAa
2- (d) (3) ([k) (4) (x) (1) (?k) (2)
3- (d) vkSj ([k)) vFkok (x
(x)) ;k (?k) ij
4- (d) osQ lkFk ([k) osQ fo#n~/ (x) osQ n~okjk (?k) osQ lkeus
5- (d) (i) () ([k) (ii) () (x) (iv) ()
(?k) (iii) () (Ä) (i) ()
6- (d) ohjrk ([k) izHkko (x) izdk'k (?k) de”kksfj;k¡ (Ä) xoZ
7- (d) tqekZuk] MaMk ([k) izR;sd] Hkktd (x) fgLlk] va'k (?k) iRrk] fpV~Bh (Ä)
cM+h eksVjxkM+h] i;kZIr
8- (d) bar”kkj vkljk ([k) fuosnu fourh (x) xjhc nfjnz
(?k) fjiq vfj (Ä) j.k laxzke
ikB&8
1- (d) ys[kd osQ vuqlkj tks ew[kZ gSa] os u, diM+ksa dk uqdlku dj cSBrs gSaA tks cqn~f/eku gSa]
os iqjkus diM+ksa ls dke pykrs gSaA
([k) frokjh th us ys[kd osQ lkbfdy lh[kus okys fu.kZ; ij dgk fd esjh ekuks rks ;g jksx
u ikyksA vc bl voLFkk esa lkbfdy ij p<+ksxs\ vkSj fiQj ;g Hkh dksbZ lokjh gS fd
MaMs ij mdM+¡w cSBs gSa vkSj iSj pyk, tk jgs gSaA vth] ykur Hkstks bl [k;ky ijA
200
(x) frokjh th dh udkjkRed ckrksa dk tokc nsrs gq, ys[kd us dgk fd HkkbZ frokjh] ge
rks ”k:j lh[ksaxsA dksbZ vkneh crkvksA
(?k) Jherh th us ys[kd ls dgk fd rqEgkjh bruh voLFkk gks xbZ] exj vksNkiu u x;kA
igys vki rks lh[k yks] fiQj fon~;ky; [kksy ysukA eSa le>rh gw¡ fd rqe lh[k gh u
ldksxs] nwljksa dks fl[kkuk rks nwj dh ckr gSA
2- (d) 1 ([k) 2 (x) 4 (?k) 3
3- (d) ije $ vkRek ([k) fu% $ p; (x) fon~;k $ vky; (?k) ije $ bZ'oj
4- milxZ ewy 'kCn
(d) iz f'k{k.k
([k) vuq lkj
(x) iz dkj
(?k) fo pkj
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
6- (d) rk¡xk ([k) vkuan (x) ohj (?k) gks'k (Ä) nqfu;k
7- (d) cSBs&cSBs ([k) oSQls&oSQls (x) ”kjk&”kjk (?k) Vu&Vu (Ä) jks”k&jks”k
8- (d) us drkZ dkjd
([k) esa vf/dj.k dkjd
(x) ls dj.k dkjd
(?k) dh laca/ dkjd
(Ä) osQ fy, laiznku dkjd
ikB&9
1- (d) ,d vku esa deZohj O;fDr osQ cqjs fnu Hkh Hkys gks tkrs gSaA
([k) ^dke djus dh txg ckrsa cukrs gSa ugha* ls dfo dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd deZohj O;fDr
vius dke esa fo'okl j[krs gSa] ckrsa cukus esa ughaA
(x) vkleku dks Nwrs nqxZe ioZrksa osQ f'k[kj] vkBksa igj ?kuk v¡/sjk jgus okys ?kus taxy] leqnz
dh xtZrh ty&jkf'k dh m¡Qph mBrh ygj] fn'kkvksa esa iSQyh vkx dh Hk;kog yiVsa]
deZohj osQ dysts dks dHkh ugha o¡Qik ldrhaA
(?k) ^deZohj* 'kh"kZd dfork ls gesa fo?u] ck/kvksa ls ugha ?kcjkus] HkkX; osQ Hkjksls ugha cSBus]
vkt osQ dke dks vkt gh djus] lcdh lqudj vius eu ls fu.kZ; ysus] viuk le;
O;FkZ ugha x¡okus] dfBu&ls&dfBu dke dks g¡lrs gq, djus] dke dks vkjaHk djus osQ
ckn mls chp esa ugha NksM+us dh lh[k feyrh gSA
201
2- (d) vkt djuk gS ftls djrs mls gSa vkt ghA ([k) ckr gS og dkSu tks gksrh ugha
muosQ fy,A
lksprs dgrs gSa tks oqQN dj fn[kkrs gSa oghaAA os uewuk vki cu tkrs gSa vkSjksa
osQ fy,AA
3- (d) iNrkrs ([k) /hj (x) ldrs (?k) ygj
(Ä) jiV (p) lwi (N) rksM+rs (t) eaxy
4- (d) lq[k ([k) ljy (x) dk;j (?k) uhph
(Ä) var (p) dy (N) dk¡Vk (t) vHk;
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
6- (d) (v) ([k) (iv) (x) (i) (?k) (ii) (Ä) (iii)
7- (d) fdLer] ulhc ([k) ck/k] vM+pu (x) dksf'k'k] iz;Ru
(?k) dkSeqnh] T;ksRluk (Ä) oujkt] osQljh
8- (d) n~ $ m $ j~ $ x~ $ v $ e~ $ v
([k) p $ va $ p~ $ v $ y~ $ v
(x) o~ $ ;~ $ vks $ e~ $ v
(?k) Hk~ $ v $ ;~ $ v $ n~ $ vk $ ;~ $ b $ u~ $ bZ
(Ä) o~ $ Í $ Fk~ $ vk
ikB&10
1- (d) iqjQ cgknqj gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk ,d fuHkhZd jktk FksA muosQ ikl ,d laxfBr vkSj fo'kky
lsuk FkhA fo'ofot;h floaQnj osQ lkeus mUgksaus ?kqVus ugha VsosQ] cfYd MVdj mldk
lkeuk fd;kA bUgha dkj.kksa ls lsY;wdl us iqjQ dks lcls cM+k 'k=kq dgkA
([k) floaQnj us thr osQ fy, nsorkvksa dks iz.kke fd;kA cgknqj flikfg;ksa dh rkjhI+kQ dh vkSj
;qn~èk esa 'kghn gksus okys flikfg;ksa dks iz.kke djrs gq, èkU;okn Kkfir fd;kA
(x) floaQnj dh rkjhI+kQ osQ tokc esa egkjkt iqjQ us dgk fd geus Hkh cgqr&ls egkjkt ns[ks
gSaA cgqr&ls jktkvksa dks ijkftr fd;k gS] ij rhj vkSj ryokj dh lkSaxèk! geus vki
tSlk vksNk vkSj ?keaMh jktk vktrd ugha ns[kkA
(?k) egkjkt iq# us dgk fd dkSu gks rqe\ bruk Hkh ugha tkurs fd tc nks jktk ckrsa dj
jgs gksa] rks chp esa cksyus ls nksuksa dk vieku gksrk gSA ;fn gekjk njckj gksrk] rks ,sls
csvnc dks ge njckj ls fudky ckgj djrsA
202
2- (d) (iv) ([k) (iii) (x) (ii) (?k) (i)
3- (d) gkj ([k) nkuo (x) NksVk (?k) fe=k
(Ä) jkr (p) xyr (N) jad (t) dk;j
4- (d) l”kk MaMk ([k) nwljk ;kstd 'kCn
(x) fdukjk ck.k (?k) tokc ,d fn'kk
5- fdlus fdlls
(d) floaQnj us iqjQ ls
([k) iqjQ us floaQnj ls
(x) lsY;wdl us iqjQ ls
(?k) iqjQ us floaQnj ls
(Ä) floaQnj us iqjQ ls
6- (d) dk;Zokgh ([k) naM (x) esgjckuh (?k) rdnhj (Ä) cnyk
7- (d) nso] lqj ([k) yM+kbZ] laxzke (x) o`Qik.k] [kM~x (?k) lfjrk] rfVuh
(Ä) iq=k] vkRet
8- (d) egkjkuh ([k) iq=kh (x) ckfydk (?k) ekrk (Ä) jktoqQekjh
ikB&11
1- (d) iqLrdksa esa xka/h th us i<+k Fkk fd [kqyh gok esa ?kweuk vPNk gksrk gSA ;g xka/h th
dks ilan vk;kA rHkh ls ?kweuk vPNk yxus osQ dkj.k mUgsa ?kweus dh vknr iM+ xbZ] tks
vkthou cuh jghA
([k) ,d fnu le; ij dljr osQ fy, u igq¡pus ij gsMekLVj xheh lkgc us xka/h th ij
,d ;k nks vkuk tqekZuk dj fn;kA
(x) ,d fnu laLo`Qr osQ fon~;kFkhZ xka/h th I+kQkjlh osQ ntsZ esa tkdj cSB x,A laLo`Qr f'k{kd
dks blls nq[k gqvkA mUgksaus xka/h th ls dgk fd rqedks tks dfBukbZ gks lks eq>s crkvksA
rqedks bl rjg fujk'k ugha gksuk pkfg,A rqe fiQj esjh d{kk esa vkdj cSBksA bl izdkj
xka/h th laLo`Qr f'k{kk dh vksj iqu% ykSV vk,A
(?k) ;fn lHkh fo"k;ksa dk vè;;u vaxzs”kh osQ n~okjk djkus dk cks> Nk=kksa ij Mkyk tk,] rks
og cks> Lo:i yxus yxrk gSA
2- (d) (iv) ([k) (iii) (x) (i) (?k) (ii)
203
3- (d) v;ksX; ([k) dBksj (x) v'kqHk (?k) ?k`.kk
(Ä) cqn~f/eku (p) foLej.k (N) lqcqn~f/ (t) ukilan
4- (d) vè;kid xq# ([k) Nk=k f'k"; (x) tud firk (?k) vk;q o;
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
6- (d) rdnhj ([k) dljr (x) >wBk (?k) /eZf'k{kk (Ä) fxurh
7- (d) lizse izseiw.kZ ([k) v;ksX; lq;ksX; (x) fu"dke ukdke
(?k) lqys[k ys[ku (Ä) v/eZ /eZ'khy
8- fo'ks"k.k µ ipkl xgjs nl ekufld 'kkjhfjd fo'ks"; µ Nk=k laLdkj #i;s f'k{kk f'k{kk

ikB&12
1- (d) rqyrqy us Vquh osQ gkFk ls gFkkSM+k Nhudj isaQdrs gq, dgkµ
dgkµ ^êk¡ dh ckr dHkh er
lquukA ;g cky&o"kZ gS le>h! cky&o"kZ esa cPpksa dks xank dke djuk euk gSA vkt ls
rw fMiks ls nw/ ysus ugha tk,xhA ek¡ osQ lkFk lM+d ls lM+k gqvk xkscj ugha mBk,xhA
ckr le> esa vk jgh gS u! fnekx esa oqQN ?kqlk!**
([k) rqyrqy us eu&gh&eu fu'p; dj fy;k fd vxj ek¡ us Vquh dks Hkh ,d tSlk [kkuk ugha
fn;k] rks rqyrqy Hkh [kkuk ugha [kk,xhA mlus ek¡ ls dg Hkh fn;kA
(x) lqcg mBus ij rqyrqy us ns[kk fd ;g lqcg jks”k dh rjg gSA ikik dks mUgsa ys tkus dh
tYnh ugha gSA ikik ?kj ij gh ugha Fks vkSj Vquh T;ksa&dh&R;ksa iQVh izQkWd igudj pk;
osQ <sj lkjs cjru /ks jgh FkhA
(?k) cM+ksa dh dFkuh vkSj djuh esa varj gksus osQ dkj.k rqyrqy us ;g dgkA varjkZ"Vªh;
cky&o"kZ esa Vquh dks dke djus ls euk djus ij mlosQ dke NksM+dj pys tkus dk nks"kh
lcus rqyrqy dks Bgjk;k] Vquh dh ek¡ dks ughaA blh rjg tyikbZxqM+h esa viuk mQuh
dk£Mxu mrkjdj ,d xjhc yM+osQ dks nsus ij ukuk th dh Mk¡V iM+h_ tcfd os Vquh ls
fon~;klkxj th osQ crk, ekxZ ij pyus osQ fy, dgrs FksA
(d) ek¡ us rqyrqy ls ([k) Vquh dh ek¡ us rqyrqy ls
(x) Vquh dh ek¡ us Vquh ls (?k) rqyrqy us ek¡ ls
3- (d) dy ([k) Mjiksd (x) ?k`.kk (?k) vuqfpr
(Ä) de (p) iqjkuk (N) eqyk;e (t) vehj
4- (d) foiQy] liQy ([k) funksZ"k] nks"keqDr
(x) fu"dke] ukdke (?k) fody] dyjo
204
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
6- (d) eqÝ+r ([k) nqxquh (x) dBksj (?k) Hkw[k (Ä) le>k
7- (d) [kSj] rqEgkjk D;k\ Hkksxuk rks ge yksxksa dks gSA
([k) Vquh dh ek¡ gkFk dk dke NksM+dj cksyh] ^^fdlus dgk gS\**
(x) rqyrqy [kq'kh osQ ekjs >we mBhA ^^vgk! dy cM+k e”kk vk,xkA**
(?k) ek¡ ukjk”k gksdj cksyh] ^^lc le> xbZA rkj&rkj le> xbZA**
(Ä) nknh ek¡ cksyh] ^^Vquh vius ikik ls iwNus xbZ gSA**
8- (d) fon~;ky;] ikB'kkyk ([k) ekrk] vack (x) nqfu;k] fo'o
(?k) rqY;] ln`'k (Ä) fHk{kqd] fHk[keaxk
ikB&13
1- (d) HkkSfrd lainkvksa ls ifjiw.kZ euq"; lH; vkSj lqlaLo`Qr gksrk gS] ,slk ugha dgk tk ldrk_
D;ksafd vPNh&ls&vPNh iks'kkd iguus okyk vkneh Hkh rfc;r ls uaxk gks ldrk gS vkSj
f[kykIkQ+kQ gSA
uaxk gksuk laLo`Qfr osQ f[kykI
([k) lH;rk euq"; dk og xq.k gS] ftlls og viuh ckgjh rjDdh djrk gSA
(x) laLo`Qfr euq"; dk og xq.k gS] ftlls og viuh Hkhrjh mUufr djrk gS] n;k] ek;k vkSj
ijksidkj lh[krk gS] xhr&ukn] dfork] fp=k vkSj ewfrZ ls vkuan ysus dh ;ksX;rk gkfly
djrk gSA
(?k) laLo`Qfr dk LoHkko gS fd og vknku&iznku ls c<+rh gSA tc nks ns'kksa ;k tkfr;ksa osQ
yksx vkil esa feyrs gSa] rc mu nksuksa dh laLo`Qfr;k¡ ,d&nwljs dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA
,d tkfr dk /kfeZd fjok”k nwljh tkfr dk fjok”k cu tkrk gS vkSj ,d ns'k dh vknr
nwljs ns'k osQ yksxksa dh vknr esa lek tkrh gSA
2- (d) taxyh ([k) :f<+;k¡ (x) laLo`Qfr (?k) tkfr;k¡
(Ä) ijaijk (p) laLo`Qfr;k¡ (N) ;gk¡ (t) ¯gnqRo
3- (d) v $ l~ $ v $ Hk~ $ ;~ $ v $ r~ $ vk ([k) c~ $ v $ j~ $ c~ $ vk $ n~ $ v
(x) l~ $ va $ l~ $ o~Q $ Í $ r~ $ b (?k) i~ $ v $ 'k~ $ m $ r~ $ o~ $ v
4- (d) (iv) ([k) (iii) (x) (ii) (?k) (i)
5- (d) ugha ([k) gk¡ (x) gk¡ (?k) ugha (Ä) gk¡
6- (d) lH;rk ([k) gfFk;kj (x) lw{e (?k) ?kj (Ä) tkfr;k¡
7- (d) ikl ([k) osQ Hkhrj (x) vkSj (?k) gh (Ä) ysfdu
205
8- lkekfld 'kCn lekl dk uke lkekfld 'kCn lekl dk uke
(d) iwQyksa dh okjh laca/ rRiq#"k lekl ([k) oaQn vkSj ewy n~oan~o lekl
(x) gj ,d@,d&,d vO;;hHkko lekl (?k) pkj jkgksa dk lekgkj n~foxq lekl
(Ä) vknku vkSj iznku n~oan~o lekl
ikB&14
1- (d) vYlsf'k;u k;u oqQRrk ,d gh Lokeh dks Lohdkj djrk gSA ;fn ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ dkj.k ,d
O;fDr dk LokfeRo mls lqyHk ugha gksrk] rks og lcosQ lkFk lgpj tSlk vkpj.k djus
yxrk gSA
([k) ,d fnu ywlh lkeku ykus nqdku xbZ] ysfdu ykSVdj u vk ldhA fdlh ydM+cX?ks osQ
lkFk gq, la?k"kZ esa og ekjh xbZA
(x) cPps dks nqX/&pw.kZ ls nw/ cukdj fiyk;k x;kA ek¡ osQ isV dh m".krk ikus osQ fy, mls
dksey mQu vkSj vèkcqus LosVj dh Mfy;k esa j[kk x;k] tgk¡ og ek¡ osQ lkehI; lq[k osQ
Hkze esa lksus yxkA
(?k) ,d jkr ysf[kdk osQ [kjxks'k fcy [kksnrs&[kksnrs iM+kl s osQ nwljs oaQikmaM esa tk fudys vkSj
muesa ls dbZ] tks bl vfHk;ku esa vxqvk Fks] taxyh fcYys n~okjk {kr&fo{kr dj fn, x,A
lkSHkkX;o'k uhyw dks [kjxks'kksa osQ ladV dk irk py x;kA mlosQ owQndj nwljh vksj igqp ¡ rs
gh fcYyk rks Hkkx x;k] ijarq [kjxks'kksa dks ckgj fudyus ls jksdus osQ fy, og jkr Hkj vksl
ls Hkhxrk gqvk lqjxa osQ n~okj ij [kM+k jgkA bl izdkj uhyw us [kjxks'kksa dh j{kk dhA
2- (d) 4 ([k) 1 (x) 3 (?k) 2
3- (d) LFkku] eè;LFkrk ([k) ck.k] fdukjk (x) izk.k] ok;q (?k) dk;Z] bPNk
4- (d) dHkh ([k) mQij (x) vf/d (?k) /hjs&/hjs
5- (d) () ([k) () (x) () (?k) () (Ä) ()
6- (d) Lokeh ([k) HkqyDdM+iu (x) èofu (?k) fo'ks"krk (Ä) >qViqVs
7- (d) osQ fcuk ([k) osQ leku (x) osQ lkFk (?k) dh rjg (Ä) osQ dkj.k
8- (d) fdlh&fdlh fnu mls dbZ ckj vkuk&tkuk iM+rk FkkA
([k) xys dk Loj Hkkjh] ean vkSj xw¡tus okyk FkkA
(x) pkgs tkM+k gks ;k cjlkr] eq>s njok”ks ij gh feyrk vkSj esjs lkFk&lkFk ?kwerkA
(?k) jkr pkgs mtyh gks] pkgs ckny xjt jgs gksa] pkgs vk¡/h py jgh gks] mlosQ pDdj dks
fojke ugha FkkA
(Ä) ôqQRrs dh ekSr ejuk* dgkor gSA
206
d{kk 6] 7 vkSj 8
ikBksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z&if=kdk
d{kk & 6 ikB&1 % vk jgh jfo dh lokjh
dk;Z&i=kµ1
fuèkkZfjr le; % 40 feuV vfèkdre vad % 40
uke% ----------------------------- d{kk% -------------------- vuqØekad% -------------------- fnukad% --------------------
1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,A 22×4¾8

4¾8
(d) ^cknyksa&ls vuqpjksa us Lo.kZ dh iks'kkd /kjh* dfo us ,slk D;ksa dgk gS\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dhfrZ&xk;u dkSu dj jgs gSa\
I+kQkSt eSnku NksM+dj dc Hkkxrh gS\

(x) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) dfork dh fdl iafDr ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd panzek dk rs”k fuLrst gks x;k gS\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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2- dfork dh iafDr;k¡ iwjh dhft,A 11×5¾5
(d) vk jgh ----------------------------- dh lokjhA
([k) uo&fdj.k dk ----------------------------- ltk gS]
(x) ----------------------------- ls iFk ltk gS]
(?k) cknyksa ls ----------------------------- us
(Ä) Lo.kZ dh ----------------------------- A
3- lgh okD; osQ lkeus ^* rFkk xyr osQ lkeus ^* osQ fpg~u yxkb,A 1×5¾5
(d) lwjt fnu dk jktk gSA
([k) fdj.kksa ls lwjt dk ¯lgklu ltk;k x;k gSA
(x) i{kh Mjdj Hkkx jgs gSaA
(?k) rkjksa dh Ik+ QkSt Hkkx [kM+h gqbZ gSA
(Ä) panzek fHk[kkjh osQ leku [kM+k gSA
4- fuEufyf[kr o.kZ&lewgksa esa vk, o.kks± osQ ozQe dks Bhd djosQ lkFkZd 'kCn cukdj
fyf[k,A ½×4¾2
(d) elqoqQ µ -----------------------------
([k) oL.kZ µ -----------------------------
(x) xfog µ -----------------------------
(?k) nkueS µ -----------------------------
vè;kid@vè;kfidk osQ gLrk{kj % ---------------------------------------- 209
5- o.kZ&foPNsn dhft,A 1×5¾5
(d) oqQlqe µ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ -------
([k) vuqpj µ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ -------
(x) Lo.kZ µ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ ------
(?k) dhfrZ µ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ -------
(Ä) fHk[kkjh µ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ -------
6- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,A 1
1×5¾5
(d) rkjd µ ----------------------------- ([k) Lo.kZ µ -----------------------------
(x) fogx µ ----------------------------- (?k) dhfrZ µ -----------------------------
(Ä) I+kQkSt µ -----------------------------
7- fn, x, 'kCnksa dks lgh 'kh"kZd osQ uhps fyf[k,A 11×6¾6
jfo dfy fdj.k ckny rkjd dhfrZ
iq¯Yyx L=kh¯yx
----------------------------- -----------------------------
----------------------------- -----------------------------
----------------------------- -----------------------------
8- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ opu fyf[k,A 11×4¾4
(d) jfo µ -----------------------------
([k) dfy;k¡ µ -----------------------------
(x) vuqpjksa µ -----------------------------
(?k) fHk[kkjh µ -----------------------------
210
d{kk & 6 ikB&1 % vk jgh jfo dh lokjh
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- ge izÑfr osQ lkfUuè; esa D;ksa jguk pkgrs gSa\ 10

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2- dfork dks i<+us osQ i'pkr vkiosQ eu esa lw;ksZn; dk tks n`'; mHkjrk gS] mls vius
'kCnksa esa of.kZr dhft,A 10
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212
d{kk & 6 ikB&2 % vU;k; dk fojks/
dk;Z&i=kµ1

(d) twfy;k dks fdlus viuh i<+kbZ osQ dejs esa cqyk;k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) ys[kd dks xqLlk D;ksa vk;k\

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(x) twfy;k us ys[kd dks /U;okn D;ksa dgk\

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(?k) viuk vfLrRo cuk, j[kus osQ fy, D;k djuk gksxk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ mfpr 'kCn ls dhft,A 11×5¾5

(d) twfy;k dk psgjk -------------------------- iM+ x;kA (ihyk@uhyk)
([k) twfy;k dh ru[okg -------------------------- :cy r; dh xbZ FkhA (rhl@pkyhl)
(x) ys[kd osQ cPpksa dk uke -------------------------- rFkk dksY;k FkkA (okU;k@dks;y)
(?k) dksY;k -------------------------- fnu chekj jgkA (Ng@pkj)
(Ä) lalkj esa -------------------------- vkSj HkhjQ yksxksa osQ fy, dksbZ txg ughaA (nCcw@Mjiksd)
3- lgh okD; osQ lkeus ^* rFkk xyr osQ lkeus ^* dk fpg~u yxkb,A 1×5¾5
(d) twfy;k cgqr bZekunkj FkhA
([k) twfy;k ys[kd osQ iM+kslh osQ cPpksa dks i<+krh FkhA
(x) dksY;k dh tSosQV iQV xbZ FkhA
(?k) ys[kd us twfy;k osQ lkFk ozwQj e”kkd fd;k FkkA
(Ä) vR;kpkj djusokyk rFkk lgusokyk nksuksa gh nks"kh gksrs gSaA

4- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,A ½×4¾2
(d) ru[okg µ -------------------------------- ([k) cksnk µ --------------------------------
(x) HkhjQ µ -------------------------------- (?k) fueZe µ --------------------------------
5- vuqLokj (µa) vFkok vuqukfld (µ)¡ yxkdj fyf[k,A ½×10¾5

(d) ikp µ ------------------------------ ([k) gk µ ------------------------------
(x) jpek=k µ ------------------------------ (?k) eSus µ ------------------------------
(Ä) [kjksp µ ------------------------------ (p) vklqvksa µ ------------------------------
(N) dkiuk µ ------------------------------ (t) ugh µ ------------------------------
(>) Bwldj µ ------------------------------ (×k) nkr µ ------------------------------
6- n~foRo O;atuksa ls nks&nks 'kCn fyf[k,A ½×10¾5
(d) Pp µ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
([k) Uu µ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
(x) Rr µ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
(?k) Yy µ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
(Ä) Cc µ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
7- ¯yx cnfy,A 11×5¾5
(d) cPpk µ ------------------------------
([k) ys[kd µ ------------------------------
(x) ekyfdu µ ------------------------------
(?k) ifr µ ------------------------------
(Ä) iqjQ"k µ ------------------------------
8- cgqopu fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
1
(d) iSlk µ ------------------------------
([k) NqV~Vh µ ------------------------------
(x) vk¡[k µ ------------------------------
(?k) twrk µ ------------------------------
(Ä) [kjksap µ ------------------------------
214
d{kk & 6 ikB&2 % vU;k; dk fojks/
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- bl dgkuh ls vkidks D;k f'k{kk feyrh gS\ 10

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2- ;fn vki ys[kd osQ LFkku ij gksrs] rks D;k djrs\ 10
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216
d{kk & 6 ikB&3 % ljI+kQjks'kh dh reUuk
dk;Z&i=kµ1

5¾10
(d) jkeizlkn fcfLey ,dk,d mnkl D;ksa gks x,\
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([k) fcfLey dh ek¡ osQ fy, lcls cM+h [kq'kh dk fnu D;k Fkk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) fcfLey viuh rlohj dgk¡ j[kus osQ fy, dgrs gSa\
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(?k) ek¡ dh vk¡[kksa esa vk¡lw ns[kdj fcfLey us D;k dgk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Ä) fcfLey dh ek¡ dks dkSu&lk xkSjo izkIr gks jgk Fkk\
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2- fdlus dgk\ fdlls dgk\ 11×3¾3

fdlus fdlls
(d) ^êq>ls feyus] dkSu vk;k gS\** ------------------------- ----------------------
([k) ^^rq>s cslu osQ yM~Mw vPNs yxrs gSa] uk\** ------------------------- ----------------------
(x) ^^;s cps gq, yM~Mw eSa ckn esa [kk yw¡xkA** ------------------------- ----------------------
3- ^gS* vFkok ^gSa* ls fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A 1×5¾5
(d) xhr dh lekfIr osQ lkFk gh tsyj izos'k djrk ---------------A
([k) jkeizlkn fcfLey dh o`n~/ ek¡ izos'k djrh ---------------A
(x) eq>s vius fopkjksa osQ fy, vI+kQlksl --------------- ek¡A
(?k) ek¡ osQ gkFk dk ;gh rq>s vafre Hkksx ---------------A
(Ä) rqEgkjs vk¡lw esjs dneksa dks Mxexk jgs ---------------A
4- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,A ½×4¾2
(d) t'u µ --------------------------- ([k) I+kQoZQ µ ---------------------------
(x) vVy µ --------------------------- (?k) gljr µ ---------------------------
5- bu iafDr;ksa dks iwjh dhft,A 1×5¾5
--------------------------- dh reUuk] vc gekjs fny esa gSA
ns[kuk gS ”kksj fdruk cktq&, --------------------------- esa gSA
flI+kZQ feV tkus dh --------------------------- bd fnys --------------------------- esa gSA
vc rsjh fgEer dh ppkZ] xSj dh --------------------------- esa gSA
6- lgh orZuh osQ lkeus () dk fpg~u yxkb,A 1
1×5¾5
(d) dkrhy dkfry dkfRy
([k) ljI+kQjks'kh ljI+kkQjks
Qjksf'k ljI+kQjkslh
(x) os'kHkw"kk os"kHkw'kk os'kHkw'kk
(?k) nslok'kh ns"koklh ns'koklh
(Ä) LfoozQfr Loho`Qfr LohoZQfr
7- foykse 'kCn fyf[k,A 11×5¾5
(d) mnkl  --------------------------- ([k) vkf[kjh 
-------------------------
(x) lk/kj.k 
--------------------------- (?k) izse 
---------------------------
(Ä) eqfDr 
---------------------------
8- fuEufyf[kr o.kZ&lewgksa esa ^j* osQ fofHkUu :iksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, lkFkZd 'kCn cukdj
fyf[k,A ½×10¾5
(d) dkafrdkjh  --------------------------- ([k) vx.kh  ---------------------------
(x) la?k"k 
--------------------------- (?k) ekfed 
---------------------------
(Ä) fcfV'k 
--------------------------- (p) ppk 
---------------------------
(N) ilUu 
--------------------------- (t) vk'p; 
---------------------------
(>) oqQcku 
--------------------------- (×k) nn 
---------------------------
218
d{kk & 6 ikB&3 % ljI+kQjks'kh dh reUuk
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- ;fn vki Hkh ,d Lora=krk lsukuh gksrs] rks ns'k osQ fy, D;k&D;k djrs\ 10
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2- Lora=krk dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, gesa D;k&D;k djuk gksxk\ 10
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220
d{kk & 6 ikB&4 % fxYyw
dk;Z&i=kµ1
1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,A 2

2×3¾6
(d) ysf[kdk dks fxYyw fdl voLFkk esa feyk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) fxYyw osQ dkSu&dkSu ls vax&izR;ax rhu&pkj eghus esa lcdks fofLer djus yxs\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) ^fxYyw buesa viokn Fkk*] bl okD; dk D;k vk'k; gS\

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2- ^j* osQ :i ls 'kqn~/ 'kCn cukdj fyf[k,A ½×6¾3

(d) Lof.ke µ --------------------------- ([k) y?kqik.k µ ---------------------------
(x) fi;tuksa µ --------------------------- (?k) dd'k µ ---------------------------
(Ä) o"k µ --------------------------- (p) vkdf"kr µ ---------------------------
3- vuqLokj (µa) vFkok vuqukfld (µ)¡ yxkdj fyf[k,A ½×10¾5
(d) d/k µ --------------------------- ([k) lf/ µ ---------------------------
(x) cwn µ --------------------------- (?k) pksp µ ---------------------------
(Ä) eqg µ --------------------------- (p) lKk µ ---------------------------
(N) jks, µ --------------------------- (t) vkxu µ ---------------------------
(>) mxyh µ --------------------------- (×k) Lo; µ ---------------------------
4- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,A 1×6¾6
(d) ifjpkfjdkµ --------------------------- ([k) xkr µ ---------------------------
(x) laf/ µ --------------------------- (?k) fofLer µ ---------------------------
(Ä) dkd µ --------------------------- (p) izHkkr µ ---------------------------
5- laKk 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr dhft,A 1×5¾5
(d) lksutwgh esa ,d ihyh dyh yxh gSA
([k) fxygjh dk cPpk ?kk;y iM+k FkkA
(x) ysf[kdk fxYyw dks idM+dj fyI+kQkI+ksQ esa j[k nsrh FkhaA
(?k) fxYyw osQ thou dk izFke clar vk;kA
(Ä) uhe&pesyh dh xa/ dejs esa vkrh FkhA
6- fojkefpg~u yxkb,A 11×5¾5
(d) dkd Hkq'kaqMh Hkh fofp=k i{kh gS ,d lkFk leknfjr vuknfjr vfr lEekfur vfr
voekfur
([k) fxYyw Hkw[k yxus ij fpd fpd djrk Fkk
(x) eq>s pkSadkus dh bPNk mlesa u tkus dc vkSj oSQls mRiUu gks xbZ Fkh
(?k) fxYyw dh thou ;k=kk dk var vk gh x;k
(Ä) dktw mldk fiz; [kkuk Fkk
7- cgqopu fyf[k,A ½×10¾5
(d) dyh µ --------------------------- ([k) i{kh µ ---------------------------
(x) dkSvk µ --------------------------- (?k) fxygjh µ ---------------------------
(Ä) iw¡N µ --------------------------- (p) vk¡[k µ ---------------------------
kQkI+kQk µ ---------------------------
fyI+kQkIkQk
(N) fyIkQkI
kQkI (t) f[kM+dh µ ---------------------------
(>) es”k µ --------------------------- (×k) iatk µ --------------------------
8- ¯yx fyf[k,A 11×5¾5
(d) jQbZ µ --------------------------- ([k) dktw µ -------------------------
(x) tkyh µ --------------------------- (?k) eksrh µ ---------------------------
(Ä) nw/ µ ---------------------------
222
d{kk & 6 ikB&4 % fxYyw
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- fdlh fxygjh osQ dk;Zdyki ns[kdj ik¡p okD; fyf[k,A 10

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vè;kid@vè;kfidk osQ gLrk{kj % ----------------------------------------
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223
2- vius fiz; i'kq@i{kh dk fp=k fpidkdj] mlosQ euilan Hkkstu osQ fo"k; esa irk djosQ
fyf[k,A 10
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224
d{kk & 6 ikB&5 % iqjLdkj
dk;Z&i=kµ1

5¾10
(d) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
o`n~/ ea=kh us e/qfydk ls D;k dgk\
([k) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
jkf=k mRlo esa fdlus vkSj D;ksa Hkkx ugha fy;k\
(x) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
e/qfydk us jktoqQekj vjQ.k osQ vuqxzg dks D;ksa vLohdkj dj fn;k\
(?k) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dkS'ky osQ lsukifr dgk¡ x, gq, Fks\
(Ä) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dkS'ky ujs'k dks e/qfydk n~okjk D;k lwpuk nh xbZ\
2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mfpr fojkefpg~u yxkb,A 1

1×5¾5
(d) vkdk'k esa dkys dkys ckny ?kqeM+ jgs Fks
([k) nso vius firkegksa dh Hkwfe cspuk esjs fy, vijk/ gS
(x) brus lSfud lkFk j[kus dh D;k vko';drk gS
(?k) vkt jkr osQ rhljs igj esjh fot; ;k=kk gksxh
(Ä) e/qfydk D;k ;g lR; gS
3- fuEufyf[kr o.kZ&lewgksa esa ^j* osQ mfpr :i dk iz;ksx djrs gq, 'kqn~/ 'kCn cukb,A
½×6¾3
(d) iorekyk µ ------------------------------- ([k) ifln~/ µ -------------------------------
(x) lkSan; µ ------------------------------- (?k) ban µ -------------------------------
(Ä) nqx µ ------------------------------- (p) ik.knaM µ -----------------------------
4- fdlus&fdlls dgk\ 1×2¾2
fdlus fdlls
(d) ^êSa vius ckgqcy ls u;k jkT; cukm¡QxkA** ----------------------- -----------------------
([k) ^êSa viuh [ksrh ogha d:¡ xhA** ----------------------- -----------------------

5- fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa ij xksyk ( ) yxkdj fo'ks"; fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
(d) vkdk'k esa dkys&dkys ckny ?kqeM+ jgs FksA -------------------------------
([k) mRlo dk iz/ku dk;Z lekIr gks x;kA -------------------------------
(x) e/qfydk ifjJeh FkhA -------------------------------
(?k) eSa vius ckgqcy ls u;k jkT; cukm¡QxkA -------------------------------
(Ä) rhu cjl gq, esjh Hkwfe ys yh xbZ FkhA -------------------------------
6- loZuke 'kCnksa ls fjDr LFkku iwjs dhft,A 11×5¾5
5¾5
(d) ------------------------------- dkS'ky dk jktk cuw¡xkA (og@eSa)
([k) ------------------------------- nwljksa osQ [ksrksa esa dke djrh FkhA (og@mls)
(x) ------------------------------- vk¡[kksa esa uhan ugha FkhA (mldh@eq>dks)
(?k) vR;f/d xjhch us ------------------------------- vkSj v/hj dj fn;kA (eSaus@mls)
(Ä) ------------------------------- mRlkg de ugha gqqvkA (rqEgkjk@eq>s)
7-- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ opu cnfy,A 1×5¾5
(d) eqnzk µ -----------------------------
([k) >ksaiM+h µ -----------------------------
(x) ukyk µ -----------------------------
(?k) dU;k µ -----------------------------
(Ä) >kM+h µ -----------------------------
8- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k, fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
(d) jktk 
-----------------------------
([k) Lohdkj 
-----------------------------
(x) naM 
-----------------------------
(?k) xjhc 
-----------------------------
(Ä) dfBu 
-----------------------------
226
d{kk & 6 ikB&5 % iqjLdkj
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- e/qfydk us viuk vijk/ dcwyk vkSj ns'knzksg Hkh ugha fd;kA ;fn vki jktk gksrs] rks
D;k djrs\ 10
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2- vkidks bl dgkuh ls D;k f'k{kk feyrh gS\ 10
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228
d{kk & 6 ikB&6 % Xykscy okW²ex
dk;Z&i=kµ1

(d) /jrh dk rkieku c<+us osQ f”kEesnkj ge Lo;a gSaA oSQls\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) tyok;q ifjorZu dk vuqeku yxkus gsrq fdl o"kZ vkSj dkSu&lk dk;Zny xfBr fd;k
x;k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) leqnz dk tyLrj osQoy ,d ehVj mQij mBus ij D;k uqdlku gks ldrk gS\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) isM+ dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM lks[kus esa oSQls lgk;d gksrs gSa\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk ikB osQ vuqlkj ozQe fyf[k,A 1×4¾4

(d) i;kZoj.k dh j{kk esa gh gekjh j{kk fufgr gSA -----------------
([k) Xysf'k;j fi?kyus ls ufn;ksa esa ck<+ vk,xhA -----------------
(x) tSfod o`Qf"k ls dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM ok;q esa ?kqyus ls cp ldrh gSA -----------------
(?k) /jrh dk rkieku c<+kus osQ f”kEesnkj ge Lo;a gSaA -----------------
3- fn, x, vkxr 'kCnksa osQ ¯gnh i;kZ; fyf[k,A 11×4¾4
(d) Xykscy µ ----------------------------------
([k) Xysf'k;j µ ----------------------------------
(x) DykbesV µ ----------------------------------
(?k) psat µ ----------------------------------
4- fn, x, 'kCnksa esa uqdrk yxkdj fyf[k,A ½×8¾4
½×
(d) tcjnLr µ ---------------------------------- ([k) ftEesnkj µ ----------------------------------
(x) ciQZ µ ---------------------------------- (?k) rsth µ ----------------------------------
(Ä) dkiQh µ ---------------------------------- (p) tehu µ ----------------------------------
(N) t:jh µ ---------------------------------- (t) otg µ ----------------------------------
5- lgh () vFkok xyr () dk fpg~u yxkb,A 1×5¾5
(d) vc dksbZ Hkh txg Xykscy ok²ex osQ nk;js esa vkus ls ugha cph gSA
([k) i`Foh osQ xekZus dh eq[; otg xzhu gkml izHkko gSA
(x) 2100 bZú rd i`Foh osQ vkSlr rkieku esa deh vk ldrh gSA
(?k) ciZQ fi?kyus ls Xysf'k;jksa dk vkdkj floqQM+rk tk jgk gSA
(Ä) o"kZ 1997 esa ekafVª;y dh laf/ gqbZA
6- lgh dkjd&fpg~u dk iz;ksx dj fjDr LFkku Hkfj,A 1×5¾5
(d) /jrh dk xjekuk ekuo tkfr --------------------------- [krjukd gSA
([k) /jrh --------------------------- c<+rk rkieku dgj <k jgk gSA
(x) i`Foh --------------------------- xekZus dh eq[; otg xzhu gkml izHkko gSA
(?k) pksfV;ksa vkSj /qzoksa ij teh cI cIkZ+kZQ rs”kh --------------------------- fi?ky jgh gSA
(Ä) vaVkoZQfVdk --------------------------- cI+kkZZQ fi?kyus dk ekSle c<+ x;k gSA
7- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa mfpr LFkku ij M] <] M+] <+ dk iz;ksx dhft,A ½×10¾5
(d) c-----rk ([k) c-----us
(x) ok;qea-----y (?k) vkWDlkb-----
(Ä) p-----ko (p) f-----xzh
(N) vk¡d-----ksa (t) i-----rky
(>) i-----rk (×k) ck-----
8- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
(d) ioZr µ --------------------------------- ---------------------------------
([k) leqnz µ --------------------------------- ---------------------------------
(x) /jrh µ --------------------------------- ---------------------------------
(?k) lw;Z µ --------------------------------- ---------------------------------
(Ä) isM+ µ --------------------------------- ---------------------------------
230
d{kk & 6 ikB&6 % Xykscy okW²ex
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- rkieku esa o`n~f/ dks ge fdl izdkj fu;af=kr dj ldrs gSa\ 10

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2- fodkl vkSj fouk'k esa D;k dksbZ laca/ gS\ Li"V dhft,A 10
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232
d{kk & 6 ikB&7 % esjh ;wjksi ;k=kk
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) FkkWel oqQd oaQiuh us D;k izca/ fd;k Fkk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) fijkfeMksa esa 'ko osQ lkFk D;k&D;k oLrq,¡ xkM+h tkrh Fkha\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) izkphu dky esa ¯LiQDl D;k djrh Fkh\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) yanu esa ys[kd dks fdldk cuk;k vkSj fdl izdkj dk [kkuk feyus yxk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- n~foRo O;atuksa ls cus nks&nks 'kCn fyf[k,A 1×5¾5

(d) Rr µ --------------------------- -------------------------
([k) Ee µ --------------------------- -------------------------
(x) Tt µ --------------------------- -------------------------
(?k) Pp µ --------------------------- -------------------------
(Ä) Uu µ --------------------------- -------------------------
3- ikB esa ls Nk¡Vdj vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,A 1×2¾2
(d) oqQN gh iyksa esa u"V gks tkusokyk
([k) fnu osQ eè; dk le;
4- fganh Hkk"kk osQ oqQN 'kCn ,d ls vf/d vFkZ nsrs gSaA ,sls 'kCnksa dks vusdkFkhZ 'kCn dgrs
gSaA uhps oqQN vusdkFkhZ 'kCn fn, x, gSa buosQ nks&nks vFkZ fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
(d) ij µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
([k) tku µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
(x) ikl µ --------------------------- ---------------------------

(?k) dj µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
(Ä) vksj µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
5- dks"Bd esa fn, 'kCnksa osQ foykse ls okD; iwjs dhft,A 1×5¾5
(d) esjs dejs esa ,d ikjlh --------------------- FksA (nqtZu)
([k) fijkfeMksa dh [kqnkbZ ls fudyh ph”ksa --------------------- j[kh gqbZ gSaA (vlqjf{kr)
(x) euq"; osQ thou dh --------------------- lkI+kQ&lkI+kkQQ fn[kus yxhA (fuR;rk)
(?k) bu bekjrksa ls euq"; dksbZ --------------------- ugha mBk ldrkA (gkfu)
(Ä) --------------------- dky esa ¯LiQDl ls iz'u fd, tkrs FksA (uohu)
6- cgqopu fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
1
(d) es”k µ ------------------------- ([k) ;k=kh µ ----------------------
(x) iqLrd µ ------------------------- (?k) diM+k µ -----------------------
(Ä) ewfrZ µ -------------------------
7- fuEufyf[kr laKkvksa osQ fy, mfpr fo'ks"k.k ikB esa ls Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
1
(d) ;k=kh µ ------------------------- ([k) fnu µ -----------------------
(x) vk¡[ksa µ ------------------------- (?k) ckn'kkgµ -----------------------
(Ä) bekjr µ -------------------------
8- fn, x, okD;ksa esa fuikr tksM+dj fyf[k,A 11×5¾5
(d) esjs dejs esa ,d ikjlh lTtu FksA (Hkh)
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([k) eSaus oSQjksa ?kwe ysuk vPNk le>kA (rks)

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(x) ckn'kkgksa dk uke vc iqLrdksa esa gh jg x;k gSA (osQoy)

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(?k) fllyh Vkiw osQ ikl gksdj tgk”k xq”kjkA (gh)

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(Ä) eSa eqdnes dh iSjoh osQ fy, yanu x;k FkkA (rks)
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234
d{kk & 6 ikB&7 % esjh ;wjksi ;k=kk
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1-- fdlh ;k=kk ij tkus osQ nkSjku fdu&fdu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,\ 10
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2- fijkfeMksa osQ fo"k; esa vki D;k&D;k tkurs gSa\ fyf[k,A 10
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236
d{kk & 6 ikB&8 % MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj
dk;Z&i=kµ1

4¾8
(d) MkWú vacsMdj osQ firk dkSu Fks\ os fdl {ks=k esa dk;Zjr Fks\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) firk osQ fu/u osQ i'pkr MkWú Hkhejko vacMs dj dks fdu dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) ewduk;d lekpkj&i=k dk mn~ns'; D;k Fkk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) vacsMdj th us fdl ikVhZ dk xBu fd;k vkSj mls dc jktuhfrd liQyrk izkIr gqbZ\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- lqesfyr dhft,A 1×4¾4

(d) 'kSf{kd Nk=ko`fRr (i) 1990 esa (ej.kksijkar)
([k) êwduk;d* lekpkj&i=k (ii) 1936 esa
(x) bafMisaMsaV yscj ikVhZ dk xBu (iii) 31 tuojh] 1920 esa
(?k) HkkjrjRu iqjLdkj (iv) cM+kSnk ujs'k l;kthjko n~okjk
3- dks"Bd esa fn, x, dkjd&fpg~uksa esa ls mfpr dkjd&fpg~uksa osQ n~okjk fjDr LFkkuksa dh
iwfrZ dhft,A 1×4¾4
(d) mu fnuksa mPp f'k{kk --------------------------------- fons'k tkuk iM+rk FkkA (esa@osQ fy,)
([k) U;w;koZQ fo'ofon~;ky; --------------------------------- mUgksaus ,eú,ú dh fMxzh yhA (us@ls)
(x) ns'k --------------------------------- uo&fuekZ.k esa mudk vfoLej.kh; ;ksxnku gSA (osQ@esa)
(?k) l;kthjko --------------------------------- Nk=ko`fRr nsuk can dj fn;kA (us@ls)
4- fn, x, vkxr 'kCnksa osQ ¯gnh i;kZ; fyf[k,A ½×8¾4
(d) fjVk;j µ --------------------------------- ([k) fefyVªh µ ---------------------------------
(x) dkWyst µ --------------------------------- (?k) fMxzh µ ---------------------------------

(Ä) ”k:jh µ --------------------------------- (p) ,stqosQ'ku µ ---------------------------------
(N) xjhc µ --------------------------------- (t) lkslkbVh µ ---------------------------------
5- lgh okD;ksa osQ lkeus ^* rFkk xyr okD;ksa osQ lkeus ^* dk fpg~u yxkb,A 1×5¾5
(d) MkWú vacsMdj dk tUe egq] bankSj esa gqvk FkkA
([k) dksydkrk fo'ofon~;ky; us mUgsa ihú&,púMhú dh mikf/ iznku dh xbZA
(x) vacsMdj osQ :i esa nfyrksa dks viuk mn~/kjd fey x;kA
(?k) vacsMdj th ekurs Fks fd ljdkj gh ns'k dk mn~/kj dj ldrh gSA
(Ä) 1952 bZú esa vacsMdj th yksdlHkk dk pquko gkj x,A
6- lgh 'kCn pqudj [kkyh LFkku Hkfj,A 1×5¾5
fons'k mn~/kj #X.k Kkufiiklq fookg
(d) 16 o"kZ dh mez esa Hkhejko dk ---------------------------- dj fn;k x;kA
([k) mu fnuksa vPNh mPp f'k{kk osQ fy, ---------------------------- tkuk iM+rk FkkA
(x) Hkhejko vacsMdj ---------------------------- O;fDr FksA
(?k) og ekurs Fks fd f'k{kk gh ekuo lekt dk ---------------------------- dj ldrh gSA
(Ä) vR;f/d ifjJe djus osQ dkj.k og ---------------------------- gks x, FksA
7- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa lgh fojkefpg~u yxkdj fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
(d) ysfdu Hkhejko fujk'k ugha gq, mUgksaus viuh lw>cw> ls vlaHko dks laHko dj fn;k
([k) mudk dFku gS iqLrosaQ Kku izkIr o euksjatu dk loksZRre lk/u gSa
(x) 'kkgwth us dgk rqEgsa vacsMdj osQ :i esa viuk mn~/kjd fey x;k gS
(?k) fln~/kFkZ dkWyst us f'k{kk osQ tfj, tu tkxj.k dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;k
(Ä) 1990 bZú esa mUgsa ej.kksijkar Hkkjr jRu dh mikf/ ls lEekfur fd;k x;k
8- fn, x, 'kCnksa ls milxZ@izR;; vkSj ewy 'kCn vyx djosQ fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
'kCn milxZ ewy 'kCn izR;;
(d) fons'k µ ---------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------
([k) Lons'k µ ---------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------
(x) fu;fer µ ---------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------
(?k) Hkkjrh; µ ---------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------
(Ä) ekuork µ ---------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------
238
d{kk & 6 ikB&8 % MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- ^Hkkjr osQ uo&fuekZ.k esa MkWú vacsMdj dk ;ksxnku* fo"k; ij vius fopkj fyf[k,A 10
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2- MkWú vacsMdj us vusd dfBukb;ksa ij fot; izkIr dj mPp f'k{kk izkIr dhA D;k vki
fdlh ,sls Nk=k@Nk=kk osQ fo"k; esa tkurs gSa] tks d"V lgdj i<+kbZ dj jgk gSA ;fn gk¡]
rks bl fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr dj fyf[k,A 10
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240
d{kk & 6 ikB&9 % HkfDr osQ in
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×3¾6
(d) bu inksa esa fdldk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS\
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([k) ;'kksnk th Jho`Q".k dks lqykus osQ fy, D;k&D;k iz;Ru djrh gSa\
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(x) panz f[kykSuk ugha feyus ij Ñ".k th D;k ugha fi,¡xs\

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2- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,A 11×6¾6

(d) csuh µ --------------------------- ([k) lqjHkh µ ---------------------------
(x) i; µ --------------------------- (?k) /jfu µ ---------------------------
(Ä) lqokoS µ --------------------------- (p) csx¯g µ ---------------------------
3- leku rqdokys 'kCn fyf[k,A 11×4¾4
(d) >qykoS µ ---------------------------
([k) lqokoS µ ---------------------------
(x) uan µ ---------------------------
(?k) tksb µ ---------------------------
4- o.kZ&la;kstu dhft,A 1×4¾4
1
(d) l~ $ vks $ o~ $ v $ r~ $ v ¾ ---------------------------
([k) Hk~ $ vk $ e~ $ b $ u~ $ bZ ¾ ---------------------------
(x) l~ $ m $ j~ $ v $ Hk~ $ bZ ¾ ---------------------------
(?k) [k~ $ b $ y~ $ vkS $ u~ $ vk ¾ ---------------------------

5- lgh okD;ksa osQ lkeus ^gk¡* rFkk xyr osQ lkeus ûgha* fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
(d) ekrk ;'kksnk JhÑ".k dks lqyk jgh gSaA ---------------------------
([k) Ñ".k th dks uhan vk xbZ gSA ---------------------------
(x) Ñ".k th ekrk ;'kksnk dks yksjh lquk jgs gSaA ---------------------------
(?k) Ñ".k th xk; dk nw/ ihus dh f”kn dj jgs gSaA ---------------------------

(Ä) uan ckck JhÑ".k ls ukjk”k gSaA ---------------------------
6- fuEufyf[kr iafDr;k¡ iwjh dhft,A 1×4¾4

1
dcgq¡ iyd ---------------------- ew¡fn ysr gSa] dcgq¡ ---------------------- iQjdkoSA
lksor tkfu ---------------------- gS oSQ jfg] dfj&dfj lSu crkoSA
b¯g varj ---------------------- mBs gfj] ---------------------- e/qjs xkoSA
tks lq[k ---------------------- vej eqfu nqjyHk lks uan Hkkfeuh ikoSA
7- fn, x, fozQ;k 'kCnksa dk ¯gnh :i fyf[k,A 1×6¾6
1
(d) >qykoS µ --------------------------- ([k) xkoS µ ---------------------------
(x) cqykoS µ --------------------------- (?k) crkoS µ ---------------------------
(Ä) ikoS µ --------------------------- (p) vkoS µ ---------------------------
1
(d) e/qj 
--------------------------- ([k) /jrh 
---------------------------
(x) nqyZHk 
--------------------------- (?k) lq[k 
---------------------------
(Ä) iwr 
---------------------------
242
d{kk & 6 ikB&9 % HkfDr osQ in
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- ^HkfDr osQ in* dh dkSu&lh iafDr;k¡ vkidks fo'ks"k :i ls vkdf"kZr djrh gSa vkSj D;ks\a
10
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2- lwjnkl th osQ fo"k; esa vki D;k&D;k tkurs gSa\ 10
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244
d{kk & 6 ikB&10 % xk¡o cM+k ;k 'kgj
dk;Z&i=kµ1

4¾8
(d) xk¡o osQ yksx rkykc esa D;k&D;k djrs gSa\
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([k) iznw"k.k fdlls gksrk gS\

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(x) 'kgjksa osQ dbZ eksgYyksa esa izdk'k dh oSQlh O;oLFkk gS\
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(?k) ikSf"Vd Hkkstu osQ vk/kj D;k gSa\ budk mRiknu dkSu djrs gSa\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- ikB osQ vk/kj ij fn, x, okD;ksa dk ozQe (1] 2] 3] 4 ---) fyf[k,A 1×4¾4
(d) if'pe dh pVd&eVd dh udy esa HkVd er tkukA
([k) ck”kkj osQ [kkn~;kUuksa esa feykoV gksrh gSA
(x) rkykc esa ugkus ls yksxksa osQ 'kjhj esa [kqtyh iSnk gks tkrh gSA
(?k) ge nksuksa dh izxfr ls gh jk"Vªh; fodkl dk ekxZ iz'kLr gksxkA
(d) izdk'k µ ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
([k) ikuh µ ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
(x) Hkwfe µ ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
(?k) lw;Z µ ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
4- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ opu cnfy,A ½×8¾4
(d) oLrq µ ---------------------------------- ([k) diM+k µ ----------------------------------
(x) jkr µ ---------------------------------- (?k) lM+d µ ----------------------------------
(Ä) xkS µ ---------------------------------- (p) ckr µ ----------------------------------
(N) c¡Vokjk µ ---------------------------------- (t) ;qok µ ----------------------------------
5- lgh okD; osQ lkeus ^gk¡* vkSj xyr okD; osQ lkeus ûgha* fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
(d) xk¡oksa ls yksxksa dk 'kgj dh vksj iyk;u gks jgk gSA ----------------------------------
([k) [ksrksa dk c¡Vokjk gksus osQ dkj.k [ksr cM+s cu x,A ----------------------------------
(x) [kqyh /wi vkSj gok] ;s xk¡o dh lcls cM+h fu;kersa gSaA ----------------------------------
(?k) o`Qf"k osQ lkFk xk¡o osQ yksx i'kqikyu Hkh djrs gSaA ----------------------------------
(Ä) ft;ks vkSj thus nksµ;gh rks mn~;ksxokn gSA ----------------------------------
6- lgh 'kCn pqudj fjDr LFkku Hkfj,A 1×5¾5
iwjd vkRek thou'kSyh vkdkj mUufr
(d) xk¡o osQ fuokfl;ksa dh ---------------------------------- esa Hkh ifjorZu vk jgk gSA
([k) esjh mUufr rqEgkjh ---------------------------------- ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA
(x) Hkkjr dh ---------------------------------- xk¡oksa esa gh fuokl djrh gSA
(?k) ge nksuksa lnk ls ,d&nwljs osQ ---------------------------------- jgs gSaA
(Ä) eq>s rqEgkjs c<+rs ---------------------------------- ls [krjk gSA
7- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ o.kZ&foPNsn dhft,A 1×5¾5
(d) izeksn µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
([k) O;oLFkk µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(x) ifjorZu µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(?k) iDdh µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(Ä) euksjatu µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
8- fn, x, 'kCnksa esa mfpr LFkku ij uqdrk yxkb,A ½×10¾5
(d) rsth µ ---------------------------------- ([k) lkiQ µ ----------------------------------
(x) liQkbZ µ ---------------------------------- (?k) eafty µ ----------------------------------
(Ä) tjk µ ---------------------------------- (p) rktk µ ----------------------------------
(N) lCth µ ---------------------------------- (t) cktkj µ ----------------------------------
(>) tsc µ ---------------------------------- (×k) jkstxkj µ ----------------------------------
246
d{kk & 6 ikB&10 % xk¡o cM+k ;k 'kgj
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- vkidh n`f"V esa xk¡o dk thou lq[kn gS ;k 'kgj dk\ vius mRrj osQ i{k esa dkj.k
nhft,A 10
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2- bl ikB dh rjg vki ^dye cM+h ;k ryokj* fo"k; ij ,d laokn fyf[k,A 10
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248
d{kk & 6 ikB&11 % dye vkt mudh t; cksy!
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) dfo us fdu yksxksa dks Jn~/katfy nh gS\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) ns'kHkDrksa us ns'k osQ fy, D;k lgk gS\

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(x) /jrh D;ksa Mksy jgh gS\

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(?k) ohjksa dh xkSjo xkFkk osQ lk{kh dkSu&dkSu gSa\

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2- vuqLokj (aµ) vFkok vuqukfld (µ)¡ dk iz;ksx dhft,A ½×6¾3

(d) vfLFk;k µ ----------------------- ([k) fpxkjh µ -----------------------
(x) eqg µ ----------------------- (?k) f'k[kk, µ -----------------------
(Ä) pnz µ ----------------------- (Pk) flgukn µ -----------------------
3- fn, x, o.kZ&lewgksa dk ozQe Bhd djosQ lkFkZd 'kCn cukdj fyf[k,A 1
1×5¾5
(d) njxu µ ----------------------- ([k) uI+kQkrw µ -----------------------
(x) gLus µ ----------------------- (?k) lbgkfr µ -----------------------
(Ä) xksy[k µ -----------------------
4- fn, x, 'kCnksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,A 1×4¾4
(d) dye µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) nhi µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) fnu µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) /jrh µ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- lgh okD;ksa osQ lkeus ^gk¡* rFkk xyr osQ lkeus ûgha* fyf[k,A 2×4¾8
(d) ns'kHkDrksa us ns'k osQ fy, vikj ;kruk,¡ lgh gSaA ----------------
([k) ns'kHkDr LokFkhZ FksA ----------------
(x) geas ns'k dh lsok osQ fy, rRij jguk pkfg,A ----------------
(?k) ns'k osQ ohj y?kq nhiksa osQ leku gSaA ----------------
(Ä) dfork esa Mjiksd yksxksa dk xkSjo&xku fd;k gSA ----------------
2- laKk rFkk loZuke 'kCnksa dks vyx&vyx fyf[k,A ½×6¾3

dye mudh /jrh ftudh lw;Z og
laKk loZuke
------------------------------
------------------------------ ----------------------------
-------
------------------------------ ----------------------------
------------------------------ ------------------------------
3- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ ¯yx rFkk opu fyf[k,A 1×5¾5

1
¯yx opu
(d) fn'kk,¡ µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
([k) ¯pxkjh µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
(x) f'k[kk,¡ µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
(?k) lw;Z µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
(Ä) bfrgkl µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
4- rqdokys 'kCn fyf[k,A 1×4¾4

1
(d) cksy µ -------------------------
([k) gekjs µ -------------------------
(x) f'k[kk,¡ µ -------------------------
(?k) ekjk µ ---------------------------
250
d{kk & 6 ikB&11 % dye vkt mudh t; cksy!
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- ^ns'k osQ fy, fuLLokFkZ Hkko ls fd, x, dk;ks± ls izxfr rFkk fodkl laHko gSA* D;k
vki bl ckr ls lger gSa\ lksfp, vkSj fyf[k,A 10
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251
2- vki 'kghnksa dk cfynku fdl :i esa ;kn j[kuk pkgsaxs\ 10
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252
d{kk & 6 ikB&12 % feBkbZokyk
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) f[kykSusokys osQ vkus ij ;qofr;k¡ D;k djrh Fkha\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) eqjyhokys us eqjyh dk D;k nke crk;k vkSj og fdrus iSls esa csp jgk Fkk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) feBkbZ esa dkSu&lk xq.k Fkk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) feBkbZokys us vius cPpksa osQ ckjs esa D;k crk;k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- fojkefpg~u yxkb,A 11×5¾5

(d) fot; ckcw lekpkj i=k i<+ jgs Fks
([k) jk; fot;cgknqj osQ nks cPps Fks pqUuw vkSj eqUuw
(x) ek¡ th fdruh feBkbZ nw¡
(?k) edku O;olk; xkM+h ?kksM+s ukSdj pkdj lHkh oqQN Fkk
(Ä) fo/krk dh yhyk
3- izR;; Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,A ½×4¾2
(d) f[kykSusokyk µ ---------------------------
([k) ifjfpr µ ---------------------------
(x) gSjkuh µ ---------------------------
(?k) f[kykSuk µ ---------------------------
4- o.kZ&foPNsn dhft,A 1×5¾5
(d) fofp=k µ ------ $ ------ $ ------ $ ------ $ ------ $ ------ $ ------
([k) NTtk µ ------ $ ------ $ ------ $ ------ $ ------
(x) Luku µ ------ $ ------ $ ------ $ ------ $ ------

(?k) feBkbZ µ ------ $ ------ $ ------ $ ------ $ ------
(Ä) izfrf"Br µ ------ $ ------ $ ------ $ ------ $ ------ $ ------ $ ------ $ ------ $ ------ $ ------
5- js[kkafdr 'kCn fduosQ fy, iz;ksx gq, gSa] fyf[k,A 1×4¾4
(d) mldk Lusgiw.kZ xku lqudj fudV osQ ?kjksa esa gypy ep tkrhA ---------------------------
([k) os iSls ysdj f[kykSuksa dk eksyHkko djus yxrsA ---------------------------
(x) mUgksaus eqjyhokys dks cqyk;kA ---------------------------
(?k) eSa vkSj Hkh feBkbZ ys yw¡xhA ---------------------------
6- fn, x, la;qDr O;atuksa ls cus nks&nks 'kCn fyf[k,A ½×10¾5
(d) Lo µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
([k) Lr µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
(x) Dr µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
(?k) D; µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
(Ä) è; µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
7- js[kkafdr 'kCnksa dk ¯yx rFkk opu fyf[k,A ½×10¾5

¯yx opu
(d) og xfy;ksa esa ?kwerk jgrk FkkA --------------------------- ---------------------------
([k) cPps f[kykSus ns[kdj iqyfdr gks mBrsA --------------------------- ---------------------------
(x) eqjyhokyk eqjyh ctkus esa mLrkn FkkA --------------------------- ---------------------------
(?k) mlus lLrk lkSnk r; fd;k FkkA --------------------------- ---------------------------
(Ä) feBkbZokyk feBkb;k¡ csp jgk FkkA --------------------------- ---------------------------
(d) ehBk 
--------------------------- ([k) v/wjk 
---------------------------
(x) ilan 
--------------------------- (?k) ”;knk 
---------------------------
(Ä) ljnh 
--------------------------- (p) xq.k 
---------------------------
254
d{kk & 6 ikB&12 % feBkbZokyk
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- D;k eksyHkko djuk mfpr gS\ dkj.k lfgr fyf[k,A 10

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255
2- viuh euilan feBkbZ cukus dh fof/ irk djosQ fyf[k,A 10
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256
d{kk & 6 ikB&13 % ljLorh ikB'kkyk
dk;Z&i=kµ1

4¾8
(d) ekLVj Lo:iukFk dh D;k fo'ks"krk Fkh\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) xaxk/j dks oSQlk xsanck”k dg ldrs gSa\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) Hkheizrki ¯lg vius uke osQ vuq:i Fks] oSQls\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) ljLorh ikB'kkyk dk ys[kd ij D;k izHkko iM+k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(d) iqjkuk µ ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
([k) firk µ ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
(x) diM+k µ ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
(?k) fe=k µ ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa vO;; 'kCn ij xksyk ( ) yxkdj Hksn dk uke fyf[k,A 1×4¾4
(d) LowQy osQ lkeus NksVk&lk [ksy dk eSnku gSA ---------------------------
([k) eSa esMy ysdj ?kj vk;k] rks cM+s HkkbZ us dksbZ izlUurk izdV ugha dhA -------------------------
(x) Mk¡V&MiV dh ukScr u vkbZ] pw¡fd cM+s HkkbZ dk leFkZu izkIr FkkA ---------------------------
(?k) fon~;kFkhZ xka/h th osQ lkeus ls /hjs&/hjs fudyrs jgsA ---------------------------
4- fn, x, o.kZ&lewgksa esa vuqLokj (µa) vFkok vuqukfld (µ)¡ yxkdj fyf[k,A ½×8¾4
(d) >klh µ ------------------------------------- ([k) lc/ µ -------------------------------------
(x) ep µ ------------------------------------- (?k) ;gk µ -------------------------------------

(Ä) [kw[kkj µ ------------------------------------- (p) itk µ -------------------------------------
(N) vR;r µ ------------------------------------- (t) cxyk µ -------------------------------------
5- lgh okD; osQ lkeus ^* rFkk xyr okD; osQ lkeus ^* dk fpg~u yxkb,A 1×5¾5
(d) rhljs nj”ks esa ys[kd dk uke ljLorh ikB'kkyk esa fy[kok;k x;kA
([k) ys[kd dh ikB'kkyk esa xka/h Vksih iguusokys dksbZ f'k{kd ugha FksA
(x) ys[kd osQ firk ykyk xaxk lgk; osQ ;gk¡ equhe FksA
(?k) vè;kid #nzukjk;.k th vaxzs”kh i<+krs FksA
(Ä) gjukjk;.k 'kgj osQ lcls rs”k nkSM+usokyksa esa FksA
6- lgh lqesfyr dhft,A 1×5¾5
(d) eksgYyk lnj (i) dkaxzsl vf/os'ku osQ Lokxrkè;{k
([k) ykyk xaxk lgk; (ii) rs”k xsanck”k
(x) paMh izlkn ân;s'k (iii) dfo] ukVddkj vkSj vè;kid
(?k) cztHkw"k.k yky f=kikBh ^fu'py* (iv) jk; cgknqj
(Ä) gjukjk;.k (v) >k¡lh dk lcls cM+k eksgYyk
7- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
(d) nwj × ------------------------------------- ([k) u;k × -------------------------------------
(x) vkxs × ------------------------------------- (?k) iz'kalk × -------------------------------------
(Ä) lqanj × -------------------------------------
8- fn, x, 'kCnksa ls milxZ] izR;; vkSj ewy 'kCn vyx&vyx djosQ fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
'kCn milxZ ewy 'kCn izR;;
(d) izlUurk µ -------------------------------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------
([k) Lo'kklu µ -------------------------------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------
(x) vko`Qfr µ -------------------------------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------
(?k) vuq'kklu µ -------------------------------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------
(Ä) vfHkeku µ -------------------------------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------
258
d{kk & 6 ikB&13 % ljLorh ikB'kkyk
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- bfrgkl esa >k¡lh dk uke D;ksa izfln~/ gS\ 10

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2- D;k vkidks viuh iz'kalk lquus osQ ckn dHkh vfHkeku gqvk gS\ lkspdj mRrj fyf[k,A 10
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260
d{kk & 6 ikB&14 % esjk cpiu
dk;Z&i=kµ1
1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,A ×4¾8

2×4¾8
(d) LowQy ls v#fp gksus osQ ckotwn ys[kd dh i<+kbZ fdl izdkj pyh\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) flj eq¡M+kus ij ys[kd dks fdl ckr dh ijs'kkuh gqbZ\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) T;ksfrfjanz D;k fy[krs Fks\ bl dke esa ys[kd mudh enn oSQls djrs Fks\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) baXySaM tkus ls igys ys[kd dks D;k&D;k djuk iM+k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- lgh okD; osQ lkeus ^* rFkk xyr okD; osQ lkeus ^* dk fpg~u yxkb,A 1×4¾4
(d) czts'oj [kkus osQ ekeys esa cgqr ykyph FkkA
([k) ys[kd vius firk dh pkSFkh larku FksA
(x) ys[kd igyh ckj jsyxkM+h ls 'kkafrfuosQru x,A
(?k) ckjg o"kZ dh vk;q esa ys[kd dk miu;u laLdkj gqvkA
3- okD;ksa esa vk, fo'ks"k.k ;k fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa dks igpkudj fyf[k,A 1×4¾4
fo'ks"k.k fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k
(d) johanz vPNk yM+dk gSA µ ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------
([k) ?kksM+k rs”k nkSM+rk gSA µ ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------
(x) czts'oj pkj iwfj;k¡ yk;kA µ ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------
(?k) firk th /hjs&/hjs eqldjkus yxsA µ ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------
4- fuEufyf[kr iapek{kjksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, nks&nks 'kCn fyf[k,A 1×4¾4
(d) Ä~ µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
([k) ×k~ µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

(x) .k~ µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(?k) u~ µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
5- lgh lqesfyr dhft,A 1×5¾5
(d) lR; vkSj lksesanz (i) vius firk dh pkSngoha larku
([k) czts'oj (ii) ys[kd osQ cM+s HkkbZ
(x) lR;sanzukFk vkSj T;ksfrfjanz (iii) ys[kd dh cM+h cgu
(?k) lkSnkfeuh (iv) ys[kd dk Hkkatk
(Ä) ys[kd (v) ys[kd osQ ;gk¡ ukSdj
6- M] <] M+] <+ osQ iz;ksx ls cus rhu&rhu 'kCn fyf[k,A ½×12¾6
½×
(d) M µ ----------------------------- ----------------------------- -----------------------------
([k) < µ ----------------------------- ----------------------------- -----------------------------
(x) M+ µ ----------------------------- ----------------------------- -----------------------------
(?k) <+ µ ----------------------------- ----------------------------- -----------------------------
7- fn, x, 'kCnksa esa lgh LFkku ij uqdrk yxkdj fyf[k,A ½×10¾5

(d) liQj µ -----------------------------------
([k) jkst µ -----------------------------------
(x) ftn µ -----------------------------------
(?k) ukjkt µ -----------------------------------
(Ä) uiQjr µ -----------------------------------
(p) iQkjlh µ -----------------------------------
(N) rkjhiQ µ -----------------------------------
(t) etk µ -----------------------------------
(>) fliZQ µ -----------------------------------
(×k) iQkSju µ -----------------------------------
8- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,A ½×8¾4

(d) /uh µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
([k) ukSdj µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(x) rkykc µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(?k) jkr µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
262
d{kk & 6 ikB&14 % esjk cpiu
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- johanzukFk VSxksj cgqeq[kh izfrHkk osQ /uh O;fDr FksA os dfo] ys[kd] xhrdkj] fp=kdkj]
nk'kZfud vkSj f'k{kkfon FksA bu ij ,d lkewfgd ifjppkZ vk;ksftr dhft,A 10
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2- vk”kknh ls iwoZ mPp f'k{kk osQ fy, fons'k tkuk D;ksa ”k:jh gksrk Fkk\ 10
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264
d{kk & 7 ikB&1 % ojnku
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) dfo bZ'oj osQ n~okj ij fdl izkFkZuk dks ysdj ugha vk, gSa\
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([k) HkkX; esa fduosQ vkus ij Hkh dfo dk varj {kh.k ugha gqvk\
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(x) ôsQoy ladV&lkxj esa rSjrs jgus dh 'kfDr ek¡xrk gw¡!* ls dfo dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\
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(?k) lq[k Hkjs {k.kksa esa dfo bZ'oj ls D;k pkgrs gSa\
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(d) ;g --------------------------------------------------------------------- pkgrk]
--------------------------------------------------------------------- izkFkZuk gSA
([k) ^tc lkjh ---------------------------------------------------------------------]
---------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------- pkgrk gw¡A
3- fn, x, 'kCnksa ls 'kCn&ifjokj cukb,A 11×4¾4
(d) j{kk µ ---------------------------- ----------------------------
([k) oj µ ---------------------------- ----------------------------
(x) nj µ ---------------------------- ----------------------------
(?k) Hkkj µ ---------------------------- ----------------------------
4- fn, x, vusdkFkZd 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks vFkZ fyf[k,A 1×4¾4
(d) fpRr µ ---------------------------- ----------------------------
([k) oj µ ---------------------------- ----------------------------

(x) nj µ ---------------------------- ----------------------------
(?k) Hkkj µ ---------------------------- ----------------------------
5- lgh okD; osQ lkeus  rFkk xyr okD; osQ lkeus  osQ fpg~u yxkb,A 1×5¾5
(d) dfo foifRr;ksa ls Hk;Hkhr u gksus dk bZ'oj ls ojnku pkgrs gSaA
([k) dfo nq[kksa ij fot; ikus dk vk'khokZn pkgrs gSaA
(x) dfo nhurk Lohdkj dj vo'k cuuk pkgrs gSaA
(?k) dfo ;kpuk iw.kZ gksus dh lkaRouk pkgrs gSaA
(Ä) dfo osQoy ladV&lkxj esa rSjrs jgus dh 'kfDr ek¡xrs gSaA
6- lgh mRrj osQ lkeus  dk fpg~u yxkb,A 11×4¾4
1×
(d) fpRr O;fFkr gSµ
(i) Hk; ls (ii) foifRr;ksa ls
(iii) nq[k ls (iv) 'kksd ls
([k) HkkX; esa D;k ugha vk;k gS\
(i) vfu"V (ii) lkSHkkX;
(iii) Ny&diV (iv) vuFkZ
(x) dfo D;k gydk djuk pkgrs gSa\
(i) Hkkj (ii) o”ku
(iii) cks> (iv) mRrjnkf;Ro
(?k)dfo lq[k Hkjs {k.kksa esa ureLrd gks D;k djuk pkgrs gSa\
(i) ;kpuk (ii) bZ'oj n'kZu
(iii) ojnku (iv) izkFkZuk
(d) izkFkZuk µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
([k) O;fFkr µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(x) vk'khokZn µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(?k) vfu"V µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(Ä) ureLrd µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(p) n'kZu µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
8- dfork ls pqudj ik¡p laKk vkSj ik¡p fo'ks"k.k 'kCn fyf[k,A ½×10¾5
----------------------------- -----------------------------
----------------------------- -----------------------------
----------------------------- -----------------------------
----------------------------- -----------------------------
----------------------------- -----------------------------
266
d{kk & 7 ikB&1 % ojnku
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- vki bZ'oj ls D;k ojnku ek¡xuk pkgsaxs\ D;ksa\ 10

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2- dfo us lq[k Hkjs {k.kksa esa Hkh ureLrd gksdj bZ'oj osQ n'kZu djus dh vfHkyk"kk izdV dh gSA
bl ckjs esa vkiosQ D;k fopkj gS\a 10
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268
d{kk & 7 ikB&2 % ns'kizse dk nke!
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) lu 1942 esa dkSu&lk vkanksyu gqvk\ blesa ukjk;.k nkl dh D;k Hkwfedk Fkh\
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([k) ukjk;.k nkl fdl ljdkjh ukSdjh esa Fks\ fduosQ vkg~oku ij mUgksaus ;g ukSdjh NksM+h\
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(x) ukjk;.k nkl dks D;k lkspdj csgn rdyhI rdyhIkQ+kkQQ gksrh Fkh\
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(?k) ukjk;.k nkl oSQls yksxksa ls csgn ?k`.kk djrs Fks\
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fdlus fdlls
(d) ¶eSa cPPkksa dks NksM+ dksjkiqV ugha tk ldrhA¸ ------------------------- -------------------------
([k) ¶dkSu] xksoqQy\¸ ------------------------- -------------------------
(x) ¶rqe f'k{kd gks] cnyh rks gksxh ghA¸ ------------------------- -------------------------
(?k) ¶firk th] eSa vk xbZ gw¡A vki Bhd gks tk,¡xsA¸ ------------------------- -------------------------
3- fn, x, 'kCnksa esa lgh LFkku ij uqdrk yxkdj fyf[k,A ½×8¾4
(d) fxjÝrkj µ ------------------------- ([k) rst µ ------------------------
(x) t:j µ ------------------------- (?k) rdyhiQ µ ------------------------
(Ä) vktknh µ ------------------------ (p) equkiQk µ ------------------------
(N) fliQkfj'k µ ------------------------ (t) fliZQ µ ------------------------
4- ^gh*] ^Hkh*] ^rks*] êk=k* fuikr osQ iz;ksx ls ,d&,d okD; cukb,A 1×4¾4
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gh µ
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Hkh µ
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rks µ
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ek=k µ
5- lgh okD; osQ lkeus  rFkk xyr okD; osQ lkeus  dk fpg~u yxkb,A 1×5¾5
(d) Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu esa ukjk;.k ckcw us Hkwfexr jgrs gq, dke fd;kA
([k) ukjk;.k ckcw osQ ifjokj esa iRuh vkSj csVs osQ vykok dksbZ ugha FkkA
(x) Lora=krk lsukuh xksoqQy Hkksy dks iQk¡lh dh l”kk nh xbZA
(?k) e/qferk dk VªkaliQj xatke osQ taxyh bykosQ esa gks x;kA
(Ä) MkWDVj osQ vkus ls igys gh ukjk;.k nkl py clsA
(d) iqfyl ------------------------- lkSnkfeuh ls iwNrkN djus vkrh FkhA es?k
([k) vkdk'k esa ------------------------- f?kj jgs FksA eerk
(x) edku ------------------------- osQ ?ksjs esa FkkA ;qx
(?k) ml ?kVuk osQ ckn cgw us Hkh ------------------------- dk ca/u f'kfFky dj fy;kA iqfyl
(Ä) os le> x, fd bl ------------------------- esa iSlk gh lc oqQN gSA ckj&ckj
7- fojke&fpg~uksa dk lgh iz;ksx dj okD;ksa dks iqu% fyf[k,A 11×5¾5
(d) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ijr nj ijr v¡/sjk lkjs ifjo ifjos'k dks vk'kadk vkSj Hk; ls O;xz fd, ns jgk Fkk
([k) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
lkSnkfeuh us dgk ros lh rirh mldh nsg NksM+dj oSQls tkvksxs
(x) cq[kkj rs”k Fkk lkFk esa iq=k Lusg dh mQ"ek fey xbZ
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(?k) ukjk;.k nkl us foLe; ls dgk cgw rqe f'k{kd gks cnyh rks gksxh gh
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(Ä) ukjk;.k ckcw us iwNk dkSu xksoqQy
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8- ^fd*@^dh* dk iz;ksx dj ik¡p okD; cukb,A 11×5¾5
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270
d{kk & 7 ikB&2 % ns'kizse dk nke!
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- igys yksx tulsok osQ mn~ns'; ls jktuhfr esa vkrs FksA vkt jktuhfr dks oSQfj;j osQ
:i esa fy;k tkus yxk gSA bl cnyko osQ vkus dk D;k dkj.k gS\ lkspdj fyf[k,A 10
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2- fczfV'k 'kkludky esa Lora=krk lsukuh tsy osQ vanj vkej.k vu'ku fdu&fdu dkj.kksa
ls djrs Fks\ 10
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272
d{kk & 7 ikB&3 % izo`Qfr dk lkfUuè;
dk;Z&i=kµ1

(d) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
okrkoj.k D;k gS\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ys[kd us viuh vkykspuk djus okyksa dks D;k tokc fn;k\
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(x) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ge lc izo`Qfr osQ ckyd gSa vkSj izo`Qfr ls fcNM+ x, gSaA oSQls\
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(?k) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ys[kd dks viuk thou lkFkZd dc yxrk gS\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
izo`Qfr vuqHko fuoklh lkekftd ozr
(d) eSa ,d d fo'kky fo'o dk ------------------------- gw¡A
([k) euq"; ,d ------------------------- izk.kh gSA
(x) ifjorZu ls u voqQykuk gekjk ------------------------- gSA
(?k) okLro esa ge lc ------------------------- osQ ckyd gSaA
(Ä) eSa ,d rjg dh o`QrkFkZrk dks ------------------------- djrk gw¡A
(d) ikSèkk µ ------------------------- ([k) i{kh µ -------------------------
(x) unh µ ------------------------- (?k) js[kk µ -------------------------
(Ä) iRrk µ ------------------------- (p) vk¡[k µ -------------------------
(d) lkekftd µ ---- $----$ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
([k) izk.kh µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(x) lqnh?kZ µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----$ ----
(?k) vkReh;rk µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
5- ikBka'k dks i<+dj iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A 2×4¾8
vifjp; dh HkM+d feVus osQ ckn isM+ vkSj muosQ iRrs esjs lkFk ckrsa djrs gSa vkSj fo'okliwoZd
vius lq[k&nq[k dh xkFkk,¡ izLrqr djrs gSaA i'kq&i{kh Hkh eq>s ,d {k.k osQ fy, nq'eu osQ rkSj
ij ns[kus osQ ckn esjh vk¡[kksa esa vkneh;r ugha oju vkReh;rk ns[krs gSaA ekuork osQ gekjs
Å¡ ps&Å¡ ps vkn'kZ i'kq&i{kh ugha tkurs] D;ksafd ekuo tkfr dk mudk vuqHko cgqr dM+ok gSA
tSls ge gSokfu;r 'kCn frjLdkj osQ lkFk bLrseky djrs gSa] oSls gh i'kq&i{kh ^vkneh;r* 'kCn
bLrseky djrs gksaxsA mlesa viuk lkjk dM+ok vuqHko O;Dr djrs gksaxsA
(d) ys[kd osQ lkFk dkSu viuh xkFkk,¡ izLrqr djrs gSa\
([k) i'kq&i{kh ys[kd dh vk¡[kksa esa D;k ns[krs gSa\
(x) i'kq&i{kh viuk dM+ok vuqHko fdl 'kCn ls O;Dr djrs gksaxs\
(?k) î{kh* vkSj êkuo* 'kCn osQ i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,A
6- lgh mRrj osQ lkeus () dk fpg~u yxkb,A 1×3¾3
(d) O;ogkjoqQ'ky yksxksa us fdldh ldh vkykspuk dh\
1- nq'euksa dh 2- :f<+okfn;ksa dh
3- ys[kd dh 4- gSokfu;r dh
([k) 'kgj esa ckfy'r Hkj ”kehu esa yksx D;k cuk ysrs gSa\
1- vkf'k;kuk 2- o`Qf=ke cxhpk
3- xfy;kjk 4- eq¡Msj
(x) flagx<+ esa ys[kd dks dkSu viukrs Fks\
1- i'kq 2- i{kh
3- Lotu 4- nsgkrh
7- fn, x, okD;ksa esa mfpr fojke&fpg~u dk iz;ksx dhft,A 1×5¾5
(d)
d) ;g okrkoj.k
okrkoj.k gS tks izo`Qfr osQ lkfUuè; ls curk gS
([k) bruk gh ugha esjh vkykspuk Hkh dh gS
(x) bu isM+ iRrksa vkSj i'kq if{k;ksa esa ls gh ,d izk.kh eSa Hkh gw¡
(?k) ekuork osQ gekjs Å¡ ps Å¡ ps vkn'kZ i'kq i{kh ugha tkurs
(Ä) ckny vkxs ihNs Åij uhps nlksa fn'kkvksa esa nkSM+rs gSa iwQyrs gSa vkSj fi?ky tkrs gSa
8- fn, x, okD;ksa esa lgh ijlxZ Hkfj,A 1×4¾4
(d) dbZ O;ogkjoqQ'ky yksxksa ------------------------- bUgha 'kCnksa esa eq>ls iwNk gSA
([k) okLro ------------------------- ge lc izo`Qfr osQ ckyd gSaA
(x) i'kq&i{kh Hkh ,d {k.k ------------------------- eq>s nq'eu osQ rkSj ij ns[krs gSaA
(?k) nsgkr vkSj taxy ------------------------- i'kqvksa osQ lkFk viuh vkReh;rk eSa ”;knk eglwl
djrk FkkA
274
d{kk & 7 ikB&3 % izo`Qfr dk lkfUuè;
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- D;k vkius 'kgj ls nwj fdlh je.khd LFky] igkM+ ;k taxy dks lehi ls ns[kk gS\
;fn gk¡] rks ml LFkku dh izko`Qfrd lq"kek dk o.kZu dhft,A 10
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2- vki vius fon~;ky; dh vksj ls 'kS{kf.kd ;k=kk ij x, gSaA ogk¡ vkius D;k&D;k ns[kk\
bl ij Mk;jh fyf[k,A 10
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276
d{kk & 7 ikB&4 % 'kghn dk i=k
dk;Z&i=kµ1

4¾8
(d) ljdkjh [k”kkuk ywVus dh ;kstuk D;ksa cukbZ xbZ\
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([k) fcfLey vius lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk fdl jsy esa cSBs Fks\
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(x) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dkdksjh dkaM D;k gS\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) v'kI+kQkd
kQkd mYyk [kk¡ vkSj vU; ozQkafrdkfj;ksa dk mn~ns'; D;k Fkk\
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2- lgh mRrj pqudj () dk fpg~u yxkb,A 11×3¾3

(d) dkdksjh esa ljdkjh fr”kksjh dc ywVh xbZ\
(i) 6 vxLr] 1925 (ii) 9 vxLr] 1925
(iii) 22 fnlacj] 1925 (iv) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
([k) ^ljI+kkQjks
Qjks'kh dh reUuk* osQ xhrdkj gSaµ
(i) iznhi (ii) v'kI+kQkd mYyk [kk¡
(iii) jkeizlkn fcfLey (iv) lhú jkepanz
(x) Hkkjr dh vk”kknh osQ fy, iQk¡lh ij p<+us okyk igyk Hkkjrh; eqlyeku dkSu Fkk\
(i) vklI+kQ vyh (ii) cnjQn~nhu rS;cth
(iii) lS;n vgen [kku (iv) v'kI+kQkd mYyk [kk¡
3- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ lafèk&foPNsn dhft,A 1×5¾5
(d) Lokèkhu µ ------------ $ ----------------- ([k) fu'p; µ ------------- $ --------------
(x) lalkj µ ------------ $ ----------------- (?k) laokn µ ------------- $ --------------
(Ä) mTToy µ ------------ $ -----------------
4- fn, x, 'kCnksa dks 'kqn~èk dhft,A ½×8¾4
(d) llL=k µ ----------------------------- ([k) uh'p; µ ---------------------------
(x) fr”kkSjh µ ----------------------------- (?k) fcMacuk µ ---------------------------
(Ä) leihZr µ ----------------------------- (p) lwyqd µ ---------------------------
(N) izla'kk µ ----------------------------- (t) ,lksfl,'ku µ ---------------------------
5- lgh okD; osQ lkeus  rFkk xyr okD; osQ lkeus  dk fpg~u yxkb,A 1
1×5¾5
(d) lu 1925 esa ozQkafrdkfj;ksa us l'kL=k ozQkafr dk fu'p; fd;kA
([k) 1925 dh ;g ?kVuk bfrgkl esa pkSjhpkSjk dkaM osQ uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA
(x) ^ljI+kkQjks
Qjks'kh dh reUuk* jkeizlkn fcfLey dk fy[kk xhr gSA
(?k) fcfLey osQ lkFk Hkxr ¯lg] lq[knso vkSj jktxqjQ dks iQk¡lh nh xbZA
(Ä) dkdksjh dkaM esa pkj ozQkafrdkfj;ksa dks iQk¡lh gqbZA
6- lgh feyku dhft,A 11×5¾5
(d) 9 vxLr] 1925 bZú (i) dkdksjh dkaM osQ ozQkafrdkfj;ksa dks iQk¡lh nh xbZA
([k) lu 1925 bZú (ii) ¯gnqLrku fjifCydu ,lksfl,'ku osQ laLFkkidksa esa ls ,dA
(x) 19 fnlacj] 1927 bZú (iii) v'kI +kQkd mYyk [kk¡A
v'kIkQkd
(?k) v'kI+kkQkd
Qkd mYyk [kk¡ (iv) ozQkafrdkfj;ksa n~okjk l'kL=k ozQkafr dk fu'p;A
(Ä) oru gekjk jgs 'kkndke (v) dkdksjh esa ljdkjh [k”kkus dh ywVA
vkSj vk”kkn
(d) izkFkZuk µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
([k) vR;kpkj µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(x) fcfLey µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(?k) ns'kHkfDr µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(Ä) lefiZr µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
8- fn, x, 'kCnksa ls 'kCn&ifjokj cukb,A 1×5¾5
(d) èku µ ----------------------------- -----------------------------
([k) ?kj µ ----------------------------- -----------------------------
(x) i=k µ ----------------------------- -----------------------------
(?k) dke µ ----------------------------- -----------------------------
(Ä) xhr µ ----------------------------- -----------------------------
278
d{kk & 7 ikB&4 % 'kghn dk i=k
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- Hkkjr yacs le; rd rqoZQ] vI+kQxku] kQxku] eqxy vkSj vaxzs”kksa osQ vèkhu jgkA blosQ D;k dkj.k
jgs gksaxs\ 10
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2- Hkkjr dh vk”kknh esa ozQkafrdkfj;ksa osQ ;ksxnku dk o.kZu dhft,A 10
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280
d{kk & 7 ikB&5 % dksf'k'k djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrh
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) os dkSu yksx gSa] tks gkj Lohdkj dj ysrs gSa\
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([k) ^dksf'k'k djusokyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrh* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\
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(x) lalkj esa fdldh t;&t;dkj gksrh gS\
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(?k) bl dfork ls gesa D;k lh[k feyrh gS\
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2- dkO; iafDr;k¡ iwjh dhft,A 22×2¾4

(d) eu --------------------------------- Hkjrk gSA
--------------------------------- v[kjrk gSA
([k) vliQyrk ---------------------------------
--------------------------------- lq/kj djksA
3- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ rqdkar 'kCn fyf[k,A ½×8¾4
(d) ukSdk µ --------------------------------- ([k) gkj µ ---------------------------------
(x) Hkjrk µ --------------------------------- (?k) ¯l/q µ ---------------------------------
(Ä) lgt µ --------------------------------- (p) xgjs µ ---------------------------------
(N) eSnku µ --------------------------------- (t) pSu µ ---------------------------------
4- fuEufyf[kr esa vuqLokj (µa) vFkok vuqukfld (µ)¡ dk iz;ksx dj fyf[k,A ½×8¾4
(d) ¯cnq µ --------------------------------- ([k) fl/q µ ---------------------------------
(x) Mqcfd;k µ --------------------------------- (?k) phVh µ ---------------------------------
(Ä) eqV~fB;k µ --------------------------------- (p) ygjks µ ---------------------------------
(N) uhn dk;Z&i=kµ2
µ --------------------------------- (t) l?k"kZ µ ---------------------------------
5- lgh okD; osQ lkeus ^gk¡* vkSj xyr okD; osQ lkeus ûgha* fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
(d) ygjksa ls Mjdj ukSdk ikj yx tkrh gSA ---------------------------------
([k) iz;Ru djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA ---------------------------------
(x) phaVh nhokjksa ij dbZ ckj fiQlyrh gSA ---------------------------------
(?k) xksrk[kksj rkykc ls eksrh fudkyrk gSA ---------------------------------
(Ä) oqQN fd, fcuk t;&t;dkj ugha gksrh gSA ---------------------------------
6- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj lksp&le>dj fyf[k,A 2½×2¾5
(d) vliQyrk dks fdl lanHkZ esa pqukSrh dgk x;k gS\ D;k vki blls lger gSa\ ;fn gk¡]
rks D;ksa\
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([k) eu dk fo'okl jxksa esa fdl izdkj lkgl Hkjrk gS\
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7- fn, x, vusdkFkhZ 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks vFkZ fyf[k,A 11×5¾5
(d) gkj µ ------------------- ------------------- ([k) ikj µ ------------------- -------------------
(x) ckj µ ------------------- ------------------- (?k) eu µ ------------------- -------------------
(Ä) gkFk µ ------------------- -------------------
8- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ vafre v{kj ls 'kCn&Ükà[kyk cukb,A 2½×2=5
(d) esgur
-------------------
-------------------
-------------------
-------------------
-------------------
([k) mRlkg
-------------------
-------------------
-------------------
-------------------
-------------------
282
d{kk & 7 ikB&5 % dksf'k'k djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrh
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- MkW- Hkhejko vacsMdj osQ thou ls tqM+k dksbZ izsjd izlax d{kk esa vius lgikfB;ksa dks
crkb,] ftlesa mUgksaus vliQyrk dks pqukSrh osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k vkSj varr% liQyrk
izkIr gkssus ij mudh t;&t;dkj gqbZA 10
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2- cksinso] dkfynkl ;k vU; fdlh dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, ^djr&djr vH;kl osQ tM+efr
gksr lqtku* ij ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A 10
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284
d{kk & 7 ikB&6 % ohj ckyd
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) cydju osQ tUefnu ij mldh ek¡ D;k&D;k dj pqdh Fkh vkSj D;k djus okyh Fkh\
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([k) ”kiQj vyh us lksus&pk¡nh osQ ckjs esa D;k dgk\
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(x) eqckjd us D;k 'kadk O;Dr dh\ tokc esa ”kiQj vyh us D;k dgk\
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(?k) rSewjyax us viuh ¯”knxh esa ubZ ckr gksus osQ ckjs esa D;k dgk\
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1
(d) dY;k.kh (i) rSewj dk ,d ljnkj
([k) rSewjyax (ii) xzkeh.k L=kh dY;k.kh dk iq=k
(x) cydju (iii) rqoZQ vkozQe.kdkjh
(?k) ”kiQj vyh (iv) ,d xzkeh.k L=kh
3- vusd 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij ,d 'kCn fyf[k,A 1×4¾4
1
(d) jkLrk fn[kkus okyk µ ------------------------------
([k) ftls Hkqyk;k u tk losQ µ ------------------------------
(x) lkgliw.kZ dk;Z djus okyk µ ------------------------------
(?k) ohj gksus dk Hkko µ ------------------------------
4- fn, x, vusdkFkZd 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks vFkZ fyf[k,A ½×8¾4
(d) ?kj µ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
([k) ukd µ ------------------------------ ------------------------------

(x) cl µ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
(?k) rs”k µ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
5- lgh okD;ksa osQ lkeus  rFkk xyr okD;ksa osQ lkeus  oQk fpg~u yxkb,A 1×5¾5
(d) cydju osQ tUefnu ij mldh ek¡ us cgqr&lh feBkb;k¡ cukbZ FkhaA
([k) cydju iwQy ykus osQ fy, lqtku osQ ?kj x;kA
(x) rqoZQ rSewj Hkkjr dks ywVus osQ fy, vk;kA
(?k) rSewj osQ lSfudksa dks ml fnu 'kke rd vejdksV igq¡puk FkkA
(Ä) cydju rSewj dh I+kQkSt esa Hkjrh gqvkA
+6- lgh 'kCn pqudj fjDr LFkku Hkfj,A 11×5¾5
LrC/rk] ry?kj] ryokj] feBkb;k¡] tUefnu
(d) esjs ----------------------------------- ij rks gfFk;kjksa dh iwtk gksuh pkfg,A
([k) FkksM+h nsj rd ----------------------------------- jgrh gSA
(x) eSaus rsjs fy, cgqr vPNh&vPNh ----------------------------------- cukbZ gSaA
(?k) eSa rq> ij ----------------------------------- ugha pyk ldrkA
(Ä) tYnh ls pydj ----------------------------------- esa fNi tkvksA
7- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj dky cnydj okD; nksckjk fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
(d) eSa vHkh ys vkm¡QxkA (orZeku dky) ------------------------------------------------------
([k) feBkb;k¡ ml dksus esa j[kh gqbZ gSaA (Hkwr dky) ------------------------------------------------------
(x) og vk;k! (Hkfo";r dky) ------------------------------------------------------
(?k) buosQ ihNs nhokj esa oqQN gksxkA (orZeku dky) ------------------------------------------------------
(Ä) eSa nwljs xk¡o tk jgk gw¡A (Hkfo";r dky) ------------------------------------------------------
8- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa vk, fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa dks fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
(d) ek¡! crkvks] vkt tUefnu ij D;k&D;k djksxh\ -----------------------------
([k) vHkh] esjs lkFk rq>s viuk tUefnu eukuk iM+sxkA -----------------------------
(x) lqtku dk ?kj gS gh fdruh nwj! -----------------------------
(?k) ml 'kh'ke osQ isM+ osQ uhps gh rks mldh >ksaiM+h gSA -----------------------------
(Ä) cgu dY;k.kh] lc oqQN NksM+dj tYnh ls HkkxksA -----------------------------
286
d{kk & 7 ikB&6 % ohj ckyd
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- rqoZQ] vjc vkSj vI+kQxkuh kQxkuh vkozQe.kdkjh Hkkjr ij vkozQe.k vkSj ywVekj D;ksa djrs gksaxs\
D;k orZeku esa ,slk laHko gS\ 10
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2- Hkkjr izkphu dky ls ysdj vc rd v¯glk dh uhfr dk ikyu djrk vk jgk gSA Hkkjr
us fdlh ns'k ij igys vkozQe.k ugha fd;k gSA vkiosQ fon~;ky; esa ^v¯glk ijeks /
eZ%* ij ,d lkewfgd ppkZ vk;ksftr dh xbZ gSA bl fo"k; ij Nk=kksa dks tkudkjh nsus
osQ fy, ,d lwpuk&ys[ku rS;kj dhft,A 10
288
d{kk & 7 ikB&7 % izk;f'pr
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) izFke ckj ek;osQ vkus ij jkew dh cgw dks D;k f”kEesnkjh feyh\
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([k) jkew dh cgw dk [kkuk&ihuk oSQls nq'kokj gks x;k\
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(x) ijelq[k dkSu Fks\ mudh D;k fo'ks"krk Fkh\
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(?k) iafMr ijelq[k D;ksa fcxM+ x,\ blosQ ckn mUgksaus jkew dh ek¡ ls D;k dgk\
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2- fdlus&fdlls dgk\ ½×8¾4
fdlus fdlls
(d) ^^vjs jke] fcYyh rks ej xbZA** ------------------------- -------------------------
([k) ^^vjs gk¡] tYnh iafMr th dks cqyk ykA** ------------------------- -------------------------
(x) ^^vjs cki js! bruk lkeku!** ------------------------- ------------------------
(?k) ^^fcYyh rks mBdj Hkkx xbZ!** ------------------------- -------------------------
3- fn, x, 'kCnksa ls nks&nks u, 'kCn cukb,A ½×8¾4
(d) ?kj µ ------------------------- -------------------------
([k) okj µ ------------------------- -------------------------
(x) cqjk µ ------------------------- -------------------------
(?k) cy µ ------------------------- -------------------------
4- fn, x, vkxr 'kCnksa osQ ¯gnh i;kZ; fyf[k,A ½×8¾4
(d) gqDe µ ------------------------- ([k) ck”kkj µ -------------------------
(x) lkI+kQ µ ------------------------- (?k) I+kQ'kZ µ -------------------------
(Ä) njok”kk µ ------------------------- (p) vkok”k µ -------------------------
(N) rjI+kQ µ ------------------------- (t) fdI+kQk;rµ -------------------------
5- lgh okD; osQ lkeus  rFkk xyr okD; osQ lkeus  oQk fpg~u yxkb,A 1×5¾5
(d) jkew dh cgw dcjh ls ?k`.kk djrh FkhA
([k) jkew dh ek¡ us cgw osQ vkrs gh ml ij gqDe pykuk 'kq: dj fn;kA
(x) iafMr ijelq[k ialsjh [kqjkdokys iafMr FksA
(?k) ykyk ?klhVkjke dh csVh us fcYyh ekj MkyhA
(Ä) var esa fcYyh mBdj Lo;a Hkkx xbZA
[khj dVksjk nku&iq.; fctyh dj/uh
(d) HkaMkj?kj dh pkch cgw dh --------------------------- esa yVdus yxhA

([k) ,d fnu jkew dh cgw us --------------------------- cukbZA
(x) fcYyh dh gR;k dh [kcj --------------------------- dh rjg iM+ksl esa iSQy xbZA
(?k) jkew dh cgw ,d --------------------------- nw/ njok”ks dh nsgjh ij j[kdj pyh xbZA
(Ä) --------------------------- esa fdI +kkQk;r
fdIkQk;r Qk;r Bhd ughaA
7- fn, x, 'kCnksa dk ¯yx&ifjorZu dhft,A ½×10¾5
(d) fcYyh µ --------------------------- ([k) ifr µ ---------------------------
(x) lkl µ --------------------------- (?k) ukSdj µ --------------------------
(Ä) ckfydk µ --------------------------- (p) iafMr µ --------------------------
(N) pqfg;k µ --------------------------- (t) nknk µ --------------------------
(>) ek¡ µ --------------------------- (×k) ykyk µ --------------------------
1
(d) czkg~e.k µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
([k) eqgwjr µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(x) nq'kokj µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(?k) Lokfn"V µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(Ä) izk;f'pr µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
290
d{kk & 7 ikB&7 % izk;f'pr
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- D;k vkius fdlh va/fo'okl osQ ckjs esa ns[kk&lquk gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks mldk o.kZu
dhft,A 10
;k
fcYyh osQ mBdj Hkkx tkus ij fdldh D;k izfrfozQ;k jgh gksxh\ lkspdj mRrj fyf[k,A
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2- vkidh n`f"V esa cky&fookg mfpr gS ;k vuqfpr\ laoS/kfud izko/kuksa osQ vk/kj ij
vius fopkj fyf[k,A 10
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292
d{kk & 7 ikB&8 % LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
egkRek xka/h osQ fy, dkSu&ls nks dke cM+s ”k:jh Fks\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) xka /h th us nf{k.k vizQhdk esa dkSu&lk mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(x) vius vklikl osQ okrkoj.k dks ge 'kqn~/ vkSj LoPN oSQls j[k ldrs gSa\
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(?k) LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku dh jkg esa izeq[k ck/k,¡ D;k gSa\
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2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ^bZ*] ^Ro* vkSj ^rk* izR;; tksM+dj fyf[k,A ½×8¾4
(d) LoPN µ ---------------------------------- ([k) O;fDr µ ----------------------------------
(x) izkFkfed µ ---------------------------------- (?k) ee µ ----------------------------------
(Ä) [ksr µ ---------------------------------- (p) xje µ ----------------------------------
(N) ekuo µ ---------------------------------- (t) euq"; µ ----------------------------------
3- fn, x, o.kZ&lewgksa esa vuqLokj (µa) vFkok vuqukfld (µ)¡ yxkdj lkFkZd 'kCn
cukb,A ½×8¾4
(d) lc/ µ ---------------------------------- ([k) iwN µ ----------------------------------
(x) igqp µ ---------------------------------- (?k) chekfj;k µ ----------------------------------
(Ä) tk,xs µ ---------------------------------- (p) vrj µ ----------------------------------
(N) lqnj µ ---------------------------------- (t) iz/kue=kh µ ----------------------------------
4- fjDr LFkkuksa esa fd@dh dk iz;ksx dhft,A 1×4¾4
(d) nSfud thou esa O;fDrxr lI+kQkbZ ---------------------------------- rjI+kQ è;ku nsus dh ”k:jr gSA
([k) xka/h th us le> fy;k Fkk ---------------------------------- dbZ egkekfj;ksa dk dkj.k [kqys esa \
'kkSp djuk gSA
(x) xka/h th us xzke LoPNrk vfHk;ku ---------------------------------- 'kq#vkr dhA
(?k) vkius ns[kk gksxk ---------------------------------- oqQRrk Hkh cSBrs le; viuh iw¡N ls ”kehu lkI+kQ
dj ysrk gSA
(d) xka/h th dks Jn~/katfy osQ :i esa gesa LoPN Hkkjr dk migkj nsuk gSA
([k) 2019 egkRek xka/h dh 200oha t;arh dk o"kZ gSA
(x) xka/h th dk dguk Fkk] ¶lI+kkQkbZ
QkbZ j[kuk ijekRek dh HkfDr leku gSA¸
(?k) LoPNrk esa fu;fer rkSj ij ckyksa] uk[kwuksa dks dkVuk 'kkfey ugha gSA
(Ä) ,d eD[kh ,d fnu esa de&ls&de rhu fdyksehVj rd mM+rh gSA
i'kqikyu lkekftd midj.k /krq,¡ izfro"kZ
(d) futh lI+kQkbZ osQ lkFk&lkFk ---------------------------------- lI +kQkbZ Hkh mruh gh vko';d gSA
lIkQkbZ
([k) gekjs ns'k esa djhc 23 djksM+ Vu dpjk ---------------------------------- iSnk gksrk gSA
(x) Hkkjr esa cM+s iSekus ij ---------------------------------- fd;k tkrk gSA
(?k) ?kkrd ---------------------------------- ”kehu vkSj okrkoj.k dks iznwf"kr djrh gSaA
(Ä) ”;knkrj ---------------------------------- nks pkj lky ckn [kjkc gks tkrs gSaA
(d) varj µ ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
([k) n`f"V µ ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
(x) xq.k µ ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
(?k) iwoZ µ ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
(Ä) ?kj µ ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
8- mfpr foykse vFkZokys 'kCn ij xksyk yxkb,A 1×5¾5
(d) vko';d µ xSj ”k:jh vR;ko';d vuko';d
([k) lh/k µ Vs<+k Ítq lery
(x) rhoz µ nqzr ean /hek
(?k) ilan µ v#fpdj vilan ukilan
(Ä) LoLFk µ vLoLFk LokLF;ghu LokLFkoku
294
d{kk & 7 ikB&8 % LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- vk”kknh osQ iSalB o"kks± osQ ckn Hkh Hkkjr osQ vLoPN jgus dk D;k dkj.k jgk gksxk\
lkspdj mRrj fyf[k,A 10
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2- vkiosQ fon~;ky; esa ^LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku* osQ varxZr LoPNrk ls lacaf/r fofo/
dk;ZozQe vk;ksftr fd, x,A iQjhnkckn esa jgus okys vius fe=k dks i=k fy[kdj bldh
tkudkjh nhft,A 10
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296
d{kk & 7 ikB&9 % lfjrk
dk;Z&i=kµ1

4¾8
(d) lfjrk osQ ty dks foey nwèk&lk D;ksa dgk x;k gS\
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([k) ^cgrh jgrh gS yxkrkj] fxjrh mBrh gS ckj&ckj* iafDr;ksa ls gesa D;k izsj.kk feyrh gS\
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(x) lfjrk ekxZ esa D;k&D;k djosQ viuk cgq ifjorZu djrh gS\
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(?k) y?kq lfjrk dh rjg tc vkiosQ ekxZ esa dksbZ ckèkk vkrh gS] rks vki D;k djrs gSa\
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2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ lkeus ^gk¡* ;k ûgha* fyf[k,A 1
1×4¾4
(d) y?kq lfjrk dk cgrk ty 'khry vkSj fueZy gksrk gSA ---------------------------
([k) y?kq lfjrk >hy ls fudyrh gSA ---------------------------
(x) lfjrk dk ru papy vkSj eu fog~oy gksrk gSA ---------------------------
(?k) bl dfork esa xaxk] xksnkojh] o`Q".kk vkSj dkosjh ufn;ksa dk o.kZu gqvk gSA
---------------------------
3- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ rqdokys (rqdkar) 'kCn fyf[k,A ½×8¾4
(d) ty µ --------------------------- ([k) 'khry µ ---------------------------
(x) cgrk µ --------------------------- (?k) ru µ ---------------------------
(Ä) èkjk µ --------------------------- (p) iFk µ ---------------------------
(N) nq[k µ --------------------------- (t) y?kq µ ---------------------------
(d) unh µ --------------------------- ([k) dfork µ ---------------------------s
(x) ewy µ --------------------------- (?k) Ükà[kyk µ ---------------------------
(Ä) iRFkj µ --------------------------- (p) cgrk µ ---------------------------
(N) /kjk µ --------------------------- (t) ;qx µ ---------------------------
(d) fueZy ---------------------------------------------] ([k) djosQ ----------------------------------------]
------------------------------------------------ ikj] -------------------------------------vk¯yxu]
cgrh ----------------------------------------------] ty&oqaQMksa ---------------------------------]

------------------------------------------------ ckj&ckjA -------------------------------------ifjorZuA
6- dfork osQ ozQekuqlkj iafDr;ksa osQ lkeus 1] 2] 3] 4] 5] 6 fyf[k,A 11×6¾6

(d) fge osQ iRFkj os fi?ky&fi?ky
([k) ftldk og 'khry djQ.kk&ty
(x) feyrk gS bldks tc iFk ij
(?k) fur pydj Hkh fdruk 'khry
(Ä) fueZy ty dh ;g rs”k èkkj
(p) ru dk papy] eu dk fog~oy
7- fuEufyf[kr dks 'kqn~èk djosQ fyf[k,A ½×10¾5
(d) ljhrk µ -------------------------- ([k) lhry µ --------------------------
(x) £uey µ -------------------------- (?k) fgexhfj µ --------------------------
(Ä) foogy µ -------------------------- (p) Jà[kyk µ --------------------------
(N) r: µ -------------------------- (t) ifjozru µ --------------------------
(>) vatyh µ -------------------------- (×k) vaarlryµ --------------------------
8- dfork ls pqudj mnkgj.kkuqlkj nl iqujQDr 'kCn fyf[k,A ½×10¾5

mnkgj.kµ fudy&fudy
--------------------- --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- ---------------------
--------------------- --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- ---------------------
298
d{kk & 7 ikB&9 % lfjrk
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1-- ufn;ksa ls gesa D;k lh[k feyrh gS\ lkspdj mRrj fyf[k,A 10
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2- vkiosQ fon~;ky; esa ^ty iznw"k.k dh jksdFkke* fo"k; ij ,d dk;Z'kkyk vk;ksftr dh
xbZ gSA bl dk;Z'kkyk esa ;equk unh dks iznw"k.k eqDr djus osQ mik;ksa ij ¯cnqokj vius
fopkj fyf[k,A 10
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300
d{kk & 7 ikB&10 % iQkfg;ku dh Hkkjr ;k=kk
dk;Z&i=kµ1
1- fuEufyf[kr
Eufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,A 2
2×4¾8
(d) iQkfg;ku dh Hkkjr&;k=kk dk D;k mn~ns'; Fkk\
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([k) iQkfg;ku us Hkkjr esa fdu&fdu LFkyksa dh ;k=kk dh\
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(x) iQkfg;ku us eFkqjk dk o.kZu fdl izdkj fd;k gS\
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(?k) ikB esa eè; izns'k osQ fo"k; esa D;k crk;k x;k gS\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(d) rhFkZ (i) n~ohi
([k) ckSn~/ (ii) jksxh
(x) vlgk; (iii) /eZ
(?k) ¯lgy (iv) LFkku
3- fn, x, vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,A 11×4¾4
(d) tks ;k=kk djrk gks µ -----------------------------------
([k) phu dk jgus okyk ukxfjd µ -----------------------------------
(x) tks vR;kpkj djrk gks µ -----------------------------------
(?k) og LFkku tgk¡ vkS"kf/ feyrh gS µ -----------------------------------
4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mi;qDr dkjd&fpg~u yxkdj fyf[k,A 1×4¾4
(d) [kksrku igq¡pus ----------------------------------- yki dk taxy ikj djuk iM+rk FkkA
([k) lw;Z vius izpaM rki ----------------------------------- ri jgk FkkA
(x) og Hkkjr ----------------------------------- [kksrku osQ ekxZ ls gksdj vk;k FkkA
(?k) Hkkjr ;k=kk djosQ iQkfg;ku ------------------------------ Lo;a -----------------------------------/U; le>kA
(d) izkphu dky esa phu ls Hkkjr vkus&tkus osQ rhu jkLrs FksA
([k) [kksrku igq¡pus osQ fy, yki dk taxy ikj djuk iM+rk FkkA
(x) iQkfg;ku osQ lkFk vkSj Hkh ;k=kh FksA
(?k) fogkjksa esa jgus okys lk/q&larksa dks Hkkstu eqÝ+r feyrk gSA
(Ä) iQkfg;ku yadk esa ,d o"kZ rd jgkA
vijk/h mit vR;kpkj yadk jktegy
(d) ikVfyiq=k dk iqjkuk ----------------------------------- cM+k vn~Hkqr FkkA
([k) Hkkjr dh rjg ----------------------------------- esa Hkh mlus ckSn~/ /eZ dk cM+k mRd"kZ ns[kkA
(x) ----------------------------------- dks mlosQ vijk/ osQ vuqlkj Hkkjh ;k gYdk naM fn;k tkrk gSA
(?k) fdlkuksa dks viuh ----------------------------------- dk ,d fuf'pr Hkkx jktk dks nsuk iM+rk gSA
(Ä) 'kkld yksx ----------------------------------- ugha djrsA
7- fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ,dopu vkSj cgqopu 'kCnksa dks Nk¡Vdj mfpr 'kh"kZd osQ lkeus
fyf[k,A ½×10¾5
jksfx;ksa vkS"k/ky; ew£r;k¡ lk/q jktk >hy jkLrs euq"; nqdkusa ;kf=k;ksa
,dopu µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cgqopu µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(d) taxy µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
([k) ikuh µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(x) Hkxoku µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(?k) o`{k µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(Ä) d"V µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
302
d{kk & 7 ikB&10 % iQkfg;ku dh Hkkjr ;k=kk
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- ckSn/ ~ /eZ osQ ckjs esa vki D;k tkurs gS\a ckSn/ ~ /eZ dh f'k{kkvksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A 10
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2- Hkkjr dh ;k=kk ij iQkfg;ku osQ vykok dbZ fons'kh vk, vkSj mUgksaus ;gk¡ dk o.kZu
fy[kkA fdlh ,d fons'kh ;k=kh osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj mls ;k=kk&o`Rrkar osQ :i
esa fyf[k,A 10
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304
d{kk & 7 ikB&11 % tc eSaus igyh iqLrd [kjhnh
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) vk;Z lekt D;k gS\ ys[kd osQ firk fdlosQ izèkku Fks\
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([k) bl ikB esa fons'kh ys[kdksa dh fdu jpukvksa dk o.kZu gS\

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(x) Lokeh n;kuan ls ys[kd D;ksa izHkkfor gq,\

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(?k) iqLrd foozsQrk us ys[kd dks de dher esa nsonkl iqLrd D;ksa csph\
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fdlus fdlls
(d) ^ôk;nk djks fd ikB~;ozQe dh fdrkcsa Hkh brus
gh è;ku ls i<+ksxsA** ----------------------- -----------------------
([k) ^^vkt ls ;g rqEgkjh ykbczsjh gSA** ----------------------- -----------------------
(x) ^^nq[k osQ fnu chr tk,¡xs csVk] èkhjt ls dke ysA** ----------------------- -----------------------
(?k) ^^vjs! rw ykSV oSQls vk;k\ fiDpj ugha ns[kh\** ----------------------- -----------------------
3- fn, x, fujFkZd 'kCnksa ls lkFkZd 'kCn cukb,A ½×8¾4
(d) nhokjèkklq µ --------------------------- ([k) dkiz'k µ ---------------------------
(x) [kkfp=kjs µ --------------------------- (?k) "kn~fuim µ ---------------------------
(Ä) rfoizHkk µ --------------------------- (p) [kjksafgef'k µ ---------------------------
(N) Hkuqvo µ --------------------------- (t) 'kuehd µ ---------------------------
4- ikB ls pqudj vkB fons'kt 'kCnksa osQ ¯gnh i;kZ; fyf[k,A ½×8¾4
(d) e”kk µ --------------------------- ([k) LowQy µ ---------------------------
(x) ekLVj µ -------------------------- (?k) uacj µ ---------------------------
(Ä) ”;knk µ --------------------------- (p) ph”ksa µ ---------------------------
(N) ykbczsjh µ --------------------------- (t) cqd'kkWi µ ---------------------------
(d) ys[kd osQ firk us ljdkjh ukSdjh NksM+ nh FkhA
([k) ys[kd dh fiz; iqLrd vkuaneB FkhA
(x) ys[kd dks ik¡poha d{kk esa LowQy ls buke esa nks fdrkcsa feyhaA
(?k) ys[kd osQ ?kj dk uke gfj Hkou FkkA
(Ä) ys[kd us nl vkus esa nsonkl iqLrd [kjhnhA
vnE; fu;fer fnoaxr ifjfpr vkfFkZd
(d) ys[kd dk ifjokj cM+s ------------------- d"Vksa ls xq”kj jgk FkkA
([k) Lokeh n;kuan ik[kaMksa osQ fojQn~èk ------------------- lkgl fn[kkus okys vn~Hkqr O;fDrRo osQ
Lokeh FksA
(x) ys[kd osQ ?kj ------------------- i=k&if=kdk,¡ vkrh FkhaA
(?k) firk ------------------- gks pqosQ FksA
(Ä) ikl esa gh ------------------- fdrkc dh nqdku FkhA
7- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mfpr fojke&fpg~u yxkdj fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
1
(d) ?kj esa vU; iqLrosaQ Hkh Fkha mifu"kn~ vkSj muosQ ¯gnh vuqokn lR;kFkZ izdk'k
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) firk dh vPNh [kklh ljdkjh ukSdjh Fkh
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(x) ikl oSQls gksxk dgha [kqn lkèkq cudj ?kj ls Hkkx x;k rks
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) ek¡ us eq>s xys yxk fy;k firk eqldjkrs jgs oqQN cksys ugha
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Ä) lglk ns[kk dkmaVj ij ,d iqLrd j[kh gS nsonkl
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,A 11×5¾5
(d) fojksèkh × ------------------------- ([k) tUe × -------------------------
(x) lgefr × ------------------------- (?k) ifjfpr × -------------------------
(Ä) vèkwjk × -------------------------
306
d{kk & 7 ikB&11 % tc eSaus igyh iqLrd [kjhnh
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- êsjs fiz; ys[kd* fo"k; ij ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A 10

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2- vkidks fdl fo"k; esa lokZfèkd vad feyrs gSa\ D;k fon~;ky; dh vksj ls vkidks
buke esa dksbZ oLrq feyh gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks dc vkSj D;ksa\ fyf[k,A 10
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308
d{kk & 7 ikB&12 % fgEer vkSj ¯”knxh
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) ¯”knxh osQ vlyh e”ks fduosQ fy, ugha gSa\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) cM+h ph”ksa vkSj cM+h gfLr;k¡ fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fodflr gksrh gSa\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) egkHkkjr osQ ;qn~/ esa ikaMoksa dh thr dk D;k dkj.k Fkk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) ¯olVu pfpZy us fgEer osQ ckjs esa D;k dgk gS\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- lgh mRrj ij  dk fpg~u yxkb,A 11×3¾3
(d) ftUgsa ygjksa esa rSjus dk vH;kl gS] os D;k ysdj ckgj vkrs gSa\
(i) lhi (ii) eksrh (iii) eNyh (iv) ghjk
([k) la;e ls Hkksx djus ij thou dks D;k izkIr gksrk gS\
(i) vkuan (ii) e/qjrk (iii) izlUurk (iv) edln
(x) dkeuk osQ vk¡py dks D;k ugha djuk pkfg,\
(i) vlhfer (ii) lw{e (iii) NksVk (iv) oxkZdkj
3- fn, x, rRle 'kCnksa osQ rn~Hko :i fyf[k,A ½×8¾4
(d) iq"i µ ------------------------- ([k) LoIu µ -------------------------
(x) vks"B µ ------------------------- (?k) vfXu µ -------------------------
(Ä) o"kZ µ ------------------------- (p) fuEu µ -------------------------
(N) ty µ ------------------------- (t) i`"B µ -------------------------
(d) ekSfDrd µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
([k) ve`rokyk µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(x) pk¡nuh µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(?k) ijekFkZ µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(Ä) pqukSrh µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(d) lq[k nsus okyh ph”ksa igys Fkha] vc ugha gSaA
([k) miokl vkSj la;e] ;g vkRegR;k osQ lk/u ugha gSaA
(x) ¯”knxh dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk fgEer gSA
(?k) lkgl dh ¯”knxh lcls NksVh ¯”knxh gksrh gSA
(Ä) ¯lg vosQyk gksus ij Hkh eXu jgrk gSA
O;kogkfjd iw¡th mis{kk tksf[ke R;kx
(d) thou dk Hkksx ---------------------- osQ lkFk djksA
([k) iakMoksa us ouokl osQ ---------------------- dks ikj fd;k FkkA
(x) lkglh euq"; mu liuksa esa Hkh jl ysrk gS] ftudk dksbZ ---------------------- vFkZ ugha gSA
(?k) ¯”knxh ls] var esa ge mruk gh ikrs gSa] ftruh mlesa ---------------------- yxkrs gSaA
(Ä) tuer dh ---------------------- djosQ thus okyk vkneh nqfu;k dh vlyh rkdr gksrk gSA
7- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ laf/&foPNsn dhft,A 1×5¾5
(d) larq"V µ ------------ $ ------------
([k) la;e µ ------------ $ ------------
(x) ijekFkZ µ ------------ $ ------------
(?k) fu'p; µ ------------ $ ------------
(Ä) larks"k µ ------------ $ ------------
8- fuEufyf[kr leLrinksa dk lekl&foxzg dhft,A 11×5¾5
(d) nksigj µ ---------------------------
([k) vkleqnz µ ---------------------------
(x) ouokl µ ---------------------------
(?k) vM+ksl&iM+ksl µ ---------------------------
(Ä) tuer µ ---------------------------
310
d{kk & 7 ikB&12 % fgEer vkSj ¯”knxh
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- ^lkglh euq"; lius m/kj ugha ysrkA* i<+h xbZ ;k vuqHko dh xbZ tkudkjh osQ vk/kj
ij fyf[k,A 10
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2- ^lkgl gh thou gS* fo"k; ij ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A 10
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312
d{kk & 7 ikB&13 % nksgk&n'kd
dk;Z&i=kµ1
1- fuEufyf[kr
yf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,A 2×4¾8
2 4¾8
(d) rqylhnkl th osQ vuqlkj 'kjhj esa izk.k jgus rd D;k ugha NksM+uk pkfg,\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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([k) ikih euq"; osQ ikl D;k&D;k gksrk gS\
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(x) dfo jghe us cM+s vkSj NksVs osQ chp fdl izdkj varj n'kkZ;k gS\
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(?k) dfo jghe us nfjnz O;fDr osQ ckjs esa D;k dgk gS\
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2- fuEufyf[kr nksgksa dks iwjk dhft,A 2
2×2¾4
(d) rqylh -------------------------------------------------------pg¡qvksjA
------------------------------------------------------------- dBksjAA
([k) rjQoj ------------------------------------------------------- ikuA
------------------------------------------------------------- lqtkuAA
3- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ ¯gnh i;kZ; fyf[k,A ½×8¾4
(d) pgq¡vksj µ ------------------------- ([k) nks; µ -------------------------
(x) esg µ ------------------------- (?k) ?kV µ -------------------------
(Ä) iku µ ------------------------- (p) diwr µ -------------------------
(N) y[kr µ ------------------------- (t) fid µ -------------------------
4- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,A ½×8¾4
(d) g"kZ µ ------------------------- ([k) iki µ -------------------------
(x) Hkyk µ ------------------------- (?k) nq[k µ -------------------------
(Ä) fgr µ ------------------------- (p) diwr µ -------------------------
(N) fo"k µ ------------------------- (t) le µ -----------------------
5- fuEufyf[kr nksgksa osQ ljykFkZ fyf[k,A 2½×2¾5
(d) ns[krs gh gj"kS ugha] uSuu ugha lusgA
rqylh ogk¡ u tkb,] oaQpu cjls esgAA
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([k) rjQoj iQy u¯g [kkr gSa] ljoj fi;¯g u ikuA
dfg jghe ij dkt fgr] laifr l¡p¯g lqtkuAA
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6- lgh okD; osQ lkeus () rFkk xyr okD; osQ lkeus () dk fpg~u yxkb,A 11×5¾5
(d) n;k èkeZ dk ewy gSA
([k) o"kkZ ½rq esa dkSvk ekSu /kj.k dj ysrk gSA
(x) ehBs opu ls pkjksa vksj lq[k mRiUu gksrk gSA
(?k) cM+s dks ns[kdj NksVs dk R;kx dj nsuk pkfg,A
(Ä) tks xjhcksa dh HkykbZ djrs gSa] os cM+s yksx gSaA
(d) uSu µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
([k) lqr µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
(x) lar µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
(?k) y{eh µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
(Ä) ryokj µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
8- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ rqdkar (rqdokys) 'kCn fyf[k,A ½×10¾5
(d) /je µ --------------------------- ([k) iQy µ --------------------------
(x) lq[k µ --------------------------- (?k) lks; µ --------------------------
(Ä) dke µ --------------------------- (p) dkt µ --------------------------
(N) ekSu µ --------------------------- (t) lwu µ --------------------------
(>) oqQlax µ --------------------------- (×k) yksx µ --------------------------
314
d{kk & 7 ikB&13 % nksgk&n'kd
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- îjksidkj* ij ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A 10

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2- îzfrowQy ifjfLFkfr esa vFkok ew[kZ osQ gkFkksa esa lRrk vkus ij fon~oku dk pqi jguk gh mRre
gSA* D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gSa\ lkspdj mRrj fyf[k,A 10
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316
d{kk & 7 ikB&14 % cnyk rks eSaus Hkh fy;k Fkk
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
,d f[kykM+h us è;kupan osQ lkFk D;k nqO;Zogkj fd;k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
è;kupan us viuk cnyk oSQls fy;k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) ^^ml le; eSa ,d ukSflf[k;k f[kykM+h gh FkkA** fdlus vkSj D;ksa dgk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(?k) estj è;kupan us viuh liQyrk dk D;k jk”k crk;k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(d) gkWdh osQ tknwxj (i) lwcsnkj estj frokjh
([k) teZuh dk pkalyj (ii) è;kupan th dk tUe
(x) è;kupan dks gkWdh [ksyus osQ fy, izsfjr djus okys (iii) fgVyj
(?k) o"kZ 1904 esa (iv) estj è;kupan
3- fn, x, okD;ksa ls laca/cks/d 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,A 11×4¾4
(d) mu fnuksa eSa iatkc jsthesaV dh vksj ls [ksyk djrk FkkA ---------------------------------
([k) eSaus ,d osQ ckn ,d >ViV Ng xksy dj fn,A ---------------------------------
(x) esjh dksf'k'k jgrh Fkh fd eSa xsan dks xksy osQ ikl ys tkdj
vius fdlh lkFkh f[kykM+h dks ns nw¡A ---------------------------------
(?k) viuh bl [ksy Hkkouk osQ dkj.k eSaus fgVyj rd dk
fny thr fy;k FkkA ---------------------------------
(d) flikgh µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
([k) iz;kx µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(x) lSfud µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(?k) ?kVuk,¡ µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
5- lgh okD; osQ lkeus  vkSj xyr okD; osQ lkeus  dk fpg~u yxkb,A 1×5¾5
(d) lu 1933 esa ys[kd iatkc jsthesaV dh vksj ls [ksyk djrs FksA
([k) c£yu vksyafid esa Hkkjrh; Vhe dks gkWdh dk Lo.kZ ind feykA
(x) 1936 esa è;kupan lsuk esa fczxsfM;j FksA
(?k) c£yu vksyafid esa fgVyj us Hkh viuh vksj ls ,d ind è;kupan th dks fn;kA
(Ä) è;kupan th dk tUe >k¡lh esa gqvk FkkA
fnypLih gkWdh fuf'pr cnyk [ksy
(d) ----------------------------------- esa rks ;g lc pyrk gh gSA
([k) gekjh Nkouh esa gkWdh [ksyus dk dksbZ ----------------------------------- le; ugha FkkA
(x) ml le; rd eq>s [ksy esa dksbZ ----------------------------------- ugha FkhA
(?k) esjh jsthesaV dk ----------------------------------- [ksy esa cM+k uke FkkA
(Ä) rqe ¯prk er djks] eSa bldk ----------------------------------- ”k:j yw¡xkA
(d) nksLr µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
([k) vkneh µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(x) ns'k µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(?k) ges'kk µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(Ä) lky µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
8- fjDr LFkkuksa esa mfpr dkjd&fpg~u Hkfj,A 1×5¾5
(d) eSa iatkc jsthesaV dh vksj ----------------------------------- [ksyk djrk FkkA
([k) [ksy ----------------------------------- rks ;g lc pyrk gh gSA
(x) eSa xsan ----------------------------------- xksy ----------------------------------- ikl ys tkdj fdlh lkFkh
f[kykM+h dks nsrk FkkA
(?k) brus esa ,d f[kykM+h ----------------------------------- xqLls esa vkdj gkWdh esjs flj ij ns ekjhA
(Ä) blls cM+k xkSjo dk {k.k fdlh f[kykM+h ----------------------------------- vkSj D;k gks ldrk gS\
318
d{kk & 7 ikB&14 % cnyk rks eSaus Hkh fy;k Fkk
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- gkWdh f[kykM+h osQúMhú ¯lg ckcw] cyohj ¯lg vkSj /ujkt fiYyS osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh
izkIr dj ,d y?kq ys[k fyf[k,A 10
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2- vkiosQ eksgYys esa fozQosQV osQ izfln~/ f[kykM+h ohjsanz lgokx vk, gSaA muls ckrphr
dhft, vkSj bl ckrphr dks laokn&'kSyh esa fyf[k,A 10
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320
d{kk & 8 ikB&1 % ig#,] lko/ku jguk
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
^[kqys ns'k osQ n~okj* ls dfo dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\
([k) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
chrk gqvk dkSu&lk nq[k vc rd ugha feV ik;k gS\
^fo"ke Ükà[kyk,¡ VwVh gSa* dk D;k vFkZ gS\

(x) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
îz'u fpg~u cu [kM+h gks xbZ ;g fleVh lhek,¡* osQ ekè;e ls dfo D;k dguk pkgrs gS\a
2- dfork dh iafDr;k¡k¡ iwjh dhft,A 22×2¾4

(d) izFke -------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------- Nksj
bl -------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------- fgyksj
([k) m¡Qph -------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------- Mxj gS
'k=kq --------------------------------
------------------------------------------- Mj gS
3- fn, x, 'kCnksa ls nks&nks u, 'kCn cukb,A 1
1×4¾4
(d) ns'k µ ------------------------------- -------------------------------
([k) 'ks"k µ ------------------------------- -------------------------------
(x) ;qx µ ------------------------------- -------------------------------
(?k) tu µ ------------------------------- -------------------------------
(d) thou µ ------------------------------- -------------------------------
([k) ?kj µ ------------------------------- -------------------------------
(x) pj.k µ ------------------------------- -------------------------------
(?k) ;qx µ ------------------------------- -------------------------------
5- lgh okD;ksa osQ lkeus () rFkk xyr okD;ksa osQ lkeus () dk fpg~u yxkb,A 1×5¾5
(d) dfo us j[kokyksa dks lko/ku jgus osQ fy, dgk gSA
([k) dfo us Lora=krk osQ i'pkr Hkkjr dks u, LoxZ dk izFke pj.k dgk gSA
(x) thou&eqDrk Mksj iwjh gks pqdh gSA
(?k) dfo osQ vuqlkj fo"ke Ükà[kyk,¡ VwVh gSaA
(Ä) lekt 'kks"k.k ls thoar gSA
6- lgh feyku dhft,A 1
1×5¾5
(d) ns'k osQ n~okj (i) izfrek,¡ VwV jgh gSaA
([k) nq[k dh foxr lk¡oyh dksj (ii) ysfdu vkxs dk jkLrk dfBu gSA
(x) vkt iqjkus ¯lgklu dh (iii) Tokj gSA
(?k) gekjh e'kky m¡Qph gS (iv) ugha feV ikbZ gSA
(Ä) tu xaxk esa (v) [kqys gSaA
1
(d) ig#, ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ -----
([k) izFke ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ -----
(x) lk¡oyh ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ -----
(?k) fpg~u ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ -----
(Ä) 'kks"k.k ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ -----
8- vuqLokj (µ)a vFkok vuqukfld (µ¡ ) yxkdj 'kCn 'kqn~/ dhft,A ½×10¾5
(d) eFku -------------------------------------- ([k) D;ksfd --------------------------------------
(x) ef”ky -------------------------------------- (?k) ugh --------------------------------------
(Ä) flgklu -------------------------------------- (p) lkoyh --------------------------------------
(N) fn'kk, -------------------------------------- (t) gok, --------------------------------------
(>) lhek, -------------------------------------- (×k) Ük`[kyk, --------------------------------------
322
d{kk & 8 ikB&1 % ig#,] lko/ku jguk
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- egk'kfDr cuus dh fn'kk esa vxzlj Hkkjr dh jkg esa dkSu&dkSu lh izeq[k ck/k,¡ gSa\
lkspdj mRrj fyf[k,A 10
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2- ,d ukxfjd osQ :i esa gesa ns'k dh Lora=krk dks v{kq..k cuk, j[kus osQ fy, D;k&D;k
djuk pkfg, vkSj D;k ugha\ fyf[k,A 10
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324
d{kk & 8 ikB&2 % lk,
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) vizQhdk osQ vLirky esa chekj O;fDr dh ikfjokfjd fLFkfr oSQlh Fkh\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fpV~Bh esa firk us fdu ;kstukvksa osQ ckjs esa crk;k\
(x) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cPpksa us fdu fgnk;rksa ij vey fd;k\
(?k) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fe=k us vTtw osQ firk vkSj dkjksckj osQ ckjs esa D;k crk;k\
2- fdlus dgk\ fdlls dgk\ ½×8¾4

fdlus fdlls
--------------------------- -----------------------------
(d) ^^dgha dksbZ dfBukbZ rks ugha\**
([k) ^^rqEgkjs firk rks rc gh xq”kj x, Fks csVsA** --------------------------- -----------------------------
--------------------------- -----------------------------
(x) ^^rqEgkjh ek¡ oSQlh gSa\**
--------------------------- -----------------------------
(?k) ^û] lc Bhd gSA**
3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa ls laca/cks/d 'kCnksa dks Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,A 1
1×4¾4
---------------------------
(d) chekj iRuh dk LokLF; FkksM+k lq/kj dh vksj c<+kA
---------------------------
([k) gkFk osQ vkWijs'ku osQ ckn vc og i=k ugha fy[k ikrkA
---------------------------
(x) 'kgj osQ ikl ,d îQkeZ gkml* cukus dh ;kstuk gSA
---------------------------
(?k) ikik osQ lkFk [kwc dke djsxkA
4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks 'kqn~/ djosQ fyf[k,A 1
1×4¾4
(d) iRuh i=k i<+rk vkSj jksrk jgrkA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) phfV~B;k¡ fu;fer :i ls vkrk jgkA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) jksx dkcw ls ckgj gS blfy, MkWDVj us vkWijs'ku dk lykg nh gSA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) 'kknh dk frfFk fuf'pr gks x;kA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(d) jQX.k efgyk osQ ifr vizQhdk esa chekj FksA
([k) vTtw gkbZ LowQy dh ijh{kk esa vuqRrh.kZ gks x;kA
(x) vTtw us vdLekr uSjksch igq¡pdj ikik dks pkSadkus dh ;kstuk cukbZA
(?k) vTtw osQ firk us vosQys viuk dkjksckj 'kq: fd;kA
(Ä) vTtw osQ firk osQ fe=k us viuk opu iwjk fd;kA
vcks/] HkVdus] fookg] dkjksckj] esgekunkjh
(d) yxrk gS] pan fnuksa dh ------------------------------ gSA

([k) ------------------------------ cPps jQykbZ Hkjh vk¡[kksa ls ek¡ dk eq¡g rkdrsA
(x) oj dh ryk'k esa ------------------------------ dh vf/d vko';drk u gqbZA
(?k) [kSj] ------------------------------ /we/ke osQ lkFk gks x;kA
(Ä) lkFk&lkFk lk>s esa geus ;g ------------------------------ 'kq: fd;kA
(d) fpV~Bh µ ------------------------- ([k) vk¡[k µ -------------------------
(x) e”knwj µ ------------------------- (?k) jQi;k µ -------------------------
(Ä) cPpk µ ------------------------- (p) nksLr µ -------------------------
(N) o"kZ µ ------------------------- (t) ou µ -------------------------
(>) oSQejk µ ------------------------- (×k) ?kM+h µ -------------------------
8- fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ls fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; dks vyx djosQ fyf[k,A ½×10¾5
nq/eq¡gk¡ cPpk] jQX.k iRuh] lqnwj vizQhdk] yacs le;] fons'kh fyI+kQkI+kQk
fo'ks"k.k µ ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------
fo'ks"; µ ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------
326
d{kk & 8 ikB&2 % lk,
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- ^lPph fe=krk* fo"k; ij ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A 10

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2- vki uSjksch esa jgrs gSAa fnYyh esa jgus okys vius fe=k dks i=k fy[kdj ogk¡ osQ ckjs esa
tkudkjh nhft,A 10
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328
d{kk & 8 ikB&3 % esjh lkgfld ;k=kk
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) n~ohi ij ¯”knk jgus osQ fy, jkW¯clu us D;k fd;k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) n~ohi ij jkW¯clu dh lcls cM+h ¯prk D;k Fkh\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) ukoksa ls rV ij vk, yksx D;k djus yxs\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) oSQnh us viuh oI+kQknkjh knkjh dk lcwr oSQls fn;k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
izrh{kk] 'kCn] nkl] fonzksg
(d) esjs ukfodksa us ----------------------------------- dj fn;k gSA
([k) ge v¡/sjs esa ckdh fonzksfg;ksa dh ----------------------------------- dj jgs FksA
(x) og esjh Hkk"kk osQ oqQN ----------------------------------- Hkh cksyuk lh[k x;k FkkA
(?k) eq>s MkoqQvksa osQ ljnkj us viuk ----------------------------------- cuk fy;kA
3- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ ¯gnh i;kZ; fyf[k,A ½×8¾4
(d) rwI+kQku
ku µ ----------------------------------- ([k) dkI+kQh µ -----------------------------------
(x) equkIk +kQkk µ ----------------------------------- (?k) lkI+kQ µ -----------------------------------
(Ä) ¯”knk µ ----------------------------------- (p) vkS”kkj µ -----------------------------------
(N) u”kj µ ----------------------------------- (t) ”kehu µ -----------------------------------
(d) MkowQ µ ----------------------------------- ([k) eNyh µ -----------------------------------
(x) n~ohi µ ----------------------------------- (?k) ygj µ -----------------------------------
(Ä) fcYyh µ ----------------------------------- (p) Vksdjh µ -----------------------------------
(N) ik¡o µ ----------------------------------- (t) uko µ -----------------------------------
5- fn, x, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A 1×5¾5
(d) jkW¯clu dk tUe dc vkSj dgk¡ gqvk Fkk\
([k) xq;kuk dh ;k=kk ls ykSVus osQ ckn fdldh e`R;q gks xbZ\
(x) tgk”k dgk¡ tk jgk Fkk\
(?k) tgk”k fdrus Vu dk Fkk\
(Ä) ,d fnu n~ohi ij jkW¯clu dks oSQls fu'kku fn[kkbZ fn,\
6- fdlus dgk\ fdlls dgk\ fdlus fdlls 11×4¾4 4¾4
(d) ^ôs vk x, gSaA** -------------------------- --------------------------
([k) ^^vki ;gk¡ oSQls\** -------------------------- --------------------------
(x) ^êsjs ukfodksa us fonzksg dj fn;k gSA** -------------------------- --------------------------
(?k) ^^D;k vius tgk”k ij tkuk pkgksxs\** -------------------------- --------------------------
7- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ^fd@dh* dk lgh iz;ksx dhft,A 11×6¾6
(d) dIrku us eq>s vius tgk”k esa ;k=kk djus ---------- vuqefr ns nhA
([k) fiQj dIrku ls iwNk ---------- D;k bl foink ls NqVdkjk ikus osQ ckn og eq>s vkSj izQkbMs dks
baXySMa okil ys tk,xkA
(x) eSaus ,d ckj fiQj xq;kuk ---------- ;k=kk ij tkus dk I+kSQlyk fd;kA
(?k) bldk vFkZ Fkk ---------- og thr x;k FkkA
(Ä) rc eSaus mls crk;k ---------- eSa bl n~ohi ij oSQls vk;k Fkk\
(p) ,d lqcg eSaus rV ---------- vksj vkrh ik¡p ukosa ns[khaA
8- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks 'kqn~/ djosQ fyf[k,A 11×5¾5
(d) mlus esjs dks lkFk pyus osQ fy, dgkA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) lc rjI+kQkQ leqnz iSQyh FkhA
rjIkQ
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) Nks Vh&eksVh Vgfu;ksa ls eSaus dbZ izdkj dk Vksdfj;k¡ cuk fy;kA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) ,d fnu n~ohi ij eq>s fdlh O;fDr osQ ik¡oksa dk fu'kku fn[kkbZ fn;kA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Ä) og eq>s esjk uke ysdj cqykrk FkkA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
330
d{kk & 8 ikB&3 % esjh lkgfld ;k=kk
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- D;k vki vius fon~;ky; dh vksj ls ;k vfHkHkkod osQ lkFk fdlh jksekapdkjh ;k=kk
ij x, gSa\ ;fn gk¡] rks mldk o.kZu dhft,A 10
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2- vki mn;iqj ls gky gh esa ?kwedj okil vk, gSaA ogk¡ izfln~/ fdyk vkSj fiNksyk >hy
gSA iQjhnkckn esa jgus okys vius fe=k dks i=k fy[kdj izkIr vuqHko lk>k dhft,A 10
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332
d{kk & 8 ikB&4 % eSa gw¡ muosQ lkFk [kM+h
dk;Z&i=kµ1
1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,A 2×4¾84¾8

(d) viuh jh<+ lh/h j[kus okys D;k ugha rt ldrs vkSj D;k ugha lg ldrs\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) leqnz esa owQnus osQ ckn dkSu fdukjs dh vksj ugha ns[krs gSa\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) dfo us lgh&xyr crkus okyksa osQ ckjs esa D;k dgk gS\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) dfo us lRiFk fdls dgk gS\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(d) fuHkZ; gksdj ?kksf"kr djrs (i) vkrrkf;;ksa dh 'ke'khjA
([k) ftudh ftg~ok ij gksrk gS (ii) lh/h j[krs viuh jh<+A
(x) ugha ftUgsa pqi dj ldrh gS (iii) muosQ varj dk vaxkjA
(?k) eSa gw¡ muosQ lkFk [kM+h tks (iv) tks vius mn~xkj&fopkjA
3- fn, x, 'kCnksa ls nks&nks u, 'kCn cukb,A ½×8¾4
(d) rt µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
([k) lg µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(x) iFk µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(?k) ohj µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(d) [kM+h µ ----------------------------- ([k) dHkh µ -----------------------------
(x) HkhM+ µ ----------------------------- (?k) U;ksrk µ -----------------------------
(Ä) re µ ----------------------------- (p) gkj µ -----------------------------
(N) rhj µ ----------------------------- (t) tku µ -----------------------------
5- dfork osQ vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk ozQe fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
(d) ugha >qdk djrs tks nqfu;k ([k) tks vius oaQ/kas ls ioZr
(x) lRiFk gS og ftl ij viuh (?k) dHkh ugha tks rt ldrs gSa
(Ä) ftudks ;g ijokg ugha gS
6- fuEufyf[kr vifBr in~;ka'k dks i<+dj iwNs x, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A 1×5¾5
ladVksa ls ohj ?kcjkrs ugha] vkink,¡ ns[k fNi tkrs ughaA
yx x, ftl dke esa iwjk fd;k] dke djosQ O;FkZ iNrkrs ughaAA
dfBu iFk dks ns[k eqldjkrs lnk] ladVksa osQ chp os xkrs lnkA
gS vlaHko oqQN ugha muosQ fy,] ljy&laHko dj fn[kkrs os lnkA lnkAA
(d) dkSu vkink,¡ ns[k ugha fNirs gSa\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) ohj dke oSQls djrs gSa\ dkSu O;FkZ ugha iNrkrs gSa\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) ohj dfBu iFk vkSj ladV dks ns[kdj D;k djrs gSa\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) fduosQ fy, oqQN Hkh vlaHko ugha gS\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Ä) ^dfBu* vkSj ^vlaHko* 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(d) 'ke'khj µ -------------------- -------------------- ([k) nqfu;k µ -------------------- --------------------
(x) rhj µ -------------------- -------------------- (?k) mnf/ µ -------------------- --------------------
(Ä) iFk µ -------------------- --------------------
8- fn, x, 'kCnksa dks 'kqn~/ djosQ fyf[k,A ½×10¾5
(d) fl/h µ ------------------------------- ([k) U;k;kSfpr µ ------------------------------
(x) le>ksrk µ ------------------------------- (?k) fuHkz; µ -------------------------------
- (Ä) vuqoqQy µ ------------------------------- (p) fj<+ µ -------------------------------
(N) vr;kpkj µ ------------------------------- (t) thg~ok µ -------------------------------
(>) m¡ps µ ------------------------------- (×k) rdfnj µ -------------------------------
334
d{kk & 8 ikB&4 % eSa gw¡ muosQ lkFk [kM+h
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- dfork esa fu;fr muosQ lkFk [kM+h jgrh gS] tks viuh ihB lh/h j[krs gSaA bls vki fdl
:i esa ns[krs gSa\ D;k vki Hkh ,sls yksxksa osQ lkFk jguk ilan djsaxs\ 10
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2- ^vkRelEeku vkSj LokfHkeku euq"; dh lcls cM+h iw¡th gSA* bl fo"k; ij ,d vuqPNsn
fyf[k,A 10
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336
d{kk & 8 ikB&5 % fHk[kkfju
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) eafnj esa vkus okyksa osQ izfr fHk[kkfju dh D;k lksp Fkh\ D;k mldh lksp lgh Fkh\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) fHk[kkfju dh D;k fnup;kZ Fkh\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) lsB osQ ikl oSQls yksx vkrs Fks\

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(?k) lsB cukjlh nkl dks va/h osQ ik¡oksa ij D;ksa fxjuk iM+k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk ikB osQ vuqlkj ozQe (1] 2] 3] 4) fyf[k,A 11×4¾4
(d) fHk[kkfju izkr% ls laè;k rd eafnj osQ njok”ks ij [kM+h jgrhA
([k) eksgu osQ iwjh rjg LoLFk gks tkus ij va/h us fonk ek¡xhA
(x) ”kjk ns[kuk rks blosQ uke dh dksbZ iw¡th tek gS D;k\
(?k) lsB th] esjh tek&iw¡th esa ls nl&ik¡p #i;s fey tk,¡ rks cM+h o`Qik gksA
3- fn, x, v'kqn~/ 'kCnksa dks 'kqn~/ dhft,A ½×8¾4
(d) izrhfnu µ ------------------------------- ([k) >ksiM+h µ -------------------------------
(x) jkgxhjkSa µ ------------------------------- (?k) vkl/j.k µ -------------------------------
(Ä) /ekZrek µ ------------------------------- (p) o`QI;k µ -------------------------------
(N) 'kqJq"kk µ ------------------------------- (t) lqpk: µ -------------------------------
4- fuEufyf[kr vkxr 'kCnksa osQ ¯gnh i;kZ; fyf[k,A ½×8¾4
(d) dkI+kQh µ ------------------------------- ([k) d”kZ µ -------------------------------
(x) MkWDVj µ ------------------------------- (?k) csbZeku µ -------------------------------
(Ä) ukSdj µ ------------------------------- (p) edku µ -------------------------------
(N) [kwu µ ------------------------------- (t) feDlpj µ -------------------------------
5- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ vkxs ^gk¡* ;k ûgha* fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
(d) fHk[kkfju us=kghu FkhA --------------------------------
([k) 'osr oL=kksaokys jkgxhj vf/d iSls nsrs FksA --------------------------------
(x) lsB cukjlhnkl iz;kx osQ izfln~/ O;fDr FksA --------------------------------
(?k) fHk[kkfju vius chekj cPps dks MkWDVj ls fn[kkuk pkgrh FkhA --------------------------------
(Ä) eksgu lsB cukjlh nkl dk gh iq=k fudykA --------------------------------
[kkus] ?k`.kk] vifjfpr] Toj] ckgj
(d) fHk[kkfju dks lsB th ls ----------------------------------- gks xbZA
([k) mldh >ksaiM+h uxj ls ----------------------------------- FkhA
(x) ml le; ls mldk ----------------------------------- fiQj vf/d gksuk vkjaHk gks x;kA
(?k) ----------------------------------- osQ fy, vUu dkI +kQh
kQh fey tkrk FkkA
dkIkQh
(Ä) pgq¡vksj ----------------------------------- 'kDysa ns[kdj mlus vius us=k fiQj can dj fy,A
7- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa lgh fojkeµfpg~u yxkdj fyf[k,A 11×5¾5
(d) vkus tkus okys nks pkj iSls mmlosQ gkFk ij j[k gh nsrs
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) mlos Q ikl dkI +kQh
dkIkQhkQh #i;s gks x, Fks gk¡M+h yxHkx iwjh Hkj xbZ Fkh
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) ls B th us gk¡M+h dh vksj ns[kdj dgk blesa D;k gS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) va /h dh tku esa tku vkbZ vk'kk c¡/h
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Ä) eerk 'kCn us va/h dks fody dj fn;k mlus rqjar dgk vPNk pyks
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8- ikB ls pqudj ik¡p iqu#Dr 'kCn fyf[k,A 11×5¾5
----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
-----------------------------------
338
d{kk & 8 ikB&5 % fHk[kkfju
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- ljdkj dh vksj ls vkfFZkd :i ls v'kDr yksxksa osQ fy, dkSu&dkSu ls dk;ZozQe pyk,
tk jgs gSa\ vius vfHkHkkod ;k usV ls tkudkjh izkIr dj fyf[k,A 10
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2- dgkuh fy[ks tkus osQ le; yksx viuh iw¡th lsB th osQ ikl /jksgj osQ :i esa D;ksa
j[krs gksaxs\ blls iw¡th j[kus okyksa vkSj lsB th dks D;k I+kQk;nk gksrk gksxk\ lkspdj
fyf[k,A 10
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340
d{kk & 8 ikB&6 % vYcVZ vkbaLVhu
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) fcLekoZQ osQ le; teZuh dh D;k fLFkfr Fkh\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) cuZ esa uotkr iq=k dks xkM+h esa Vgykrs le; vkbaLVhu D;k djrs Fks\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) v.kq ce osQ ckjs esa vkbaLVhu osQ D;k fopkj Fks\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) vkbaLVhu us vefjdh jk"Vªifr :tosYV dks i=k D;ksa fy[kk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- fn, x, vusdkFkZd 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks vFkZ fyf[k,A 1
1×4¾4
(d) cl µ ----------------------------- -----------------------------
([k) i=k µ ----------------------------- -----------------------------
(x) dke µ ----------------------------- -----------------------------
(?k) in µ ----------------------------- -----------------------------
3- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ laf/&foPNsn dhft,A 1
1×4¾4
(d) ifj.kke µ ------------- $ -------------
([k) vR;ko';d µ ------------- $ -------------
(x) lalkj µ ------------- $ -------------
(?k) lEeku µ ------------- $ -------------
4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dh iwfrZ mfpr laca/cks/d 'kCnksa ls dhft,A 11×4¾4
(d) cgqr lksp&fopkj --------------------------------- mUgksaus vesfjdk esa jguk r; fd;kA
([k) fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks i<+kus --------------------------------- os [kkyh le; esa Lora=k :i ls vuqla/ku
Hkh djrs FksA

(x) vkbaLVhu --------------------------------- lalkj osQ gj dksus ls fo'ofon~;ky;ksa esa Hkk"k.k nsus osQ
fy, fuea=k.k i=k vkus yxsA
(?k) /hjs&/hjs oqQN izeq[k oSKkfudksa dk è;ku vkbaLVhu --------------------------------- vkdf"kZr gqvkA
czg~ekaM xf.kr izlUu vuqla/ku jkt
(d) mu fnuksa teZuh esa fcLekoZQ dk ----------------------------------- FkkA
([k) fVefVekrs flrkjksa dks ns[kdj vYcVZ osQ ân; esa ----------------------------------- dks tkuus dh
rhoz vkdka{kk gksrhA
(x) pkpk ;kdkso us muosQ eu esa ----------------------------------- osQ izfr izse tkx`r dj fn;kA
(?k) vkbaLVhu johanzukFk VSxksj ls feydj ----------------------------------- gq, FksA
(Ä) [kkyh le; esa os Lora=k :i ls ----------------------------------- Hkh djrs FksA
(d) vYcVZ vkbaLVhu dk tUe bVyh esa gqvkA
([k) vkbaLVhu osQ iq=kksa dk uke vYcVZ twfu;j vkSj ,MoMZ FkkA
(x) lu 1914 esa os oSaQlj laLFkku esa funs'kd cudj cfyZu x,A
(?k) ckn esa vYcVZ vkbaLVhu vesfjdk osQ ukxfjd cu x,A
(Ä) ,Mhlu us mUgsa lalkj osQ fxus&pqus egku O;fDr;ksa esa fxukA
7- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa leqPp;cks/d 'kCnksa ij xksyk ( ) yxkb,A 1×5¾5
(d) oqQN yksx rks mUgsa fiQlM~Mh Hkh dgrs FksA
+kkQkSQkSth 'kklu dk okrkoj.k Fkk] blfy, LowQy dk uke lqurs gh vYcVZ Mj tkrsA
([k) LowQyksa esa IIkQkS
(x) LowQy esa mudk eu u yxrk] ysfdu ?kj ij pkpk ;kdkso us muosQ eu esa xf.kr osQ izfr
izse tkx`r dj fn;kA
(?k) rduhdh fo'ks"kK dk dke Fkk] ;kuh isVsaV osQ fy, tks vkosnu&i=k vkrs Fks] mugsa tk¡pukA
(Ä) vkbaLVhu egku oSKkfud gh ugha Fks] cfYd 'kkafr osQ j{kd Hkh FksA
(d) foKkuyksd µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
([k) vkdka{kk µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(x) okrkoj.k µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(?k) Lohdkj µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(Ä) lw;xZ gz .k µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
342
d{kk & 8 ikB&6 % vYcVZ vkbaLVhu
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- bl ikB dh gh rjg lhúohú je.k dh thouh fy[kus dk iz;kl dhft,A 10

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2- dYiuk dhft, fd vkidh HksaV vkbaLVhu ls gks tkrh] rks vki muls D;k oqQN iwNuk
ilan djrs\ laokn&'kSyh esa fyf[k,A 10
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344
d{kk & 8 ikB&7 % iQk¡lh ls igys
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) iQk¡lh dh izrh{kk djus okys vijk/h D;k izkFkZuk djrs Fks\
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([k) Hkxr ¯lg iQk¡lh osQ ckjs esa D;k lksp jgs Fks\
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(x) ykgkSj "kM~;a=k vfHk;ksx j{kk lfefr osQ dkuwu fo'ks"kKksa dh D;k jk; Fkh\
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(?k) U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ; ls dkSu&lh nks ckrsa Li"V gqb±\
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2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk ikB osQ vuqlkj lgh ozQe (1] 2] 3] 4) fyf[k,A 1×4¾4
(d) vki vius dk;Z n~okjk bl ckr dk izek.k nhft,A
([k) vc rks cM+h csrkch ls vkf[kjh bfErgku dk bar”kkj gSA
(x) eq>s iQk¡lh dk naM feyk gS] ¯drq rqEgsa vkthou dkjkokl dkA
(?k) mUgksaus vkil esa feydj ,d ywV tkjh dj j[kh gSA
3- leqPp;cks/d 'kCnksa osQ mQij xksyk ( ) dhft,A 1×4¾4
(d) eq>s naM lquk fn;k x;k gS vkSj iQk¡lh dk vkns'k gqvk gSA
([k) oqQN lqfo/k,¡ fey tk,¡ vFkok le>kSrs gks tk,¡] mlls Hkh fLFkfr ugha cny ldrhA
(x) eSa oSQn gksdj ;k ikcan gksdj f”kank jguk ugha pkgrkA
(?k) nwljs lkFkh rks blls ukjk”k gq,] ij Hkxr ¯lg us eku fy;kA
4- mfpr laca/cks/d vO;; pqudj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r dhft,A 1×4¾4
osQ fo#n~/] osQ n~okjk] osQ lkeus] osQ lkFk
(d) eSa [kq'kh ----------------------------------- iQk¡lh osQ r[rs ij p<+dj viuk cfynku nw¡xkA
([k) geus lezkV tkWtZ iape ----------------------------------- ;qn~/ fd;k gSA
(x) Hkkjrh; iw¡thifr;ksa ----------------------------------- gh fu/Zuksa dk [kwu pwlk tk jgk gSA
(?k) vkt gekjh de”kksfj;k¡ yksxksa ----------------------------------- ugha gSaA
5- lgh mRrj osQ lkeus () dk fpg~u yxkb,A 1×5¾5
(d) iQk¡lh dh l”kk osQ oDr Hkxr ¯lg fdl tsy esa can Fks\
(i) ykgkSj (ii) ve`rlj (iii) eqyrku (iv) jkoy¯iMh
([k) Hkxr ¯lg osQ fdl ozQkafrdkjh lkFkh dks vkthou dkjkokl dk naM feyk\
(i) lq[knso (ii) cVqosQ'oj nRr (iii) jktxq# (iv) fcfLey
(x) 1930 esa fczfV'k lezkV dkSu Fks\
(i) tkWtZ gSfjl (ii) tkWtZ bYoVZ (iii) tkWtZ b£ou (iv) tkWtZ iape
(?k) Hkxr ¯lg dks dc iQk¡lh nh xbZ\
(i) 21 ekpZ] 1930 dks (ii) 22 ekpZ] 1931 dks
(iii) 23 ekpZ] 1931 dks (iv) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(Ä) ;rhanzukFk nkl vkSj Hkxorhpj.k dkSu Fks\
(i) ozQkafrdkjh (ii) Hkxr ¯lg osQ lgikBh
(iii) dkaxzsl osQ usrk (iv) xje ny osQ usrk
izHkko] izdk'k] de”kksfj;k¡] xoZ] ohjrk
(d)) ozQkafrdkjh vius vkn'kks± osQ fy, ------------------------------- ls cfynku ns ldrs gSaA
([k) turk ij bu lc ckrksa dk ------------------------------- cgqr de iM+rk gSA
(x) izFke O;k[;k ij ge ”kjk foLrkj osQ lkFk ------------------------------- Mkyuk pkgrs gSaA
(?k) vkt esjh ------------------------------- yksxksa osQ lkeus ugha gSaA
(Ä) eq>s vktdy vius&vki ij cgqr ------------------------------- gSA
7- fn, x, vusdkFkZd 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks vFkZ fyf[k,A ½×10=5
(d) naM µ ------------------- ------------------- ([k) gj µ ------------------- -------------------
(x) Hkkx µ ------------------- ------------------- (?k) i=k µ ------------------- -------------------
(Ä) cl µ ------------------- -------------------
(d) izrh{kkµ ------------------- ------------------- ([k) izkFkZuk µ ------------------- -------------------
(x) fu/Zu µ ------------------- ------------------- (?k) 'k=kq µ ------------------- -------------------
(Ä) ;qn~/ µ ------------------- -------------------
346
d{kk & 8 ikB&7 % iQk¡lh ls igys
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- ozQkafrdkfj;ksa n~okjk fd, x, dk;ks± dks vki fdl :i esa ns[krs gSa\ lkspdj mRrj
fyf[k,A 10
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2- vf/dka'k jktuSfrd usrk ozQkafrdkfj;ksa dks viuk 'k=kq le>rs FksA blosQ D;k dkj.k jgs
gksaxs\ 10
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348
d{kk & 8 ikB&8 % lkbfdy dh lokjh
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) ys[kd osQ vuqlkj ew[kZ D;k djrs gSa vkSj cqn~f/eku D;k djrs gSa\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) frokjh th us ys[kd ls muosQ lkbfdy lh[kus osQ fu.kZ; osQ ckjs esa D;k dgk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) ys[kd us frokjh th dh udkjkRed ckrksa dk D;k mRrj fn;k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) Jherh th us lkbfdy izf'k{k.k fon~;ky; [kksyus okyh ckr ij D;k izfrfozQ;k nh\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(d) e'khu e¡xokdj mu diM+ksa dh ejEer 'kq: dh nhA
([k) lksrs Fks] rks lkbfdy osQ lius vkrs FksA
(x) ;g lc frokjh th dh 'kjkjr gSA
(?k) exj gekjs ohj ân; dk lkgl vkSj /hjt nsf[k,A
3- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ laf/&foPNsn dhft,A 1×4¾4
(d) ijekRek µ ------------- $ -------------
([k) fu'p; µ ------------- $ -------------
(x) fon~;ky; µ ------------- $ -------------
(?k) ijes'oj µ ------------- $ -------------
4- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ls milxZ o ewy 'kCn vyx&vyx dhft,A 1×4¾4
milxZ ewy 'kCn
(d) izf'k{k.k µ -------------------- --------------------

([k) vuqlkj µ -------------------- --------------------
(x) izdkj µ -------------------- --------------------
(?k) fopkj µ -------------------- --------------------
5- lgh okD;ksa osQ lkeus () rFkk xyr okD;ksa osQ lkeus () dk fpg~u yxkb,A
1×5¾5
(d) 'kk;n 1942 bZú esa ys[kd dks lkbfdy pykuk lh[kus dk [k;ky vk;kA
([k) ys[kd us lkbfdy lh[kus osQ fy, ck”kkj ls u, diM+s [kjhnsA
(x) ys[kd pkgrs Fks fd fdlh dks dkuksa&dku [kcj u gks vkSj ge lkbfdy lh[k tk,¡A
(?k) ys[kd us mLrkn dks I+kQhl

kQhl osQ :i esa pkyhl #i;s fn,A
(Ä) vkB&ukS fnu esa ys[kd lkbfdy pykuk lh[k x, FksA
vkuan] gks'k] nqfu;k] ohj] rk¡xk
(d) rHkh lkeus ls ,d ------------------------------- vkrk fn[kkbZ fn;kA
([k) gekjs ------------------------------- dh dksbZ lhek ugha FkhA
(x) exj gekjs ------------------------------- ân; dk lkgl vkSj /hjt nsf[k,A
(?k) tc ------------------------------- vk;k] rc ge vius ?kj esa FksA
(Ä) ------------------------------- yk[k cqjh gS] fiQj Hkh Hkys vknfe;ksa ls [kkyh ugha gSA
7- ikB ls pqudj ik¡p iqu#Dr 'kCn fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
-------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------- --------------------------
8- fn, x, okD;ksa esa dkjd&fpg~u ij xksyk ( ) yxkdj dkjd dk uke fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
(d) lksprk gw¡] Hkxoku us ;s nksuksa fo/k,¡ Hkh [kwc cukbZ gSaA -------------------------------
([k) lkspk] D;k ge gh ”kekus Hkj esa fiQlM~Mh jg x, gSaA -------------------------------
(x) u gVk rks ozQks/iw.kZ us=kksa ls mldh rjIk+ Q ns[krs gq, fudy x,A -------------------------------
(?k) geus eqldjkdj Jherh th dh rjI+kQ ns[kkA -------------------------------
(Ä) geus bl dke osQ fy, diM+s Hkh cuok fy, gSaA -------------------------------
350
d{kk & 8 ikB&8 % lkbfdy dh lokjh
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- ^cqjk le; vkrk gS] rks cqnf~ / igys gh Hkz"V gks tkrh gSA* dFku dks Li"V dhft,A 10
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2- ^djr&djr vH;kl osQ tM+efr gksr lqtku* bl fo"k; ij ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A 10
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352
d{kk & 8 ikB&9 % deZohj
dk;Z&i=kµ1

(d) ,d vku esa fduosQ cqjs fnu Hkh Hkys gks tkrs gSa\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) ^dke djus dh txg ckrsa cukrs gSa ugha* ls dfo dk D;k RkkRi;Z gS\
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(x) deZohj osQ dysts dks D;k dHkh ugha o¡Qik ldrh\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) deZohj ikB ls gesa D;k lh[k feyrh gS\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(d) vkt ------------------------------------------------ ghA
------------------------------------------------ oghAA
([k) ckr gS ------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------ osQ fy,AA

(d) ?kcjkrs µ ----------------------------------- ([k) ohj µ -----------------------------------
(x) rdrs µ ----------------------------------- (?k) igj µ -----------------------------------
(Ä) yiV µ ----------------------------------- (p) /wi µ -----------------------------------
(N) tksM+rs µ ----------------------------------- (t) taxy µ -----------------------------------

 ----------------------------------- ([k) dfBu
(d) nq[k  -----------------------------------

(x) ohj  ----------------------------------- (?k) m¡Qph  -----------------------------------
(Ä) vkjaHk  ----------------------------------- (p) vkt  -----------------------------------
(N) iwQy  ----------------------------------- (t) Hk;  -----------------------------------
(d) deZohj ck/kvksa ls ugha ?kcjkrs gSaA
([k) deZohj HkhM+ esa papyrk ugha fn[kykrsA
(x) deZohj vkt osQ dke dks dy djrs gSaA
(?k) deZohj viuk le; dHkh O;FkZ ugha x¡okrs gSaA
(Ä) deZohj dke vkjaHk djosQ chp esa NksM+ nsrs gSaA
(d) fdruk gh dfBu dke gks (i) ckrsa ugha cukrs gSaA
([k) tks oqQN lksprs vkSj dgrs gSa (ii) mnkgj.k (uewuk) cu tkrs gSaA
(x) dke djus dh txg os (iii) dk Hkh lkeuk djrs gSaA
(?k) os vkSjksa osQ fy, Lo;a (iv) mls dj fn[kkrs gSaA
(Ä) dke iM+us ij ;s 'ksj (v) ¯drq mdrkrs ugha gSaA
(d) HkkX; µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
([k) fo?u µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(x) ;Ru µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(?k) pk¡nuh µ ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------
(Ä) 'ksj µ ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------
---------------------------
(d) nqxZe µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
([k) papy µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(x) O;kse µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(?k) Hk;nkf;uh µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(Ä) o`Fkk µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
354
d{kk & 8 ikB&9 % deZohj
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- vki cM+s gksdj D;k cuuk pkgrs gSa vkSj D;ksa\ vkiosQ fopkj ls yksx vius drZO; ls foeq[k D;ksa
gksrs gSa\ fyf[k,A 10
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2- ^le; dk lnqi;ksx* fo"k; ij ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A 10
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356
d{kk & 8 ikB&10 % floaQnj vkSj iq#
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) lsY;wdl us iqjQ dks ^lcls cM+k 'k=kq* D;ksa dgk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) floaQnj us thr osQ fy, fdUgsa èkU;okn Kkfir fd;k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) floaQnj dh rkjhI+kQkQ osQ tokc esa egkjkt iqjQ us D;k dgk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) lsY;wdl dh Vksdk&Vksdh ij egkjkt iqjQ us D;k dgk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(d) floaQnj (i) ;wukuh lsukifr
([k) iqjQ (ii) iqjQ dk iq=k
(x) lej (iii) Hkkjrh; (iatkc dk) jktk
(?k) lsY;wdl (iv) ;wukuh jktk
(d) thr × ------------------------ ([k) nso × ------------------------
(x) cM+k × ------------------------ (?k) 'k=kq × ------------------------
(Ä) fnu × ------------------------ (p) lgh × ------------------------
(N) jktk × ------------------------ (t) ohj × ------------------------
(d) naM µ ------------------------ ------------------------
([k) vkSj µ ------------------------ ------------------------
(x) rhj µ ------------------------ ------------------------

(?k) mRrj µ ------------------------ ------------------------
fdlus fdlls
(d) ^^vkb,] gekjs cgknqj nq'eu] vkidk Lokxr gSA** ------------------- -------------------
([k) ^^geus vki tSlk vksNk vkSj ?keaMh jktk vktrd
ugha ns[kkA** ------------------- -------------------
(x) ^^vnc ls ckr dhft,A** ------------------- ----------------
(?k) ^^tSlk ,d jktk dks nwljs jktk osQ lkFk djuk pkfg,A** ------------------- -------------------
(Ä) ^^vki gels oqQN vkSj Hkh dguk pkgrs gSa\** ------------------- -------------------
naM esgjckuh rdnhj cnyk dk;Zokgh
(d) ge btk”kr nsrs gSa fd vkt dh --------------------------- 'kq: dh tk,A
([k) ftlus ;g xyrh dh gks] mldk irk yxkb, vkSj --------------------------- nhft,A
(x) ;g vkius ge ij --------------------------- ugha dhA
(?k) vkius ns[kk] --------------------------- us gekjk lkFk oSQls fn;kA
(Ä) 'kk;n vius firk dk --------------------------- ysus vk;k FkkA
(d) nsork µ -------------------------------- --------------------------------
([k) ;qn~èk µ -------------------------------- --------------------------------
(x) ryokj µ -------------------------------- --------------------------------
(?k) unh µ -------------------------------- --------------------------------
(Ä) csVk µ -------------------------------- --------------------------------
8- fn, x, 'kCnksa dk ¯yx&ifjorZu dhft,A 11×5¾5
(d) egkjkt µ --------------------------------
([k) iq=k µ --------------------------------
(x) ckyd µ --------------------------------
(?k) firk µ --------------------------------
(Ä) jktoqQekj µ --------------------------------
358
d{kk & 8 ikB&10 % floaQnj vkSj iq#
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- vkRelEeku vkSj ns'kizse ls c<+dj oqQN ugha gSA bl dFku osQ i{k esa ikB osQ vkèkkj ij vius
fopkj fyf[k,A 10
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2- Hkkjr dks fcuk thrs floaQnj dks iatkc ls gh D;ksa okil ykSVuk iM+k\ lkspdj
fyf[k,A 10
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360
d{kk & 8 ikB&11 % esjk fon~;kFkhZ thou
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) iqLrdksa esa i<+h ckr ij xka/h th us fdl izdkj vey fd;k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) ,d fnu le; ij dljr osQ fy, u igq¡pus ij D;k ?kVuk ?kVh\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) xka/h th laLo`Qr f'k{kk dh vksj iqu% D;ksa ykSV vk,\
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(?k) vf/d Hkk"kkvksa dk vè;;u dc cks> Lo:i izrhr gksrk gS\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(d) pkj #i;s ekfld dh Nk=ko`fRr (i) laLo`Qr f'k{kd
([k) nksjkoth ,nyth xheh (ii) iqjkuh ukSdjkuh
(x) o`Q".k'kadj ekLVj (iii) gsMekLVj
(?k) jaHkk nkbZ (iv) ik¡posa ntsZ esa
(d) ;ksX; × ----------------------------------- ([k) uje × -----------------------------------
(x) 'kqHk × ----------------------------------- (?k) izse × -----------------------------------
(Ä) ew[kZ × ----------------------------------- (p) Lej.k × -----------------------------------
(N) oqQcqn~f/ × ----------------------------------- (t) ilan × -----------------------------------
(d) f'k{kd µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
([k) fon~;kFkhZ µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

(x) firk µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(?k) mez µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
5- lgh dFku osQ lkeus () rFkk xyr dFku osQ lkeus () dk fpg~u yxkb,A 1×5¾5
(d) xka/h th fon~;kFkhZ dky esa vius dks cgqr ;ksX; u le>rs FksA
([k) lnkpkj esa pwd gksus ij xka/h th dks jksuk vk tkrkA
(x) LowQy can gksrs gh ?kj igq¡pdj xka/h th firk dh lsok esa tqV tkrsA
(?k) xka/h th dk gLr ys[k cgqr vPNk FkkA
(Ä) oS".ko gksrs gq, Hkh xka/h th dHkh gosyh ugha x,A
dljr] >wBk] /eZf'k{kk] fxurh] rdnhj
(d) Nk=ko`fRr;k¡ feyus esa esjh ;ksX;rk dh vis{kk ---------------------------------- us vf/d enn dhA
([k) ---------------------------------- ls v#fp esjh Hkwy FkhA
(x) eq>s bl ckr ls vR;ar nq[k gqvk fd eSa ---------------------------------- le>k x;kA
(?k) lksyg o"kZ rd fon~;kè;;u fd;k] ijarq LowQy esa dgha ---------------------------------- u feyhA
(Ä) Hkk"kkvksa dh ---------------------------------- ls fdlh dks Mjus dh ”k:jr ughaA
7- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks u, 'kCn cukdj fyf[k,A ½×10¾5
(d) izse µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
([k) ;ksX; µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(x) dke µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(?k) ys[k µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(Ä) /eZ µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
8- fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ls fo'ks"k.k rFkk fo'ks"; Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,A ½×10¾5

ipkl Nk=k] xgjs laLdkj] nl #i;s] 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk] ekufld f'k{kk
fo'ks"k.k µ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------
fo'ks"; µ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------
362
d{kk & 8 ikB&11 % esjk fon~;kFkhZ thou
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- Ô;k;ke dk egRo* fo"k; ij ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A 10

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2- lnkpkj D;k gS\ D;k vki vius vkpj.k osQ izfr lroZQ jgrs gSa\ Li"V dhft,A 10
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364
d{kk & 8 ikB&12 % Hkfo"; dk Hk;
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) rqyrqy us Vquh osQ gkFk ls gFkkSM+k Nhudj isaQdrs gq, D;k dgk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) rqyrqy us eu&gh&eu D;k fu'p; fd;k\
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(x) lqcg mBus ij rqyrqy dks ;g lqcg jks”k dh gh rjg D;ksa yxh\
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(?k) rqyrqy us ;g D;ksa dgk fd cM+ksa dks le>k gh ugha tk ldrk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fdlus fdlls
(d) ^^ge D;ksa Hkksxus tk,¡\** -------------------------- --------------------------
([k) ^^gj jks”k FkksM+s gh /ksrh gSA** -------------------------- --------------------------
(x) ^êq¡g iQkM+s ckr fuxyus dh ”k:jr ugha gS]
tYnh&tYnh gkFk pykA** -------------------------- --------------------------
(?k) ^êSa ugha tkrh] tkvksA eSa ugha tkm¡QxhA** -------------------------- --------------------------
(d) vkt 
--------------------------- ([k) cgknqj  ---------------------------
(x) I;kj 
--------------------------- (?k) mfpr  ---------------------------
(Ä) cgqr 
--------------------------- (p) u;k  ---------------------------
(N) dBksj 
--------------------------- (t) xjhc  ---------------------------
4- fn, x, 'kCnksa ls nks&nks u, 'kCn cukdj fyf[k,A ½×8¾4
(d) iQy µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
([k) nks"k µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
(x) dke µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
(?k) dy µ --------------------------- ---------------------------
(d) rqyrqy osQ dkj.k Vquh dh ek¡ ukSdjh NksM+dj pyh xbZA
([k) rqyrqy ;wfuiQkWeZ mrkjdj Nr dh lh<+h ij tkdj cSB xbZA
(x) rqyrqy us Vquh osQ gkFk ls dks;yk rksM+us dk gFkkSM+k Nhudj isaQd fn;kA
(?k) vktdy rks LowQy esa I+kQhl Hkh ugha nsuh iM+rhA
(Ä) rqyrqy dh ek¡ us dgk fd NksVs&NksVs cPpksa ls dke djkuk iki gSA
dBksj] le>k] eqÝ+ r] Hkw[k] nqxquh
(d) fdrkc&dkWih lc ----------------------------- esa feyrs gSaA
([k) rqyrqy osQ xys esa ----------------------------- rkdr FkhA
(x) rqyrqy eq¡g ----------------------------- cukdj oSlh gh cSBh jghA
(?k) LowQy ls ykSVrs gh bruh ----------------------------- yxrh gSA
(Ä) vly esa cM+ksa dks ----------------------------- gh ugha tk ldrkA
7- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa lgh fojke&fpg~u dk iz;ksx djosQ fyf[k,A 11×5¾5
(d) [kSj rqEgkjk D;k Hkksxuk rks ge yksxksa dks gS
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([k) Vquh dh ek¡ gkFk dk dke NksM+dj cksyh fdlus dgk gS
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(x) rqyrqy [kq'kh osQ ekjs >we mBh vgk dy cM+k e”kk vk,xk
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(?k) ek¡ ukjk”k gksdj cksyh lc le> xbZ rkj&rkj le> xbZ
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Ä) nknh ek¡ cksyh Vquh vius ikik ls iwNus xbZ gS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(d) LowQy µ -------------------- -------------------- ([k) ek¡ µ -------------------- --------------------
(x) lalkj µ -------------------- -------------------- (?k) lekuµ -------------------- --------------------
(Ä) fHk[kkjh µ -------------------- --------------------
366
d{kk & 8 ikB&12 % Hkfo"; dk Hk;
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku D;k gS\ blosQ ckjs esa ,d ifj;kstuk fjiksVZ fyf[k,A 10
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2- ^cky Je* ij ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A 10
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368
d{kk & 8 ikB&13 % laLo`Qfr D;k gS\
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) D;k HkkSfrd laiznk;ksa ls ifjiw.kZ euq"; lH; vkSj lqlaLo`Qr dgykrk gS\
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([k) lH;rk euq"; dk oSQlk xq.k gS\

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(x) laLo`Qfr euq"; dk oSQlk xq.k gS\

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(?k) nks ns'kksa osQ ijLij esy ls laLo`Qfr;k¡ ,d&nwljs dks oSQls izHkkfor djrh gSa\
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2- fn, x, 'kCnksa esa vuqLokj (µa ) vFkok vuqukfld (µ¡ ) dk iz;ksx djosQ fyf[k,A
½×8¾4
(d) txyh µ ----------------------------- ([k) :f<+;k µ -----------------------------
(x) lLo`Qfr µ ----------------------------- (?k) tkfr;k µ -----------------------------
(Ä) ijijk µ ----------------------------- (p) lLo``Qfr;k µ -----------------------------
(N) ;gk µ ----------------------------- (t) fgnqRo µ -----------------------------
(d) vlH;rk µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
([k) cckZn µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(x) laLo`Qfr µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
(?k) i'kqRo µ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ---- $ ----
4- fn, x, foykse 'kCnksa dk lgh feyku dhft,A 1×4¾4
(d) xq.k (i) vuknj
([k) fo'kky (ii) vuqnkj
(x) mnkj (iii) y?kq
(?k) vknj (iv) voxq.k
5- lgh okD; osQ lkeus ^gk¡ vkSj xyr okD; osQ lkeus ûgha* fyf[k,A 1×5¾5
(d) izR;sd lH; vkneh lqlaLo`Qr Hkh gksrk gSA ---------------------------------
([k) lH;rk og gS] tks gekjs ikl gSA ---------------------------------
(x) laLo`Qfr og xq.k gS] tks geesa fNik gqvk gSA ---------------------------------
(?k) tkuoj Hkh ,d rjg dk vkneh gh gSA ---------------------------------
(Ä) Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr esa olar Írq cM+s iSekus ij pkj ckj vk;k gSA ---------------------------------
1
lw{e tkfr;k¡ gfFk;kj ?kj lH;rk
(d) ------------------------------ euq"; dk og xq.k gS] ftlls og viuh ckgjh rjDdh djrk gSA
([k) vkt nqfu;k esa cM+s&cM+s dke vkSj ------------------------------ cu jgs gSaA
(x) laLo`Qfr cgqr gh ------------------------------ vkSj eghu gSA
(?k) ,d le; vkneh dks ------------------------------ cukuk ugha vkrk FkkA
(Ä) vusd ------------------------------ bl ns'k esa vkrh jgh gSaA
7- fjDr LFkkuksa esa lgh vO;; 'kCn dk iz;ksx dhft,A 11×5¾5
(d) lH;rk og gS tks gekjs ------------------------------ gSA
([k) vkneh ------------------------------ Ng fodkj izo`Qfr osQ fn, gq, gSaA
(x) vPNh iks'kkd iguus okyk vkneh Hkh rfc;r ls uaxk gks ldrk gS -----------------------------
- uaxk gksuk laLo`Qfr osQ f[kykI f[kykIkQ+kQ gSA
(?k) vkneh Hkh ,d rjg dk tkuoj ------------------------------ gSA
(Ä) lH;rk og gS tks gekjs ikl gS] ------------------------------ laLo`Qfr dk xq.k fNik gqvk gSA
8- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk lkekfld foxzg dj lekl dk uke fyf[k,A ½×10¾5
lkekfld foxzg lekl dk uke
(d) iqQyokjh µ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
([k) oaQn&ewy µ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
(x) izR;sd µ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
(?k) pkSjkgk µ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
(Ä) vknku&iznku µ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
370
d{kk & 8 ikB&13 % laLo`Qfr D;k gS\
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- ikB osQ vk/kj ij ^lkjs tgk¡ ls vPNk ¯gnksLrk¡ gekjk* ij nl okD; fyf[k,A 10
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2- vkx dh [kkst oSQls gqbZ\ euq"; dks vlH; ls lH; cukus esa vkx dh D;k Hkwfedk
jgh\ 10
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372
d{kk & 8 ikB&14 % uhyw
dk;Z&i=kµ1

2×4¾8
(d) vYlsf'k;u oqQRrs dh D;k fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSa\
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([k) ywlh osQ lkFk dc vkSj D;k nq?kZVuk ?kVh\

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(x) ywlh osQ vHkko esa mlosQ cPps dks fdl izdkj ikyk x;k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) uhyw us fcYyksa ls [kjxks'kksa dh j{kk fdl izdkj dh\

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(d) thou osQ leku mldh e`R;q Hkh nSU; ls jfgr FkhA
([k) mldh vYlsf'k;u ek¡ ywlh osQ uke ls iqdkjh tkrh FkhA
(x) bu fnuksa uhyw muosQ lroZQ igjsnkj dk drZO; l¡Hkky ysrk FkkA
(?k) og m¡Qph nhokj dks Hkh ,d Nyk¡x esa ikj dj ysrk FkkA
(d) chp -----------------------------------
µ ------ -----------------------------------
([k) rhj µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(x) thou µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
(?k) dke µ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
4- fuEufyf[kr fjDr LFkkuksa esa mfpr fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k Hkfj,A 1×4¾4
mQij] vf/d] /hjs&/hjs] dHkh
(d) ------------------------ phuh e¡xokbZ vkSj pk; jg xbZA
([k) ------------------------ dkyk vkHkkl nsus okys Hkwjs ihrkHk jkse FksA
(x) ,d fnu ------------------------ m¡QpkbZ ij cls xk¡o ls ,d HkwfV;k oqQRrk nqdku ij vk x;kA
(?k) fdlh ifjfpr dks vk;k ns[kdj og lniZ ------------------------ Hkhrj vkdj dejs osQ njok”ks
ij [kM+k gks tkrkA
(d) uhyw dh ek¡ dk uke ywlh FkkA
([k) ywlh dks ck?k us viuk f'kdkj cuk fy;kA
(x) uhyw dk flj mQij dh vksj] vU; oqQRrksa ls cM+k vkSj pkSM+k FkkA
(?k) nwljs oaQikmaM esa [kjxks'kksa ij taxyh oqQRrksa us vkozQe.k dj fn;kA
(Ä) thou osQ leku uhyw dh e`R;q Hkh nSU; ls jfgr FkhA
HkqyDdM+iu] fo'ks"krk] >qViqVs] èofu] Lokeh
(d) vYlsf'k;u oqQRrk ,d gh -------------------------------
------------------------ dks Lohdkj djrk gSA
([k) ywlh dks lkeku e¡xokus okyksa osQ ------------------------------- ls dHkh dksbZ f'kdk;r ugha jghA
(x) oqQRrs Hkk"kk ugha tkurs] ------------------------------- igpkurs gSaA
(?k) vko`Qfr dh ------------------------------- osQ lkFk mlosQ cy vkSj LoHkko esa Hkh fo'ks"krk FkhA
(Ä) ,d laè;k osQ ------------------------------- esa ywlh ,slh xbZ fd fiQj ykSV gh u ldhA
7- fjDr LFkkuksa esa mfpr laca/cks/d 'kCn Hkfj,A 11×5¾5
(d) ,d --------------------- nwljh viw.kZ jg tkrh gSA (osQ leku@osQ fcuk)
([k) ywlh fgj.kh --------------------- osxorh FkhA (osQ dkj.k@osQ leku)
(x) #i;s vkSj lkexzh dh lwph --------------------- mlls lkeku ykus dk vuqjks/ djrs FksA
(osQ lkFk@osQ i'pkr)
(?k) xys esa diM+k ck¡/rs gh og rhj --------------------- nqdku dh vksj py nsrhA (dh rjg@osQ lkFk)
(Ä) mldh rRijrk --------------------- e¡xkus okyksa esa Hkwyus dh izo`fRr c<+rh gh FkhA
(osQ dkj.k@osQ n~okjk)
8- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mfpr fojke&fpg~u yxkdj fyf[k,A 11×5¾5
(d) fdlh fdlh fnu mls dbZ ckj vkuk tkuk iM+rk Fkk
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) xys dk Loj Hkkjh ean vkSj xw¡tus okyk Fkk
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) pkgs tkM+k gks ;k cjlkr eq>s njok”ks ij gh feyrk vkSj esjs lkFk lkFk ?kwerk
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) jkr pkgs mtyh gks pkgs ckny xjt jgs gksa pkgs vk¡/h py jgh gks mlosQ pDdj dks
fojke ugha Fkk
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Ä) oqQRrs dh ekSr ejuk dgkor gS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
374
d{kk & 8 ikB&14 % uhyw
dk;Z&i=kµ2
1- vki i'kqvksa dh lqj{kk vkSj muosQ cpko osQ fy, D;k&D;k dj ldrs gSa\ fyf[k,A 10
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2- ywlh dks lkeku e¡xokus okyksa osQ HkqyDdM+iu vkSj ykijokgh osQ dkj.k dbZ ckj cI+kQhZyk
ekxZ ikj djrs gq, nqdku vkuk&tkuk iM+rk FkkA D;k mRrjk;.k osQ fuokfl;ksa dk ,slk
djuk lgh Fkk\ roZQiw.kZ mRrj nhft,A 10
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Shikshak Darshika Hindi Reader 6 8

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(Progressive Educational Publishers)

Sharda Press Pvt Ltd

4238 A, 1-Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002

le> vk;k gS] ;g vkdyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2- vU;k; dk fojks/ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

3- ljI+kQjks'kh dh reUuk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

6- Xykscy ok²ex -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24

7- esjh ;wjksi ;k=kk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27

8- MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30

9- HkfDr osQ in---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34

10- xk¡o cM+k ;k 'kgj -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37

11- dye vkt mudh t; cksy! --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41

13- ljLorh ikB'kkyk --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48

14- esjk cpiu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52

• vH;kl iz'u&i=k&1 osQ mRrj --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55

• vH;kl iz'u&i=k&2 osQ mRrj --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56

2- ns'kizse dk nke! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61

3- izo`Qfr dk lkfUuè; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64

5- dksf'k'k djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrh -----------------------------------------------------------------

6- ohj ckyd -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8- LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10- iQkfg;ku dh Hkkjr ;k=kk-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11- tc eSaus igyh iqLrd [kjhnh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12- fgEer vkSj ¯”knxh -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13- nksgk&n'kd -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14- cnyk rks eSaus Hkh fy;k Fkk -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------108

• vH;kl iz'u&i=k&1 osQ mRrj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 111

• vH;kl iz'u&i=k&2 osQ mRrj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112

3- esjh lkgfld ;k=kk -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------122

4- eSa gw¡ muosQ lkFk [kM+h ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------126

6- vYcVZ vkbaLVhu ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7- iQk¡lh ls igys -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8- lkbfdy dh lokjh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10- floaQnj vkSj iq#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11- esjk fon~;kFkhZ thou----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12- Hkfo"; dk Hk; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13- laLo`Qfr D;k gS\---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• vH;kl iz'u&i=k&1 osQ mRrj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 165

• d{kk 6] 7 vkSj 8 dh dk;Z&if=kdk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 209

 gesa vius ekrk&firk osQ izfr oSQls Hkko j[kus pkfg,\

 ns'k osQ izfr gekjs D;k&D;k drZO; gSa\

ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj

 Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dks cuus esa fdruk le; yxk\

 muosQ fiz; l[kk lqnkek osQ fo"k; esa crk,¡A

 fuLLokFkZ Hkko ls fd, x, dk;ks± dk iQy oSQlk feyrk gS\

 oqQN Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa osQ uke crkb,A

ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj

 vkidks dkSu&lh feBkbZ lcls vPNh yxrh gS\

 ozQkafrdkjh fdUgsa dgk tkrk gS\

 fons'kh diM+s dk cfg"dkj fdl vkanksyu esa fd;k x;k\

ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj

 johanzukFk VSxksj dh jpuk ^xhrkatfy* xn~; lkfgR; gS ;k in~;\

ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj

 unh vkSj tuuh esa D;k lekurk gS\

 fgeky; ioZr ls dkSu&dkSu lh ufn;k¡ fudyrh gSa\

 okLdksfMxkek dkSu Fkk\ og dc Hkkjr vk;k Fkk\

 orZeku le; esa izdkf'kr gksus okyh cky&if=kdk,¡ dkSu&dkSu lh gSa\

 vk;Z lekt osQ laLFkkid dkSu Fks\

 cekZ dk u;k uke D;k gS\