GUIDE DOCUMENT

TECHNIP ISSIJed 0y fu nZ tl\apter n" Rev.

GE 312 1.1.2 IV I o

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) AIR COOLERS
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ~vo 1 2 314.--~ 6 7 8 9
A X 1. ..-:.... ·--.. ·.

x
2 x ..... -:.. ··..[ ·.-__·.·_..-
3 x ...--.
4 x ··. ..
.·-··.. ··...··..
5 x
x ·. ·.. ··... ··-....:- .·· ..:::·· .:~····= /
6
··--- ...:·_.. ...
x .:.. ...... ······· ...
/ . ··.. ··..
7
8 x ·..· ··... -.... .
•··.. . .···.....
~.
-. ·-· .
.·····- ··-... ·-~
x ·-..
9 ..··· ~ ·... ··...
10 x
11 x . -.. ·. .... ___--_ -_-_·.·....
/./

• 12 x : · .............:·./ ..... ·-. ·.

......... ......·
'· <.····. ·: ··... >
13 / <.
x ....
·. ..
14 x ··.../ '•/

<" •........'· ~:::.··.·

'.

·----- ··.·-1. .. ~
t "I.··· - . .

.· ··.
.::::·· ----... :·
9
8
7. t" (·. ·..
.: ::
6
i ~. ~: i
~
5
·. ·-...·· ..
• 4
I• 3

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0 OCTOBER 2000 U-F ROSSI .;IfR A. DEVOS Jjf ~-PTAK Ui . ENGUSH VERSION FROM FRENCH VERSION
REV. 3. NOVEMBER 1996
Rev. DATE DE REVISION REDIGE J Wlitten by VERIFIEJ-Checlced by APPROlNCJApproved by OBJET
(-ol"8ue) ( nom, visa I name, visa) (ncrn, \risa /name, Wsa) (Status)
(nom, visa/name, visa)
w
REVISIONS DU DOCUMENT I Document revisions
"'
~
•
•

••
 TECHNIP
I GE
_..,.
312
GUIDE DOCUMENT
Book n°
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Chapter n-
IV I
Rev.
0
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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) AIR COOLERS 1

CONTENTS

•
 TECHNIP I GE
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312
GUIDE DOCUMENT
Bootn°
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Chaptern"
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Rev,
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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) AIR COOLERS 2

.····-··...

/Z,,;;:;))
1 ESTIMATION OF OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT~. ····..::/

Whenever it is possible, prefer.6i"~a should be given to re-u'~~.:~~:;~~~ determined after

complete thermal rating on ~fei?fo'1:1~ projects. /:.:::·1.><>
. ;·.::-.::::·-::.··. :~; .·.<~.~:. <-::·-.:.: ..!
The following methods matat:ro..be employed : -: .. ···-..:··...'/
. ..<~::~:;::::::·..> '· <;~:-~:::::::::.::- ..
1.1 LIQUID COOLING seiw1cl: '. ...... / ......

Read U from Fjg~:;:;;:~:;;~f~·: viscosity is at,,~~~~:~~~perature)

1.2 GAS CO~l~:·~~:·~E ,.<::::;·~~;:~::;:::~/
....··-::·· ...·::.: ~~~--· .. -~::~-.::· .-::.. ·...
Read_.t/rro&-F.i~ure 2 (note: pre~s~~ ~rop·{s between 1 to 3 % of operating pressure).
. ::::.:~··.... ···./ ····-.:::~ <...
1.3 AIR. coiiID'eNSERS ··./

• For pure condensation

water : read U directlS'·tibm:f.i6ure 3
"i~~~:aesuperheating or subcooling and in the absence of

r-- •• ~:::·.:·-. •••

• Examples of U qalues:Jpt crude distillation column overhead condensers where
water conden~tkin-.'ob<;urs. These values are applicable to each linear section of
the enthalpy el:irV"e.(tefe"r to section 2 below).
\ \ ·•.··
Kirkuk: l::::::'.._'·..... IP-145 (4-6% water weight) U=447 kcaVh.m2 .°C

Hassl~~~ou~-~· IP-145 (3.1% water weight) U=388 kcal/h.m2.°C

K~~;:<:'.:·;. IP-145 (13.3% water weight) U=423 kcaVh.m2.°C

'"'~·ji~~j: .. IP-147 (5.3% water weight) U=394 kcaVh.m2 .°C

.:/·.~:::::.'
. '.:··.·
·•·....::::~....
.
.....::::::::·:..:

!
<

.,•
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP """"'"' Bookn" Chapter A" Rev.
GE 312 1.1.2 IV 0

Poge
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S.1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) AIR COOLERS 3

·-··· ..
1.4 TYPICAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT VALUES ,'>:-:::····°))
The following table gives typical values of U for various service;(_..;··..:::::>:
.~.~:·.~: ...-.........··::.::
u
Btulh.ft'.'F W/m'.'C
Condensing service .:.···...
.. .. ··..·
Amine reactivator 100-120 ....:::.~~9'~.> 570-680

.....:···..:···...'·.. /

•
Ammonia 105-125 ·.
'· ··J5i0;610
.. .. 595-710
Freon 12
.··• ·. ··.··ses:.wo
75-90 ··•. "··
.. 425-510
.
Heavy naphtha •·.•• ··.:::·······.- 70-00•.• •· •. ::--•.34o-44o 400-510

Light gasoline '· •. :····.>-.> (~</ ./ 465 540

Light hydro~.'}~...:·-.._/ ,..-::~·fos. ..> 465-51 o 54()..595
Light na~ •••. ._:··; S0:"1,IJI> 390-490 455-570
Reactor iiilluent::"p1at1ormers, reformers, ••.. ·-.. '·eg.'ido 390-490 455-570
hyd~ ) i /-··. ...:·······
~~-ig·:'20·pSig) .-:.:··.··,. ··• ..~·35-200 660-975 765-1135
..'sti.~-0~ · light naphtha, steam. p<U.._ \ ·••••• '> 75-90 365-440 425-510
.//coridtlri~ple
. . gas ../ ( ....: ; ·
, :fitni."~ling service "··...::··.,
10 50 55

Air or flue gas @ 100 psig i \ •.: i / 20 100 110

(M';2 psi) /'•........ ::···<. .
Air or flue gas @ 190.~,,~·- •., 30 150 170

•
(6f>.=5 psi) ( ~, •••••••••/
Q0-110 44()..535 510-625
Hydrocarboll:JiilseS-@I ~? - 50 psig 150-200 170-225
(6f>.=1 jl \ \ •.•
p$y•••••••
Hydroairburr~;@50 - 250 psig 50-60 250-300 285-340
(M'~----i)\ •••
. Pl!' .
Hi<J.'°"""*1 gases @250 • 1500 pslg 70-90 340-440 400-510
(M.'_=5~sl}.,_

. . . service
l.Ji,o1i1.C001ilig
\ "l;ngi!lii,.jacket water 130-155 635-755 740-880
. < . ";i;;o~ 20-30 100-150 115-170
(. (. .·.l ~ydroformer and platformer liquids
0

85 415 485
••......... Light gas oil 70-90 340-440 400-510

f Light hydrocarbons

Light naphtha
Q0-120
90
440-585
440
510-680
510

I Process water
Residuum
120-145
10-20
585-705
50-100
680-825
55-110
Tar 5-10 25-50 27·55

Coeftldents . . based en OUl:side bare tube sufactfor 1-in. OD. tubes with 10 extruded Al. fins I in., 118 In. high, 21.2 Sl.l'faa ratio.
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) AIR COOLERS 4

2 HEAT TRANSFER AREA AND FAN DRIVER POWER CALCULATloN:;::::.·:.::>

This method is only applicable when the enthalpy curve is linel?r(~~~~~:/' it can be
used as a first approach when the curve T= f (Q) is close to beir.i~·lin.~ar<:./

If not, calculation should be for each zone where mad~ the.6~:~~::~-.~~ considered as
linear and the results summec:t:>-,'"; <:.""... "·-"
...<..::··. . ,:.. '' .···:.:·.:·1.::::·.:.:~:·
In the case of desupe~J:fu~_lifi~-} condensing + ~l¥c6prt:~~. a single approximate
calculation can be done tQ(lsi,Oerjhg as input data : <."'... >. .:-:/
• The inlet and ou~~~~~~~tures of the conde~~:~~~~~e
• The total he1:1!·;~~~~~~
··.. ··.. .
/.:::~:::::::.::::::
/:' ... \
..

• The conqe~~tioh·Zbne heat transfer c6~ciehi.

,:f;J;~!) . /:4~:~-:;:/
1) Or;i:fi~-4/read ~ 1.. at the \F1!(!~~6'ri of:
...·::.. ::····... ...· ····..::..:....
.,_.. "·;;..:>- U estimated in the-first ch~pter.
• The optimum 11~ik;Af rows (nearest to the dotted line).
·~~·· ... :~--~::~:::~····
where t.t 7~T§r~-~lr across the air cooler.
t.tn:=.[lJ'.(:tvf
<s.·-.::::~·:;;.--=·
.... ___ , .
T, -f;:·.::---~·"; I t •
2) From y;-=r,- and
r,; ,, 1, ·:- <1tm = x, read T, _., on Frgure 5, where:
.::· .:.._),/
/:.~:::::T.~-:::::.- Hot fluid inlet temperature
i. '.._. IT.ii Hot fluid outlet temperature
/:::? "·--~::::'.i_T Hot fluid temperature drop
(( <;··~ t1 Air inlet temperature
"-<::::::·::..:. ~ Air outlet temperature.

4) t.t = *
'"
'
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ISsued l>y

GE 312

l'Sge
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S.1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) AIR COOLERS 5

5) Ao : Bare tube external area = u.~t. (m2) where : .... ·:>~·;/~: ~:·;: )
•
•
Q
U
Heat exchanged
Heat tra.ri~fe·r, coefficient
(kcai/h) . :.<:{: .~..:::::::::">"
(kcai/h.ri)2-:~.C) ·.... /

..-.:<:~::~~~~:;.:. . .<'.~'.;~ ;:.: :;~:;~-.)

6) Facial area (m2) "<:O·:ftibe
................
·....
length x Bay wk#h·.."··...'/
..··.. ·.. ··. ..
•• ........ .. A(,} •• .....···-•• ~··· ••?
<:::<·:::::::~·0.9 * Number of rows-••.//"-..':.-

. .. ... ·..
<.~~:·<·::~ "·./
~·.".·...·,
..··.·.·.·.:_:::·.·.·.·.. .
..-·:::::.: .:····..> (<.. ·.) )
7) IP= Mi6imutii)installed power (Cy}-=.'l.Q~x.. Facial area (m2)
..:;:· ·:·-.::~:~:::>.. /.::::··_) .:·:.::·::-
Thtil.. i(l~fall!!Q power will depencl.citt.Stiindard motor sizes:
,/';:···-.:~ .:../·:.···· ...·:: ···: ') · :: .. ......
/~~~rbE!d'°power: "' 0.9 insta'n~:ii:iotor power.
(/ ····...::::.- ····...::

Notes: '.-: ~; '.'.f:;~:~.: :

.;"....
1. Figure 5 is Vl!-!i.<f.:tst·-E:r1, i.e. for air coolers comprising more than 3 tube passes
(general case). ft it:;is-.si.tsi>ected that the number of tube passes is likely to be less than
3 (low allowa9ie·.Pte~re drop, limit on tube side velocity, for example for low pressure
gas coolers ('he·ri:!~ology is identical but :
\ ~. ...
• F(.mus(·~ estimated using the charts for single pass air coolers and TEMA type
/.X:.l;!xcha~gers given in the chapter on Heat Exchangers (Figures 6, 7, 8), by
<<~Ji:ulating R and P from the four inlet and outlet temperatures.
/{::.~::::~~~'estimated area will be corrected as follows:
((::::?\~~:~:::::·::/ I Ao = Aor I
..... ::~::::·::..:

f 2. The maximum cold air temperature is generally given in the clienfs design basis.

J If this temperature has to be determined from meteorological data, the temperature of

cold air used for thermal design shall be the dry bulb temperature which is not exceeded
more than 5% of the time during the 4 hottest months of the year.

If no site data are available, reference can be made to ASHRAE Chapter 33 which gives
meteorological conditions for many sites in many countries.
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE ....

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) AIR COOLERS 6

~-'
. I -+-'-'-. I· ·+F +-I

::
FIGuRE'2 .::Ah- cooler on gaseou~"h.Y.df~carbons service
1. Without hydrogen : interp6i;,t~.;~rr./ietween the two curves ~-~:~150.
2. With hydrogen : intetpqi8'16 liri~in two steps. first as in §1. ~i:;..riJniitjon Ot the MW of the hydrocarbon miXtUre (Without
hyd11>gen), then betweel). fnt>.i>Oi!it ~f!<iined and the H,curve ba:;ijd.o/l-.H~rr!91arfraction .
......:· ···... ........ . :· ..... i /

~.~: ...
:.::·;;.""'"'
.. _. i:..
j:· : .. ~- -· .".:""' : ... ..... -r-
•"···:-
. :I:·
I·
I
···-~

··-- ....
.
.• 17
i
. ,.; -~--J'!•,:. ;_ ·:. ,·: ., ; " :.;;;;;•.,.· • ': ,, ; ;; l;: ·=:;; .,,. ',,_'j°
 TECHNIP
GE
,.._,""
312 1.1.2
GUIDE DOCUMENT
Bock rf
I
Chapter no
IV I
Rev.
0
I
Poge
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) AIR COOLERS 7

!i I I I l I . ' .(.···. ··... i i.

G.=:u~.R.C!.c..:.·-...:41r--t-t--r-t:T-''
,,
.. '
l '
i • ' i ':. II ..r.=!:i;'
•.... ,/ -r'j_ t-+-t--;-.i -1
/ t·.."'r.:-··--;-';·.

.i
.i
'
!
ii! I I I,, . . ·· -. Xj j . I
v .:-;·r-./~!: . ...:.
~;;..>
~·· ·..· .._
.. \ ~· °") I
·- ,- '/J .1, ••• / ---- 1......
.
!

t · ,/, f.1' I Lt'.:. .2'.t.<J-.i,./ i _..-:v,. >-'.'. ·<: . ;

I
. ·-IA '1. f '--/ / ·/ '-:::·i····· ·· ~- ,,
••
. ·.. . ·.~···... ' /
c..- I
i
·llfJ~ f:/. --r -..<• .>•. . x;
•.• /
~- "'
~ '
/
'./ /
''/ /;·· ._,/ ... ":· ./
.... ,r._ . ._.....,. '
i .!...
........... ~ :
... "
• n I
1 '
. ·_ ,,., , , / ':.o/ .' :",, / ;.r . ,_......... - ··-..." ••:·.·.·. ~:..-· . .
: u rJ J'/ 7 :/.. ./'; : _,,.. ...
.I.;µ/.'/::::.·_.........-- : 1.0; ,. Ctce1t-··
:y· . ...·.,,,, .· ....
( "'
.
.···... ·<.
··..·
. ~~ . ~- n.''•.
'
. .... . "" .
- _... ...........::::. .

. I· .

• r ...
At.
............ ... .
··-·· ·---...
..- ::··..,
·;.
...

. : I : /:.:· ::::::· .>··:

·· · ··. '·.i"· ..:..-:.1; v. ;;,,;,~"/ _,, ,.,. 7"' ~
<;?:.. ...... ._ _.
.. --;.-:·· ::·\ ..,. ·2 ~ .../ / / ./ / . .:;... ,,.......

f
J ;:' ~·• . I

.. . !a 1-_

~-.i.--+--+-1--1
'.
..
: -:, . ~~ st::;-:[_ __ ·:::i~: L
w
0
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE Issued by

312
Book n6
1.1.2
Chapter n""
IV

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) AIR COOLERS 8

3 GENERAL INFORMATION ON AIR COOLERS

3.1 DESCRIPTION ...··--...

. .
.-..
-=-...··--...
,. . t:: :.: / f •• ·-··.

Air coolers usually have hovzo.ilfa1I tube bundles. Tvy.ci..-Qther."·types may be found :
··-. ·- ••

incli.ned tube air coolers (~er(~-~ in power station~.~a~:~~~ turbine condensers) or

vertically mounted tube bun<f!e.!i (rarely used).
..-----·---:~. -~ .·..•..'·.. "·..·-···..... /
....
Horizontal air cooler.f~~:~·ilh·~~ b~ induced (Figur.;:~;:~?.~f~~ced draught (Figure 7).
·:· . ... __ ·-.. :..
Figure 8 displays:ttJ!{~~i-~ci~1 components c;rt::;;:~~~~led heat exchanger.
Air coolers ~:.:~~oi~~· in batteries ha!JC!!i~~:~J·~r
more services. A battery contains
several bays "ir:i·"P~rallel. Each bay ii;/q\ai:liftip of one or more tube parallel bundles
(generaJJY::?riif fipned tubes (see FigurJ:l.$)(.....
....::·-- ... ·:....:::·· ,..·:..-···: ) ··-..,/
Th!lifar~ u'Sually 2 fans per bay, ~~tl.:~uipped with a plenum for air distribution.

Th:.. ~~;~:~f a bundle varie~JrotR.~ ~;~~~um of 0.6 m to a maximum of 3.0 - 3.5 m ( 11

feet). The usual length of aih:o61e~with 2 fans per bay is 9.14 m (30 feet).

Special cases . (-~~:;;j~~;~:~~;:::</

A bay may contain<(ihl.Y."«!~ bundle when the heat transfer area is small and the service
cannot be combi~ci'-wijh;.others for reasons of process control. In this case, the tube
length is dec~se'd\~.nd the bay width increased to allow the use of a single fan.

Whenever... ~~:~--~~··~oproblems of process control, it is more economic for several

services fuqi:lii:i~g only a small heat transfer area to be grouped in a single bay with two

fans. (<'.~'.::{::;··. > ·

(~~'.'.~::l)·······
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP GE
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312
Book""
1.1.2
au1pt1Ver.. ...,.
0 -
I
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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) AIR COOLERS 9

.······· ...

3.2 INDUCED VERSUS FORCED DRAUGHT AIRFLOW

.---.
FORCED DRAUGHT .-':···;
Lower efficiency: ,-.. ··..,:· (. Better efficienc'y:; i····.:·-./
-Higher risk of hot air recirculation.,.. :··<:·-.._'_··.,) -Lower ris~ (~~-~s:~~~irculaoon.
-Poorer air distribution. _... .. .
>::~.~ :::;-.> -Better ai(.disli'itl1Jtion.

-Efficiency will vary dependih;;~~~~r -Effici~.?Y ~II

.'.. :·/
~:.:·_...::··-..
fie less affected by weather
conditions
. ·:·.....::' ··./
··· .. .... ··
( __
..... ·.. ..
conditions,. ",
/·:..····· .......... •....
Easier maintenance:.:···-' /\ ·.... . L~ss..e~ maintenance
-Removal of rows .?<l~i~le j.vjihout removing ,..-:: ;~ttm1intenance of the tube bundle requires
plenums and fal)s'/ ..:--...:::::,..
.· .· . .. <..:'. . ..
~~m~yal of plenums and fans .

-Easier motorJ~~i;j'j~i;6ri' and maintenance, Jib~~";... :M'ore difficult motor installation because of the long
.· .•. ...
drive shaft-'biitween·m'otor and fan. ·:•.:··..:/ drive shaft between motor and fan .
.. ··.
-Easy a~ io·~j,
.. for maintenance .. j <;lild-,blad~·- -Access to fans for maintenance and blade angle
angle adjustment. Fan located in co1if.err;>::··.... adjustment less good. Fan located in hot air.
:.. :..__ ..... _.:= ./

Other advantages: <-.>·.:··.......- Other advantages:

-Lower theoretical consumed powir:;.>·, -More natural convection.

• tem~~~-~~~-i~· in cold air).

-No limit to outiet air

-Well adapted to air r~~~l;.~~~-£hen required in

winter for example...'.::·········..
.......· -- . ·; . >
-It is possible to clean the fins of the first row of
tubes without stopping the fans.

-Less noisy.

f
I
-
 TECHNIP
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Chaplet n-

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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) AIR COOLERS 10

3.3 CONVENTIONAL DESIGNATION ,.,--::::::::.~::;")

TECHNIP's conventional designation of an air cooler is as follows ;/;::.=-_:.:~;:··:~::~:;>'

: ~: :::m:::;:";::~.:; ;,
• The third number gives t~-~~:~idth in feet
foot ,_1/~;~' /
..::::.:;:;::::::.::)
.. "·... ··....···... ) <... . . ·. . .···: )
• The fourth number giv'ei~·tij~.i)timber of rows or laY.er~·o((Ubes .

. . <:;~:.~: ~:~ ~ ; :-._: .' - -~:-: :;~: ;~: : : : ~;:> .

Example: 4 - 30 •.22·_,.·6 il:lentifies an air coqk;ir.-wltb·>·'
. ~::::? ··~.:··.:·:.?· . (. {.,_ ~) .)
• 4 bays, 3~ ·.. ~ong; f2 wide .<:·\ ·... _:-_:_..
: ::zftf:~~}uti~s each 11' wi~-:::~:f-~~~~be rows
-:::::::.::·::.~.:~:;:--··/ ·:. : : '.~:'.:~:'

.·:·~~~:::: ..~::·.::
... ·····.

\ ..:::::::·::.:'

..'
 TECHNIP
GE I
ISsued.,
312
GUIDE DOCUMENT
Book n°
1.1.2 I
Chapter n"
IV I
Rev.
0 .
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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE ....

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) AIR COOLERS 11

FIGURE 6 . ··.
Induced draught Air Cooler

f
j

•
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TECHNIP ...,.. by Bockn"
GE 312 1.1.2

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) AIR COOLERS 12

FIGURE 7
Forced draught Air Cooler

\
\

=
 TECHNIP
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PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S.1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) AIR COOLERS 13

,. .., . .. . .· ..
t :·:...··.:::·······. """
'·· ··.. .. ... -'--r-T-'- . .... / •.;•
.
.:.
··.•.. ·•·.•:..·......·••.·. .. ····-··...:···-··...::.~
•
. -

•
.. . •
{"';,~~:--~::·~~~~----------- •3

FORCED DRAUGHT

6. Tube bundle

7. Drive assembly

f 3. Plenum

4. Nozzle
8. Column support

9. Inlet bell
J
-
w
Q
5. Header 10. Outlet bell
 TECHNIP
GE
IS.sued by

312
GUIDE DOCUMENT

1.1.2 I
Chapterno
IV I
Rev.
0 -
I
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) AIR COOLERS 14

FIGURE 9 .··::::::.::--.._
General arrangement for air coolers with horizontal bundl"?s".. <... ))

/t;~:c:;~'
..... ··..··

((:~$:)
FANS

I.8NGTH

...------~ .....
··-··-·---.... _:;·
/:.::::,--.; WIDTH

•
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
A GE 312 I 1.1.2. I
V"

• PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
~ev.
Page

A
0
X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
COOLING TOWER

p~· 0 2 3 I 4 .. · .~.
l// ····... '
6 7 8
P•ge

.. ·.. '
..-)-··.... ..........
.. •• !.···. ••. /
1 x
x ... ·.. ,.. _...
2 : .......... ····-.
.·····.
3 x <·. ···-.. ···./1
4 x
.. '·. . .. /
('·· ..... •• ••• •• 1

5 x

" x .· . - ·--~. ) .· ..··...·-. ·..·/.

··..
6 .. ··:.: ··-···· .
....
7 x t..:·-.·-.. •' ·...
·.. ·-
·. ·-.....
··.· ·..
....
. .....·
.. ·....
!
.:
~
·...,
...•
..--....·...·..............·/
_
'

···.. ··....:·.·'
.· ...·····.
...:__
,:' ..... ·..... ·..
·
/ ··.. .... ·~:·
··... .

:'.· :.·.. .... ...../ ..:

: .. ·.•.·......
.·. :, ..-·::··-..

9
..... _·- ·'.:.'
8 .. ··.
7

4
--· .·
·.···---···
3

•• -i
2

0
...,
OCTOBER 2000

JJ/WNAA
INTAN I\_
REDIGEJWritten by
Jf!Jb
(nom. liisa Jname, initialS)
A. DEVOS
VERIFIE/Checked by
,.

(nom. llisa /name, Initials)

C. PTAK 01 ·
APPROUVEIAppnwed by
(nom, visa Jname. lrilials)
ENGLISH VERSION FROM FRENCH VERSION
REV.5· NOV. 1996

OBJET/$laluS

REVISIONS OU DOCUMENT I OoaJment. nMslons

 9
•

••
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
1
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL {DATA BOOK) COOLING TOWER

CONTENTS
,.··:),··.f:~'.~ ~!)

,;'.~~:''5;
1 COOLING TOWER n:~~::;·) (.':"··.,
:~ ~:.:~'S~~· (f/f/i!)0
2 COOLING :r~~::~~:·IGN
. '··.. ·~·- .
... ~:.::<~<:"·.>
......:.::-----.::: ,.....
...... /
.··-·~ ·-.. ··.
2.1 Ch((ice Qf.,cooling water ... \'·-... / /
2.2 JEi~~-~~~res ,/.::..., ')..:::-..···
2.3 ./.E$tfmat1c:m of water flow rates>··· ..}
2.~(.:·P~\v.~t consumption ...-::::·:.;..... >>
2';5 'l'Qwer dimensions <' .-:.. . ' / ··
,(··<:::::) . :.~:::.· .. . .
.---.

3 EXTRAPOLATION
COOLING TOWEf(...::·-.... ...-
6~~.ftl~'oPERATING CONDITIONS OF AN EXISTING

• ('~~~;/
·.
.-----.:.
... --.-:............
. ~:·.>
(:·::)/
.

.. ,•J~}J~'
: •,
/'\
} :
.....~:::~:::~....
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP lssuea sy
GE 312

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
2
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COOLJNG TOWER

1 COOLING TOWER TYPE ./::::::::.:::\

In cooling towers, water is cooled by evaporation of part of the wat!'lf.~~:~i;¥.~·;r.

,•*~:~.~:::<:·:~··<::~)

1.1 NATURAL-DRAFTTOW,im>
.:··.:::·.:::/,·::. //
Natural draft towers are ..\Jsuan¥··\l{;ed in
. •.. ··. ...
nuclear and thermal ···-Rl:>l(ier: plants
because their thermaf.:~~city is very
high for a low oper¢ii:jg.:~~Cwater flow
rates are in the rang'e:qt1.{la· 000 m3/h.

1.2 MECHAN~:~~~~T TOWER .......:-.::·.:::::-::>' ,lmi i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i~

Smaller /~~~:::::~~tural-draft to~fu?}::.:::;i
mechani_;;;,14:rr<Jft- towers can >rail\tte.':··.,
coolipjj:· 'wal~r/ flow rates of.( ~1//to ....
2500·nWb per unit.
~.: "··...::::
"·.., '"·.
···./ ..
--
- :·:; . . "'=":
' I J f

There are ,.-;;~~-

several of .... ,, ..... ,., .. ··- T

mechanical-draft towers/....:..:~:::~~'.:~'./

-Forced-draft towers,-·(a~:·,~>;he fan is

.
mounted laterally at.f~'~se-'i:>f the tower
and air is forced t~~gti·ttie packing.

-lnduced-dra~::::~;..:.:~ The fan is

mounted at .the..top "of"the tower , sucking
air up throligii:: the packing. The air/water
heat exctiang~:.!s usually in counter-flow
basis 1'C&}i::yr.i:··doss-flow basis (c), the
power tons(Jrjlption of the fan is lower but
the.tq~j"ii{riiore voluminous. •
..-·:.····.. ......····
~eJ..-sitJ towers : Including a dry exchanger (air cooler type) at the top of the tower,the
"h9bfid" or "wet-dry" towers limit fogging and plume abatement. More expensive,
voluminous and energy consuming than other types, they should only be installed where
specifically required by the client or authority to reduce plume (visual impact) or risk of
ice formation in very cold environment.
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued t:lf

GE 312

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
3
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COOLING TOWER

2 COOLING TOWER DESIGN .-···---.

(·:~·:::.····')")
The following sections allow to do a preliminary design of the ..ritafri-.Gh~acteristics of a
cooling tower and its electrical equipment. ,/ _...~· <:. // . ·
2.1 CHOICE OF COOLING TOWER ,-: : <'.~: : : : .: ~: : : ./
The type of tower can
accepted. (·· ...
~·::~hhed
:"<> ·
in the following tap;~:·:~iieral solutions can often be
/ <J::..,·) ...
·:·:::·-.::··.. :.~·::· .. -::··..·.::·· ... ~·· ..·:>.
..•--·---..:·~. ') WET-DRY ('. ··.foRcED-DR>.\FT INDUCED-DRAFT
.. ""':········-. ·. ...
Plume limitatiorr:::·-..:::<::·;· yes ("-..,.-: /·· ... / no no
Icing limitatiC!!"-../::/"..) yes
yes: yes:
up to 400 m3/h up to 400 m3/h
up to 1400 m 3/h up to 1400 m'lh
no yes
/: Fa.~s a~sibility
.· ···.//
... yes no
'..- Ext~I dimensions ·..../large reduced reduced

('{·····;:::·~~:··::
2.2 TEMPERATU~E$·· ... ..-:./
·•. ··. ........·
.----~:::·-.·- .... _

•
_Wet bulb tempetature:W8 and dry bulb temperature DB of air are f1Xed by the plant
location and at¢·'.\$1°iilly given in a Project general specification .
.(\. ·-............;. ..
Hot water.-.teiti~rati:ire HWT and cold water temperature CWT are usually imposed by
the client:lfnot,."Uie following initial approach shall be followed:

• 4.)_jhall ~e as high as possible (max. 45 °C) with a reasonable temperature

.<iippi;OaOh from the process fluid to be cooled.
/( ·.\ '-:

....)<:::0W-f shall be 1oto 15 °C lower than HWT (AT= HWT - CWT = 1oto 15 °C)
(:~::~~.J::~:ke a temperature approach a = CWT - WB = 5 •c (a should not be less than 3 •c
"·.... ...- for a mechanical-draft and 8 •c for a natural-draft tower)

• Verify that the efficiency 1/ is greater than 65% ; if not increase aT or decrease a

HWT<WT AT
1/ HWT-WB AT+ a
(AT;al= values of (10;5) or (12;6) are commonly used and can be considered in a
preliminary study.
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP issued bY eook nz
GE 312 1.1.2

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE ....
4
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COOLING TOWER

2.3
..·······..
ESTIMATION OF WATER FLOW RATES
:':···:-::~~·····::)
Water flow rates are based on a concentration rate C = 2 with C bei,;g· t~ie-;j3-rj6 between
the concentration of dissolved salts in recirculated water an.ct'.. ib~.--·~~solved salts
concentration in make-up water. The ratio may vary between 2'.fu "5-.d'epending on the
quality of make-up water (6 to 8 for demineralised make-up w9t~)·'.·.. ··.:
. ·-.·:.··.., .:.··.::~. ··....::::
• Flow rate of vaporised wat~{: .l .i ....>. ··....
<"·.::.:·.::·~_~:.} / .(. ~:-·) l:·.:·::~· ...:·
E. (m3/h) = Q.aT / 58Q'····.>·.:·<··' .-··.>< <..//
Q, recirculated wat~_fl{iw}aie'in m3/h ,.:"· .. :··· ..:·· .. / "'°;"!\\
, ••• a, l • •• •, •. • ·PJ
aT. cooling temper'atw:e·ditference, (°C). ·-.... ····-. ···../
::::~:-.::::::::::i· {~::·-..-::~:/···..>·
• Purge flow rate.;_/./···-.? ...-----..:··-.. .._,

P = Ev I (<;l·~:~i·~:;~~'.:for C=2 ((:::::>) ._.

The ab.~Y~.'~ow-~te also includes ~w~-ks~e~- as droplet carry over.
.:·:..·· ..-·:· ········ .............-::····..··
• Mak~~·"~~r flow rate : ,.-·:;:.::;··;-··<>
. .·: :..:::···... ·..· ···-..:::~<.. 1

A (m'3111}= P + E. = 2 Ev ".'.-·0; aT / 290

:'/(···;:·:.:::··~;
• Filtered water flow rate \ ···-....//
··...····..:···-·····
3
F (m /h) =0.05 Q /ir;a.:iHter.ls provided to remove suspended solids .
...-::::::~::~·::::~;····
• Cooling water:.ounip..flow rate :
.-----.\ \
Pump flow~te·-..:Q + P + F
.(::::.::)
2.4 P,ewER.CONSUMPTION

• --~~)~wer of the recirculation pump

(«.:;;'tiQ·~~ure drop in the cooling water header is known, the absorbed power can
···..ije:".calculated as for any centrifugal pump with a pump efficiency taken as 75% ; if
not the power can be estimated from the formulae below :

• Small installation : Pa11s (kW) : 0.12 Q

• Industrial complex: Pa11s (kW) : 0.24 Q

• Fan power consumption :

P (kW) 0.06 Q =
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312

Pa..
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
5
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S.1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COOLING TOWER

.. ----...

2.5 TOWER DIMENSIONS

.·····.. .:··· ... _
• Tower .· ·.'.:_·:.·:_:_'._·..·.:.:,.'.;.· ··· ··... ··...
·... •• •• •• •• ,l </~:~) }::~::}·..:.:·
As a first approa@j~..~~.t height is 1O m abe'~e.t_tie"::o:~~in and the load is 11 m3/h per
m 2 of ground .slf)'.face-a)"ea.
.... .. :··- :·::::···--·.... ~.:· ··... _·.·
<><:·<:":·..
....
.
s = grounct'"sJ~~rea (m 2) = Q/11 = i.'(i'il{x i'°(~) with I= 8,9,. ..... 15 m.

(f~f>'' ,<{:-:i)J
• Num5'er.0J:cells .: ... ' ,......
........· ..-·:· ·-----· <..~·- . .<(--..../
.<<t6:~J1kance flexibility, it ;s::pj-~ferable to have several identical cells rather than a
/
1
< s'fn§ie' one. ('··-:'./
~::.:"·-.:.::::::·· ·····-.::~::
.. ---~

..•
------~ ....
·----------....
...----.. >

<"·}
..... ·... ___..._/
-...... ··
J
J
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312

~~~~~~~~~~~-
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE ea,.
6
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL {DATA BOOK) COOLING TOWER

...·-···-..

3 EXTRAPOLATION OF THE OPERATING CONDITIONS OF AN,{

TOWER
;;~§~~OLJNG
,/<. ···..J
Based on diagram 1 and that the "rating knp~Q; proportional to factor":·~<~:~~~~ly
water flow rate for a given .t~!~i.:lt is possible to del~FrPlil:~:l:ieiiv operating conditions
when one parameter is ch~h~~ll.":··.) . <._'-/() )

Examo•• .~:~~~~:/ ,;::~~:~3~~j

1. A tower is .d~ghe~:for : { f.. ··., )
• CM.
·: ·...•' L'.;&!'i) ~WT=
35 °C
• .............
h~-h~:;:·;-~
°C = 18 °f
• wa·=.·20 1>C = 68 °f hence a :·25·--:;20 "!f, 5 °C = 9 Of
:'•,•",·•·~ I ,••"••,•,•,

• /fhe.~g)=am indicates a ratjrjgt:aptOr-.:'RF = 2.15

,.... -~:. ···.../ -:._ ........:..

2. '~:··~~kci load with lh~·~TP.e :~i~r flow rate, AT = 10 °F (5.6 °C). What are the
new operating conditionfo;? ,:;...>:

• WB is always 20 b'C_-~~~:~":nd
RF = 2.15
• The diagram iefcf~. ~pproximately a = 5 °f = 2.8 °C
• a
Hence, CWf=."Wl:l·-i: =20 + 2.8 = 22.8°C and HWT = 22.8 + 5.6 = 28.4 °C.
<.~\~···-.::.:~-_;.··/
3. lncremenv:·;;r.::1t1r.i:. of cooling water flow rate due to a plant expansion with AT
maintained.at 1O
.:.: .:___/,/
"c.
What are the new operating conditions ?
·.. ...
• ,RF·c:t.2:-~&-/ 1.1 = 1.95 and WB = 20 °C = 68 °F and AT= 10 °C
• /iJ'iie·~i~gram indicates an approach a= 10 °c = 5.6 °F
• '·Jlen~'CWT = WB +a= 20 + 5.6 25.6 °C and HWT 25.6 + 10 = 35.6 °C.
. .·.::::? .... ____.. = =
.: •. /\ '::
~--.::::::::::./

.,,'
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312 1.1.2

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COOLING TOWER

u.
(~ :··.... ·... 0:::

."·..:;.:·l--~--l 3.0 ~
-!--..+,.·:...
.......
-··...
·, ,...··..:··....
-.......
u

c
...
~>!!l~~~d-.2.0-;;
CZ:

....
.c
CZ: .... -·-••• ••• •• )

~~::)
71----1-~-1-~+--l-~+-~l---+~4"<--~~~~

Diagram ..J
{source : Equipment Design Handbook)
•
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP

•.--~~~~~~~~~---.-~

•
Pago
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
A
PARTIE 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) FIRED HEATERS AND COMBUSTION
,~v. o 1 2 I3 4 5 6 1 8 9 --.__ Rev o 1 2 3 i4 5 6 7 8 9
A x I "" ------ I...·::~-- ·--~·· .•
{ "·.
.···.t •·...• ·..·• /
: .

4 x
~...
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•
...
7 x . .... ...
.. ··.... ·. .... ... ··.. ···-..
.. ~.· •...:·
a x ·· .. :·-....· ... ,;-
.. . ' .....· ..
...... ' •. I
..... . ·.. ••• ••••• •• •••. t-./
9 x :' ·-.....
10 x
11 x

14 x1 · ·... •... ···.. ,:.·

··..··
.. : .
/'• . -...::· --··:..·

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·. . .
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8 ··. ·.'····.·
7 -···
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6

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4
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3
•

•-
2
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Cl
0 OCTOBER 2000 NTAN A. J~ ADEVOS I.tr C. PTAK Li1l • ENGUSH VERSION FROM FRENCH VERSION
~. IV REV. 5, Septembte 1998
Rev. DATE DE REVISION REDIGE} Wtftten by VERtF1E I Checked by APPROUVEIAppn>ved by OBJET
iii. (Date ol issue) (norn, visa I name, visa) ( nom, vi$8. I name, visa) . (nom, visa ..hame. vl.sa) (Slalus)

w
Cl
REVISIONS DU DOCUMENT I Document revisions
 e
•
.······.
..···.,

·-......··...
..······. .
...../····-..:.:....:. ··..:
. "·............:
\

::fftS~)'
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/·:.: : :>(~ ; ; ; : :)
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··--.:~::::::..:

••
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP issuecs 0y

GE 312

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) FIRED HEATERS AND COMBUSTION 1

1.

2.

J
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ISSUed bY
GE 312 1.1.2

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) FIRED HEATERS AND COMBUSTION 2

1 COMBUSTION

The fuels generally used in refineries are :

a) Gases produced by the units

b) Liquid fuels (mixture of res'.~:~,i\and fluxants) <>··. .
/'·./:' ..·-··.··.··.
For a hydrocarbon C,,H2n+2 ttui·~at;tion of c6mbustion is:;.··: i····.:··../
.-:-.::::-:::.:·.-:::~·.:.: .....~:-.~:.~::::~.:.:. )
CnH2n+2 + 3n+1 02 ~....":::::)<{02 + (n+1) H20 _.... ::<::<::··-'
2 <::::::~~:::::~:··.... <:·.:~:~;:.~::::::~.:·/
This enables ca!&1laflmi."9f the amount of o~~.and hence the air required for the
combustion (stojCmor'iietric reaction without:~f~~s'> and the flue gas composition :
.-···.~ ···.·:· =~ ~:

• For a gib,~s~fh~; of known comP'9s~~~~::~:ble 1 can be used to determine.the

stoic!>i9n:l~ta<i:8iliount of oxygen (\()R{'qme~.
,. .::·~::· .. .-::...: ..-·:) ...:::·::.:··...:··....
• F.ofa 'fuel{cir which the C02 qrid. ().j coiilents in the flue gas are known, Table 3 can
...~-.. r~ferfiGd to .calculate the..·fti~1--.J-llC ratio and the actual amount of oxygen
'··<:onSiJ(ned. ·......

1.1 HEATING VALUE /;~{~f)/

By definition, he~~~g-.~~1µ~ is the quantity of energy released from the combustion of
one kilogram Qf.fl)fil Heating value can be defined in two ways :

• High hea~~~··:;j~:
:....·.....
.HHV (also called Gross calorific Value)
,:.. .

The(.fU.ei:.iS.taken at To. Combustion products are at the same temperature, To and

water iS·,dpndensed .
·· ........:..:
.......

f:.:::(o~JN"~ting value. LHV (also called Net Calorific Value)

\......'··.•...) ...:
"<fhe fuel is taken at To. Combustion products are at the same temperature, To and
water is assumed to be at vapour state.

Reference temperatures To can be found in the literature as o •c, 15.6 °C (60°F) and
2s c 0

.,•
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP issuea~ AOQitlV
GE 312 1.1.2 VI
~
w Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S.1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) FIRED HEATERS AND COMBUSTION 3

The table below gives the heaUng values (HHV and LHV) of the main refinery gas components (r~::AR..TDB 92)
Compound A B c ~:,,··~...~~-··· .• )·)
Gross heat of Net Heat of combustion standaflf ~_at.pf···./ /
combustion at 60°F
(Btu /lb.)
at 60°F
(Btu /lb.)
com~. cp-m-..
(8"'-/ 1".j' .··,
/· Source•

_....-:;.:Af1.~:~::>/
A B C
--6.Hc,60 -Affc,60
Non hydrocarbons : ·· ··
Hydrogen (gas) /'6M22 51.552 ('.:~::. ·-.,~~ 8 8 7
Carbonmonoxide (gas) .-:·.<:·:.·_;)42 4.342 .. ., ·-.. '••. 4.343 8 • 7
Ammon. c > 9 •s1 s.005 .....·:..... ·_: ....:·.·.,/9.670 8 8 7
oa gas ...._"· •••·.·-. .... ·~.'
<. . . . ..-··i : -

•
Hydrogen sutphide (gas) ("·.""-.>·T-101 6.54;9·<>-.'.··.·/ 7.095 4 8 7
Carbonyl sulphide (gas) ,..... .":::::.:::·<"<3.950 3.:~~o .. ., "·-. ..... 3.950 8 - 7
Carbon sulphide (gas> .:., "'·::-----.../ 6.235 e,zis-.. "-. :· 6.236 8 - 7

::::d•:~ :~'. :~ : .: : : : ;> 660

Methane (gas) "-. ·... 23.891
. .-: :'.: : :~ ~;.:- : : .:·
! .... '"-?t,528
6al
23.869
8 - 7

4 4 5
Ethane
Propane
c-.i::::;'
ciiJ.J ~
>·. >
0

)
22.333
21.653 /. \
.... <>----··2.¢443
-. .....19.931
22.311
21.633
4
4
4
4
5
5
~ i~i"·</ 21.30<J<°<·.,:;,.:·.:::::> 19.672 21.280 4 4 5
2~.p~jje-(gas) 21.~1.:::-. .• ·~.... 19.595 21.219 4 4 5
,2.~·liut;aij/(gas) 21>.-!)84. t ·-../ 19.296 20.868 4 4 5
....·.2°-2-0i~~(gas) :iO !loo'/ 19.368 20.940 1 1 2
{""~ns "·-.. :~)
·..·
Etllene (gas) ....:::::.'..2.t.323 20.272 21.S04 6 6 2
f ( .:........ ··:
P"""'"" (gas) '· \ .. 21,639 19.674 21.020 6 6 2
1-Butene (gas)
..---::::~~~~:::::~;:::~.840 19A73 20.821 . . 1

•
2-Butene (gas) 19.420 20.765 1 1 2
•.. ~ ....'::········-'
··. 20.785

:=~;·:::::::·:::;.-:::·
20.743 19.378 20.724 1 1 2

.
20.709 19.348 20.692 1 1 2
..:~:::::~. ···...
Diolefi!JS-ao,d Aciityl&nes
~ -~) 20.866 19.921 20.855 6 6 2

):·~'.~~:~~) 20.615 19.565 20.502 6 6 2

({~~(gas) 20.213 19.154 20.2112 6 6 2

:. ::
•..•. \~(~celylene) (gas) 21.466 20.732 21.458 6 6 2
(:.-. ... ~(gas) 20.791 19.846 20.780 6 6 2
\ .... ,: /
·-...:::::·.r:eutyne (gas) 20.639 19.589 20.626 6 6 2

1 See also S.S 1.1 Chapter II pages 5 to 8).

~ •The value indicated In API TDB92 is erroneous; the value given can be found In API TDB of 1983.

J Note: To obtain heating value in kcal/ kg, the values given are to be divided by 1.8
Common fuels contain sulphur that can cause acid coll'OSion ff there is total or partial condensation o1..-. in the flue gas. In practice
HHV is rarely used.
To obtain LHV from HHV :
LHV = HHV-5270. x (at 60 'F) LHV = HHV • 5222. x (at 25"C)
HHV and LHV shall be in kcal I kg and x = mass % of hydrogen in the fuel.
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ms;
GE 312 1.1.2

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) FIRED HEATERS AND COMBUSTION 4

Calculation of LHV

a. Gasfuel

its composition. ./(..)) . ...::--..:·· ....

.::·.:::.:·.::~. :·:..) .' l ...~:··) }.:·.:·::;....:-
For a gaseous hydrocatbpn..W!thout inert compQOenfs--'.ruii;l a bit of hydrogen, LHV
can be calculated .l?.Y'~$mg"the approximate fothW1.;.:-~i0w (to be used only when
LHV cannot be ca{cli\a'ie!l..1:>y other methods). <><::---.>
::'··.. :···..:··.... :""· ... ..............~:-·
LHV = 1400 ..···.. .... ... p
... +·:~0248 . .....··.....··.::...,,
LHV . kcat1'i4ki3 .... . · :.--..:·--.. --~·
· ..-···.:····.·~ {( ·-....·:
p /~--i Ni'\ ~-.. ..... \:·-....--'./
. .-;:· '::<:::::::'! /·;:~)\::::~;··"
b. Liqufof ftiel _.., ,....::-... '·...
. . ;:····-..:.::·..·:::./ ..-<>.~) .: ···... l
..
_...r~e ~oll<Ming formula, deflned-.~Y-.~e French Normalisation Office for heavy fuels
'··{Sj)e~lfic gravity between 0.92 to ·1-1>15) produced by French refineries in 1980, can
be used (this formula ~aj-.t1e used for asphalts).
{ { .::-.....: 'j
LHV = 132!X!_- $440...-Jp at 15 °C)- 76.5. (% S)
LHV : _, .. k~~J'k~
p at 15 °C :("'.:·~::".d:~i~ in TI m3
....... ••••• •• •••••<#.
%5 \; \ ·..·Siilphur content in mass %
.------~ ·.
In som.~:~~es;::~diments
and/or water should be accounted for. When water is
!f
prese6t:.. .~as an impact as an inert but it also reduces the heating value because
of V@t¢r-l{apprisation.
/. ;.:#··-.:~···. .·......
Genera! formula (sulphur content is not taken into account)

(::::(~-~~~I/ kg) = 17355 + 5112 In (H/C) +607 (In H/C)2

'<:::~: H/C ratio can be calculated from the flue gas composition or from the fuel
characteristics :

• See API diagram, Data Book chapter Ill SS 1.1, characterisation of petroleum
fractions. ·

• Composition of gas fuels.

------------- -

GUIDE DOCUMENT
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PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL {DATA BOOK) FIRED HEATERS AND COMBUSTION 5

······ ..
_.··:..------._

~:Ra::i::: CO'.:~~t~~~'.~~·~::..:he
1.2

complete combustion, (that is, with no flue gas) a

quantity of air greater than the theoretical (stoichiometric;(an19un'r-s1ia11 be introduced in
the furnaces or the fired h.~at~rs. i./ ····-..:·.::;..
. -·· . ..·.=:·:.~·.··- .....
,:.. i:'... ),.i ' ..· \ ··.. ;·
The quantity of exce~··a)t·~q be identified by aotiJY~[rig··~~-e flue gas with an analyser
or any mobile deviclj!:·t~at.'i?ai'.i·foeasure the OXY!;IEIJ):-a~d-~.6 2 content.
/ ·-· ..::::-.::... ·-.~·-·. ::··.::::· .:~_--.:·.:··/
Air excess (e) ~-~:Ciiic~lated from the f9l(o~F1g·f~j:j'..,ula :

-~·~>~:::~;~~·:
..... ·-... cN.~ - 3.76 * 02)
02 o2 at.\d~:::~~:~;:me % .
/ :' ··-~ \

N2 repr~~~-~~-:~~~gen content in ~~:~·~~nd.-~as, calculated from : ·

.. .-:.:> .:~:---~~:::·:..: .-::· :::....~ ..
:·.:::::l
N:i.:=-:.l~~ ~-{% 02 + % C02) ...--<:··.,:··...
. . <?.:~··<:::::::..: .(:::~::~!.. '•,/
·.... lf~·:C02 content in flue gas is ilnknown, it can be estimated from the characterisation
facto"r ·a· . "a" is fu~ojl..pf C/H. It represents the C02 content in flue gas for
stoichiometric combu$t(ort>·. ~'
<:··.:.-::::::::<~~
. 4:. ·· * ··· 829.6-G
a= -~2:·i·:r1.1ss x c1o9.4 +a)
<-~ -:·: : : :_.:~;:·.: -
··-----~ ...
G = <;?<!i:ruer·>:·(mass %)
.(<:.:) total fuel
~<F.o~~~plete combustion of gaseous fuel : G = 100 and a= 12.5.
~(. F~~ <iomplete combustion of liquid fuel : G = 0 and a= 16
.----:~ . . . .:~~~::·:J·
/(" H\§~ce C02 content in flue gas= a 11-(% Oil 21))

'<:::::{~~ co., and% 02 in volume%)

1

J
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP msy
I GE 312 1.1.2

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE ....

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S.1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) FIRED HEATERS AND COMBUSnON 6

1.3 HEAT LOSSES TO ATMOSPHERE

Heat losses include :

: ~::i :~:::: ~~rt~~g~~;:~:{~~~(ut 1 to~·%) .:<: ;:;.:~ : ~-'.'.'.>

Heat losses in the flue g?s..~o~pond to the enth~p,Y·d.!ffet.e'nce of flue gas between
outlet temperature anc}aai.1'.ll<ifnt, temperature. ,.. .. :::<:·<:·./
They can be es!imafu~.';;~:;: flue gas com~lt~~..~~~-~P values :
!,. i~.-~s~::.<~~::.<> . rr::::::;:::i-:::>
Cp . '(~~I i.~~ole,
°C /::::<::>::~/
:"·
.......:· .. ..:::~-·· .( ::.........:...:::.'
<
C02 : (_.-:e-j,,.7 8.66 + 0.0101 ..tn:~::0-.-0.0Q00601 1,.2

.
N2...../<~~-····-...-:.·····2~·~ 6.93 + 0.00040 ·<~~:L'o.~~000132
~> ··./
t,. 2

Air Cp =6.95 + O.QQoo~···-..t,,, + 0.00000123 t,.2

~. :..... ~·:·:~:.../
H20 Cp =7.97 +:'.9'.-0.~>167--" t,. + 0.00000176 t,,,2
........::·::.:···:-
S02 cp = 9_.~-f:a;oos71 t.. - 0.00000478 t..2
<.~~:-.:::::.:~:;.·->
..---·---~ ··...
(Referen~·~Pl.TdB~:Ed.83 - available for temperature between Oand 500 °C)
.-::· :::...::./

/·;_ '.'~; j;:>

'\.::::::::::'./
l :

I
I

•
"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP .........
GE 312

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) FIRED HEATERS AND COMBUSTION 7

1.4 THERMAL EFFICIENCY />···<::-.,

The thermal efficiency of a fired heater is the ratio between 11p)i·~~(atj.'s"~rbed and the
heat produced during the combustion offuel. .// .// ,..:-.:
R = Total heat absorbed x 100 /:;:>·<.:·:·:·(/
Total heat production ,.,.-:....:---.... ..
···' ··. ·..
Total heat absorbed : su.£·-;f·iieat absorbed by radiati{n"aod ~o~vection
.-:. '·.../ ,:' ' . ......... ··.... ···:·
Total heat production,.~·tiea.t 'produced by the coml)Jii:{tii;l'ii"of'fuel plus heat produced by
combustion air pre~~a!mQ°·(i(a~y) and to a less .~e~V~~rlsible heat of the fuel(s).
. ·. . . .. . .. .
One part of the t:ieat~~"S~~ occurs through ttie:fir~."i:i~~ter's walls (about 2 % of total
heat productiotlf°aotfaii-Other part results from:·tti·e-.ft~e gas leaving the fired heater at
high temperatlire>·>·->
... //··. ·•.· ..... ··.. ·....,
'--.>'/ ...,.
R = 100 - (ri~t'~sses to heater stack .•(treaj·!Psses through heater's walls)
..... ·-. ··. :; ...
Commoil:effi~nc"ies are :
: ' • I
'·-'"'·.../ /
;••"•, •., ..

• ..........
S5-%-.>······' ./ Inside radiant rMtika~~
··:. ··----· . ...·· · ·- ·
·· . .::.· ...
• <. 75'.t6 ~ % Inside fired !:$jtets.With energy recovery by convection.

/::~~::::::·~DEX ·<::::::~(:, . ,.
1.5

The Wobbe index (al'jj'.;;~·'wobbe

number) characterises the heating value of a gas
in its actual conditiQrn<)>f:oi)e'ration at the inlet of burners. It is defined as :

./:_::;~~~-;~~I;::::.:,
• w= : :
W

d
· Wob~li'idex
HHV : ,:::::l'fi9h..heating value (*) in MJ/Nm 3
~·::>.,Specific gravity (air= 1}

(*J.!\.~J~jf~aracterisation uses the LHV. But this must not be referred to as Wobbe index

1.6 ~i~~-~~UILIBRIUM
({;:~:~;::;:/::::/ i·: .. ~~-SOo
-:-
EQULIBRIUM

l
I 7 05
. . . .
I :::: ~ ::::::/ . ::· ... :::::
-
~
•••• : · . -~o,i
.............. •,• . , ..,,. .
•• • •••
.. ..
f ':=-L-~...
~~-...
~~-...~~-700~---"'...
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ms;:
GE 312 1.1.2

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE ....

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) FIRED HEATERS AND COMBUSTION 8

.····-··-..

2 INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

2.1 TYPE OF FIRED HEATERS

.<"::;:s) / <"->··..
Th~~ two~• :~~~o/atera' /:_{~!f/
• cabin fired heater~. 'A!#ili.QFIZOntal or vertical hlb~s-.:::··.>
• cylindrical fired .!)ealerS·with vertical or helicoiQaf.tob.¢'5
... ·:;·_..:::·-.:.:··.. :
...~:· ... __..:.,~

The choice bQ~'.s~~I

=~ -.:. or horizontal £1~:~~~~-:
............• is mainly based on :

• Consfiii~~~;;::// /~:)}:::::~.:··
Fd:~:~~~~~red
heater, ther{(i'.~i·~;~tion
of heat transfer. Above 60x106 kcal I h
./o(~t exchange capacity, hdrizbotal fired heaters are selected because at this
., capi!rcify vertical fired he9ters can "ile difficult to construcl
r··t·-~:-::~····:
• External dimensions : \ \ .. ·· .//
·~:::·--.::·-.. :::.-··
Horizontal fired f:ie~·re~uire more ground space than vertical fired heaters.
<-.::::::~~:::::.·····
• Investment e:o~t·~
\ \
. :--.·......::·'
.--·---~ "
Cabin fiJ"8d. ..hej!wrs are more expensive than vertical fired heaters for low to
averaQf!:Ciapacit}/(up to 30 MMkcal I h).
.·:~.:~:-···~~~·

2.2
!~~::...
'•Sl:ll:Oets are used to mix air and fuel for a complete combustion .
~

~
···-.... ···
~
There are two types of burners :
~

I
•
•
•
natural-draft burners
forced-draft burners
"<
~

~
~

•
"
 TECHNIP
GE
-.
312
GUIDE DOCUMENT
i!OCk ""
1.1.2 I
a;apt;;""
VI I
RSV.
0 .
I~
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S.1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT

PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) FIRED HEATERS AND COMBUSTION 9

/:~:~:::.-.:;·;
2.2.1. Natural-draft burners , .._ "· ..._.. i

They can be used with both liquid and gas fuels. Every
fed by a separate fuel line.
bu~~;::i-;::~i~;~~ed
..-<:<.. .. _..
with a pilot

Natural-draft burners OP.e·(~l~\..,ith

air excesses depending on the type froll'_lj~~;o:;~·~)~'
of fuel. Steam consunw~~ ..ll~ed to at6mise the liqtl)d-,fJJei:1s·:about 300 g f kg of fuel.
.::.-:~::::::.:·.-. ~:;·) . ('~:.:-_::~·:::::?)
2.2.2. Forced-dralfb·cim'iits . ("-..><."·:· ..
::··-.:::·.;·.... .. ..~ ......~~>·-.:::::.· ·~
These burners f1aye-$everal advantages c:dm.par.ed to natural-draft burners :

• Air E'.lC~~--~:;;;~~d
:/ .......
to 5 to 10%, Y('~~~~~·~;·~~: type of fuel.
... ......... . .
• L,ar~~t-.o~ating
.. . . flexibility (~~~~:·:(~nd
. .. . ·-- 10 of flow rate .~
against 1 to 3 with
.-flatural'-tlfaft burners), whicli-.allQ\NS"'opera!ion from 10% to 100% of the heater
..!1!l9' capacr'ty.
( "· -;..,;: ,:;;>
.-.:·r.i.o ....... ... "·
/ ...... ·; "·.. /

2.3 .(::~~q;;·~~ STEAM ·'. .:'.: :~: ~:'

/·;.::::::::~·-..:
In the absence of veijdQr"infrirma!ion, the first estimate can be based on the vapour
quantity required tO::·fe):>~ three times the volume of the combustion chamber in
15 minutes. / .......:·,.. ":>

·: .~·:.~: :-:-: :~ ;~:~;· ·'

.·.--·---~ ... >
•••oo ••• H
...--···.
••••

:::. :::~.> . )
. ·- ..

rr_'.1";>''
·~----···

w
"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE
ISSUed by
312 1.1.2

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) FIRED HEATERS AND COMBUSTION 10

TABLE 1

Determination of the amount of oxygen required

for stoichiometric combustion of a gas

Constituent %vol Molecular % vol x mass .··..:' EJWQk02

-.a- % volx a
/'ir!.~JfJht .····. ...~·.%VOl.gas
·.. -..
Hydrogen . ···. ..:···Q.'
··. .O..·,
Oxygen ··... .···.>·ai.O
·. -
--~. ...
'· .....:.::· ....... 34.1 1.5
co -:. ·...... .... •.. ,'
0.5
··. ··.
·=: ··......./ ··...• 16.0 2
Methane
·.. ··.
Ethane ::::.' .:.::··.) 30.1 3.5
Ethylene ... ..... ) / 28.1 / ..., ·i..::::····· 3
Propar1i/
. .. '} ·::····
. . 44.1 ..:.:-. ·-· <. ....... 5
42:1.-··· .. : ·......
Prop¥.Jeile..::·· .. .: .· ·. // 4.5
I~. 58.1"· .. '..
·. . 6.5
n-Butane·' . ·:::::-~:1 6.5
Butene : \., <~.y 6
lsopentane 8
Total A= B=

<.:~'.. .~. . . .~::;:::~ .

.------~ .
• Specifig.g~vrry·/.:Sir = A =

~~·::?/,
100x29
=
=
....:.>-fu. . v~~·.... . . : :) . .
:·M·ass flow rate of fuel
100 x22.4
A kg/ma

i \ ': :
·~.::::jE-:'.f Molecular flow rate of oxygen consumed
I x=m*Jl
A 100

J
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP m., ..,.. ... Cfi8i>i...... ROV. I
GE 312 1.1.2 I VI I 0

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE ....

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) FIRED HEATERS AND COMBUSTION 11

TABLE 2 /;:::::::.:::.\

DETERMINATION OF LHV OF A GAS AT 60 °F ./.:,'·::_-::::::·-::'../

. .<'..::::·:~::>::::.;··
Com position %Vol. Molecular % Vol. x LHV % Vol. x . <.%··mas5··· LHV % massx
weight m~ss .. (kcal /Nm') LHV ..-.'. : ···-.•.::::.- (kcal I kg) LHV
;ydrogen 2 576 ··. ··.. 28640
)xygen

"" /g(~f'
• co
;ydreg en
~ulphide

Methane
-~thane
5 525 ··..:·· ...~·· ....=-

::'.<.:··..>
8 550··'.::.::
15!z1·~····..; , ...
-
2412
3633

11 947
11 343
o:thylene /)~-;~:::::. . 11264
0 ropane <. '··2'J.-'7S3' 11 073
0 ropylene . . .-;:.: :~,<.)··:zQ:~o 10936
sobutane ·... ·:,· 28228 10886
Butane .. ·<>28316 10920
····.

. . . ('.~::?;~::>
Butene 56.1 27090 10823
sopentane 72.1 34505 10720
-otal ........::· -A:=., B= C=

• ~
·.. ·-:·········
·: ~ :~·:·: : : : :;: .: -
........ ·.
··..
............ .....
LHV = B / 100 kcal/ Nm3

LHV= ~ kcal/kg= C/100

~
.l!
~
E
"::• I

.....J
e.
~
.,
w
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ms;
GE 312

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE ....

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) FIRED HEATERS AND COMBUSTION 12

TABLE 2 bis
DETERMINATION OF LHV OF A GAS AT 25 °C

Composition % Vol. Molecular % Vol. x LHV % Vol. x % rn'a~ ····LHV % massx

weight mass . -·· (kcal /Nm') LHV //""· ..:··. ., (kcal/ kg) LHV
'. .

,<£>
Hydrogen 2.0 ,.:;..·;)2579 ...... ··.... 28669

,,~;~:;}>
Oxygen 32.0
co 28.0 3016 .• 2413
Hydrogen 34.1
........··.:·-........
·... 5 529 ...........·
.. . 3636 ~
Sulphide
.. . .......... ) 8 556 ..· .. ·.·~_._:_:_·.·.·.·.'_.:_: _·.·..·,· ....
Methane 6-~:"-../:: . . . ) 11954
Ethane 30 ... ....
.... .. ... ..
15 226 // ···-... \, .. .. 11 350
Ethylene i <'8.1 \ '•.,
:-;,;··"' \ ·" 14 1n-.
VT
.. '<:·.......:/
• 11 272
·":· \~";,-.T.// {·;;_, )........·
Propane . . .........· 2{ ~_,......... :~ 11 079

·~.<~ :.:_:_. ::__:_ :~1· .(:~~t::>

Propylene 10942
lsobutane ,_. . :·:?;5"·:8..... 10892
Butane ·...
·2a-33.i · 10 927
Butene 56.1 10826
lsopentane 72.1 10 813
Total B= C=

<<:·.~::::;~;~::;:·-"
.-····-~ .....
··--------......:-
<<::~:.)
..-:::::·:::::-->' LHV = B / 100 kcal I Nm3
p =Density~ ( ··-..,A =kg I Nm3
• Cl • 22 14
(~~.'.'.~:.:'.~YQ:~· .4 LHV = ~ kcal/ kg = C / 100
···---···
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE 312 1.1.2 VI :1
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) FIRED HEATERS AND COMBUSTION 13

Calculation sheet of fired heater efficiency from CO, and 0 2 content, temperature of
fiue gas and combustion air.

Theore~t·ai(·· .. Moles of neutral flue gas

g/kg
{no
... ·..••.
./......... ·
sulphur) o, \
.. ·· ... ~2/
: H,Ov

C= ·~ 02= C/12 CO,= C/12

...
H = .!&QQQ. 02= H/4 H,0,=2xH/4

• To obtain the number of moles of excess

air.multiply the result by theoretical air

TABLE of SENSIBLE HEAT LOSSES of FLUE GAS

T"° flue gas = "C T"air= 'C

Moles per kg of fuel Moles x I! enthalpy Sensible heat of flue gas

(see parag 1.3) in kcal I kg of fuel
I ( QQ2
.. "·...
\ .: :
········N:!
H20v

Excess of air

Heat losses through the slack = Loss through the stack = %

Sensjble heat x 100 = = % External losses = % (radiation)
Low heating value
Total
Efficiency
=
=
%
%
---------------------------------

GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP iSSUedby

GE 312

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE . ,.

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) FIRED HEATERS AND COMBUSTION 14

Calculation sheet of fired heater efficiency from C02 and 0 2 content, temperature of CALCULATION
flue gas and combustion air. /ExAMPLE
,/ / \ ~

Flue gas temperature 200 °C, Air temperature 15 °C, 0/o0

2 = 3.5 o/o C02 = 14 ,.-..'·· .• _"·· ••. ,//
FLUE GAS CONTENT : CO, = 14 % vol. o, = 3.5 % Vol. Total = 1,f;r//'.:·
: /) .. ·..·... >··=/
~ [;~,~~~~ ++0:~;)] = . _/:<~~:. :::·-.:::::::./
o, correspond to Nitrogen of the sample: x
4 21 93
Ratio~ (mass) of fuel: = 4 f21 ·~}il1.~+ 3.5)J = (~~:...•. ··••·..>
~ 4121.~·:·:::··.:::·-
_ 2~_f~::::~:~p 1T612·
..':.:::....
= 0.105 -:·. ·.' :_~ :_~ :_ ·._ :._: ;_: ;._:-_~:_ :_ .· .:;· >
-·
..

. TABLE of the COMPOSITl!)t:~~~~ICAL AIR NEUTRAL F~~~-~·fef;;ed & humid)

: :··
.. ... ···... ·:· / ··.......... ···./
/.M<>tei. Theoretica·~-~~·<:·· ..:)
g/kg
(no
Molecular-.
weighi·· .•. ·· :'.._ ·· I Moles or Neutral Flue gas

sulphur) ·::::~ :··....::- H,Ov

c = .!ll:!.Q!l!!.
a+b
904 :1\? b, =C/12 75.3 ,. ::·-._2&3,3::.i CO,= C/12 75.3
. !···-
~·

H = .!.li1.m
a+b
95.4 /;:>_..)::::::::· / O, = H/4 23.8 / </.-·"89,(;
..
·-·· _ ·-.
H,Q.;:2xH/4
47.6

75.3 372.8
Dried 448.1

:? ·::::~~;-:; 471.9
Humid

,,...,. /{:~~)--'
N2 =100 - (CO,+ O,) ·:. \ "··. ··:· To obtain the number of moles of excess
0, = Oxygen contey:ili~:11;i.e ~-.· air,mutupty the result by theoretical air
CO, = CO, oont8fli-ln.fiue.Gas•

l'\lr 2
.--:---·v•
.. Excess .• •·• 11 ;- :S.1Ei;·p,
x 02
- 3 ·76 • "
69.34 - 18.9"°'
;-;, '°

. ··::::::~::::~::~;> TABLE of SENSIBLE HEAT LOSS of FLUE GAS

((~'. ·--~} :) T" Flue gas = 200 °C T" air= 15 °C

Moles per kg of fuel Moles x Aenthalpy Sensible heat of flue gas

(see parag 1.3) in Kcal I kg of fuel
•GQl?::.·· 75.3 135

f N2 372.8 483

72
I H20v

Excess of air
47.6

89.61 117

Heat losses thlough the stack 807 kcal = Loss through the stack = 9.3 %
Sensible heat x 100 = ...!!QZ = 9.3 % Extemal losses 2 % (radiation) =
low heating value 8700
Total = 11.3 %
Elllclency = 88.7%
 I
GUIDE DOCUMENT
l&M e,
~I
&$JkiQ 0116131 N
TECHNIP
I GE 312 1.1.2. VII

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PART 1 - SECTION 1 COMPRESSORS
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ,.,~ 0 1 2
3 I ~< ::.~· . . e
7 8 9

A x x 19 x LI';

. (.. .-··..
20
1 x 21
2 x 22
3 x .
...•
... '·· : .
.. J
'

'
23 x ·.... ···...
...... ·.. ·...
. I
4 x ·......·.... /.
•
.:···. •• t.
24
5 x ·:. ···· .. : ·· ...::·
··-· ·...
x ·.. ··.. _ ··../
6
.... ·-.::::. :::··· . ......···.. ·..
x ·.. ··... ·.,: ·· ...
7
....· .··· ..... ··-··- ··... ·--~
x ....····. \
8
..···· ····.... ·.... : :. "\ .f
9 x
·.
10 x .··::.> .· ~:·- ..:· _::.··
11 x . .··-·..·-: ......·......
/?
~. ~

12
. ··.. . -~

·-.. >
13 x ·.....
..··:.: :-~.···.
14 x
15 x "··. ~--- ..:· -···
------- :- .
16 x ..... ··.. -.
• I • --:::. • ••.•• '

17 x •'\ ·-.. -~----.· ...

. .. ·-..
18 x ...---- -~ .... _
··---- ---._ ·.
9 / .. -..,
.... / ·: i
8
·.....•.
·- ·-. ·-..
7

6 .----~~
-......·
·.... _____
.· --··
5 {, ;·.. .
·. ·. • •.: .J
4 -------·
3

~
2
1 JUNE 2001 S. GLAVAS~ J.;; A. DEVOS l".~.. -~ ~ C.PT~,

tt
-
w
0
....
OCTOBER 2000

Date
JJ/MMIM
INTAN A. JAl:tt:-
REDIGEIWrltten by
(nom, '.isa /name, Initials)
A. DEVOS °'C
VER1FlE/Checked by
(nOln, visa /name, initials)
C.PTAK
APPROU\IEI
. , , _ Oy(oom.
visa /name.~\'
ENGLISH VERSION FROM FRENCH VERSION
REV.1-DECEMBER.2000
08JET,._

"
 @Y9

•
. .-··- ..
....·.:·:.~?.)
.·.:. ... ··... ··..

..
.. ··..··., ·.··... /
<. ---~.---.:···- ••>
...···-·- .. ·..
....
-~ :·:.·.~·__ ...~
..
tiJifA

<:;~j:~>
:·,·.:...... ...... ...
.. .. :

:::{~i:~;> •

••
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312 1.1.2

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S.1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 1

CONTENTS

1. GENERAL

1.1 Theoretical reminders - Mollier diagram

1.2 Methods of calculation - Units

2. TYPES OF COMPRESS06l{·.~···; {·-. ..

... ( ..~:·· ....!.:.. ... -.:: ··..:··· ...

~:~ ~:1:E~~c.;.£~.~.:j~:~~:ors- ··......::·····---··

<.·: _·: _~ -~.;_~,-~.i:.~_:!/
.f
3. CALCULATION'OF·Ab!ABATIC EXPONENT K~tCvci
·:·····..-·<>·· ·..::;.- .·· ... ·-.::··...::··.~
3.1 Estimatiori{fom charts //···· ... \ ··
3.2 Detiiiiiid Caloiilation \\ )}

4. CENTBl~~G-Ai·boMPRESSORS .:'~:::_:;:.~~::::;:::/
4.~:·:::::-~i;ri·~tion from chart /·:.::::\<.'.:) . .
...-:idz. hetiiiled calculation .:.. :····</
<:...-··· ...:.::::4.2.
1 Polytropic .efflcl~~~/
4.2.2
.. '
Polytropli:-H!i!llel (H.)
4.2.3 Shaft P~-.iter>-, ;:
4.2.4 Dis1<har9(i"te~erature
4.2.5 Numbe.i"ofwheels I casings required

• 5. AXIAL
4.2.6 Il<l.fiili:e'
4.2.7 .:S~.yariation

·.....
.--···.
• f•l'.....
. . •,
4.2.8 ,:\ ·~1e·calculatlon

co~~~~~~s
Ovo!:'
..

5.1 /fi9.iY.fropic efficiency

5.2 ·-sucti.on flow
s-:3:::::·M;lx1riium
. . ... pressure

6. ...-·:-~Cl~hCATING COMPRESSORS
/·(·-·· ~··\
\ "·. 6 Ji! Estimation from chart
"·...:::-£.2" Perfonnance calculation
6.2.1 Number of stages and discharge temperature
6.2.2 Adiabatic power
6.2.3 Total shaft power
6.2.4 Sample calculation

7. BLOWERS

8. INSTRUMENT AND SERVICE AIR COMPRESSORS

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I
I o ....
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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT

PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 2

1 GENERAL /;:::::::.:::>

1.1 THEORETICAL REMINDERS - MOLLIER DIAGRAM </;?:·.: :.;: :~ ;: ~'./

a. Adiabatic and polvtropic comt;>ression {: <:'.~ :·: : : : : : :./
Compression of an ideal 9.ii~:~~~ be coi:isldered as .Ail.~~~tl~.'~;~ = constant and
k=Cp/Cv) or polytropic (PVo._;'"<;fl~°tant). <. '._.',.·..; )
.-:::··...:··...:··:· .;,~·· ...'··...:··..·:....
Compressor manufa.~~s-.:·~~erally use the('.lcf!'.l~!itj(( compression model for
·reciprocating compr~SQrs:jin"d the polytropic co.r.npresifroii" model for centrifugal or axial
compressors. Adiaba:tie))r> polytropic efficien~{:are·/applied in the calculation to
account for true l;leb.a'v10W.~· .······-..:·-...)

The conversit\ri:i~·;~;~batic efficiency TJ<id-(Q::;::~ ~olytropic

efficiency (orµ.) for a TJo
given COJ'll.pt~S&!gi:i/service (compre~.. i_@tio· and k=Cp/C. are known), may be
oblained,fr-0(1'1.°Figute 1 below. .-:.:··.··...-·--.. }
...::..~:. ...:::···· ...·::.1 ..··.:::~·.::···...:::>
/<(. ··....::/· Figure 1 -·:~o/.- SI 5.8 1980
!·:..·"·.....::::::·· ····...:>
/·::::::::.···.... Polytropic efficiency ('7p)
{{ (/'·4;61 70 72 74 76 71 IO 12 14 M II

Adiabatic efficiency ('1m)

·~ ...
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GE 312
ii&l<i:S
1.1.2 I
™...
VII I
IUV.
0
I
~
v
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 3

b. Mollier diagram /;::::::::.:::--,

Whenever a Mollier diagram is available for the gas to be c~·~;esse~·'. the following
simple calculation method may be used. ../.(../.:· :.::·./

Figure 2 - Simplified Mollier Diagram/:<?:::·<.:~·:::::::./

:-:,.: ···....:::~~.

. ./~:·~~~~:?~·
d ..
.~- .,...·.>.><>
__.,, /

( .... ::~): :;~.~:·:;:- -'

1f;:i~3 > "/<,

(::~'.:::·i:;:;;;:;'lnlet state point 1 ~t'i~~r,section of p, and t, (suction conditions), follow line of
'eehstant entropy to.. ~charge'' pressure P2. locating adiabatic discharge state point
2sd. ((·;:·;:::;..,.
• The adiabatic 1l~a.~·B4;,::r;;.·; H.. (N.m/kg) =Ah.. (kJlkg) x 1000 with Ah.. = h,,.. - h, (in
British units ;,coiD!~.rs[on factor = 778 fl.Lb/Btu with enthalpy in Btu/Lb)

• Using an ,~~~-~~t~~··~diabatic efficiency Tta<1 (refer to following sections), the actual

discharg:a. entij~y h2 is :
_.·M~.\· .......
h2 /• µ d +.Jj;
/',:'") .f
• On.MQJlier, plot vertically from h2 to p,, locate discharge state point 2 and read t,.
..-;::.::t~:.:~-h~ft power is :
_.. .._,<::::fi.·:'..(/kW) = W1 (kg/h)xH 80 (N.mtkg)
:...... ,... u µadx36x10' (JlkW.h)
::
I '
·• \ ' I

.......~:::~:::~:/
• The polytropic head is :
h _ Had xµp
p- µad

See efficiency conversion chart on Figure 1.

(Note: 1 kJlkg = 2.326 Btu/Lb)

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TECHNIP d\apter n-
GE 312 1.1.2 I VII

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE ..,.

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 4

~:::: =,::~:mo~oo. ~
0
/i~~~:J)
1.2

:::::: O..oribod

: : ::r: P:::r::i:a~:h::~~::;s~n simple calculatip1{;~~~:~:;::.~nd discharge

temperature. ..-.~<::.".:J.::'. .. ./:::_-.;:;::::::~~·:.>

.... • •• 1 ('!...:,•··.:
The System lntemation;;H-.JSl}··Qf·..units is generally.. 1.1$.~d.JJ}r'oughout the calculation.
Usual units may be useJfi~te<la··(e.g. pressure in bi!r.fiistEiad" of kPa).
!..::::~::~:~::~~::./ ·'· . :::):::::::::.:.'.>
2 TYPES OF COMPRt;SSORS "·...'' .-:.. ..
..:'.::.~.-.~·~<.·.../ /:::.::::::;·:~·-...::
2.1 SELECTION-·¢KA~:j'"-./ \.. ...,._...//
1 ·.. ·: : ....... --.... •..... __ ••••
The foll9vi/ih.~:·cila~.:~ives
typical field{~:'.~PPJlcation
for various types of compressors.
Note t~fa'Ofuiat;limits may vary frprtj"Qhe.'·manufacturer to another. Consider this chart
as a,Qwdenij~::cinly for the most applications. cefrr.IW9h
/··<:::-··...
·.....
. Fi¢.ie 3

J_,..,"'"'-~p/o-""11
CEllTRIFllGll u.f AXIAL

... .,
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP 1$$JOGoy
GE 312 1.1.2

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT

PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 5

.·········.
2.2 PERFORMANCE CURVES .(<:·· ..,)')
The performance curves (polytropic head vs. suction volumyt~lil~~-J::~~~ different for
each type of compressor. ..-::---._-· <.• /:/

AL : Reciprocating .... ;:::<:::::::<.:··../

Ax : Axial ...-:.... \
C: Centrifug<!J. <.::·...-/
_,...: -: ;~:;:~ : ~ :~;:> Figure 4

·t· :.'.:~i:.: ~ ~ ~;~ ;:· · ·

AL

·.··..•...·

I , .. ' :

/Slf~3"y
• ...."
...,.........""
..
0

0
•' ... /-· ··.
·"7-----c
.'

I
I

Suction Flow Rate

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TECHNIP
I GE 312

Pago
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL {DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 6

2.3 MAIN FEATURES OF COMPRESSORS

Table 1

Type Speed Compression. ·:.A(j~ntages Typical

Capacity EfficienCY,..:'- ..:--../ applications
Compression
ratio .:::::.::::· ......::::;. ..~'

Centrifugal
3000 to 30000 rpm

sudion flow :
nlin. :400m'lh
max. : 2 x 170000
rn'/h
.....
•••
.:. ··.:······· 5 poss;ble during
.--. ··-. ••••
:. •••• •••
·-.

·~·..
long periods
•••
··• ·.....
..,,i;;.00 $_:·
..
-

Low maintenance
costs
~"91>5·;,,-
=·'(. .;,. ,.
,.----.•• :.-~. ~ntinuousoperation ~drlr8tio.is "·. Steamturbine

Gas 11.t»
98,..!;;..,
g ........,,
• •
•••••• "··•. ···,
~'Bil" ticp.mng at
0

~·- tne

ElectricaJ 11"'*7
All presSllt8S

All fluids

-Catalytic cracldng
-Reforming H,
·-.,~,.::..._. ( iibou!·40lo 85 % of Twbo-Expander recycle
75
Polytroi>ie head (H,):··: ::.' '''">:::'~· % Reduced di~ ~ffl\lw. -Refrigerant cycles
1500 m to 30000 nil( /\ • for a given cai>aelll! • ~ipg on gas and -NahJtal gas
casing : ~ " : ·" •, CmA~n ratio -$yngas
..... \:· •.. .// Flowcontro1JS'.~l· ·-... -Air
-large air
compressor
(cat. cracking, blast
furnace)
-Liquefaction cycles
Axial .f'resswe limited to
30 balS

300 to 1500 rpm -Instrument air

-Plant air
suction flow : -FtJel gas
0 to 1300 m'/h -$yngas
-Refoming (smaU
capaci!y)
-Low MW gases
-Nalual gas
Reciprocating Piping layout to be -Refrigerant cycles
cal9IUly designed
because of Ylbnltions

Non lubrieated
Notaffededbygas macNnos Alquire
proper1les 1tequent ove111au1s

15!1Jl J!>'1Q!JOO Tl\ol t _ . cast than Silencers required at -Plant air

·d,~·;··· cenlrilugal suction I discharge -FtJel gas
-$mall cat. cracldng
' Sllll to 4®q m'/h Higher efticiency air compressors
·........·... than cenlrilugal .
-by
.....,_.... lnClease -Packaged
Colnp.ss'"si:n ratio: refrigerant cycles
2 to 7 per casing bl4 Notaffededbygas Not recommencled lo<
Screw fo<a max.M'of 15
75-80% properties heavy fouling ElectricaJ na:r
bars.
Slandanllzedparts Flow control by ei1her
variable speed«
bypass

PJimlted

....'
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ms; BOOk ;;a ......,. .- R8V. ,
GE 312 1.1.2 I VII I 0

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S.1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 7
•
··-·· ..
. .·····.

<i/:.'.'.;:;. : : ~ : >
3
1
CALCULATION OF ADIABATIC EXPONENT K .•.

The adiabatic exponent k that is used in formula is, by,6cfrivehtii;lri, taken as Cp0/Cv-0
>--.
3.1
(C,/C. of ideal-gas state) at suction temperature.

ESTIMATION FROM CHAR.TS.

/<.:»>
//··· ..
....:::::::::···...··......
./..-·-, !····.:··.-'
.:··.::::··.:·::··.'.'.:····; .··-~·-.~:.~··::::.::. )
If only the molecular.':we'igfit' of the gas is kn11wn. ·{11¥dr6carbon mixtures), and not its
·' ····•· ~ ·. •. .
composition, an 11.(!pr:eximate value for k cari"l:\e·.Qettiirmined from the curve given in
.
Chapter VI, S.S('t:-fehtie Process Databo¢k.(s~·Gl'>SA Fig. 13.8).
<>. .}:-.:::::,· · . . ::.::::::::::·'.::>
3.2 DETAILEP·OAJ;;ClJLATION ({ \ )
! (···· \'"': ... / ....~...~:"·....·:...:
For a.~br-~·.ao~rate calculation, .a~t:t;for-:Qon-hydrocarbon gases, k is calculated using
the fqffo~ng·equation which applfe$·t"c(altiC!eal gases :

i{~:i~~. f?{')
where :
MCp0 :
(r~:: :~;> .
Constar:it.pi'E1~su1j;f molar specific heat capacity {ideal-gas state)
.......::::·~~:·-.::~···
R: Unive.~1-gis.·t:onstant = 8.3145 if M~ is in kJ/kmol."C
(·..::···.>·-. = 1.986 if MCp0 is in kcaVkmol. •c or Btu/Lbmol.°F
<."'\ ···--.::.~:;:·-'
Table 2 ~klW.Q.i.ves "the values of M~ for various gases. For multi-component gas, the
mole WE1ig~te-ctaY,erage value of molar heat capacity must be determined. See the
samp1.e::~19u1ation below.
···--.:~···'<'.

.
:
~" ~-~})
..........,,
{''i
.....::::~::·::./

•
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""""" .
GE 312 1.1.2 VII

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 8

G-. ':::::::: M ......1S"'C O"C 10-C 214' SO"C 7'"'(,,•.:'.';~~··· ..~~-~ ISO"'(

Metho,,. •.•••.•...•••••.••. at. 16.~i.··34.3+1 :U.931 35.199 35.111 36.7.U 37.8"°' 3~~1 40 ..529 .a1.98o
fihyfteCAQtylene) ••.•••••••. C:t"i 26.ii31( 3,9.eee •'l'.O~ 4.771 .,.9'26 •.5.6.SO <Q..N,5°""'·'*· "9.Wl 51.16'
~ <tt¥-> •.....•••..• c,H.. ~ "·-34<ll.t .a.Kl6 ''·"' u"' ~.1 u /•s..or.S ;1.'2t1 :· SJ.1n si..21 ..
EtnG- ••••••••••••••••••••• ~ /"SO.~-. 41:q~ ... 9.&22 .S0..90A .52.666 Ji.5.72:r-' ~-&'Ip.·· 67:11.t' 6'.l"U 611.SS6
~) .... , ••••• C,~
Pfopene
0
"-t2.dH, S,... j'll .59.tft 61 ..S9 63.INo 67.l:li \.1,,_),t"""j5./62 79.51M 13.'9Ji
~- ...•....•. , •.••••.• c>f(I ••• '1.11V ·...._ 1,., 62.783 70.605 ..
n.s2• '.!-'5+~:· ~::SM ...y•xi n.870 " Ile
~::.:_~~:::::::::.:~~::~~:·;-~-=
_,_....._,, .........
~-=
-J··C.~-
Si."'IOf' 77..329 12..517 &l.421 17.tn'•.'2.JO .... lfl&
:!::: ::. .~~~:::~··':!::: :~:;: ~= 103.311 108.et l\34M
13.476 9CUl7I 92..690 96.115 l~J'·-\10..
.... . . _ •••••••• , •• , ••• ;'"'j:.,H".....1'4 117.)M) 123.932 tJD.521
..._ ············:·(·"••:;~!O··.~l:U U.277 91.270 93..615 .~.!!--·* "!"f! 117..(124 123.326 130.400
..._,.._... .................... ~.;•.,1?151 101.1'7 IUl.369 113.675 1i1.,791·1p.m 1°3)..511
~................. ,.: •._C,Mb 72'.ISI IOS.123 111.603 115..MS 120.1t1. I..... 1M..180
14.t.029
l..._.,2
IS2.011 15"-'"
152.llD 1.1.MI
....._ ....... ,':::~.,~· n..114 .._..,_, 7'-060 77.coa::~i.~ '·M,.~4 N.761
.•l.C;,..:' u:w.324 111.321 na.m
""""-········:'·.:···.::··C.." .. 16.171 1n.c1 131303 137;1.t" 10~.,152.109 162.309 171 ..... 11u110 1901 . .
........- .•• r'''"•••-"l"••••~...,C:pMl6 100.205 1'2.'N3 154.$39 1Sf.®1 16S.~ ,77.141 111.29'3 199.400 210,°"6 :nD.SSS
~ .,1: ....::-l., .,,.,::·.·.~·~ 17.031 )S.676 35.636 ,;.o:r...,., »-ti!./ 35..653 3'.661 JS.610 3S.67a 35 ....
Air .........; .. ••• .. •t••\···· 28.'PM 29.°"8 29.~ •• 19.078 '29:V>JI" 29.1.ill 29.196 29.262 29.339 2'9.09
w..... •. ~ .............i.: .... ~ 11.015 S3.313 33.9'• 3\...r•.»m 33.m 33.132 M.032 i..201 >c.a,
~ ••\,;:•-..-.-.-..~:.,:..... OJ )t.m 2t.1::n • 29,'l.,a··~ •• 29.361
29.170 30.21• 29..i111 29..., .>0.o.s
~ --··~·······f·-····Mt 21.0l:S 29.079 ~.q• /2t.Of'.2 , ,.....
29.1'6 29.219 2".27f 29.ll6 29.140
~••:..,• .'':."".·.·.-.·.'•••••••• H, 2.016 H.290 "!f.,61h.' 2'.6l't-•'26.502
29.l:U 29.lSI 29.171 ~.:::!. 2P'.Cl65
~ ~~\"' .......... tt,s 33.313.--Ja~DJ "".,115 3'.1»8
-c::.,...~··· .........
:";~M,:ndt..t~/·--· .. ·····--C0i
co
... 0'0
:M.016
n.010
l,S.OIO 35.4'1 2:5.792
29.263 :t1.:s., 29.G
29.c,1 h29.t.1'i'•.19.\GJ 29".1'6
~· ¥·~2 :161'11 37.122
.0.290 41,I" .Q.CIPS
- ,.,.. )4.729
29.uo 29,1n
sa.:112' 3'.UI
/ (.° Ill P~,,c; Air. Ktt1u11t -4 ~~. T~~•.Prflpnfin of Air. W.U,., Jn/ PrimUv 19'1. A:1t1111Mia. Ed11:. i. Gfabl.
/ ·~rfltOdjtu..- ~rtia fl{~ At llilA t~ oNI ~. hu. l"rrattuUv. bftl 1"3. H,,,d~11 Sallilh.
/ _.... ~4- .,...,_ C""""- ~- ~ M.. 117. JHS. •.. ·-.. ·
~..· "·...:.::: ·......
/··;:.:::~:·~~....: .
Example : g~ -:it-]5 °C mtake temperature

r-~::~~~-~:::::;:::.·· Table 3
. <::. ~,:::······,..Calculation of k
·" <.~··-.::··-..:~::·
Example gas mixture \\ ··eetennlnation of equivalent Detennination of MCp
........ H

·--·-··---
..

......
.....
molecular mass Molar specific heat capacity

Component Individual component yxM Individual component yxMCp

name molecular mass M MC,. at 75-C at75oC

Methane l "-Q.921!1 16.04 14.782 37.870 34.901

Ethane ······ "·-0:,~ 30.07 1.467 58.819 2.870
Propane '
·:..··./ t·0.0185
I '
44.10 0.816 83.585 1.546
i-Butane \ "·. .!<1.0039 58.12 0.227 110.408 0.431
n-Butane ·<::::>o.oos5 58.12 0.320 110.334 0.607
i-Pentane 0.0017 72.15 0.123 135.581 0.230

Total 1.0000 Mmix 17.735 MC, mix 40.585

=
k=MCJMC.. k =40.585 / (40.585 - 8.3145) =1.26

Note: Other sources: refer to Chapter VI, S.S 1.1. of the Process Data book.
J
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ™"" m ..
GE 312 1.1.2 VII

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT

PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 9

4 CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS

4.1

Figure 5
.. .. Doc. N UOVO PIGNONE
' ' .... :.1, \
... .• .... ::::·::::::::::.:;:··
'
~I' r-
'
.'\.. .
~-
... B-~· .'\.. ,, ~
-{::··...-::.-····,.::.·
~~ ' ,'\ ~~ .~·I'". ..·.. .::::::
' " I" . ~"" I"-. ~ ~ 11fll~ ·····
""
......
~:
:
.
' '
.....' '
.· .· 1'···'""
-. ""
' '
' "'. ... ....,,
..
.. ·"' ", "
!)'
' .1\ -~ .'\..
: ·! "· ·<1:>' '\ ~
:~,.-~
':' ' ~ .

... ' ...

.·· v '
r ,,
: \ '··~
" 1'' ....
.· •.. ··.. ···)<" ''
. .. .
..
... , rr': ~
~['-. 1''\..

-
ll•Co/CV
•.• r ..

,, .. . ... ...
... ...
~
/ ~
. 1' j
•- ~ c
0 ~ -
"' "
5 ~

I .I<,
. . ... .13
~

I
11
/ /

~r-5;· Ii :1
I
fl
~[/
i; I
. )i!J
. " J· 'I
v
v / 11
~/ / c
N

'
. .
j v /- '-'· C:·- ·- ·- c I
: :
. Kjl· J
I rj
1

' "/ I
'. .I I f I lj
-- i-.
r-.... :-- ' -
r-.... r-.... ..._ I ,.._- ..•
j
..
J
' I
WM
I
I
J
t::::: 1--... -1--... jo.._
1--... r-.... j-..... jo.._ :-- ,..._
1::--- "" r-....
0

!'-....
...._ r -
L

-
!'-.... t-.... 1---.... 1--... r---
.j
I -..
~

~· t-.... !-..... 1--.... !---_

.... .,, ~
n

e
0

. . .. ......
n .., "' 0 "
"NIO
.. nc ... 'O

<Tc
.. .., 0-
I
. '' .
~

~- .
~ .. :J ....~ WN
I
~
--
I
~
0 ..
~-
g
..,w
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP lssuea bY
GE 312

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 10

4.2 DETAILED CALCULATION

4.2.1 POL YTROPIC EFFICIENCY

a. For single wheel :

ci
ffi ilO
..J
jj
~
w
:i::
()

~
::>
:i::
()
::;;

~ 7o Ill
1111 ~

This curve is derived from the following equations :

• Qv > 8500 m3/h ( approximately 5000 ACFM)

11o = 0.751 + 0.01985 Ln(Qv/8500)

"' • Qv < 8500 m3/h

. 11o = 0.751 + 0.01985 Ln(Qv/8500)- 0.02 [ Ln(Qv/8500) J2
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP AOOIU?
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• PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
COMPRESSORS

.... :'
.....
.•·· .
Page

11

: ·. .: /
b. For multiple-wheel stage ·· ·..· ·

Provided that there is no intermediate intake, the calculated at

stage suction shall apply to the complete stage. Thi~:"~i:taJ!y ·l"e°ads to a reasonable
polytr~~;;::~~~;:~~-cy
accuracy. .· .·.i::.;·: . .>~:_:~·-. . :·· ·. >
In the case of lateral.·iDl<ii<E(_
' . ·. .depend1ng
-
on the .......
Jntakk-·V.Oit'.ime
. flow rate compared to
compressed gas vo!ufne:f!Q~·r'ate, efficiency m~y'nee4 \l!.-be reviewed .
.·.··.::_:-::~~::;:·:~;---:· <:'.:::~·::::::·::;_-::/
4.2.2 POLYTROPl~.-l:!EAif(A,;) . .-.. /.-..:---..:··

HP
-
-
ZmRTa-x···-~r:<::~>:.:~
M • k-t Pa W -
1J ......'.::::<:::"> ....
.' ••••••• ·-. •

wh~.r~. ~·L· ;_:·.:,-j·: > ,. . . 2_)_.'.~;~:::;:2)

Hwicl'k.:l_lkg.()r kN.m/kg ... ::-... • '·.. ·

/{';:·· :: -.~·::::>_..Adiabatic expon~~J,f~ia. calculated in section 3.2,

,:..···M.:.:---., Gas molecular weiQ°ht)
P,, P~: Discharge ~1t14'~!-Jction absolute pressures,
R: Universal g~s,j~):onstant = 8.314 kJ I kmol.°K,
Z.. : Averag_e. oo_inpre.ssibility,
µ0 : Polytrcipi(;--etflcrency, calculated in section 4.2.1,
Su<;tiapJ~ltipi?rature, °K

•
Ta :

H0 is often ~~~~~~~;~··metre
\ \ ·.....
or feet by analogy with pump differential head

1 kJ/kg ..;;::4:'.kt:hn/kg = 101.97 kgf.m/kg, i.e. 101.97 "metres" or 334.4 "feet" (that is,
app~,ajely, 3o kJ/kg = 10 000 feet)
.-:_ ··......... .
... ·. •

':s~~;--:
((.:::~.' F~;~·given compressor (rotation speed and wheel diameter fixed), a variation in the gas
··-.. :::::pr6perties or in suction conditions will change the compression ratio -r = P,/ P. while the
polytropic head is not affected.

w
0
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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312 1.1.2

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page •

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 12

·····-
4.2.3 SHAFT POWER
..
' '
-···-

::·~ :o::~:~~;~[C::l"' -. J {<C,-,,_ :::

. . . :~·::--~;·) <~·- .. __ _

:'.:'" G" _,_,;;~(~~· _:{§)?~~;~)

Hp : Polytropic l").ead·:f(;Ji.j(g;·· <><::·<>
k: Adiabatic.E!Jq;li)fij;!nt-k = Cpa/Cvo,
M:
P,, P.:
Gas mol~~1ai:we1ght,
Discharg_e'~iie.~ction absolute pr,essure,_:··_,
<>-</". .>
R: Uniy_er,;al.~ai; law constant = 8.3:-i:<fi<J~i'pcii. °K,
Q: Ma·~s·flo.w,"kQ/h, '-.>....//
Z.., : A~Eir~g~)c;bmpressibility, ,-::::.\.:· .......-
µ. : /}19fytropi6 efficiency (see SEi~i;t4:~.1 ),
T.: <": ·:·~i.ti:ti<;>n temperature, °K,..-::<;··... >:,
P (s~;~~~~~~:er)
..·
~
=Pu (gas ho~~~lr)·-~ bearing and oil seal losses
··-----~:::- ···./

Losses are taken as 40 kW a~:~::fi-rst approach (80 kW for Pu> 8000 kW)
:\ (/'·: /

: : .as
power ~-~~·-""·"""""""-'
. additionarkisses:->
·:. \ ··- ... ··:·
.. " ·-·
% oflhe """""'''"

.:====:~~--·::::::-
4.2.4 DISCHARG~:~
·· ... ··.
... PERATURE

T - T ;((::~~:)·--~-.:·),
r - ~~-.Pa ; .:

whSt~'
. '
·;·:.:::::::</
..
T,~...:·:::::::·.·:,./ Discharge temperature, °K.
Ta: Suction temperature, °K.
P,, Pa: Discharge and suction absolute pressure,
µp: Polytropic efficiency (see section 4.2.1).

••
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
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lssueoey
312
"""""' I w...... I "·· 1
1.1.2 VII 0

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT

PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 13

. ·--·· '•

4.2.5 NUMBER OF WHEELS

The following guidelines may be followed :

• The maximum polytrC>P.iC"l:Jead for a single wheel-:fs·i{l ttii§"range of 10000 to 12000

feet ( 1O 000 feet coi:(eSi>Qhds to about 30 KJ/K~):...,:"-...'_'_"·:·
... ·-... ···... ~.... .... .:.···; :::··-., ·-·

•
,

• A casing may ~-~.\h-.J!p"' to 8 wheels (o~ .. ~.~n-::J~! if they are small), with the
following guideliri"es>.."-../ .. '-..:"·<"·.,/
• lnt~r6~~r.;:·c6~e inlet and one o~~~:itiijj· neeessitate removal of 1 wheel,
i.e::tb'e..~lng can only contain(?.(6 'twheels.
• ·Tue)p·r~~ence of a side ..-~i~~..:ffnlet or outlet) does not modify the
,..-:::;maxii:i:rum number of whe~I~_. "·: )

• Tf:ie(~~pr~lm~te minimum n~;:;F:~~eels

required for a given polytropic head
.af1tl_.gas:m61ecular weight catj be~detel'mined using the following chart :

. . : ~:?:.:~.: : : : ~ : : : :» ·<'.~:.:~2··<:>·
'.:' "-..._:::;.- "-.) Figure 7

c:(~~~' "::::
•.---,=~~=~;~::~::~_,~;.--.--r-r-,.......:1--.-.-r.7..../7r-rl

•
;;•
e

J -~
&:
"'
j
ti Head. kN • m/kg
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312 1.1.2

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE ....

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 14

4.2.6
INTAKE FLOW /:-<:;:~;'.~~~5)
For a centrifugal compressor, the maximum volume flow at #t.iop1 :j:Jahditions is
approximately 170 000 actual m 3/h (Le. -100 000 ACFM). • '·. --.· .-- / :'

Should the flow become close from this value, a split flow corri~~~::i::;· be required.

<:~::~:~~::?) /·~:):;.: .~;:~: :.'· . . '

Suction flow Number of·>/.ihl:~ls ~ Speed for Hp of 3d._lcJlks.:-:_.- Notes
per,.c!f$irig. ·-, /···.•:··... ··•... ··
reai m3/h

..
...:·· •• :··::::·-----·· rpln ···.:· .:·-••:·-•••

~iih~ (~;~?s!:;v ";,i~~

Special compressor

56 000- 94 000 ; '·

94 000- 136 000 /:· "-.. ·······/
·, ; 8
8
..-··.·.::::.·. .._,:·:!.-~
.. """
.
136 000- 195 ooo.-'./ ,.:> :::··· a '·..:···'/··~·i>oo Simple or split flow
195 000- 245flPt>·•.:·'.:. . . / 7 ...-:.:::::··;····-.)2 800 Split flow
245 ooo - 34q.oo.·.o ··.......... 1 ·-..
.. "-./
. ~·.: 2 500 Split flow

rr::;:'._:::;··i.
Source: Catalogu~ frPm.n•fa'nufacturers and GPSA 1980.

'<:~;~~:~~t~~:~:~~:-···
4.2.7 SPEED VARIAT16N ··-.._::_::.
...---...~ \._
o, - N1 .. H;::=·c·;r,.;~ Pu, - ( Nt) 3
02 - Ni <'.-:':;. T Ni 7'U2 - Ni
where · ····· ···... "··.

N :_..--,~~~):-~m,
Q.·:.....· Vpltntie flow,
~ £. P,,qlytropic head,
P~·-::::::;4.tisorbed power.

~ ...
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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lssue:1 by
312
.... "'
1.1.2 I
""'"".. mv. ,
VII I 0

~-
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 15

.········..
4.2.8 SAMPLE CALCULATION ,.·<:/··· ...)..)
Compression of hydrocarbon gas with a molecular weight of 2.ib;:)r;;;;{-~6.5 bar abs and
-35 °C to 43.59 bar abs. . <. · ....-.,..- /;;
Molar flow ; 5 891. 7 kmol/h .. <? ·····..>::/
Estimated compressibility factor : z = 0. 786 /:>·.>··... ·.
......·. .:... ···..•..·.. ......
a. Suction volume fl~~~:~::::·~:'.:~, /.-;:.:;}:~:::;:.:)
.

(PV = nzRT) 6
Q :fO~'?se·x:·~.314 x (2~~~ ,(jf5).;114S9~1--:u{_o'3
Q.::a.,411.;·~ 10 m /h .
<··.:··-..·..:_. .
3...>. .-·. .:--...:
3
:...:··-..:··..._:;·
Type of compre~::~:~trifugal (vertically~{lli(~si~'g arrangement), or reciprocating (see
chart in sect)on..7';:t;.. j >·.:··.,
,... ......
/:::::.;">'.::) ((:::)) ·-
b. k cal¢ulatii!i~ :
/ :· ·· ..•.•••. ·•
.<> ·-...__....
,l.l" i :···... '\

Frofu':~t~·;.1, with MW = 22.~it~~tl:T·~ -35 °C, k = 1.28

~caic~ti(in from section 3.2,tO(~ ~n~l.ii~ composition).
{·-->.:::) ·. · ···-..::.:::>
c. Polvtropic efficienoi-~?........
: \ (: ·; ; ..
From section 4.2.1 (wtlh:0::;;'.-;.46 X103 m3/h, µp = 0.716

. . ::::~:;~~~~'.:~:>
• d. PolytrooiC·f:\E!acl"!·.?
··... ·:·
... \

Hp = o.78f}Si8::!}..}qp.1~-36J x o.11sx 1.28 x [(ill!)~_ 1]

,.-·····. "22.0~,:
.· .···. ~
1.28 - 1 26.5

Hp =·:3t":!i:(kJ/kg that is 37.97 x 101.94 = 3 871 m

~UJ'fil.le{.'o(wheels : probably 2
: :' ··.. \
....~:·-.pd~er ;
(~.::::~(r.···5~l:o~°ix37.97 = 1912 kW (1700 kW from chart in section 4.1)
·......··
j
f. Discharge temperature :
J [<4Jt:) dCai\o]

•
Tr= (273.16-35) x
Tr=4.1°C
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP mby

GE 312 1.1.2 VII

~
~
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 16

5 AXIAL COMPRESSORS

exceptions

5.1.

5.2.

5.3.
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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•
GE 312 1.1.2 VII

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 17

6.1
:::::::T::::::::SSORS /( ?'.!],!)
From the k value calculated in section 3, the following ct)p\le..ailQws an easy estimation of
compression horsepowe~.~ii~~irements. <>··.. · ·. /
<..'·.../l/ ', ..··:.-.· ...:.:~:··. .':::·
Figure 8 - Estimation af:eci:rAP.tEfssion horsepower tbf.J~ipi)Oeating compressors
("··.>··>:.{from Creusot-Loi~e~:_--- ...'··J:/

<: : ·~;:~ ~:~ ~; :~: :.·. . <:- ~ :~: ~: : ~ ;.: .:;:./

SD
'
I!
•
.
....z21
..
z z•
:E

.·. ··.
·.... ··...•..:·
~...
....... ·.
2

.· ~
··.>
·········----..
.(:~::~;) .....tt'-,.,,,..lr..,.,frL......,r12-t-1• (PS~Clf!le. preuu~ .
(CS)> '\ --
./·;_·.::::~.~ ,;:.:d···~ '~

j
" ..
'::
/ •
··---~:~::·../
I'

--- --
S
I
I I I I I
Z
I
•
I
I
I . .
11 I I I .........
. Z

.. .... . I,.. ,, ' .

. I .
•
I II

I 41'
I '

J
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312 ~~; I Cha~7i"' I : It, \
-·._,. .'

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S.1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 18

. .::<'.~;:~~~~;)
:::::M::::.::C:::::HARGE TEMPERATURE;:{::'.~)/
6.2

6.2.1
...-~:::.~···: <!::·:···... •·..,/
The number of stages is estiriisi!ed:based on. the following·fW.ci'er:fleria :
.. .::·.·.~-.:·.::··.~::.:} ' <~ <:?. :.::~·) . .
a. The discharge temperature. 'of each stage shall-:naf'exceed 180 °C. For dry piston <',;,.,
compressors with/r-erion:·s.egments, the discl;l_arge.:;:1p~fating temperature shall be "'·
limited to 135 I '14'0·~·····.: ..;.. ···<·. ·
: {~:··..··:~.: ··.....·•
..:::·-.::::·-.::::
The dischar~t~~peiature is calculatec!.·~r<>·.)
.-···.~····-;.:··... ( ( ··..\ \
Tr = Ta l(f·(i>'
•lPa,, )·~·J ~\'"· .. ... \"-.. . -'./
,.-·;. "·...~·· ....··~./ ../::·-·) ~-.--.:::··
T,, T~//> :~.'Discharge and suc.tl¢.n::tim:iiiei-atures, °K
<
P"·.Pir.:· /./Discharge and sµ6tiei; absolute pressures,
J( ( ··....::,-· Adiabatic expor1e(it/ci:ilculated in section 3 .
............ ··... ··... ····:
·-Not~··:> ... .....
/··;::-~::·.::····:
This temperature ii? 't!ie..:is~I adiabatic compression temperature, not to be
confused with the-:·<l.JsG!larQe temperature of centrifugal compressors (refer to
section 4.2.4 ). ,r~::::·:·, .. )
·.. .. .. . :·· :·· :··-···
It does not·')ak.e-.::mto account frictional losses and the non-reversibility of
compression\~a:ucEisi. The actual discharge temperature will be calculated by the
compressfu:m~h4facturer. The temperature increase (T, - T0 ) will usually raise by
10 to 1?'%:·. ·...·

The... ~~~cal
~~atiQii, ·-.. ..-
discharge temperature given in Figure 9 Is derived from this

.....}-.'.::::::::·::)
_

li~:····i"~·; total compression ratio is obtained by multiplying the stage-wise compression

\ '····raticis, taking into account pressure drop through intercoolers.
··...... ..
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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·.··~
I GE 312 1.1.2
'"":~ I ~v.,

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

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PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 19

fheoretic:ol di1charqe ,te~peratvres

S.i_ng I._-... stage. ·cO.~prenlon
Re~d r to· k··to ·la to Td
200

190

180

170
'
160 ' }: ..:.
3.0
0
....
<
"'z
150
;.; . 0

- "'
"'
w
~
- t
v 140 .. ,.,.. ~.
4.0 "'<>.::;:
-
0
.~ .
w "-i- 0
u
"'=> 130
·<
"'
.w
<>.
::;: 120 5.0
w
....
w
C)
110

•
"'J:< .....
u
"'0 100 6.0
_,
<
.......\,/ 90

"'0w
80 7.0
....J:
70
..

'~:... l+ :
50
.~~·
~m...,
. '~· .:·
40

30
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6
G.P.S.A SI 1980
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 20

6.2.2 ADIABATIC POWER

The adiabatic power for each stage is calculated by :

om . k
P ; ~ 3W0ZmxRxTa1x~x [Cp';)'•'
pa; -1 ]
........
... .···. ~
..•···....
P; : Adiabatic power, 4-,W.// /::.:·.::;::::::::.>
k: Adiabatic expoi:i~R(k,'.:·-1 .· <'·--' ...--, )
P., P,.: Stage i disch~fl'§~·ari~.suction
·. .. ... absolute pres.Sl:irlls·;/ .. .
R: Universal i;ias-~s~<int 8.314 KJ/kmoV~~•.
•. ......
::·<:--..:·" ·'
Om : Molar flo.'(ir;-@'ltptlh;' · ":· . "·.,_ "·"
z..: Averag~.;om~sibility
"'f, .,~"::'- '
("·.//"·
••• ••
../
T'" : StaQfa'·i..~&lio.(Hemperature, 0 K. ,........_.........,

6.2.3
h

TOTAL.&:IAri:t>owER
(i:~~; f) ..
,;;~~!) '
:::<:-'<". . ·
Aglq~;~~;:·~:y is determined f~i:~~~. :~ge with the following procedure :
An'~v:';;;~~ value of 75 % is·:COhsid~:~:
{ ( .:::..... . ::
and correction factors added :
;

a. If the adiabatic power. i~.;"· ...

'··...':·-,::·--···
-</
, ······ .
.. .
Lower than. '\511.Vf .... ./ Non applicable method
. . .
Between 15 .JIW.iihd.':4<i.kW -5%
Between 40 J{Vtl. anC1·1·10 kW -3%
Between ~40-k\llf_aixt 220 kW 0
.. ........
liiQner than 220 kW +3%

(·::::::::;:.:;·:~>
b,...ifttie·cbtnpression ratio for the considered staae is :
....·......· ..
. : •,

\"-. ../ / Lower than 1.10 Non applicable method

...... Between 1.10 and 1.20 -5%
Between 1.20 and 1.70 -3%
Between 1.70 and 2.50 0
Higher than 2.50 +3%
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 21

c. If the gas molecular weight is :

+3%....... . ....
,,. .,.. •. ·.. ··.·
Between 2 and 10
Between 10 and 30 1#,/ ·• ... ·•••.
··.·
Between 30 and _9<,1 .. ., ·., ·...
i,i%.
Higher than}~~·-.::·.'<

I,..;.--..·-..>.... 0
!.._,"·........././ -4%

/·;:::~:~:::~····:
6.2.4 SAMPLE CAL~~~:~~~::·:/
Compression i:iHiyc.troearoon gas with a given composition (MW = 22.3), from 7 bar abs
and 40 "C tci,2~~:0.Q'ai:)1bs, using a reciprocating compressor.
Flow: 5915:~··<>
Average,conipressibility factor : 0.975
... -~::::·······...)
.· ···• !

a. ~:~i~lation :
~~·~;~··;;;,mposition is known. A detailed calculation can be done from the method
(:~:::.,d:;-~ in section 3.2.
··...::::~.... 1.23
b. Number of stages :

If one stage only, the compression ratio is : i: =21.5 / 7 =3.07

(k - 1) I k = 0.187 T, =(273 + 40) (3.07)0-1e1
T,= 113°C

Discharge temperature is acceptable. A single-stage compressor can be selected.

 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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312

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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 22

.······· ...

: ":::::

P = 234 kW
::::: ,~', 0
···
>(273 • <0)>(3.07"" - 1) //ff2=~~;)
-:::-?::::<::·.)
·:_·.-_. :~ -~_·;_~- ~'.-~ .?) ~-.- ,>·. --:·
(:_:_: :~ :_;_: ~ .:_:.i~ :~) ...
-... ....
.:
d. Total shaft power qiilctilaiigi:)·'... @So
.... ··.::········. w
Global efficiency : baii~·~:7s)(,
... / .... ··..
• P > 220 kW ·:..:···'.-:'acic(+3 %,
• "t > 2.5 /:::::.' ~:.:;·.:·~dd +3 %,
~ ··... )/
MW - ..~-~ ....... add 0 Yo. :. ·.•. .: ••...·
,... .:. ........· ...) .····=:··.. ··...
i.e. a _sjC!bi'lj:~ff¥i~ncy µof: 81 % ,:-<·::)) ··-.J
/···<:::::::.- .. "·····-~)
.····~

e. Comparison with actuali.;~~fu~·from manufacturers :

:~:~~~:::::::;:::/
_, ..
Manufacturer . .
.•.J"9tiiioll:.Rand
•. Worthington Technip estimation
Shaft power (kW) ,/\ ···......···-.:~ 289 289
Discharge temperature oe;:. \\ ---~ . --··112 120 113
.....
 TECHNIP
GE 312 1.1.2
_.
GUIDE DOCUMENT

VII

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S.1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 23

7 BLOWERS ,:<::~::.~::;-:)
Figure 10 - Estimation of power and speed for blq\~~:~s:::;:··~~~::::>'
(from NEU) .··>··.:· ::....::./
::::<:~::::··....::··../
...
..., .r-· .. .t··..
,· . .'
..
.... •. "·
•. /
,ua. rio' .. I I011'e~..~;qfi ..~:~-~Hai.l.
I
It./ -
.··.····}"" :: ....
'
<. ....... /. YJ /
••• ••• ""/

·-,::· "9. % ...--: / -

~
J,,. ... "
- ......
~ ..;::::, :·
•.,!---...._ -
-- - ...
JO. . . - ••••••• •••• • ...

·:; :'Y :::>: :. . .-: / ._. - .. ~;.;;- ···...

./
/ (·.

·::· ·...;
. --- lij
••
.' ' : ...·-
.:s:I ··.f· I
.....
'lli
......... :·-..:· ·.•

I I I/ I. I /·· ~ ·-•, . . . .

···......::.

(<:~:::::;:::;··../ POWER AND SPEED CALCULATION

/(::::? A.:.;;:Wer Diagram B- Speed Diagram Example, blower n• 77

"<:····· 1t'Jows to estimate the absorbed
·····iiower.
It allows to estimate the rotating
speed of the blower.
CR: 1.68
Po : 10.332 mm H,O
CR: 1.68
To: 25-C
Procedure to foUow : Procedure to follow : Q : 49.000 rn'lh N': 77
P=1030kW N=5800rpm
1. CR: read the compression ratio on 1. CR: read the compression ratio on
the first diagram the first diagram,

2. Po: Suction pressure in mm H,O 2. To: Suction temperature (-C)

3. Q : Suction flow rate in m'lh 3. Blower number (from the first

Diagram)
4. The absorbed power Is estimated. 4. The rotating speed is estimated In rpm.
lnkW.
w
u
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COMPRESSORS 24

8 INSTRUMENT AND SERVICE AIR COMPRESSORS FIGURE;·1T··...

::~·i·::. ···: }
....._.:- .-. ·..:::·..:~./

~·~~~ -~:~; '.i'.~ ~:. ~- ~ .·. ~ ~ ~~~~:~~ l~-~~ ~~; ;~~~ ;:: : ' -~ ~- ~ ~@
'. ,-~: ~~; ~:~ ;:;i m; m- ~ •
5 !: . ~: ~ ', :: :::
.:....:.._;.··-~-: ·..,:.
.....··.·.....·-..·..·....:
COMPRESSl~~:..~:~~:t;·)
3
.:.. ··-::··---.. ~···.

• 3

......
} ·;: ... 1- CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESOR
l .... 2.0NE.STAGE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
·~ . ...:!...~ .... 3-lWO.sTAGERECIPROCATINGCOMPRESSOR
4-SCREW COMPRESSOR
··~
~:- ~.!: .. :::~ ::· ·. . ~-

1"~ -t-..,- ~ ,_~:: :::· ··- ._..

:i_;., +# =-~ :;:. ::~~~· ::~ ::~. i: ~.:·.:·~ . ~

.::!'-.• ) ,' .·. ·. ·,: ·. ·.• ·. -- •·. ,; ' n+ -~-;-·-··.µr~t-.-··:.: •' •..
I• . I
1.,.'1
C')
~. -• " 1--
.---:-+:·-;-:·-tt:-,
. .:.. ··-•·-
·,: ..... .
I
l . 1 .. lh!l~.-.1.,..
IOIJ 2 3 5 78910l> 2 3
6 7 ,.•,,,.\-;(,
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
~E._...__=_3...
_1_2~__...__~_.1_:__.1_6""'_v_1M_11~_.l_ASV_o_.· I
tb.--~~~~~~~----.-~~~~~~~~~-.-----.
A PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page
A
9 PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) PUMPS
--.__ Rev. 0
P.:1ge --....__
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 g ---.._ Rev
Pagi: ---........
O 1 2 3 I4 s 6 7 8 9
A X 21 x
22 . .(<::· ·. ) . :
x
1
I
2 x
3 x
.··· . ·:. . · .. ·>··.J
......... !
4 x
~ ·.. ,• / ....: .- .::::·· . I
5 x .-:".·."· .:.····. ... ."·,..· <......., ; ····...
........... :

8 x .. ·.. ··.. ·.......

··.. . ..
t •• •••• .. • •
. ... ·..
9 x
10 x . ·- " ··....
/( ·~ .

x /.:. __ ._...... _... ,

12
. .··:...... .
.. \ ··... ··~
.A t---1-3--r--x-;-,/-:/.""'::·t-·'""·,...._,i'-·."'"::.._,/'l---+-+---1---..~.'"':..""'_..t-/,__+.<----J--t--+--+---+--J--t---+--+--t---t
·.. .
14 x. / ··. <~>
15 x
16 x . \ .• ....... /
.· .. ··. ..
17 x

w 19
~\1--_1_a_-;-_xx-+--t---+--+<-'~·C·~~_,>~-~~:·~~:~:··~·f---+--t--+-----1f---+--+---+-+---1--+--+---+--+---1
<.\. ··-..:.:-_.··
20 x ...--- .... ·•
:···· ··--... ·:·
9
8 ·.. .,.;
.······-. ··.. ··...
7

~ii 4
E
.< 3
•

4i 2
1

• f-~11 7J} vii.

0 OCTOBER 2000 A DEVOS ::.PTAK ENGUSH VERSION FROM FRENCH VERSION
P. APPIA REV. 2. AUGUST 1997
Rav. DATEOEREVISION REDJGE I Written by VERIFIE I Checked by APPROUVE/Appmved by OBJET
ill (Oaltdissue) (nom. 'lli:Sa/name, ViSa) ( nom, visa I name. ViSa) (nom. visa /name, ViSa) (Slslus)
w REVISIONS DU DOCUMENT I Document 1&v/Sions
"
e
-

••
 TECHNIP
GUIDE DOCUMENT
liooko' Cfi..,., n• AOV.
I I
I
GE 312 1.1.2 VIII 0
··~,
Ji}
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S.1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) PUMPS
.....
_,..;~::~.--.. )
: ...... .·. '• .:~: .

CONTENTS ,;{~--~;?
·::"~:/~\'.'., {"-.._

1. PUMP SELE&~-~.'."~:;.··'
. ····-~. ~

1.1 Pu~:j>:)~~.ct~~n
1.2 .F.low .ccmtrol
( ··..··,/ ··./

2. CEK'i'RfNGAL PUMPS .. .:
~ \.. }) ..":~·-:··.~·.:~:::~::./
.,.:..~:~;~.::::!!'iCidence
.· . of main ~~jii!!J> parameters
.. .. . .
.<<:·/( ./?2.1.1 ModiJiQ~n:Qt impeller's speed (n, rpm)
,./.:'. ·--....:/ 2.1.2 Mod((i~on of impeller's diameter
.: .... "-.
! .. / ···-••~~:>
21 3
.. NPSH"·· ....
· ·. /
2.2 Main feaW~~'.Qf~entrifugal pumps
: "· ..... .: .:
2.2.1 (--..:·-..e.yiJips operating in parallel
2.2.~ .... ::::·;~·R11ting point
2.~;'3_ ~,:~------Minimum flow
~~:4.>--.>· Materials of construction

2.;t---'~k;~;~: of centrifugal pumps

z:.t:·--P'ovier estimation
.-<·:::.::)
2.4.1 Shaft power
----- "· "·2 4.2 Pump efficiency
/;."---<::--.. "-./ 2:4.3 Viscosity correction factor
\,_'.··,._ __ )./ 2.4.4 Electrical motor efficiency
.. --., '-. ____ _.. 245 Criteria for motor selection
(.(:.·.::~_..'.) 2: 4:s Power at reduced capacity
.... ___ _... 2 •4•7 Pump suction specific speed Nss

I 3. OTHER TYPES OF PUMPS

I
=
4. IMPACT OF DISSOLVED GASES ON THE NPSH

• C!
.i
..,
w
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ISSJedbv eoc;:ns &pterflll mv.
GE 312 1.1.2 I VIII I 0 1 ...
~)
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) PUMPS 2

1 PUMP SELECTION

1.1 PUMP SELECTION DIAGRAM

Refer to the selection chart enclo.s~d overleaf.

...
.· . ....··....
......··· . . ... ··.... ···...
<. ··.../,/ , .·· . . ·... :·
The borderlines of the vario1:1s"a.rbas are· conservativ~:·/TneY."may be exceeded after
mechanical department app~ov~l·cirhased on vendor·~-~ai~::'.)/ ...
- . -- .. .'::::~:.~·-..~···· .....::··..·::·-.::·:··...·
· Fcir reciprocating and ri:ltacy-punips, also refer to thii·~b!Ei&{)iven on pages 13 & 14.
:::···-..:··-..:. ~. :·:·-.....·~...·····...:··
As a general rule,-·~~~i pumps should ~aY.s--~~- preferred whenever they can be
used, since theyJ~Q, 1Q.be cheaper and mor~·re~b)e:·

They should ,~~~~j'l;··~-~t be considere<;l-iff~~fu6'6~ng cases

• Hi h,_.;;,~~:{·;-~00 cSt) ·<::):::·.:::::>
g . .... ':>, ..... . .
• Hii;i!}'t:liffe~tial head at low fl~y(rajq. "-.../

/: .:'.: : : : :.:·--.. - "·<::~~:>

1.2 FLOW CONTROL rr~:::::;--;
Whatever the type of pump-~;~:-~ow can always be controlled by adjusting the speed;
At a fLXed speed, flow.can-&i:dflen adjusted through control valve, throtHing valve, etc.

<·~~·:.:~::2;~~:~;.-····
. .------~ \ ..
··-·-------.·-.:··.
.-·-··.
::~<·:~~.).)

:. ·. ./~~?>>
{')
"--.::::::::~./

f
J
 GUIDE DOCUMENT

au.. "' *·0 I

TECHNIP
I GE 312
BOOk"'
1.1.2 I VIII I

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PART 1 - SECTION 1 3
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
PUMPS

PUMP SELECTION DIAGRAM

.... -.
~- ..
-
...a
0
O..\ll
:;; '<I'
II s .....

...
0
0

la~ ..g
~tll
Hia0.. ' "'
0
~

.· .. o..~~ "
~2~
0
0

..
·
.
~

o·

,, "'
.· .

!
~
.c
;
~
...=

•
<!
.5
w
0
0
0
0
0
g
"' ...
0
0
0
OI
0
0
..."'
g
"t"' (C) 1987 -
~ oa.=2
E.N.s.PM.-Formet~ fndusttie
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE
ISSUed by
312

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PUMPS 4
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)

2 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

2.1 INCIDENCE OF MAIN OPERATING PARAMETERS

. ···:::::.;··; ,
1
2.1.1 MODIFICATION OF IMPEu.'eR S'.SPEED·(n, rpm)

....:~:::~::~~::~:~:;·.:'
.For a given geometry ;: .•,_. .. ::.:../
::::::·:::::·::::::-·
• The flow rate:!t·dlr6ctiY' proportional to n...-.:-.::·:::::<:::.'
• The head J:H!! "Clir~bjly proportional to n'( ( ·..., ":
• The pow¥~·15·is,~reCtty proportional !_9.~)at-9x'ed efficiency)
• The e~~hcy.i~_.not affected signif*'ljlfly.~f a speed modification, excepted for low
spe~Ef:;i'\vl;l~re-11 slightly decrease~....._..,...........

. .)<:::?:.-::-? ...-··2~;·5·--..'.)
2.1.2 MOP,JflcATION OF IMPELLER'S"oiAMETER
~...·· ····· .. ::::: ···../
Al a given speed /(:.::~'.\;";
• The Impeller shaQe::;;;~::~:·:.~nstant cross sectional area (exit velocity triangles
remain similar) : (·~;;::::'.::)

• The flow Flil)~i~".d~~y

proportional to D
• The head"fl.is..~ctly proportional to [)2
• The p<iWei.f>~ directly proportional to D3 (al f1Xed efficiency).

• The _c;:~:~~~::I area through the impeller increases with the cfiameter.
•/(·:TI;~)~;;;· rate is directly proportional to [)2
.. -~,'·..:~;:tt'ead H is directly proportional to [)2
/>--• /.!lie
power Pis directly proportional to f)4 (at fixed efficiency)
\, \. • ) }he efficiency slightly decreases when the impeller's diameter is reduced.
·.. ......·
·······"
I 2.1.3 NPSH

J
;:
It is directly proportional to n2-, but does not vary with the diameter of the impeller
(provided that the diameter reduction is less than 20 %). The use of indu_f.ers allows to
., decrease the NPSH required .
~
~ n : impeller speed (revolution per minute, rpm)
~

,
~
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312

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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) PUMPS 5

.-···--..
2.2
MAIN FEATURES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS ,...·::.:/>:;:~;~~'.:)

:~:::rt::Ea:: ~u:~: :::~~:Ldrooping much(~~:{~i~~;:::::~

2.2.1 1

as provide a good
operating stability. This ctif.i:·be achieved if the angle(between·'impeller blades is less
than 18° , which entails lfeli@'.tt~ reduction in pump e~Qlli~:siY.:.">
.:"··... •• •••• • ••• 1 .... \: .J :.: •. \ •

2.2.2 RATING POINT (::~:::::::::.::;"' . <~:>.:::~.'.:://

.::··-.:~---...:~:~·- ,) ::.~~---.:::·-.:.:::·
The pump ratrOg:::~iht -shall be located{as.::610~ as possible from the maximum
efficiency , Qu.t ~l'd.-not go beyond in tim:q&-Q~·ilpw rate.

2.2.3
MINIMU':~.~~~) .... ......(~::::::::i)·. . .
/::· \ ..'::·····:·~'./ ..... ~. -; ~-.:--::.:···
. ....· .·
A mlriir;nbni"tfow ..... . ..
shall always be"n)aititalried
~
in a centrifugal pump. This may require a
~huj!ll: ..~/automatic recirc~iQ~ ·by;pass (restriction orifice, valve or "schroeder"
,.-tti~ck 'Val<ie ). ·:..>//

<l;~~::~inimum flow is ~l&ifie~-..~-;:' the pump supplier. It is usually 20 to 30 % of the

nominal flow, excepted"ft)f."lligh-speed pumps, for which performance curves are
bell-shaped and th~.rriin1mim)·flow can be up to 50% of normal flow.
,.,..:::::~~;::::::;--·"

• 2.2.4 MATERIALS QF.CONS'TRUCTION

.
,.-····
. . :::~.~;_)
-:.:
.......(:.~·.-.--.::~:-.::::·
Refer to the t~le"e{l(:losed overleaf.
.--·-·-~ ...
h··--·-·····-.>
..
•
-

·.. ·-.

... ."·_?<{~)''
I t
..
......
\ :

.....:::::::::....

J
J
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PUMPS 6
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)

.······· ...
2.3 SELECTION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS ,((.""'\)

The main characteristics of various types of centrifugal pumps ar.e{~~~~~~~ed in the

following table: ,.·;'.--<:' .0:.//
....·-::. ···.....··
Centrifugal Flow rate Viscosity Differentil!L Current Efficiency NPStf "··f'tow Sensitivity
pumps press4fi:>·\ )speed R 6b=ed. control to solid
~.~- . ··.... ·.
<. '·.../ % impurities ' ..··· ;.....:· ..:'
.:'
m'lh cSt 11'•~..:··....
.."1 rpm. .. "· ,th,. ••, :
/

single-stage
pump
2000 <500
_,. . S~!:::::~> 1500 10to80 _,. ..:·1..tb-4'/ Valve
:....'·.. ·..::·-.:~·./
low

single-stage 1500 < 500 " "<''::35..... 3000 10 t9, ao:.:· • ··...•
f't'0 5 Valve low
pump ::. ··... ···...........
... -:...··..··:,/ ···./
"
single-stage 90 < 5efo· •.: :""·..'180 20000 -~1n~e1>-.
/ ...· ···... .... .
, 1 to5 Valve moderate
Sundyne .·····:"··...
.... .:::;· max.
pump // ...... . \..:\·....... ),./
double-stage 250 \~.QOQ.' ! 35 300(> .., ).. :iinii 75 2to5 Valve moderate
pump :
.... .. .· ...::··...:::..·· .-: _:·...<.··...:)
..
.: -;· Sb0
multi-stage
pump 1_;~.~..:: .·-.:::>' 140 /.36®"·· '.>10 to 80
.: ::·...i./
3to8 Valve moderate

" ····...:::

C::(~$~it
::~--~~;:=~~~::.:.>
(···-.:~·· .. :··· ...
/:::S~:;;_;~:.-.-:_:::---·
...·-···.

/\
: :
.....::::~:::·:..:
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE 312 1.1.2 VIII *·0 1
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
7
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) PUMPS

MATERIAL SELECTION TABLE FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:::\

G-2
~-"" /P.9~'
lllbla-0:.~.,..uatarlal Ctass Selacllon Guldoi·.'.< ··-..... :>
nim-·--·-"),.'cn-p1o1--..io1-p1ot..... - / ..·-. :....~~
:··../ -·-nclbo
- - ...
c:.wttOH:
..-wlhlutakno · 'g tr ..._ol,.~..._lrwofwtd.

----
-- ........ --...........
.. ·· ..:•:.:::···h_:
)
<lllO
<1211
120-175
>175
-
<250~. '···,.
••• •...
~>·>·- . :.'
"•AD
All
All
a- •

1-lcrJ.2

'''
(,,.-,. ......, All

.--..:. ~ •. '...1 :
--
~--:"~*r"~
-~Ji..,.--·
::
='.!-<. C6
6

All S-1

All
All "7

---
-----
t'

----
- - -
.• ..,
5

....... M B . -
I I

:7aiad cill
•• -···.' ?3'l!I

-:..:·.-....:------:;;,.,
>70ll All

All
6

7.

---_,_
--
-·-
Pee"'
- ·. '.

....... .,. · ··.. /

·.. ...··.
<100

A ll
410
~

All
All
All

All
All
All
S-1
a
'
10

<17S
gm
<l20
...
All
All
C6
......
<l20 All I
IO-UO AD I
17S-300 All I.II

---- <Ill <17S All I

<100 All 6
AB 6
<100 All 6

--.-
.. _........,_ - . ____
~....;;.:

____ . __ _
. . . II.
2. stee:ific _...'
_ _-
.......
1

... __ __
I. ' d i i - l i l < - - ! o r - - c l a u - - l a

__ .............. ...
d

. _
.....,._
_
Im mvicel
.. _....
..............

....
:S.Oanm_ ... .....,.,,_ _ _ _ _ _ __

6. n.cwwl

_,,
1 ofillllllW-.'3:' t ONrDJ"C("50'P).....,

___....... ....... _....-w......

___211w--H-....__ ,.__ ....,. .. ,.. ..... nomllllilildw.._.Dwwmm >
_ _ ...,.__ ......(2.ILIA)_bo_b_m
1.1r....,.-•..... a...u _ _ .,._.,. _
I
------Allo)'
.._ ....... _.... ......_ _
...... .......... flilincio.WcmMe
r..--.ie.•-
•llllZmlDmi---

_..__
.......... .., .................. w. ............. .;.;.;._
otwbae •231"-370'C(-451·----
......... .m--.
LAB _ _ .. _ _

.... ........,...
9. Alloy20or . . . . . . . .
10. ... _ _ ............ _
I O

... _ _ _ _ . .
..........
_ ..

----~- IL C 2 9 1 t r 7 - - b o - - l i l < - - -
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP =· I
I GE
ISSUed by
312 I
J!IOOk"'
1.1.2 I
&apter
VIII
n'
I 0 .

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) PUMPS 8

MATERIAL SELECTION TABLE FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS/:::::::.:::\

.··::·-.~~::··........~../
H-2 API Standard 610 (8th Edition - l\d~~~ ·:.:;·./

....-:?····...:.~~~~·~::>.
.....
a-··.......
... •... ·
g\~ I I I f1 fe: I...: I:·........ . . . . f, I l I I 1· · ii~ ....... € .

.
I!
@: @:

g;
a
~ .....· II I ,/.;.'

:\: ~ ~
-.. .- ! ;:;
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ll 1~ ie: . ;.·.. lit"
:
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s..: ';.'·
r . ~
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::~ ~ ie: f ! ~-.
.. l!; ! • 1! 1! !·. t:~::
;e; • .....
i1·: ~ '
. ·1·
<!. !
;; If i
,
-·~·

~\~.!! ~ ~ . ·:.. 111.a:· '!'"·· t-

..
. i·.. ~:: f !i ~ I~... ... '· jl ti ~ If j
~
rs ~
I
< ,._
I
~\s j
!' ii: - : i ,.-;: .,!lh.
g
~.
...
lliJ g
! li1
i i; ! - .. il. i I
'
•1 ,II(
€
i ~ ll J
I!
g\I .... f·::~> 1:· { I
·. . ·..
!i ........
.' ,/
I fl i":I{:..•. { u:· 11 I Ii If·~~ (f I
j'i ·~ . lg s
!•
I .
.:'~\~.- ·... ~>... I. I 1! ii. 11~: l:' 11 !~ !1
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11,, 1 ll j
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l •gi\K~ lil~
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s II IJ iI ti I ~· ~
ii

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. I 1. . ··.1···...... t·' - J 1!I I IJ II ! I• jcI JI
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...I g\1 ; I\. ' 1·111 ii I ! I ! ;1 li I
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ii_

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 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312
C0h.
._,. .,.
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PUMPS 9
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)

.--··.

API standard 6~~~~.":))

...-:~:2.:~io.-----"-~>·> ~:_ _____

p ' CDCC IDd ~n;-~:~~Tmie ff. J: .(~:::.:~:.-.~:::~.:····'
1. A-Mi<;~4:: ~--1~ include ISOTypea~i~j"ijn9~ Stlmdmd'l"ypea 302.303. 304. 316. 321, llld347).Jh.
porlicul'1' r,ype is~ 111e pun:11uer will sa'.._, /
.
: . •. •.
2. Fer ~Ji.:ilnJ>en'k"I pumps wilh sbaCts ~,.;);qwci IDd llllllliag in IM.Wngs, Ille smA olWl be 12 pacem
c:brvmc. except for 0 - S.9, A7, A-;.U!I !>- I. c...iilevu (Type VSS) pumps may llli1izc AISJ 4140 wt.n Ille•-
vice liquid will allow. ( (--/:-:;··::
3. Unless Olhcrwise spec:ified, the~ fllo; ~Jo\P(nc IDd the spcci1k bud-facing malCrial for each applicalion slllll be
dctamined by Ille veadol' IDd closiz!bcoj)n-dle'jiropoal Alla'llllivea ID hud-r.:ing may °""1D apming nmning cliw-
ances (2.6.4) crlbc me of---~ such u N'llrOaic 61hnd WaWa:sba 88, dop ii•g OG lbcca1osi,_

•
oldie pumped liquid. • ' .
4. ForCaa S-6, the shaft~-~:~:~--~ c:taomaifllletempaaDR excoeds 17S"C(3SO"F) arifuocl for boiler feed
service (see Appendix o::_teblO·G,I);
S. The gland lhall be ~''V(idi ~-;,.,.,_spod<ing flooliog duollle'~ of a marerial sucb as c:orboo ppbile er
Jiass-6Ued PTFE..iD·~;;o;~ wilh 2.73.20. Unless Olha•ise spcciliM, Ibo duaale bushillg sball be p<rmiumcullon
papliire. /,-··.. ';
6.. If pumps wilb ~~~f4'itcasings
anofllmlsbed.a"'"°'psb:tsuirable lilrtbe !Cl'Vic:c is• 1• b'e Spilal-
psbu ~:~_._,..filler malrial suirable far die service.
.. . .
· 7. AJ1ana1e{~ z!.ay be subSlitulcd for liquid 1mlpOmlURS ..-=t lbaa 45"C (llO"F) er for <Jlbor special savica.
8. U~~~ AISI 4140!tecl1111JIMollllld. far-wmm . . . IDli sJandsaads.

c::~;;~::~)
~
E
.f

J ..

•
~

]
~

"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE
is;:;eJ bY
"""'.. a:a.... ·' *· I_
312 1.1.2 I VIII I 0 •

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) PUMPS 10

2.4 POWER ESTIMATION

2.4.1 SHAFT POWER

p kit\!) Q (rri'lh) x llP (bat) •..-:::·-.. (::--....

2.4.2 P~MP E~F~:,::~3S ~:~qfY'

It can be estimated tias.~d..pn. the chart enclose~-'GQ .P,age.:::14 .
.:· . . .~?:. . :::::~:···· ......~::::·.:.~::··.~
2.4.3 VISCOSITY C9R.RE.¢TJON FACTOR ((·--...\ \ ..
/·(·-·· ('': ·... ....~...~::····:·::..:
,,
It can be ei;Jimate.Q.-~sed on the chart e.ncJGsEiifon page 15.
, . : : : . :. '

0
." • : : ' • • , , ,
0
00
.' ·<.~·•..,•'~:•n•,,,:'l
The im,pa¢t:qfi .P.l:imp efficiency cal)''!ie"~igriificant above 5 cSt, especially in the case of
low fl.Ow ane1-jO:vii pump head. .-:' ( ) / ..
.("·.:::.:::·.> .. "···<'.>
2.4.4 ELECTRICAL MOTOR EFF.IC~Y
({ .:: ......:~:
It can be estimated bas~~h:ifl.e:ia°ble enclosed on page 16 .
..------~:::·:~····~
The motor efficieng[es.~"Qf_e·-gwen for a 75 % load (from maximum power), which is
usually the case. ·' ~..
·:. \ ···... "·;.
.>. ><>
For motors El)C~.9 ·:;5 kW, the efficiency increases by 0.5 % at full load and
decreases ~y-'i:%·al-1:!31f load.
... .--. ~

2.4.5 CRITE~:;~'.MOTOR
. ..... ·. . SELECTION

A sta~::hbminal power shall be selected for the motor. The nominal power will be
f!:l~:::i;~i;laa.1:1 nominal power immediately above the absorbed power at design
~diti~ris.
··--.::::::·.:;.:
API 610 selection criteria shall be followed, i.e. the ratio of motor nominal power and
pump shaft power at rating point shall not be less than :

= • 1.25 if the shaft power at rating point is < 22 kW

• 1.15 if the shaft power at rating point is from 22 to 55 kW
• 1.1 if the shaft power at rating point is > 55 kW.
 TECHNIP
GUIDE DOCUMENT
I
I GE 312
· l!OOl<n'
1.1.2
aa,... nu mv.
I VIII I 0

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) PUMPS 11

..... ..
~:··:~·::_--· .. -::..)
When the pump is specified for open-valve start-up, the ab~ci:~··;~~~r at maximum
flow (end of the curve flow I head) shall be considered to s.elect"ifie/motor, excepted for
high specific velocity pumps for which the maximum a!Js4rbei(power corresponds to
minimum flow. /,.· ... ·.....
Practically, to calculate !~_..power at maximum flow (.e~ ~hhE! curve flow I head), the
mechanical department,ir1i1}¢nsider 12$ % of the fl.ow)~t.'B:E.P. (Best Efficiency Point).
{·-.:~·---~~- (.., ' l/~:··) !,:::·-~·-.,/
The standard nomin~l··.i;iow~rs of electric 11'\()tO~ ':~: given alongside with motor
efficiency values Jnii:i~J~i:i)~' enclosed on paqa::!6~:::<"::··/
. ·:·~.....:::······-/ :·-./
···:· :··-..
Generally, low:i{bftii~·motors (380 V) are:UsEi~fso.·fong as the nominal power does not
exceed 13f·~.'1:.a~:~.. high voltage motqrs-{~·Y) for higher values. However, the limit
between l~~.q.~ ..high voltage tends t9)ticre.~~e;· and a limit of 160 or even 200 kW may
be consj(jered,-.Thls is usually defined'.ir'I-~ ~fl?)ect general specification .

. .<?:. .::;'::::::::?) ..:(~~~.:i}·:::::~.::::..-

.b'ii,;;iile~'~f calculations ./(::) "·-...>
. .-:-.:-.:~··...._ ··.: ···-..:~.<..:
··· Eitarix>le n°1 "···

The shaft power reqJ;Z~~;;:~

pump at design conditions is equal to 7 kW. From the
table given page 1~,..~~t;!tain :
....... .-~:::-::~"-·:
• Motor efficieney·~-85-·% for a 7.5 kW motor
• Motor e!f'8~_i.;::ss % for a 11 kW motor.
·: ~ ··.. ··~.
For the ~·~tor, the absoribed power is 7 I 0.85 8.2 kW. This motor is not
_7:s-\w =
accep~~·oecaose the absorbed power (8.2) exceeds the nominal power (7.5).
/,.··· . ;

For f~>{·{ kW motor, the absorbed power is 7 I 0.86 =8.1 kW. This motor is acceptable
~ca~~-~ absorbed power (8.1) is lower than the nominal power (11 ).

,.....,(cii'ecJdg of the AP/ 610 criteria:

,...(....· ;''\
\..."·..... f.~ the
11 kW motor, the ratio (motor nominal power I pump shaft power) equals 11 / 7
""···i:e. 1.57 > 1.25. The criteria is met.

J
j
~
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE
rnsy
312 ~~~ I ~~·· I ~-1
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) PUMPS 12

Exam~ n• 2 ;;:•:::~;!)
The shaft power required for a pump at design conditions is eqµ?i;:.t;;.-::1·~,~:kw. From the
table given page 16, we obtain : /:.:··.... ··..·
(/ ····...:~:>
• Motor efficiency : 87 % tov~·:4."5: kW motor (>··..
• Motor efficiency : 88 ~o/~:::~:~:,,5 kW 111citor. <<5}·.;::).:.>
For the 15 kW motor, ffie·.ab&9rt>ed power is 124·.(o~!l'f./;,, 14 kW. This motor is
acceptable because ttie-·absbfb~d power (14) is lower::nia:n·tne nominal power (1§).
. / ..::::-:::~::::~·--..' .~... ~:.~:..-.:::··:.:····
For the 18.5 kW mQ\or;..~· absorbed power ls ..1-:?:.2 /'0.88 = 13.9 kW. This motor is
acceptable becatjse..th'e"aiisorbed power (13:\n1s-iov.ler than the nominal power (18.5).
..·····)····...:~···:- { ( ··.\ ·.)
Checking of~:~1~i"a;o criteria: /:::·.;··::::::://
..··:· "·· ··-·· .... :·. ··.... .: :-' )
For the/(~~kW ;;ptor, the ratio (mot()l':·{j~m-i~;i·~ower I pump shaft power) equals
15 / 1~1· .... t2i < 1.25. The crite,ria'i$ ~ohtlet.
..::::.:=··.... ··../ ···-.:::/1.:~.
Foi-'the·'1.~;5 kW motor, the ratio (mofOf''nominal power I pump shaft power) equals
=
18.5 / 12.2 1.5 > 1.25. ~Ci'iteria is met.

2.4.6 POWER AT REDUCEl1~:0.P.ACITY

. . . v:. . ~::·.~·::>·
,1"·····--:·:,, ·• .•
The power at red~~~cf~ will be estimated by the following method :
/\ ···... ··........ . .
• Calculation o1, ttie PG.Wer Pat design flow Y
• For a redlf~lifievy x, the power P' will be :
P' =;:~i~) · ·../
..··.::::·:::~··.~::::
2.4.7 Pl!M.~:su~~ON SPECIFIC SPEED Nss
~~-~ ~;~-~o.s I (NPSH req314)
·.. ·.. ..
_ /
···----"
I where: N:
Q:
rotating speed of the pump
flow by suction intake
rpm.
m3/h
j NPSHreq NPSH required for the pump m

This criteria is used by the mechanical department for pump selection when a maximum
value is imposed by the client ; If not, it is only used as a guideline.
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ....... enapa;.•
I
ReV.
GE """"'
312"' 1.1.2 I VIII I ~1
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) PUMPS 13

.·· ..... ..
/··:.·····--......:
The N.. is calculated for the flow giving the best efficiency 'f.li.th·:ih~)~teller
maximum
diameter. This means that for a same service, two pump sur>Plfe!r;n·vill usually provide
different N,, depending on the position of the operating poii}t. ····...:··..-:./

In some particular cases,.-an.jncrease of the NPSH r~q~:;~~:(~~:~quently

of the NPSH
available) can be desi~ahl.~)t.6 get an acceptable ~... ~ali/e~.But this case is uncommon
because few suppliers-.Can ·Pi:opose two NPSH fo(:i!i·same']:>timp model (different wheels
'•. ·-. •••

for a same pump c~~-~l;-·-..:··'

l

.. -.::-<
• 1., .. ..... :

(j/
..--.. :::::-.:~:--:;--" .:--~·-.::·-.::::···.:
The Process dej:!af!.me1ll'does not have to veqfy..fhis' criteria ; It has to be done by the
mechanical depatjm~lµ. /··.. /·:/···.. >

.····~

....

..... ___, .
.· ..
·····-----......··.
... ---...

(i_:'~)~ '.
(~~~:··~/~:;·······

j
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
CfulPier ns A8V.
TECHNIP ISSUed bY BOOknB

I GE 312 1.1.2 VIII 0

Page
~ -·~.,~,
..

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 PROCESS EQUIPMENT
14
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) PUMPS

0
.o

0
0
~

=-i===-""'=JS
~~~~€~~f.§'§§~§§rl

•
~-

,;
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE 312

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) PUMPS 15

VISCOSITY CORRECTION FACTOR CHART - CENTRIFUGA,I::::P°UM"F?S

. ...:~·-.......)./.·.:·

:u~§CCIITIITDimmJ!f!!m!~~~~~$~I~JJIIlit.ffiit1[,.1~J·~11~1mn
-....;: li\~ad)
r-- .\ • • ' ' '

, .· ·. -

•
i'100
!i8
00
:8
I10
•
••
I
I
II
I

420

....
TI

Correction chart of viscous liquid cbaracteristics

J Centrifugal pumps

Extractof"Standartofthe Hydraulic Institute", New Yorlc, USA 1955

w
"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE
msy
312 1.1.2 I w;~"' I : t.),
''"..jj)
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) PUMPS 16

EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRICAL MOTORS AT 75 % LOA:../::~~:!)

."~~--~/>:?
. ··..··

·~s~,,
Nominal P Efficiency Efficiency
kW % %

0.75 70
<::~::::~;:~:::.) 91
1.1
92
1.5
290 93
2.2 .···. ·.. 77..... ... 400 93.5
3

4 /::;;:?;=· .. ···-~
500

750
94

94.5
7.5 85 1000 95
11 86 1500 95.5
15 87 2000 96
18.5
3500 96.5
22 . as:::..:--.... 5000 97
30 .::<::.:~o ... > 5000 97
...---.::··-.. ..... __
37
e~·::.-.·:s)
5
45 ,..·:::~; ... ...·
____
:·
:
•:
.· t:....}
55
\.._~·::::~::·.~./
91.5
75 92
90 92.5
'
110 93
0
132 93.5
 TECHNIP
I GE 312
GUIDE DOCUMENT
i!OOk ...
1.1.2 I
6UiOt& ...
VIII I
AeV.
0
I
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE ....
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) PUMPS 17

.·-···
_. . ·;:.-··----~::··i
3 OTHER TYPES OF PUMPS / .:> .· :· ·::::~::'./
The main features of reciprocating and rotary pumps a.~:'.~~·~;{i~ed on the tables
enclosed on pages 21 and 22. /:,.--..," .... .
...·-··.. .....:· ··...__ :--
Unless otherwise specifi~'c(Jt:tk maximum flows in~\E!ct)rr~ limit values that may not
be compatible with th~f"m}txiin\im differential hea!ifi()=p~'ttorder cases, the mechanical

•
department shall be.~osr.irte(f:' ....:_---..: ( / /
,---..·::::-.::··-.~--·· ....::·- -~·-. -.:·.--....: .
· NPSH of reciprbcat!ng- pumps
:: ··-.. ·-.. ·--.
0

">.':'-<::. )
.·"'··............ /
For recipro~i~:.p~~. the pumped fluid:~.:~~,!!>~
in the suction line. To produce this
acceleratigrt;"a..~~in amount of enE!f'gy"is)~quired. This energy, which adds to the
frictionaV!os5~s, 'is' called "acceleratio1\ ~i,gJ:iV'. The NPSH available for a reciprocating

sf)~gc·
pump ciaTI. subsequently be calcul;i(eit.t)y-the· following formula :

;{?~~?:'
(/. .:Height "-....";,
...../ .,
....:·.::::.:.···-..
__ H
A

• - - HB <.:·'..:--:::::.~_:::->
.------~
-+-Un ,...'.:::.------..:::::-
" ~-~
I Pump

~S~~~}i~A - H
:: "· \
s) + (PA-
gxpx
T10v~5 (1) (note 1)
t..~·-.._____ )_/
,.-·::::.i .........··
: .· <'\
\. .:::"·tf/
...PA:
and He : Height in m
Suction pressure in bar abs
Tv: Vapour pressure of the pumped liquid in bar abs
g: Gravity factor in rn1s2
p: Density in kg/m3
A PAB: Pressure drop due to friction in m
HAB ' Acceleration head

w
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---------------------------------------------,

GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP assuedby
GE 312 1.1.2

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) PUMPS 18

_./ ·:~::::.·:.:~;·'i
For centrifugal pumps, HAS is nil and il.PAS does not depend on the
independent of the selected pump. <ptffii.;i;·~il{~PSH,
<<./ ..--; "
is

For a reciprocating pump, HA• and il.PAS depend on the pur;r-1~::'.;~:-~~~~ available is
dependent on the selected purwr:·.., (·::... "-.._)
.....<.. ··; / ' -···· ··.• ··..
• il. PAB : Pre~j:ir~·ot9p due to friction, is ~~d..for the maximum
liquio.iiekicii)-
·:. ··... ··... ··..
<. '··'/··.,•',:'
........ ··...
..; !
• HAS _,~1~;;~i~n head, depends·Oii:ii~·p,il'mping rate. .;

....::·-.:~:::::.:·····.. ~. ··~:.....::··...:····
During the preparati1>r:i''o(lhf! process specificatiOn;.-.fhe 'characteristics of the pump are
unknown and the::NB~~·{ftom equation 1) ~Qo(!'Je)alculated. The NPSH given in the
process speci~payi>n.]~·~he NPSH. for a noi:(;j>ulS'AA flow, i.e. :
! (.... {\, ... .... .....~·.......<.!
The NPSH...a~?ttl€!~~icalculated is the 9!le, i;:a(!:tJlated as for a centrifugal pump, (HAS nil
and il. P~,..6fif.Cula«icl for an averagei, lieJQctty:·'which corresponds to the average flow
indicat~_d.~-~~-~ecification). /.::::·:;_··-..:::·:,
.......· ··......._... .l .: . ..= .: .

On!/~~er..p~ii'.ip selection, providEii:J::~t the piping layout at pump suction is defined,

the 'NPSH-.'.available for the ~elpcted piimp can be given. Subsequeotly, the following
note is written on the proce~~,.i;~fjcation :
:.. ·•.•. _....._..::_.....
"The mechanical departmei;t-.imist check with the supplier that the NPSH available
corresponding to the pt1mp·:is'i;ompatible with its NPSH required."
'·. ";:··- .......
il. P•e calculatiOQ-'(~~:~::::·:.>·
.... \ ......:·
The pressur&:-:cimP.'.·u1,1e to friction is calculated as for a centrifugal pump, but the
maximum l!1<1Jil:d-,veloC:ity, corresponding to the maximum instantaneous flow of the liquid
in the suct(oil.;P.jj:>e, has to be considered. Depending on the type of pump selected, the
maxim4in.i~s~n~neous flow can be calculated by multiplying the average design flow
by thEffo11bWiJJg'factor :

':
/,·._: : ~\·.:···::,:~_: : :·?)
Siritp(~::>'
Single-acting pump

3
Double-acting pump

2
Duplex 2 1.5
Triplex 2 1.3
Quadruplex 1.5 1.3
Others 1.3 1.3

Note : If a pulsation dampener is installed on the suction line, the factor to consider is
1.2 whatever the type of pump is.
.,
~
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) PUMPS 19

,.,.-{::::.::;\)
HAe Cale111atjon :

,;:{.~.·:_._:~~;jj
HAS= 0.712 x K x ox;xL

oq. 2 (ooto 2)
Where:

in m ....---...
.... /' .·: ;. ··.···.
..........
· .·
HAB:
Q:
N: ~~~~~:;r~~~~ in I/min ..... ~<:~~:?::{:>>
D: Pipe clia.ri!et.~r..fl'J"°mm
l:
, ·····•· ,
Pipe..f~Agth..in-tn
. ..··-··... •..··...•··.......-
···... ···..:··./
K: Fa40r:.ae"(l"nding on the type ofti)f{.parlip :

('J:J~:>?'
. '. ..... .: i
. _((~~
Smgle-a"C:tmg·pump Double-acting pump
.... -~:. :· ... -~: ··..:~:::..· .-::·.~: ....-::.; ...~::~
SioiP.ie:;</ l> ...-::··-..l,cio, o.5o
.J?41~~..::::::/ ·<:::)/O.;~ 0.29
<+;:fpl~' ······-0.166 0.166

::·~ ~,_\~21 ~~': :::

•
In case the sucefOQ;:ffi:i.~.Pbmprises several piping diameters, HAS must be calculated for
each section,,~A\'!·ttie-results added.
("\ ····-.:::·-;:·.
The equiµioi\ 2 abcive derives from the following assumptions :

• T!J~:~ti~~:~enerated by the pump is assumed to be a harmonica! one,

• l'.h·e..ll.iJid is assumed to be incompressible.

;rt1~:~~:·:~~umption is never realised. Usually, the motion generated by the connecting

i:Od:-er.if.l'k assembly exceeds the maximum values of the harmonic curve. This excess
,..-:::;.:depends on the ratio r = (length of the connecting rod I length of the stroke), which
( ( c61nmonly ranges from 1.5 to 2.

\.':::::~: maximum acceleration head must be increased by 25 to 35 %.

I The second assumption is checked when the suction pressure is close to the
J atmospheric pressure, which is usually the case for reciprocating pumps.

e
 TECHNIP
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312 ... --
GUIDE DOCUMENT

1.1.2 I VIII I "'·~

0 ~'
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) PUMPS 20

./··~:::::::.~:~·\
Remark : When a pulsation dampener is installed on the suction ij~:::.i~~:-~~eleration
head between the pulsation dampener and the pump must be ca~ciiat'eci,..fiom equation
2. The acceleration head between the drum and the pulsation.-di:ui'r~ni~/ will be taken
as 10 % of the calculated value from equation 2. The two h~·~d&-)Jave.. to be added to
obtain the total acceleration head-.--.. v ···... _....;,
.:.·.·_····...
........., l .. •.
·,_:_.·.~.·-·_: .·: _.;..· ::.:·
1
Notes : ...<..:·.··· ,·:: .·::<·_·._·..
.:~.:~::·~·.~::·:·.:~-:) ...... ·-~.. ·...... /
1. There is a phase shift·.QetWeen the pressure tfroP."<fue.-10 friction Ii PAB and the
pressure drop caused·~Y.~~ration HAB (acceler.\iiQh:i~·~aximum when the velocity is
minimum). This pherJ~Ri!*i~fliS taken into acco4!Jt.~·t11e::term ((6PAS) 2 + (HAS) 2 ) 0·5
in equation 1. ... / ...:--..:·· ... ···... "·...
·:...·.....::·' ··./ ..··:.: ... .... ···:-/ :··
2. Some sour4's·'i~-~le equation 2 as b~ihg u~alistic when the suction fine is very
long (i 1\ •···• ·-., ··---:.:

A:g'.i~'Jy z'<$'?:;;~-
4 IMPAGt1JF DISSOLVED GASES ON. 'rHE NPSH
'•,/ I

...·::::.1 ...
The occurrence of disso~ct' 9,8,i(ir;i the liquids dramatically reduces the NPSH really
available at the pump su9.1ici{i:-. ..::/:/
-!..::···-~::········
It is then necessary t6·,m~'SQme margins into account, deriving from past experience.
These margins shaJl·AA:~sTdered in the SPP and shall be clearlv indicated to prevent
any misunderstandiila Witb·the mechanical department.
'\\ ··......
.-····-~ ·.
The following Rlcomim:ndations can be found in the literature :
······ •.....
• BFW ~p~ : divide by 1.25
• Oth~r..P.ui!i~.: divide by 2 or consider liquid at bubble point.

.
i;/~~~YJ
......"::~:~::·::<...:. .:
I I
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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GE 312 1.1.2 VIII

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S.1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PUMPS 21
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)

..······...
. /::·:::.~:··.))
MAIN FEATURES OF RECIPROCATING PUMP.s:· ."··... ···/
.::-· .:....··::..:· ....;····
Type of Flow Viscosity Differential Usual Global NPSH ··1..:··.-./ Remarks
reciprocating
pump pressure• velocity efficiency.. :~.~-:_'.:..~.!-~~1· ·.·
. .·.·.·:_~:·i,.)
m'/h
cS! p1 rp,!11 % ,,··,., '•:, ••:''J\'! ::•
Direct acting 100 1800 .. -=-.,?n.ii;i·a5o 0-70 4s-gp'··' ,.. ., }4 Speed adjustment by steam
steam pump (simplex) -:. ····.."uSJ,i;iny {·· ..:·· ... ···/ throttling.
250 .-····· ·::·,.7oo"and •· •·.• ··.• ·.:
(duplex)
....'<> ::·····fuore
'· ..:···•. :·· .::.-possible
,·..._..'_:_·:· :· :·: .:·:_.-._ .' :::_.·.:_:.:-'.' Max. temperature: 400 • C
.· ..
.:··.. .... ......... . .·····
Controlled 300 ,. ..:···t!fOO, 350 to 750 20~. \ "-ps-85 4-5 Row control : O- 100 %
piston pump (multi.:·.. .: , ···./ ally : ·. ' ·
(or plunger) plex:) '... ', ·) u;~oo ..... _'· ..:··.. ·:/ Max. temp. : about 500 oC
/,:· ··.._: ·····/ possible ./ :·") '.·.:-.::.:·
..
...··-:..' .....·~:· . ····· ··.. ·. : ::' ·...
.·····. .. ··.
Diaphragm : .=· ·20..t'>y.-":.- 1000 350 u~~fi- 1so-:200 80 4-5 Max. temperature : 500 oC
pump with ...... ··. ooaif:" 3000- .... .;' Min. temperature : -70 °C
hydraulic 1:/ ·
control
<::··.,
....
possibl~··< :'
..<\(Jl~tal Very good tightness .
! dia1,>l)ijigrn)
-~:··· .:>~::::~~::·~>/ Row control: o -100 %.

(<:-~~~)
Typical use : loaded liquids.

High viscosities.

Diaphragm 7 0-40 2 lo 4 Max. temperature: 100 °C

pump with
pneumatic Applicable to loaded
control liquids {up to 90 %)

Dosing pump
.
i·
. •.
\ ..·., 250000 500 50-200 20 4-5 Extreme temperature :
Max1 range \ •· .../.: 3000 - 5000C max.
Usual ra~ii:? .>o:.·fo possible -2000Cmin.
:\ ,\Q-3
\.::::::::· :_/ Row control : O - 100 %

Row accuracy : +/- 0.5 %

• : the maximum values indicated for flow and differential head may not be compatible.
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ISSU8dby
GE 312

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

. ,.
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK} PUMPS 22

MAIN FEATURES OF ROTARY PUMPS

Type of Flow (1) Viscosity Dlfferentiak ··.. Usual Global NP.Sf.I

.. ·. ·-.·....·. Remarks
rotary .tif
·)yelocity efficiency reQ1!ired
...···..
pressure
.!:
b~r_:::.~--~: ·..·)rpm / . (:'.:~::.;\
pump m3/h %
cSt
Gear 200 10x 10' 250·· ..:··.. >0-3000 50-90 (2( ··<:S-1:/ Max. temperature : 3500C:
....--.~:::··:·.... ··:;i :::···... ···... ··:·
..::;.· •c
Screw:
-2 screws 1000-2000 1x10• <;:·:::;i~;· 2000 £90~( 34
Max. temperature : 300

-3 screws 1000 2x 10{·· /:/··2-00

·.. up to ..~00:121.:· 3-4
•.
·- 15000 ..::., ))
/·:,:::::.~ ..::~· ..::;· ___

··-···
··:).>~~::::· ···....
Vanes 400 25 0-1!?(!Eh. Max. temperature : 260 oC
<..~" ..<·:· .•...·
.. <'.
'.::::·:::~::~::::.' ·<'.~'.~~~;::-. ·-.:
Hydraulic pumps : 200 bar
,/)' ' , 20 n'l3/h, 2000 rpm •
..
....:: ~·-...
Pistons upto5o··. • ....·. (3) up to 70!1... 2000-3000 (3) These pumps are used

,;.~~
···... in hydraulic systems for
which the fluids have a
/_./
.· 500/1000 cSt viscosity.
...

..:::::~:'.:~:··/
Deformable 20 20000 200-1800 10 to 30 Max. temperature : SOOC
rotor (

Off centre 200 1 to\\ ····..)o 0-1500 50 1-5 Max. temp. : 80-SO"C
Screw 20g000.\ ..
...---···-------
... ..:> Can handle erosive
particles•
.·::·::<~.~:~.)
Lobes 200 .... ····.:t·t0:' 5-20 <700 30-40 1-5 Max. temperature : 120 oC
. ('(·· "•21i900o
Deformable 20 .., ... ···'20ooo 5-15 0-200 30-50 Max. temperature : 95 oC
...

(~: ; ~: -1>
~

stator
Can handle erosive
particles.

Mouvex 120 3-5 . 250-1400 45-50 Max. temp. : 250-300 oC

{ 1) The maximum values given may not be· compatible.

(2) These efficiencies commonly exceed 70 % when the operating conditions (differential pressure +flow+
viscosity) are in the optimal range for the pump selected .

•
"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312 1.1.2 x I 0

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
A
SECTION 1 - PART 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE
~v. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ~ev. O 1 2 3 ' 4 5 6 7 8 9

A X ··:>· ···...... \
j ...
- ..
..··~: ····... ·........

: .. . · .. l
..·- ... ...:· ···-.. ~:1
........ l
·...... /
··.. :· I
......... ··.....
<</.:::; I
...... ···./
... ·...... .· .···. ··.•
. ··...... ·:.
... :.:· ·"· ··.
·.. . ..
..... ··. ..
.. ..··... ···...
.. . ·...
/( ~: :
.·.•··.· \ ·. ___
·.. .......
...

·..
··./

: •·· ·-·· .·.

··-· ······.. ::·
9
..
8
..·····..·.··...··.-~
·. \
7 (( ~ :
6

~ 5 {. (·. ·.') ·~.:

:i!
,: 4 --· ··.·
·.·-.....

j 3

-
2
1

trf
~ NTAN A. J"':!;I~ '"'1" ~ DEVOS Vf'.
0 OCTOBER 2000 BGJSH VERSION FROM FRENCH VERSION
C:. PTAK REV. O.JUNE 1996
Rev. DATE DE REVISION REDfGE I Wtften by VERIFIE JChecked by
w
0 (Osle of Issue) (ncm, visa/name, visa) ( nom, visa I name, viSaJ
REVISIONS DU DOCUMENT I Document rrMslons
••

••
 TECHNIP GUIDE DOCUMENT

~.--~~~~,--~~~~-----r-~
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page
1
SECTION 1 - PART 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE

.·.
CONTENTS

1 SELECTION OF TUREj~~~:~RACTICAL
.::·· ::··-.:::·-;:···
..
ADVIQ~~;:i:~~:::;·.'.'_>
.(·-.·::··-~-~:· ·~·:.....
.
1.1 Non API 61_.2-turbfilf!, 'utilisation (P:s; 1 ~W)·<:--<"'
1.2 Utilisati~~(:o(~f::t612 turbine (P > ..~ ~-~:---.:·/
•... ··... ·· ... ;· ("··// • ...
1.2.1 :·· .. Mk.:t.,.:..iperature .......::··...::---_,
1.2.2.>·.~ai' max.· Pressure : :12ifbir. ···
1.,2:;3·'' ..~iq.'.iid water content J~"th~..d~tlet of the turbine
1.i2'•4' )l,lncontrolled extrcielion'(extfact flow rate I total flow rate< 0.15)
./.'.~~~:&::<controlled extra(liR>r.r'.leiJ,.act flow rate I total flow rate > 0.15)
2 o~l:~-~flON METHOD o.F::1~~Bi'.~s WITHOUT EXTRACTION
/ ·= · ..•· ·.. · ..• ..
/·"2:·~:·.:--p~~ciple "··<~)
2.2 "calculation exa~i~-ot turbines without extraction
( { <.·..·; ~:
2.2.1 Heayy. ~qty·~ck pressure turbines (P > 1 kW)
2.2.2 H~~~~-condensing turbines
2.2.3 (·;'.::~~.d.furbines
3 CALCUV..IION OF"TURBINES WITH EXTRACTION
.· ··.
3.1 ~ri~~~;;·-.>
3.2 .-:~a'.rftple

.
4 {-:Y ~~OF REDUCED LOAD TURBINES

5 \.. "·... S.f:f..ECTION TABLE

··....:::..··
1
"
c
6
~ GRAPHS
•E

.,
j
=
I!:

~
w
0
 TECHNIP GUIDE DOCUMENT

.--------------~--------------,-----,~'
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page
2
SECTION 1 - PART 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE

Preamble: This is a method to estimate a pure back pressure, condensation or.e~fi~~6.n steam

~'bioe. SELECTION OF TIJRBINES (PRACTICAL ADVICES) ;:E'.~}/

Steam turbine manufacturers can :
·····:.··-.,
1: :~:.:'.: :··· ·.......·:··....-
t"··...
• either supply a low duty' 4t~~dard turbine but wilh.. oi)>~~~.ure and temperature
constraints ...:·-.:· <'._ / /..-·; !····.:···'
I •.:.., ' •._:···.,,;1 <... . . ',.r•"'i J
• or build a turbine E)Q--~~si:·by case. In this c:Pflf~xt;· ..~f:>I 612 requirement are "'·';
followed. .........:::·•. ··., ,:···.>·. ·..... ···
::··:~:::::~:::::.-.~--./ . ~·-..~~?:..-::::::~.~·J'
1.1 Non API 612 turbine·utifu!ation (P ~ 1 MW) ··.... · '·..
.....'.;~::.:·::'.::~.:.-··./ (-;:.:::::::.;·::;··..>
Po1'(r f'; suction P.exhaust ...J·..&ucti6ti V. rot extraction Condensation
.."'''·. "·.. //bar
,.,...~ ' .
. g . -, )...:?t:
bar g .·/.· . .,. .. rpm
Back pressure /~ f'OoQ.": s: 41 :;; 6 000 . non non
turbines non API 612·- ·- ...
.• .· ·-.:· <//

Th~::~~:~~~~·'melhods cafciJ!at:~~~rrespond
of only to single stage turbines with or
without casing. This type of~ac;;h;,j~·is normally cost effective.

/.~:~:~~~~:::~~;:::~>.
1.2 Utilisation of APi:·-s~2;.. 1tirbines (P>1 MW, condensation, back pressure,
extraction-conde~elyilnd re-injection)

Turbines folloaj~·:~f!J.:~~~ are more expensive and have to follow some criteria.
..··::::··.., ··......
1.2.1 Max. tem~tatt.fe
525 °c,{f0i::~~NS, RATEAU, JAPANESE)
510 °C for oth~r manufacturers
Ho)'lleyei.'[~(.h'eavy duty turbines (> 50 MW) power generation allow once until 537 "C.
::'(·-·· t'\
1.2.2 J~~#x. pressure : 120 bar
The same applies for heavy duty turbines for power station (> 50 MW) we can go up to
160 bar.

1.2.3 Liquid water content at the outlet of the turbine

:s: 8 % lo prevent the decrease of turbines stators life span.

 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

3
.
,..
SECTION 1 - PART 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE

.,.·~::::::.-.:~::·\
1.2.4 Uncontrolled extraction (extract flow rate I total flow rate< 0)5(·.. ,/_/
For some manufacturers it is possible to foreseen witho1l~:~-~t ::if.n~act, interstage
extraction, i.e. modular assembly of turbines (SIEMENS.P Wiftid(awal pressure and
flowrate of these turbines is not controlled and depeo8.''txi operatings condition of

.<~.::·...-:::··
...)(/.., •. · .· _·.:_ ·. ,·_~: ·: · .·__·_··.•·.·.·1jmv_·.-~ t :~-or
.. ·=-..:·· .. ::·· ....)
( 1) <>p>·..'.>
.•......• :· . ·1~
·. '"':··-...... /

(. . ~: ~;:; ~:~ : : .~.: c£·-----·---·~ p3

prf'l6~:~~:i~~
• turbine and created by throttle valve(s) (or regulating valves) (1). User
shall foresee.~·C.Onli'oi:system of pressure P3.
\\\\ ··-...:.::·
.•••n•··~ '••.

Po : <:;.oiiii.ianf·F~eding pressure
·

P, : .:'f~e inlet pressure based on throttle valve (1) opening

P,~·.:~::~ion pressure
'...:··-..J~tlonof extraction is determined by vendor so that P2 > P3 whatever
..<:) '·····ttie value of P1 and P4 . .
(_( .. _~)) Constant pressure of users' network
······p~·: Exhaust pressure
I
J
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312 1.1.2 I ®•;'' I ~'- I.
.--~~~~~~~~~----r-~@ Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
4
SECTION 1 - PART 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE

1.2.5 Controlled extraction (extract flow rate /.total flowrate > 0.15) /--;::::::::.::;··)
Turbines are supplied with necessary equipment to assure the stabihjy\lf.p~s~ure and
exfract fiowrate is permanently adjusted to match the needs. Th~Ei-:_~fiii.~~ are more
expensive than the one mentioned before. ..·) "·-. .. ··-..i/
.... -:.. ·· ....·
Vendor • (.:"·<:--·.._
<.····...
limit
.. .. ··./

Po ~-~~:f
{~::· .-::;:/··....·
...·....- ····....: ...··.~

Valve selection based on :

, V • P,- P, = minimum
• P, = extraction pressure

((~:~: :~;> i=2. 4

-::----.:---.::::·."":....,._..'----'------+-----P-s-
··... ··...

(~~:--~::;~:~:-~;_.:.....
. :~::::::..~::~:·
<?~:)
Rema~k;::.:::::~~::<>
If the ~.9(.kxtract flow rate to total flowrate is more than 0.2, supplier will probably
s~t)e--trSe a double cell turbine. _

(..~:::::::~)

'-'•
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP lssuectoy

GE 312 1.1.2
(3f0.
·,;;;,;;; .----------------~-----------------~---,
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
5
SECTION 1 - PART 1 S.S.1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE

2 CALCULATION METHOD OF TURBINES WITHOUT EXTRACTI.O~:::::.::.\

2.1 Principle ...-::'.'-:·:::::·-/'./
- ....·.::· _.---..:· ...:··,'
This method consists in calculating turbine flowrate with the.~ffi.itteD~i.-Qraphs.
Using this method, one has to use : .....::::·:::·...... ··....::/

• Mollier diagram or VD)-"tai)les to find out thermodyflii-~9 ~i'rd.itions of consumed and

produced steams, <..// < · ...·---.:···-..">:·
• graphs 1 to 6 to c;le~~uhii;·~{'he turbi~es effici~rf~:.:.~/::;·) ...

H MOLLIER DIAGRAM
ENTHALPY
(KJ/Kg)
/ .. · ..:·-. .... ...- R~ '-.j'·"··-.? P2 (bar abs) T1 (°C)

r,:{-;_ /;7 ':1:;·~-:~'.'.:·J<C·~-l--11---:==

1:=!--/----7:-.:-:.::-:.--~ isotherms

ENTROPY S (KJ/Kg."C)
......
·::

P : Shafi power supplied by turbine.

j M1
M2
: defined by conditions of inlet steam.
: defined by isentropic expansion of steam (S1 :S2) and exhaust pressure P2.
M2' : defined by real expansion of steam ( by P1, T1 ,P2, µ).

= H(M1)- H(M2)
= H{M1)- H(M2')
 TECHNIP GUIDE DOCUMENT

.------------,..----------,-----,['>
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

SECTION 1 - PART 1 6
S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE

,(~:~::::.::;·.)

µturbine= read from figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 depending .o~:~;~:t~·:.

Q"(Uh) = P (kW) x 3.6 ../::/.:'.:::::::::.-·.. _...

-
Hence, steam flowrate =

For determination of
,~~s~,
.·,.. \ : µ

,. _!f/~:v}
turti x t.H isent (kJ/k9t · ·..

~fu~t~~~~;··f~eoritical specific. ~;;;~;;;p~j~n value might be needed.

'>><:··.> 3600 <::····< .....
C,,p (kglkY"ti)_/.:""'·.. } AH· (kJ/kg) ..······... ···...._,

// (9;> - /cf?!) -
2.2 Calculiri'i~·:~~inple of turbine witfi~\Jt·-~~ction
......:- ····...:··.-:.··· ......:. ) .l ·..
2.2.1 Hea~:;;:i11ty b~ck pressure turbi~e~:.(P,> 1 kW)
... ····...> ·..·
/·;:::::~:=~····:
Turbine has to supply 2..f\!l~\(ot~6~er with live steam at 41 bar g, 400 °C, and exhaust
pressure at 5 bar g. ···..:···..:·······
............:·:k, ·::
From the Mollier dia_gi-a,ffl:::····· ..
··... ··... ··
..:. ...
t.H isentropic .-:=-.. ··-...~~'2 - 2750 =462 kJ/kg
From the heaw~.Qa~k pressure turbine graph (figure 1) :
~ = 0.70 ...-::::·:.;·····...../
therefore :<.:::<::
:{:::::~-~~ = 2000x3.6 = 22.3 tonne/hour

cr:J;~'
0.70 x462

f
J
 TECHNIP GUIDE DOCUMENT

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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
7
SECTION 1 - PART 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE

2.2.2 Heavy-duty condensing turbines .... /'.:<::'._·.-.:_:>

Tu~binehas to supply 2 MW of power with live steam at 1{~a(~·::~~O °C, and to be

condensed at 55 °C (0.16 bar a). .// ···--.::...-
t.H isentropic =3121-2190.:=..1022 kJ/kg ,·::>·<:::··..,
From figure 2 we have : .~·:~·0:~84, therefore _..._.,-:::;:::::::~'> ··-·
Q =;. -:·.2-~Q~-~:a.6 .· = 10.3 Uh':'.<_.~_:.:., 'J .
··.. ·-.......:··:>
1
<>o..6a4·x 1022
,·-----.::-. ··-. .··..("-..> .
Liquid ratio at thii. e-xhai:ist" point has to be c~·ee~;--therefore the point M2' has to be
determined : <;:<::::::::::.- <::···<:."·-.../
t.H rea I /·-.. /,s··21.H isent x µ •. ·····-..:·-...:·;
/.::::~.:··::~::>~·1022 x o·.684 = 69~:~;~;) ..
wher~ ..H..~'.}),/ = 3212 - 699 = ~:;~·kJiR.~_...
Thjl~~(fi·!Ji.·-~·n the 0.16 bar a.~~-~-:~f-;:;;hich the vapour ratio is, x = 0.965, therefore,
»'a-ief.¢00lent is 3.5% < 8 %. _$6·;-it:~s"Co'rrect.
/:::.:'.:·:.::::>·-.._:' "··-.::::/>
2.2.3 Standard turbines ({};:::;·";

When calculating <:f~~ar.d';urbine, one has to chose between turbines without gear
reductor with a _.ioW:~qency and turbines with gear reductor that will give a better
efficiency but ~!>r~'ii)~perisive.
This choice !)l.i:u·~;~-~epends on turbine driven machine speed.
Example/··-f~~~--has to supply power at 750 kW with a speed at 400 rpm with live
steam ~t-4(Hiat·@, 400 °C and exhaust pressure at 5 bar a.
a) witi{~Jt)gear reductor
t.•fi&e~(-.;;;'
:
.' ··. ·. 477 kJ/kg
T~eor.elibal consumption = 3600 = 7.6 kg/kWh

(?~'.'.'.~~-;.~ure
3, µ = 0.31 the::re,
""·-feal consumption= 7.6/0.31 = 24.5 kg/kWh hence, 18.4 tlh

b) with gear reductor

From figure 4, µ = 0.41 therefore,
real consumption= 7.6/0.41 = 18.5 kg/kWh hence 13.9 Uh
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued BY
GE 312 1.1.2

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

SECTION 1 - PART 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE

. . ·: .: ·'~:?~ '.;·~ :)
3 CALCULATION OF TURBINE WITH EXTRACTION

/[;:.~_;')
H

·~··· ....
·The turbine.Y:'Jll:~~:.;;·~.sidered
as compo~d,ci(.a·!Jijlck
pressuwtt.ti'bipil-aiil a
condE!fl~!ng)m:Bin'e.
···... "·..:"· ..? -

.";. •..........•/ p
,~~~;s:
<'.'<). :.::::::' s
. ~::~~:~...:::.::· ~.~::~~---·· -
(wi~·!.~~~~~~~rate
··.....::::
~...
extraclio~:;'.~'.;;~:·<:)
··-..
of
,/
.-···~

Hypothesi:{(/::;>
·. . . :'
Mo : ·:ii;,n;:~ai;
M 1 .-:··eitraetion
M2.'.:·.:~'iiin~nsation
(~.:-.:::::.~:~:;.-::~
. :~::!:f...\·._,: total flowrate of live steam
,.. ...... Q' ·..... : imposed extraction flowrate
/'<)) AH1 : back pressure enthalpy differential
.....>< '--.AH2 : condensation enthalpy differential

~~5,i'~ : ===:
.. Back pressure efficiency AH1
' = µ1 = AH1
i isent.

Condensation efficiency = µ2 = AH2

AH21sen1.
 TECHNIP
GE
rn..,
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1.1.2
m ..... s
--; .. ar.
I~-
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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
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SECTION 1 - PART 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE

3.1. Principle ,/;::::~:::.::;-:;

The steps of the calculation are ... :. ·.... ... _...:
- 1~t step efficiencies µ1, µ2 are taken equal to 1 anc:t<';{~:.:·~j·~~lated from the

~:~:ti::~): Calculate the.:vaJ.ue of back pressure and.4~~:~~:~~,power

with Q, that
will give the new value o.f.'~~r.c}ency (to be read from.fiki1i(~--1.. and 2), and consequently,
new value for the flowrafe.('.t <This iteration shall be d0F1e·uritii'lhere is no variation for Q.

• P = P1 + P2 ....
• p 1 = Q µ 1 ti!-j., i'llfl1,
: ·~ '.:;:~: : : ~: :·>
• ...
. _. .: :'.'.~'.~-'.~:~: ?. >
••• .... .... :·

~;~..::::--:::·"~:·--· (·-.. ?><:::.-.. -

-. 0 ).:,lh "·1:1'2 isent
0
p
2 = (Q .··... .. •. .·.;;J.
.., 6-... ,..
..... ·-. .• _'"-.,
•• ........
"· ... ...
•....

p = a,<{!;::~~:~;2;~ + µ 2 t.H2 isent) - q'J;~~fJnt

/2~~~;:'i Q~;~~~~:::
~:~;:}>:.::
(1)
<. ·..
:·:~·~-~;~~:~·~:·:~:.:~
Power in kW <"·. >. >·.
,:\ ··..... ··... ·....
Flowrate in tJti\ "-..)
1

Enlhalpf~iff~ ~i:(tial kJ/kg

.::?:.::) .

(~,;,~f) ))·.)
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
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1$$U8d by
312

.---~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--,7~-,••
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
SECTION 1 - PART 1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
STEAM TURBINE
10 •
,..··::::::.:~··-..
. . .
3.2 Example _..-,.<'.:::·· ..././
Tu;bine of 13614 kW that use live steam at 120 bar a and 510 °C. ~~6u4~-·~t 40 bar a
and condensation at 0.16 bar a. ~:traction flowrate is at 80 ::{::·::~~:::::;::..::::/

1st iteration '.· .· :.· :.·~ ..·.·..:..:_:.;:;.·_,_,

....::·.·.·.. / ..·····~:··<::··:·
µ 1 = µ2 = 1 ··.. ·... ··... ·:· ,<~>~~::)) ·.·
From Mollier diagram, ~er..b.(il.°yiqg placed all the ne~~s~iy..points,
~H, isent = 3380 - 30.ad·-.;;:::3·ocrkJ1kg • '· ···.::-..::::<.:·. .
~H2 aent = 3080 -.-2.3·;q::~::~~·O kJ/kg ..... ~::::::~:'.::.., ....

(1)
a- (1j(;ti~;•(8-0x1x950)'~~"
··.~lXZOO)
- ..-::- + (1 x 950) / { / ... ·1

The~~!Z~~;_:::'.~:~;:::::::;··· ··<~::.~~~/~-:::>·. .
''./P'l-·~··:.100 x 1 x 300 = 8333 kv/·-.",2__ > figure 1 µ 1 = 0. 75
.. 3.6 ...:::::~:,.. ....
P2 = (100 - 80) x 1 x ~d·~. '~-~j 78 kW ->figure 2 µ2 = 0.736
'.'I I': -::-··••• •.....:::••••

:==-
µ2 = 0.736
f~~;~)
,......, ..

<1l a . .~/;::;·(~-;~~4 x 3.6) + cso x o. 736 x 950) = tlh

'·........ <" (0. 75 x 300) + (0. 736 x 950) 113.6
There(~:i:::.:.::.:· ..) .
I ' I I

F1~.:~?:·~~~S:~. ~- 75 x 300 _ 71 OO kW figure 1 µ1 = 0.734

'-.:··..... ) / 3.6
··.......··
P1 = (113.6-80~~60.736x950 =6526kW figure2 µ2=0.744

•
"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
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SECTION 1 - PART 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE

3rd iteration

µ1=0.734
µ2 = 0.744

a (13614,*.·~n'>) + (80 x o.744 x 950) --~:.;·;.·:e·vh

(1) = (0.7.;34.X-390) + (0.744 x 950) /_.··; ;.--.:. ··.·

Therefore : ::::~:::~:::~::~:;:) •... . _...::·./·:·.'.:~>:::::)

P1 = 113.9 x ~~~-:~~~~~~..6965 kW <::::;~.~;~~-~/ µ1=0.734
P2
= < 11 ~:~2~~;:~:::;44
.. . .
36
x 950 = 665l~w._::::::::;i·->
o.,, .... 1gure
2 µ2 = o.744
:··. ~...~:··· .... )..) . .....:.::::;·1..:::::·····
We .se~_.ttiatttie values of efficien·Gy'·-'<lfe·bcinverged, therefore,

~2:.~t~~:·~~ and a· =80 tfh.:<~:S). ·<>

1::>·<:~.::> . ···...:.:'.>
. ---~

.......... ·...
..······.
. . . . . . 0 4 . . . . . . .: : ·

<;"~
.......··

w
0
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP

.--~~~~~~~~~----.-~• Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
12
SECTION 1 - PART 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE

..··.-----~:-...
:'/ ~·:. : :
4 UTILISATION OF REDUCED LOAD TURBINE (Figure Ga and 6b) ·. ·.. ::

Graphs to be used for heavy duty turbines when they are used
than the normal power P100 .//
~c{~~;.i:~··:;i~~:
···... ·-_ ..·
power P

a. Turbine without extraction 1·:::··.. (:;::::·<:::::::.· ..

.... <' : .: .• .•
, . ~- •.• "-'° l'
_..··::.···: ..::·--.:::
Calculate µ,oo with P1oo<~hd.:·u1.Ei-1 former' formulas, t!lei:ii.llfif,~ = F(P/P100) and the

figure 6a. . (-.~~:~:~:·;;:~::~;)- (::::::·~::::·:.;:::::".:'

Efficiency, µof the.redilC.ea'ioad turbine may .tl)eo·.~·qeduced.
··... ··...··..._;· (_ ··// ....
b. Turbine with e~bn) ::·<>,,
_... .....
- If the extr.ac~ii..fl.6wrate is the same alth~.. ~~~I flowrate, the value of efficiency
calculatec{f!)r . power can be .~~~>····~/
. . ..nominal . . .. --
- Ifn9f/~;-,:;;,;;:~·~ µ2,100 can be .~~f~~- with P100. graphs and the calculation
meµt~
. . ...·i{.~tion
.. . 3, then µ,;iJ;:;~--~~
. . ' . . µ2/µz 100 with the graphs on figure 6b
t~Fe.fore·1n~ value of µ,and µ;.;--...-/
¥;;~-. ~'sumption flowrat~-~t th~"·i~f~t can be calculated with the formulas in the
section 3.1. _..._.. ...._......,

-::::·_.:::>:~~~'.'..-}
(~,~f;-)
.·.------~ "-..
:::<:~~5······. ..>

., .:.'.C7~~)>~··;
.....:::::::::·....

..
•
I
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP

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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
13
SECTION 1 - PART 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE

.....

. . .;:.: :~:/~ .-:.~?)

5 SELECTION TABLE

Considered cases Data Results - figur~.< :·--.::.:<·::>. Limitations

Heavy duty back pressure Power Figure 1 ,-:::_.--.. :·PQ_wer > 1 MW
turbine Inlet pre&sQ.~. efficiency {"-.. "· .. /
Exhauiii;r~ture
..... .......:.:·-..::.~ :·
Heavy duty turbines with Po"'{.eF:::<.:·<::: Fig 2 / ·:.j .:.--, ) Power> 1 MW
condensation lnlet'pr-Eissi.ire effi~i~~Y.--.'."--·:'./ Liquid water
lnlatt~lierature <:::-:::::::::.::~··" content s8%
, ..i?(&~.~t"~ressure .•-. _.: .:-... -;..
Heavy duty turbine with _.... ~BQ~i" .. _f.ig._'1·.;i- Fig.2 Power <:: 1MW
uncontrolled extraction I ··· ..:-- .-tnlefpressure ...-:.-· ·e1<tf8dion and Liquid water
condensation ..-:::-;: ·: ·li:ltet temperature ( '··, cqrjdensation content s 8% at the
{( ) : Exhaust pressure _..-·· .."·-.. ~:efficiency exhaust
/:· ··...::----->
Extraction press.uf.f) '.-.:·-. • Extrac. flowrate
/./ ...->
: •...· . ,
::--· Extraction flowr.8:te.
·. ._.•. •. .. <· . Total. flolM'ate s 15 %

Heavy duty tur6lne"viilfi/ Power .l .._.-··:: / ·..· Fig. 1 + Fig. 2 Power<:: 1 MW

controlled emetipn/.... Inlet pressu~e<:: <... extraction and liquid water
condensatidh "··<> Inlet tei:i:i.P.~rature"_.. condensation contents8%
Exhal,f$t·i;~ure efficiency Extrac. flowrate <:: 15 %
Extrabiiort·pl'~sure Total. flowrate
~~iQ:~:tioi.vrate
Small turbine without gear .-P-owEir-. ":> Fig. 3 Power : 300 kW to 1 MW
reductor .... :ml~i:iiressure efficiency P-s 41 barg
,~> .:fh!Eil-temperature T- s 400°C
\ \ Extiaust pressure P-s5.2barg
.-:::::::'... · ·Qesign consumption speed < 6000 rpm.
Small turbine with ~r. ": Power Fig4 Power : 300 kW to 1 MW
reductor .:.:··.// Inlet pressure efficiency P-s 41 barg

. _(~3,)~
Very smakturbifre
==pfioo
Power Fig. 5
T- s 400°C
P....,.... s 5.2 bar g
more expensive
Power< 300 kW
\.~·~::::::·::../ efficiency P-s 41 barg
T-s 400°C
P......... s5.2barg
Partial load on heavy duty Fig. 6a and 6b
J turbine
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312 1.1.2

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE 14
SECTION 1 - PART 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE

6 GRAPHS
Fig 1, 2, 3, 4 source from WORTHINGTON
Fig 5, 6a, 6b Source TECHNIP

lax>
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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GE 312 1.1.2

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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
15
SECTION 1 - PART 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE

..··:::::··...
Figure N° 2 / <'. ••.• ':
Efficiency of heavy duty condensing turbines /::··<>-//
Powoc > 1 MW :,::{';,~':::/
. . .;::.:;:~>:;·:.)

•
~~

•
Shaft power (kW)
 TECHNIP GUIDE DOCUMENT

I GE
Issued bY
312 ~-~ ®;# I :· 1 .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-.-~~
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
Page
SECTION 1 - PART 1 16
S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
STEAM TURBINE

.
-;
~
'
i
'
'
~

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 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ....,,.., dlllpterl¥
GE 312 1.1.2 x ~·· 1
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
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SECTION 1 - PART 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE

I
l
 TECHNIP
GE 312
GUIDE DOCUMENT
mns
1.1.2 I
@ap1erns
x I
mv.
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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
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SECTION 1 - PART 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE

Figure N° 5
Efficiency of very small turbines
(Power ~ 300 kW)

5 678910:
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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

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SECTION 1 - PART 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STEAM TURBINE

..
Q
•
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP BOOIU?
GE 312 1.1.2

~r--~~~--,-~~~~~~
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Pa..
A
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) DIESEL ENGINE
..___ Rev.
''" ---.:.:.:. .
o 2 3 I4 s 6 7 8 9 ..___Rev. O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A x '"' ----- ·.
.-<···· ····.._ .

x ,_. . <. .>·:-..:· . /··-··

2 x _.··. . ··.;_
... ·- ·- ..··
3 x
,.

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·•. ··...... ··. ·.· .

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.·· . ·-......··

:
.......
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9
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j• 3
~

0 OCTOBER 2000 i>.. DEVOS tk" C.PTAK ENGUSH VERSION FROM FRENCH VERSJON

Rev. DATE DE REVISION

INTAN A. JALIL
~- n....,, IY REV. 0, JANUARY 1993
w REDIGE I Wnlten by VERIFIE I Checlted by APPROUVE/Approved by OBJET
"' (Dateol.SSU.) (ncm, ViSa/name, visa) ( nom, ..;sa /name, visa} (nom, visa mame.
visa} (Slatu$)

REVISIONS DU DOCUMENT I Document revisions

v~

•e
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP 800k n• C$8ptet nZ Rev. ,
GE """"'
312"' 1.1.2 I XII I 0

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
1
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL {DATA BOOK) DIESEL ENGINE

.···--.
··:.·······.."\ .....

SPECIFIC CONSUMPTION ESTIMATION OF DIESEL ENGj·~~··..) /

Tho two graph• '""""" -

engine. ...<:;·:.·,:.:) ,
• rap;d "'"'"'°" of .~!.§~:ptio"
/::.-.~:;:·:~:~.°.".".".> ··.·
of • d;"'"

... ·..·speGlfls
1) Estimate the enginit ·.. .. consumption from ..g"r.<iph·,1)
. ··- •. . ,.

2) Do the corre\)l~-~~:-~>power
by .. taking,J~i~- ~~G-~t
site conditions according to
ISO 3046 sti:i~~~d as reference by_ th.9" .ci:i~lfuctor (graph 2)

N,,., •. e·'.i~~~>' ·;:;§~5y~ v

A<¥;!.iti99al.cor'rection related to ~e.~ir·mbisture can also be added.

1£::.;i {~~~[>
Real consumption is ~·6.~~~·:ef
several parameters such as, rotational speed, fuel etc.
The proposed ~t.\!'l(::~w to estimate with a good accuracy an indicative
consumption. _, .... :::-,,>··,
. l. __ . . :::.··-....:'
Specification 6f"d(esel;engine has to show the operation conditions such as, continuous
operation, i6tenni~!iit operation, operating time, operation duration under overload
condition~--lt i:tas tc)
specify also the operationing type, example, automatic starting.
These .·itif<smmti~n
·. . are essential to choose an effective device.

,P~~'~,
.......... /\
\ ... '::
.....··........./
·-.....··

•
..,w
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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GE 312 1.1.2 XII 0

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 2
S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MAl\IUAL (DATA BOOK) DIESEL ENGINE

.·...···::::.:-.·..•.

~1..,, :L .·• .· •. ··.:.. . .· .i .

. : ·:

\ :. ii•.. .../ •' ..- .· ....,, .. ·'

~-+-+1_·+-++!"":'.,_.-+.,..,-i'
!\: /''.;_.... .•. ; ·, QIL :
:. . . . . :• ~-1---··"---~·-+-+-+·-,--· - -·.-:-:-
.· ..i..;.:. : \ ... /,. .J
~:IL\.,~
.. -_1-'1-+-l---+--l-l-'l-+-l--~.,..-'f.:~.,.,.t=,.,+--t-1-+-+,-f--+--t-lri-t-,·~i,-+-+-~.f-,1,
~-~-+'--'l~"i-1
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:._· •./ •· ~ I i I .·
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I - - -

,._ i ... ... V ! ; ! I

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l" .·- - :if!' 1-~:: I .1
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 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP WPter ;;s RSV.
GE 312 1.1.2 XII 0

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

3
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) DIESEL ENGINE

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 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued :y 800lt nS
GE 312 1.1.2

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

•
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
A
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING
~v. 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 :::.::---!•v 0 1 2 3
I4 5 6 7 8 9
"'" A x ''" 20 x .
.·..·· ··. ·.
B x :";-1-.:~~·· ·-·/.

1 x
2 x ....
3 x ··... ··.....
.····. "··
4 x ... ·..
·=·.·.· .. ··... ~ ·.

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··.. ..
5
6 x ··. ····.. ..: ...,.;·
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10 x .·...'
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14 x
15 x .......... ·-··:. ....
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16 x
17 x
18 x
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6
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REVISIONS DU DOCUMENT I Document revisions

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I GE 312

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT

PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING B

CONTENT

:::~:m:CKNESS ,~:{~~"?
1.

2.
..._:::::_:_._·.:~.·.··-··
....._._:::·
•. ··. ...
(.:"·/:.:·' ·.......
" ...·. ··.
3.
......... :: . ... .····....... •...
CORRECTJON·'FACJORS OF PRESSIJRl:.'DRQPS AND FLUID VELOCITY

4. LINE S;~:~~~~~;~ERIA
. ... ··...........
:·· //.../ :······~
,...... .:-.~'.~::::?)
4,(::·:.i;)~~:id.;ines within bat:t~:ifri:;it·..:
..~2:·... ~~s. lines within ba~erfli.i\ii(./
/:..4,~. Mrxed phase lines initide<battery limit
i.:' 4:-(";.- Utility lines in off-site ··· .. )
4.5. ·· Exchanger tu"":::.'.....
4.6. Sonic velocity( ( <>.,"-:;
r·. ::::~.::~~::::::::::>:

• 5. PRESSURE DRGP-:CfJ.ECKING

·:;<. . .~~::·:~i;:>
..·····--~ \ ..
····------.. ·-.
... ---.•. '•,_;'
.• .···. ~

/\
: :
"--.::::~:::~....
l
j
J
~
~

~.
~

•
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP issued by
GE 312 1.1.2

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 1

1 TUBES CHARACTERISTICS /;::~:~:::.::>

The characteristics of steel pipes with commonly used dia.rii"~~-~:".;·;~~~~~ industries are
:~~:~n;:::::::l::~o:Jbpn steel pipes ,~: : ·: '.~: ~: :.:.: '.: : :>'
Column B : designation ~-ci,iipon steel pipes _-:::·:::- ··-.
Column C : schedule 9(sf!:tfofess steel, .pipes (5S ii;;:~~i)ail:approved standard).

.--No-m-in_a_Id-ia_m_e-te-,~--s"_ch_ed_I_
<.-~'.:::::::::::::;.-)
. ,•-••-__...;_:..,.:'°':••'"'-.,"'----~
,- -Nom:..;iu~iame.-"'-·
., ,. ': .:· . ,.~-.: : ~. ,~ ,. .:·~ -,. ,: ...·.::T"
~ ....._'-....---.---.------,
.
ue: .••• : ~· '< ,.,. Sd>edule
in " ·. ••• ··. ·······'Thickness · " ·· ·· ··· Thickness
(¢.ext cm) A B ···-c;-.-. <·. . ..··~· cm t~>e~:;;;.,.:::.- A B c cm
118 - ...~.... ·:.:ios..: 0. 124 ·3 ·-••. ··-, . . SS 0.211
(1.029) 40 StQ • ~••40S o. 113 ..--:. ·"tli,sscii·.: . . 10$ 0.305
.
::~: ~-io:·: .:::?)
BO ..•· ·-"XS· 40S 0.549
... ••••.8\JS 40
BO
Std
XS sos 0.782
114 10S ••••••· . .
(1.372) ,.,;J.. t. -.s.i/. 40S 0.223 ; .... ., , ...•
160
. XXS .
1.110
1.524
'.-SQ-.· ..xs·· sos
i-------..,.~·~·7''+-,'1-:,,.--+--+----~.-~.:..,.-.-L·
·-·--J.''-----+--+--+--+-------1
4 . .
o.302 / ~-/
0.211 SS
~~715) ... ::'.<::~~: . . :::·~~ l~ ~~.;;-·-- ./ (11.430)
40
. .
Std
10S
40S
0.305
0.602
.·/. ·'··.. so..: xs sos &.s2a..-/
.. .. BO XS sos
.
0.856
'·' ··--. ·-,. • SS 0.165 ··./ 120 . 1.110
1/2
(2. 134) ..• - - 1os .• ···) P.211 160 . . 1.349
. XXS . 1.712
40 Std 40S //-·'/iJ.277
BO XS SOS ( '.._ './(J,"3_t3 6 . . SS 0.277
160 • ·:·-. -.._ "·--·QA75 (16.828) . . 10S 0.340
. xxs ;-...... __.......0.747 40 Std 40S 0.711
314 • • ~--- ,._ -, 0.165 80 XS sos 1.097
(2.667) • . : .-. ···105-:· ..../ 0.211 120 . . 1.427
160 . . 1.824
40 S!li-•• ·-4Q5.. :· 0.287 . .
BO l'cS --~s-. 0.391
xxs 2.195
160 \ \ ·;...· 0.554 s . . SS 0.277
• ·xi<Ji;\ • 0.782 (21.908) . . 10S 0.376
1 ..-···'·\
.•·SS 0.165 20
30
.
.
.
.
0.635
0.704
(3.310)
<i;.::: yes
/SW
10S
40S
0.277
0.338 40 Std
.
40S
.
0.818

/·:::.:: ---~-
•.j6Q
.. .
sos
.
0.455 60
80 XS sos
1.031
1.270
- ... " .
0.635
100 . . 1.506
: "...· ,•
: .: XXS 0.909
120 . . 1.824
1% .····- ··--. - ...... . SS 0.165 140 . . 2.062
(4.826) /(.... (;· . . 10S 0.277 . xxs . 2.223
40 Std 40S 0.368 160 . . 2.301
\ ..:::::~:::·:./ 80 XS
.
sos
.
o.sos 10 . . SS 0.340
~
160
. .
0.714
(27.305) . . 10S 0.419
.~
,§ 2
(6.033)
.
.
XXS
.
.
SS
1.016
0.165
20
30
.
.
Sid
.
.
40S
0.635
0.780
0927
10S 0.277 40
~ 40 Std 40S 0.391 60 XS BOS 1.270
j . .
BO XS sos 0.554 80 1.506

e .
~

160 . . 0.871 100 . 1.824

. xxs . 1.107 120 . . 2.141
140 xxs . 2.540
160 . . 2.856

:i
~

"'
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE 312 1.1.2 XIII

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 2

.....
.· .····-.
Nominal diameter
in~
I
Schedule
'

Thickness
Nominal diameter
in·
I
Schedule
I
:. f· . ;:
.' •• '. :

.··-. • -. ···.J'h~Ckness
(¢.ext. cm) A B c cm (\it ext. cm) A B ./.C /····· ../cm

1~ g·~i~ ~0.800) ::?.}~~:I:>/

12 - - 0.478
(32.385) - - : .... 0.554
20 - 10 0.635
30
-
-
Std 40-s
0 838
o.9 a······.
2
3°0 .:·/~~"· <> 0.953
1.270
40
-
60
XS
-
-
sos
-
;J~~: . //
.5.,.... -,

·1.~1:·-..::. .
/ . :-.:: >{'.'.~
.' SQ/ ··: .:
"'
:- 1.506
2;062
2.619
80 - - ,"··t.745"·....
0
.... ::1-0.0''. ..../ - 3.254
100 - -
- "·2.'t4.i'··.:'
.......... 2:1!40·,, ... 120"· .· -
.... .. b .. - 3.810
120 xxs 4.445
. .... . . '".::·.·.-.·:!t.r)' : :
140
160
-- : { .:::::-:::J.
• ;·= 24 .
.......... ::: "·: 5S
. 4.999
0.554
14 - - .5S, .' ....... ":0.396 (60.960).•·"·.. ..... .. 10 10S 0.635
(35.560) - - ''Ill?'' ·:: ... 0.478 ,· ....... ... .... 20 Std - 0.953

~ s~·(: ::::: ;;::...) g:5 _.. . .;. ':::~::::;::) ~

XS - 1.270
- 1.427
- 1.745
40 ..·.·.- "·..· ·............ 1.110
' .'<.....
....- .:...,....
··...·...· • 60 - 2.459
- .' /)(.9.. ••••,. 1.270 80 - 3.094
60( '·.// . ·::- -
SQ. • •• ,..,.• .' -
1.506
1.905 .. <·· .'! .....
.• •· .. ·...
j
100
120
-
-
3.889
4.602
•.'icio.. ·......... - 2.380 ••
··...•. 140 - 5.237
.....,~...
. 14(1-...., -
-
-
2.776
3.175
., 160 - 5.951

160 ... - - ~R.!;! ... 26 10 - 0.795

(66.04) Std - 0.952
16
(40.640)
- - 5S ~(419>: / 20 XS - 1.270

10
-
-
- 1 OS
-
.. Q.'17.!!. ••" /
.' ... 0'635. .. 28 10 - 0.792
20 - - .... .-:::·.'.6.1~ .. (71.12) Std - 0.952
20 XS - 1.270
30
~
:
Std

: \:\ ......> ~:~

- / ....! ....
- '

:is . ~(.' :::::~:::~~:~g

~, .••::~:993

30
(7620)
30

10
Std
-
5S
10S
-
1.588
0.635
0.792
0.952
e
100
,,.::: ····:·-. .. >
2.619 20 XS - 1.270
120 3.094 30 - 1.588
~~ ((). ; : !:= 32 10 - 0.792

t-<-1:-5.-72-o-)- - - + -..-.::.-::·-1.'.~::.... .........:-.-15 5

:·;-':_-..; -os-+---g:-:1-1:---1 i (
8128
> 20
Std
XS
-
-
0.952
1.270
. i1b \.; - 0.635
30 - 1.588

''1/J-. _// - 0.792

40 - 1.748
..··· 'i _-... -·-Std - 0.953 34 10 - 0.792
-
(:~~: :::*) ~s ~ ~~1
(86.36) Std 0.952
20 XS - 1270
30 - 1.588
40 - 1.748
80 - - 2.380
100 - - 2.936 36 10 - 0.792
120 - - 3.493 (91.44) Std - 0.952
20 XS - 1.270
140
160
-
-
-
-
3.967
4.424
30 - 1.588
40 - 1.905

Remark : For the big diameter, attention to

the design thickness of the pipe.
•
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued C"!"
GE 312

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S.1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 3

·--··
,.·:.····-·· .... \
2 ESTIMATION OF TUBES THICKNESS (1) ' ··. ''

Tr;; calculation of the minimum required thickness deper~-~~~> _;~~:::~~andards

used
(A.N.S.I, SNCT, ... ). The following formula, extracted fro.A)·:·,.;sf\i:E::.s.31.3, is the most
commonly used : ,...-:.-.. >··.. ·
,.··.··.. .···.·./ ···....·_..'
e= 2( s:f PY) +c (<~::~:~~:~< /<::;~<~::~~:.>
e :
minimum thii;:_k-t'l_es.fin,'i'nm with (e-C)<D/_9·.>·.. '·.//
P design pr~ssu@.)1.pir g
: .. ...::··-.::<::·./
D :
external dlaltletei:.m mm ···... ·....:··./
S basic allQ~bi~·;stress in bar excludfr'rg.4asli~. joints or structural-grade quality
:
factor:s tt[i:rl.if®end on type of m<itei.ial.and the design temperature.
E : quailt)i)aGtor..of the welding /······ .. >. ·._,.
y : iO"ini:·co.e-ffiClent : 0.4 until 482 °ij.., ) }
C : b~rrosioh allowance in mm..-····-.:··-..::::~/
.:·;. ·...........
·~.... ,//···:: :·.····-~
(1)''R0.(iho~e-·inforrnation see AS·~·i;'8.~".(3 (ex. ANSI}
:·
.··:···-.. .:....::..• ...-·:.····: ·: ···.../
/:fl:t~ ftriafihickness will be 1~:&%,~igher than this value e (manufacturing allowance).
{_/ ·····-.~~::.- ··-....:~
MINIMUM THICKNESi:~°NQES :
- Carbon steel or sl~~~ffi::;~~-percentage alloy :
(:··:~;::::·~~:.~?

• -
•
•
•
3 mm:·ro(0."-S.8"
4 mm 'tor)i?,~ 0 ~ 1O"
9.mm"'{~r el"'°;:: 20"
Stakl~~~-~~~?~ 8/10 :
.:..:··..··~.:
/:::~-.::·1.f.nm for 0 ~ 3/8" (instrument}
.( (. ~\.-..~. .6 mm for 2" ~ 0 ~ 3/8"
.·· . \:'·····:..:2
..... ... ..... mm for 4" ~ 0 ~ 2 1/2"
f ..-···· ,...._ • 2.5 mm for 0 ~ 6"
\...~::::~::~:..}
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312 1.1.2

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 4

.... _

::~ :::::;: ~: lowpe1reoffige olloy • //g·~~;;,;)}

• for 0 ;;:: 18'', E = 1 in case of radiography of the ,.lo\l~!tlil)j;j. E = 0.85 if no

s~'""::::~::. ,c{[i~~
• for 0 ;;:: 10", e:. "'·:·1.Ji:i/ease
S~;~j;>'
of radiography."ot't~ welding, E = 0.85 if no
radiography. <:;:·:::::::::::;. <:::··<("-..>
In some cases, ar(eC.0:n'6iniC study shall wo~.<?.Q!tti:e·.r:fecessity of radiography (or not).

VALUES Of (~~'.~~:Q~~~
,..··../ ....:··--H•'··· -
(ref. ASME 831.~~;~~~o;~~:
.·: :.................:. .
T Carbo1f. ··.it2:;ti~ Cr 5%Cr / ::::o,"5%..Mo Stainless steel
"C st~/ ·····..A.·335 A335 (: ..)/A335 A312
A·1o(f"·
~ .· ...
·. ·..· "j:> 11 PS ·.. ·· .... p 1
··.. 304L 316 316L 321

17;.!r:~--· ....
$38 1379.3 1379.3 1262.1 1151.7 1379.3 1151.7 1379.3
93.3 1379.3 1289.7 1248.'3"":, : 1262.1 1151.7 1379.3 1151.7 1379.3
148.9 1379.3 1241.4 .: - . 1iclo:c(. . 1206.9 1151.7 1379.3 1151.7 1379.3
~.;;:::11~2

•
204.4 1379.3 1206.9 ( 1165.5 1089.7 1331.0 1069.0 1282.8
260 1303.4 1186.z'."..._ :::::.:~:179.3 1124.1 1020.7 1234.5 993.1 1193.1
/', ··..
315.6 1193.1 11s1·,7.._ · <.>1158.6 1082.8 965.5 1172.4 931.0 1131.0
343.3 1172.4 ...!i~7.;i.:::::: 1144.8 1062.1 944.8 1151.7 910,4 1110.3
371.1 889.7 1089.7
1137.9
.::'<~.~~5.9 1124.1 1041.4 931.0 1124.1
398.9 896.6 .. :::.-~~.3 910.4 951.7 917.2 1110.3 869.0 1082.8
. 426.7 744A·::: ··... ·1034.5 882.8 931.0 896.6 1096.6 855.2 1069.0
../.~ooo.o

c~j
454.4 834.5 910.3 882.8 1082.8 834.5 1055.2
_.-··
482.2 882.8 751.7 820.7 1069 813.8 1048.3
510 758.6 551.7 682.8 1062.1 793.1 1041.4
537.8 537.9 400.0 537.9 1055.2 772.4 951.7

(1) ASME B 31-3 shall be applied to the pipes installed inside the battery limit An other code shall be applied to
the pipelines (ANSI B 31.8 for the gas, B 31.4 for the liquids for instance).

u
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP 800knu a;apt;M Aev.
GE 312 1.1.2 I XIII I 0 1
Po01ge
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 5

:
./ ·~::::::.·:.~ ...\
3 CORRECTION FACTORS OF PRESSURE DROPS AND Fluib·v~L:oi;TY

The pressure drops and the velocity given on the for turbulent
flow have to be multiplied--by a coefficient when t~··inten:jal diameter of the pipe
AFTP(~~:;~~:~~:~:::arts
considered is significanth(c1Tff¢rent from .the one usecj)or)~ ctiart.

,. .: -~;~ ~: ~ ~ ~ >· . .. :::~.~?~~~/~). )

• For laminar flow.:'...:·:.:::·~·::.. /

'.§;t::::,->
' .. .. ..
AP
pipe
=AP

((~~':! -
x f4i'."'-~)
chart,.. ~ 4>iitt.
.•

'
For tlJfiiJient ~~w AP 1 ,.?~·-..:::;( <l>int chart)

/'.;;~~;;'.- ,.:1rz:~:1 ~~~

... Speed correction factor .... ., vp;~·=\rchart x (:mt. chart )
<::·_..'.};:};;~~::> Int pipe

{.'.::;:~:'.'.~::~::::>
• Remark :
If the pipe i~'tlOtjii·carbon steel, an additional correction of roughness is mandatory.

lmpg~~\)
·......... ···....:-
.·
··-----~
····-······.
.
.. ..
...

f?iij::~f:.;·~:-~lculation charts are valid only for commercial carbon steel pipes without
wel~in,Q.iand with roughness at 0.5 mm
. ·--· .
(~::'.~;:::{)·······

~ ...
(1) AFTP : Association Fran99ise des Techniciens du Petrole
(French association of petrol)
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP fulpter;;s
GE 312 1.1.2 XIII

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 6

4 LINE SIZING CRITERIA

4.1 LIQUID LINES WITHIN BAITERY LIMIT

,.-···.
... ..~ .. \ : 1
Type of line
(dP-·:..: (bar/km) (6)
.. -~~r~"a1:)
'.. ·...
·, Max.

=="'~ro":J:t[~iffe '
0.9 (:::::::· ·:::--~:~·for
0 s 2"
'· _.:-,..._: ·, 'o.9for3" s0s 10-
i. "·.'/ . , 12for12"S0S18"
······>··.>·, ~ 20"

(:&~~)
1.5 for 0

l~g~~~
Liquid far from bubble point ..
: ...
<:) ··....:"..:· 2.3
( \

,..<?. -:\·:_:::;::~. . v

Centrifugal pump,d,iilc!Jarge ./
11.Ps; 50bar /.:' ·..... / 3.5 .-::<:;;~.' · -.. :·.> 4.5) 1.5 for the small diameter to 6 for
11.P > 50 bar ...-:.-·..: ...... ···-.·.~:·
... ···....:> 7 9 ) the big lines

,-.~~~i:1'~)
Kerosene lines (2)
(JP1,JP4 and kerosene)

Columns withdrawal 0.9 0.6 for 0 s; 2"

((: ·::2·~~;~:~;:·-'
0.9 for 0 ~ 3" (1)

Gravity flow .... ... 025 0.45 (8)

.--·---~ \
····------.. ··.
Waterline In carbon s~r::·· 1 ••
A) Cooling water (7) .-: "-·.//
---··
- l.alge header be~-.....,.-
.... .......
_
1.5 (3) 1.5 to 3
puqiing room aiiii st8lloil units

- liles witl)in"~~---~ (4) 1.5for0s;2"

(: ~; ;: ·~[.~)
1.5 for the long lines ;
2.5 to 3.5 for the short fines 2for0=3"
2.5for0 = 4"
3for0=6"

BJ Sea water network 2.5 to 3.5 (2 min.)

c) Baier feed water P< 50 bar 3.5 4.5 3to6

P> 50 bar 7 9 3to6

Rebailer feeding (5) 0.2 0.4

 TECHNIP ....... GUIDE DOCUMENT
Cl\8PterOS
I GE 312 1.1.2 XIII

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT

PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 7

,,l;~?)
(1) Minimum fall of 3 m before being reduced at the pump suction (siie Pa.-j·ov;.-t1s 4.1 ).

(2) Max. 3 mis (average 2 rpis) •. This velocity shall be limited of a tank or a loading
berth (on a 50 to 10<),.·m length) in order to decreas!l•.the. risk 'related to static elecbicity,
!Ja'.J::~~:~:~·;~let
phenomenon which aj;ip'eais'only on !hi~ product catego&>. "·<";
.:····- ..~·· .... ~- .. ; , ,... .:.:·) :.:-.:·-.: ...
(3) The allowable pr/iS~~rs.¥~p·io be fixed for each cas~:·.~.<:'./
~
• (4)
...--... :::::-~:- ...~·-· :' ...:~:·-.:::·· ..~·,/
Small diamelf!l"'P,ipes..which are used to coof·tp•hl)l!diine shall be over-design
supplier d.{ftr.'!it..riot.often finalised during !h!l-ljl)(\.$i21(1~.
··:· ··... ·-...· ·· .... ..:. .
because the

(5) lndicaik;ii·o'~i~:··if' advised to make a dl\°i~ic~k:iJ~tion (the detail calculation of the reboiler circuit
is l'(l8tt, 6y.-U;e..Heat Exchanger Departir\ent). \ 'i
(6) .-.~'~:;r~:··~o not supersede ~;~i~~~~~:r requirement.
....·::.......··::.... .. .... ..::.~·-...··:-:-···...:.\
m: ·....yalid"also for the utility water,····... ··.•. ··..
/~:· ··.... ··.......... ,..·...·-·: l ··./
...-::~~.. .NCi~al velocity: 0.6 mis. ·:·..::·/(
(/ ......:::::- ····...::

..·....... ·....
::H••••••·
.··.
~

)
.·· ··.
:::··.:~:.~::.)

c:~:-.:~'.!:~5: : :.
. . .:.::::;i :~········
.: ~ .}
..... :::~::::~..:
;
!
J
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312 1.1.2 XIII

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 8

4.2 GAS LINES WITHIN BATTERY LIMIT

Type of lines Max. pv 2 Max. velocity Normal-~··· ...· ·-.~ax. 6P

GAS LINES

• P::o20 barg 6 000 (3)

/{_·._:_:·_:'=/
• 20< P ::050 barg 7 500 (3) ...•.
..·....
• 50 < P::080 barg 1ooocd~f!) . •.• . / :.~~~:~.'~Ejssure
drop shall be
15 90~:1~~·.:<::.)
/ , !i<ilcuiat0d and consistent with
• P~80 barg
/·~> ~tfie//~P allocated to the
..·· -~:_._::;~~-~-~::::·:> .. ..... .. . operation considered
::.:.~·- ..:::· .:.::·
• Compressor suction Corisi~t~:wiiii·t~e above
valu& .....·(~erar· to Part 4 -
S:S . ..i.-1~ .. ·:.-
• Compressor discharge ·· -~f;;;~ii;P~rt4 - S.S. 4.1) 0.45 1.15

• Discontinuous operation ( ( • )") .•. ..

,:/
<'.<?.-:::.>. ~;::·:/
[
10000
P ::o 50 bar g

50 < p ::0 80 bafg' ··.....

~ 80 bar g><:::"··.......
>.-:: .· 15000

25000
.(:~~~). .·_. :_:::_::·-.--...---.! See figure 1 page 9
max. t.P : 5 mm Hg
P
···./ ··..

:===; ,::r~0i 1
0

02 0.45

02

e
0.25
::: ~~,:~er::~~) /..'..:-:-~:~'.<::··..- · s2• 10 15

• 1 bar g Long (2) <.\. . .:_-_-~;·~~ (5)

3"-8" 30 40 0.12 024
Short ...:::. :::'.•.':::) 15 000 (5) 0.46 0.92
;,10" 40 60
• 10-30barg Long(2).('(),.' 15000 (5) 023 0.92

Short,.......::---..:··., 15 000 (5) 1.16 2.30

• 40 barg
Lonsl~;······:> • . 15 000 (5) 0.35 0.92

,S!f.ii/f. "·:.:::::>· 15 000 (5) 1.16 2.30

(2) These values shall be taken as first basis of calculation.

(3) Indicative value only. Do not exceed 15000 (for new design). For revamping, fimit of 25000 could be accepted. These
criteria cannot be applied to the safety valves collector networks (flare and vent).
(4) Column under high pressure.
(5) In case of high pressure drop systems (pressure reducer system,. .. ) value can be extended to 25 000 and pressure
drop can be relaxed.
(6) A special attention have to be paid to long fines (offsite ... ) feeding steam turbines in onler to set the right pressure at
inlet as forextraction.
"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE 312
= "'
1.1.2 I
6fi8ijt,, "'
XIII I ~
R8V. I
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 9

Figure N'1
Allowable L\.p in the column overhead/):··.... :>:::-/
..:::>·.:::::::>

•r--:--,.--r--.-~··~<~;~j~;~~~~,_,.._,.-'--.--.-
. .... :· ..
................~. ~ ;~ :~ ~;~ ~: :_/_ ,.- -,.-,-,. .,. .,-.-.
. · . ..:.. ....
lt--+!--·~~·=~r.:±~~~~~=.::~~~.:y"1·:~"+--+-+-+-+-~'ct"l'.:!'4··~~·,......4·--1-~-+-47f'+~f:fl:
I ft'"1~. ::·•• •: : • • • • •• ; •/ j · · -·
t---+-t--:f'-.;f'-•f"4·.-t-t-r+-+-+--+-d""!,.4.4-1+f--l--l--lf-:..Ei~~-~·
. / ...
...
·m. . ··-. :·. ... ··...
. ... ·.. '"··
. .~ /

..···
' '•,
....
a··
•''
~··11··e,~ /,•
• ··-- ••
',!•• '•
t

-...· .··
I

'l""'·~·:i-:.-+--+-+-++-i+t+-,~·t·~·
• • • • ••
•••
..+.:-:"~·~-t-~'q..f+r-+--1---li--t-i-++tH
1 ••• •• •• •• / ~ !
..
·<~ :~ ···-~ ....·
. ,.
(/". ~•t..,.-._-+--1--t-++-l~H-+--"++-7!~-++~~-lf-f--+-++H#I
. . ./
.. ... :.:'/
l--+-+--+-+-+~f·~"+"H·~·.. ,...,.../~.l--'+-lf-l-+-1-1-1+--'-l"-+--'-~~~-~·i'l'I··
:...
o.•r--+-+-~+-'*'""1-+:f'+'W''--+-+-...+...+-+~+l-+-~.+.~.~.--+--""'..i-i.+Mil
•• •••• •· .. . :. :::. : F ; : l
...

~t---+-+---,f'~..*·~·F.'OF++++----1-...,,i.~·-·+-+-f-t+.i-l+~
..+..~·~·#·~~·~~=~=·~::~:·+:~.r.·r.·H·

• ..... ::.~--

,·;; ~
.
.......... ;,.

..... . "
.:-.
·. .:-
.. l-+-H+~-+-+"".:+-+-1-1-~.+-.:+-+-~·~"·~··~4'4'~··~·
·-.........
1• f---f-+.x+.~.4.~
•'
··· ....

...
.. ................ .
-···-·
.. ...

''fl·"
.•
..... .. . ·:....
. :•::11::::
:
:;:.-_·-·
:::: :::: ::::··-·
•:g••:: :::: :::-::::
.
···: :::: :::: ::::::::.
: i . ~•. : . '... ' . • • . . . .• • . . . . . ... . • ~ •.

.....:... :~ '·.......
: :"":.....-1--1-4-..f.-<~l+l~-l--+-~!--1-14-'M-H--1'-':c..;::!-'::..:.:.;.;~:+:~~:;i;:~-::·+.;:...
· .;.+'+ !•"

(·~:···/ ·:: !O.I'~! ~.---.,,-!,:-~,,:--,i••'"'I'~..~.!!",~.-·.·. . . . -!..,':-·-·....,..!:--,':-!,,-•':-·~;~,.•~·,.:-·-·. .,·1-"-'·~.;-·_...:,~,..·._.,._;,,..··'!::~...,,.~.="!.-- I

..... ~:::~:::~....
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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GE 312 1.1.2

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 10

:~::~:~:~:::::::v::,..~ ~· '"'~~i~1:ra~of
4.3

the mixture. Criteria should be fixed as follow : ..:·:::"?~:::··<'.::::::...:

• v m : 10 to 23 m/s ••• --..
. ,_.. ···... •··....
: •• .·
• 2 2
p m·Vm : 5 000 to 10 OQ.C!.-kg/~/s (max. 15000 kg/m~S<).>··.. ..
(._ ·-.//' , , ... ..:·-... ::· ·.::":
Determine from the sp(ibitic-.charts the flow paterri.<f'~ormally we try to be in the
range of continuous ft~-.(~fratifled, smooth or wa~-.;~ dis~rsed ; annular ; bubble
for horizontal lines 91'.dis.P.~~ed ; annular or but>bi~-f~t·¥~r'iical lines).
• For horizontaf~~:~:.~;;_.figure 2 <1> ,.-••• :::~>:::::::~.:-./
• For verticaiJin~~:~e' figure 3 <1> ...::--...: '··•••
.: "«./ •• ··-· /" ••. •.•. :'
vG and vt,.~·~:-Spperficial gas and liq~ld·:;;~i-~clty respectively in all section of the
pipe. i ..-···· ..--.. ··· \ "--. ...//

(1)
// \:--:: : : : '.)
/ / Reference: G. A GREGORY & t;°t:.f00AR1SI K.A212
. . . t./·.~:::~.:···"
·.'.·-.::·tq~r!\li notes for the design !'(Pi~<¥iile~)or gas, liquid mixtures,
.
.// "-Cl)~ers 5, 6, 7 University o!Ca.fgary ALBERTA 1977
/ ,.·•. •·.••• See also GE - Section 4.4.1. ··... '·· .•
~ ..· ··--...:::: ·-.....:

b. Return line from reboile(~~~~~~;-_)

Optimal diameter anti:[lr~~(e. drop can be estimated by empirical formulae :
,:~;;;_:::·'.:'.;: 0.167

1
r/JopUma/ = 0. 737 ~~·-.:.it.lpL * x)
M' = 2 * 10- 1
* P~... ~;;;-~:1'
: ··.
,r-·---~

r/Joptifna(/:.::::.::.;·;··i~-i~·ches
a. .:..:··..:/ : volumetric flow rate of vapour - m3Jh
Pv /.::::::<:····.): density of the vapour, kglm3
Pc{ { ·._i "i : density of the liquid, kg/m3
.~. -...,:------·:./ : vapour mass fraction
...-·.:.-tiP ...:····· : pressure drop in bar
\. '··-P.m) ) : average density of the mixture - kg/m3
"·-v;./ : average velocity in m/s
L : pipe length in m
D : diameter of the pipe in m,

for a short calculation, 0.4 to 0.6 bar/km of ~P can be considered.

 TECHNIP .........
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GE 312 1.1.2 I XIII I

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT

PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 11

o Uo" Mlh hoot trao.f" /''?;:;~~)

• Furnace outlet (liquid phase) as per inlet criteria./> ···... ··...../
.
',•.
..
• Furnace outlet (lll\ii{fpnase) (-'.~·-. ··....:::
/ ': l.: '
.-.. ··.. ··..
Typical values.·.. (ar._"pi-e.ssure
.. . .. cir.op inside a: J1~t-tr~hsfer
.. : ... '
,•
line at atmospheric and
vacuum condjtJGfi·:.. "··./ · •... ._. / ) i
ATMOS~~~~::~-> ,...:::::·::::::::-_~::::./
...:··· ...
··.:..·----:·· "· ··:.:· ..• ..:···· :··-
Small onits.iti--Clarbon steel : i. "·/ .3 ..._.. bar/km
Sm~ll·.~.Aj~.i!}:.Stainless steel __ .. ,, ..:::·<~t;t bar/km
Big.Jini!S-·ifl stainless steel //·;--· ... \ 2/3 bar/km
:r~tai q1iCiwable pressure drop l. \; ) ! 0.5 bar

,(;?:--:~·;:::_::~::?) ..../.~~~:~::?::~;:::./
:·:· "·.. ··vAtUUM · _.. ,...., l ··....-
,..,.. -::__ ··... _... . .:...:··./~/
,-:_/··...:--... % sonic velocity ··.....";, 80
"·./ Total allowable pr~sure drop . 0.35 bar
{.·(·-~::::::··~:
d. Condenser outie1-iJh;;s::>-'

....::~::;;~:'.:'.:::.>
Apply try1fs~!Jl~:-cl!teria of pressure drop as for gravity lines (Gas lines chart applied
to mixed.t~ha$e.f
...----..~ \ ..
··-·------..._;:· .

:::<:5)
(<:~:~:{)·~)
(:~'.~:'.;)_)·······

'\ -
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ISSUl?<lby

GE 312 1.1.2

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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 12

Figure 2 .······ ...

Flow pattern in multiphase system for a horizontal pipelines . ,(:::::.-.··.))
<··::~:'..::.:;:·.>::.:.--·
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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I
i!OOkOU
GE 312 1.1.2 I XIII I 0 1

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

..,,.
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
LINES SIZING 13
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
..·······..
. _...... ::·:········~ ··;
F1oure 3 ...-::>·<>-·:'..:'
Flow pattern in multiphase system for a vertical oiPeiirles ..:;·--
,,...;···-.:~.:~:~·:::>··

•
.t
•
"~
g

.ll
=

-
~
w

"
..
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP iSSUedby

GE 312

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 14

4.4 UTILITY LINES IN OFF-SITE .-::::····<> ,

The following typical values shall be used and shall be confirmed t)lfriu~i::~{6~t impact
analysis.
//
/ . .>·. ·., · /?
__ ···'/
TYPE / ··... ·Max. velocity
M' bar I km ( ........ ··...
Max.(·:···... ·.. ..- mis
Long carbon steel
pipe lines for water
Bonna pipe 2.5 to 3 (max.)
condensate return 10 to 20
in multiphase
........•.·.·..·.·.
.;·.•·•....··.·:· . ··:.:......~~····-...... ·····.•..
../
4.5 EXCHANGER·'tlJei:$) {( "; }
A limit of kg/~s~ for the pV shaiJ:~..~~~lly considered on tube side and on
6oPb. 2
shell sid~:/T:~is:J.ElillA criterion appli~~::g~.'.iijJ.(ldle inlet only but then some flexibility is
possib~ ~-#~lly for debottlenec~ri§:pe~ct.
. . <'.: ····...:::::>... .(:<.:) ··./
4.6 SOtllC.Yi.!.-OCITY ····.....:'
··.....·· ..
For ideal gas, sonic velocit/~:~~d
. . .. . : as follow : Vson=v~
/yRI

Vson rh/$'.~~IC~~~locity at T
y : reiitiii·.,
R : . <··.~t4:lf J/K kmole (constant of ideal gas)
T .:\'··..>K..absolute temperature of flowing fluid
MW \ \ ...MOiecuiar weight
./····-!i. "-••

5 PRESSURlf~~~~·c?"HECKING
::..:···;,:.:
.··P'>J. \!'. •· ••
M'=Kr..·~a5» . .
~....,(:.~~~----:f.~ing pressure drop in bar
~.......... : ,. .. ···· fluid velocity mis
k'··..... ;) ) density of fluid kg/m 3

K·-.....::7" "k" factor for valves and fitting

Equivalent length in km (L) :

L = r.l!P
M'm
M'm: average pressure drop at correspondent specific gravity, for a given tube
diameter in bar/km
For compressible fluid, the variation of specific gravity shall been taken into account.
,
"'
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP AOOIC# 618i)terr? AeV. ,
GE 312 1.1.2 I XIII I 0

. Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 15

1) Sudden and gradual contraction (ref. CRANE)

K=2.6sinfl/2* [ 1-(g~rr

45• <8:S: 180'

"
- ---- -----------------------------------------~

GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ms;
GE 312 1.1.2

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 16

3) Combination of flow (ref. IDEL'CIK)

a. 8=45'

.--·· ..·..:· ····.•.::

.:- '.:~: '.: ?~'.'. ..'.:<>··..
·_.·:_·:_. ~:-.;-~:_.~:_:._'._'._~.:~ ~5-.}
-.~ :-.i_: -.; ~.;:_;'._:.· .I: ~ : ~(:;·:~QL
.. ··. ··. .. .. . .
•.··...·:.:.... .
.::"-... .. ..>·
.. :::..·····
...

....'.:::~.~:::~:·:::··-.> KPR. v'p.p /::.:::::::;::::·-)

t.P st(~hf ~rr:h = (2 x 1OS) /::::_-·;:·::::::::~!./

"'"J··:·t"..:1·--.:::.::· h=(2KpLv'p.p / < ! ... ··~
'"'" a era ..,, "nc x 105) ..:::-..:·'::'.. ....
..·..:::..:::_.._·:::~·.....·.::> / .. \ ··.. .l

/ .. ··..•• ···./ ....:~:·::...:~/ ·..·

. • 2 • . 2
,:_..··-./{~;"' 1-(1- QL) -1.414(DP.._.°&)
. Qp ......, DL Qp
{/(··-~:·.:::~~··::
•.• \'~._.,// 2 2

KPL =1+[ g~ .,eg;J~J::~2(1 - g~) -1.414 ( g:. g~)

b. a= eo· -: {'.'.~: :~ '.-~ :~;_- . .-
,....Q.:, . . . -...........o.~-----------,,o,.
.
··-·····- -,,,u-----..---,
<:~::~~) .. 8

.. ,. =,(~3.Y)
......
Q.I

t...:·:::::::·:~P straight branch = ~=-~~

KpLv'p.p
iiP lateral branch = (2 x 105)

KPR=1-(1-g~r
QL
KPL=A1+Qp"DL
[ [
(Dp)2] 2-21-Qp
( QL)2]
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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GE 312
a
~
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 17

0-0.2 0.3-0.4 0.6 1

A 1.00 0.75 0. 70,-::::::'.:: ::·...::_:·~-~-~ 0.60

.·--- .• .

for

A= 0.9 for
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE 312

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT

PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 18

b. 8=90° o,

.·····-..

0..1

•. ..

~;~~--~f <6(~~~»)
'5'1'R.=:.-0.~{OP") ,..-···.:·... ··..
/<:'.~~:;~::r~·+r g~.cg:) 2 rJ <:::~:~'.:~, ·. . .
~ ((~~§~~-0 8
A =1 for ~:::::.::·:~::::> ·
,.'"Oi.···''f.D/,)2
A =0.9 for. '-.. '!ii!:··l.V. > O.B
(:.'.::.~.-..::~~~::::·
.·..------~ ......
····-·----- ··.::
...---...
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312 1.1.2 XIII ~v I
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 19

Sctawed 90" elbow So-ewedTee note 1

I
Standard Direct
2r-t,.,"1-ttt--t-+-r't-t

.
- :11JIM4J 0.3-0.81
D
z'

'
- ''
I
"' I I

I
K C..l

• -..._
(:)
a.as
c..oa
Q.Q
1 2 •D
'
I
s lQ
....'
20

-- .is
Q..C.
Q..l
Q.2
Q..lQ.5
.

t
...

2.4
D
............ -..
...

(:)

...
··..........,_....,.,,--..---.
,,.
.....
....
IC <-"::±I
~ IIHI~~ R
to
u 0 C..4 c..s 1 2 4 I lO"°r
.....
.... ..,..
CUI
# D

j a.1p
..,.
..... jJ a amal I big diameter . ____ iudcc•
.....
~c

a.is a+
...... ,..·._ •................ er... ~ID:r

- - - - - l.riciall ~ bnic1 a.1.arda

.&a•Ot:iadoa ~ .

K factor
 ----------------------------------.
GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP JSSU8d by ;;;;;;: nu
GE 312 1.1.2

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) LINES SIZING 20

Swing check valve

•r=fil:mlEEa
• H-H'Hl+-+-i-l--f

A "
~l-f-IQ.6+tff+1-l--f2-l--f.
D
.....

~ :1111111111rn
. {:t) ' 2 • e 10
D

·1..2
..:' ,
1.0

o.a
Q.5 ~· 1~ r1-ms1J
'
0.4
.

- ..
~

""
'
......'
J(

.........
....
,.....
17.3
•
.....,.. ."........
... ,...
tti'
llSI

nu

Note 1 ; net ofp I~ of.,. &ef""tolion

t:K combi~Of-1-.c-l'low
(... -\Wfo .,__. "" w,...,;.1or: l'<'9"- .., _-P.l)
o.~~~;::l::;:l:!:\I:;:::!!;!
1 2 4 I 10 20
a p!lt4ranca: Chemical Engineer"oig. A'ni 1978 p.<IGl41.

: (:t) ...._ _ _ _ .. _ . , _ _ -

K Factor
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
A
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION
'----......:_
hge
Rev. O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 .;;--.._Rev o 1 2 3 I4 ..s s 7 8 9
A X 17 x I/>·····. :··
B x 18 x
x '• ...
19 •. ··<./ . . .
1 x 20 x ·.
·.J ., /
r·· ....
2 x .---. 20.1 x . .: ........:·.:>I
3 x {
.···.: 21 x ·.. ··..

...
~. ··./ .---... ··.
4 x 22

~ 1-~~--11--xx-+-~+--l-~-J----1...,,;::."*'"···~··~··~·~·
5
···- .... ..._;.J---l-~4--~23__,·~··~··".X~~"-··.~~::...···~·:·+
. ..-~+--+~-1-~~-l-~+---+--1
6 ... ·: ...::'· :::···· .. 2~. •. ..~·· ......
7 x ..
.. ...:.·.·. ...... 2.t,1.• ,
·-· ·-. ·-..
x
8 x ··..... .:.-2i1,z"·-. ··x
.-- .. ··. f \ •,
9 x ... ..-.. ·.... ' ··.;z.4 ii ,: x
·. . .···· ··~. ~ ..··
10 x · .·. .·.·.·.·. ·.·.·.·.·,: . ....···,.:--..
..-i ·····"4.4
1 x
~ 1--~~-+-x--1__.-~'P·~···~"+.-'~·~·~-1-~+---1~...;:..,..~::~::~:~··_.~4·~,_2_4_.s~+-x--1~-1-~+---1~-+~-1----11---+~+---1
11

12 x ...:.. .. . .: .:· ./, 24.6 x f

..
13
........·· 24.7 x
14 x /( ~<: 24.8 x ...,
14.1 x .··. •. -...·-. ··::.-·. 24.9 x
15 X r·••·• .:·:,.""•' 24.10 X
a. 15.1 x ..... ...:··. ...... 24.11 x
~ 1--~~-+-x--1~-1-.~.1---1-.:::...
15.2
...
..:...J.:.~~~:"-''-+~-1-.~l--+~2-4-.1-2-1-_x--1~-1-~+---1~-1-~-1----11---1-~+---1

16 x ····· .. •. 24.13 x
.::···· ···... :·
9
......· --.,:
8
...---...··.. ·..'··...
7.
6
5
4
3
2
1

0
Rev.

REVISIONS DU DOCUMENT I Document 18visionS

•

••
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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GE 312 1.1.3

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
B
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL {DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ~ev O 1 2 3 j 4 5 6 7 8 9
"" 42 I........
.• -..·.··.
24.14 x x
24.15 x
24.16 x
24.17 x 45 x ./ < ···-f:::. . .
24.18 x ..... 46 x

~ 1-~27~-+-x-+~-+-~-1---1~-h~--~-:~:_·~~~~···-~~~---~~1--1-~-1-~4-9_.,::.··~'~·:f~~:~-~~~··-~.:~..-_·-+-~-1-~-1---1~-1-~-+-~1---i
• 28 x .· ·:...:_·.- ::_..... ... ,.
.. '·..····..... ··./
·.
29 x ·......... ·...... '· ..:·-- .
..·..
··.· .· .·
•, ··. ··.
..-···· ....·.·-......
30 x ...
... . ··.. ... . .-,.
x .......... /\ ·....
31
.. . .
32 x
33 x .· .·.(.....· .......· ·. .··· ··.. •.
® . l--34~--ll--l--o...J:-'..-:l-,...,:..4----1~-l-~l---1"./~···~··~-.~··~···~·L!~~-l-~1---l-~-l-----l~-l-~l---l-~--l---11--1
x ...·/.·.:.. ·........ ·..· .-:•·....::
... 1-

35 ·..../
36 x
37 x
38 x ....... ::-..~-- .'

41 x
9
8
7.
6

A 5
-"
~ 4
s 3

--
~ 2
1
/
0 OCTOBER2000 INTAN%_Jg.t-~ A. DEVOS Jrb' C.PTAK ENGLISH VERSION FROM FRENCH VERSION
REV. 5- JUNE 1999
Rev. CATE DE REVISION REDfGE I Wnlten by VERIF1E I Checked by APPRCMNE/Apptoved lyY OB.JET
j (Date ol .issue) (nom, visa I name. Wsl) ( nom, vis.a /Mme, viSa} (nom, visahlanre, visB) (Slatus)
.:. REVISIONS DU DOCUMENT I Document 1fJVisions
"
•

•
.,, .

••
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP "'""'"' &uiptei •' .... ,
GE 312 1.1.3 I I I 0

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE .

,,,
1
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3 : MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

··-··
.· .······.
CONTENTS ''

1 " STANDARDS, EQUIVALENTS AND

....
COMMERCl,.{~f ~~~ ..
:·:...······-.:~~~:::
2 APPLICATION Llfv1}"F$";0F FLANGES (.>· ..
.<..~··..··>: , ...·::.:~·}..:::··..'.>
3 STEEL BEHAViOUR-A.T LOW TEMPERA(URE···,)
tJ2::.. 3.1 Norma(~~;~ji;~ of service .. <:·.-.-:.::::.. '.::::::>:
~ 3.2 LesS:}~·iiqilept and exceptional bqi'ld!tiOlls
:::··--.::·-.::~··-.. {:·- .....·::..:·-...::.'
4 COR8.0~~....... ..................
4.1_... ·'.~~o.sl~n allowance />· . ::.:\ .....:
4,i--·'Hydt0gen
.' .- . corrosion ,....\ "·-.... /./
·~

Corrosion at "1slii~~~~ture
/:· '-..":::---4/i.1
././ /.:· ._.. 4.2.2 Hydrogen erril>rJttl'i!mi!nt
..:;><::J:.a:::>' Temperature ep{~j.j~i~';n-~nt
/>·>"... .4:4
... "-..._::.-4.5
Corrosion by sulflif.,
Corrosion f?Y.. H2 S with the presence of hydrogen at elevated
temperatµf.e·(ab~ence of liquid water)
4.6 Corrosion\.bf·fiu,.hid H,s
4.6.1 cie~~i~~ corrosion and by pitting
4.6r2·§~..;:~rrosion
.4.6..3·fHC·corrosion
. "·.. ····..:···..>
4. 7 ·:.Pofytf:!i9nic acid corrosion
4.~- ... Ni.phte.nic acid corrosion ) HOLD
4.!J.····co~:corrosion
/~:1,~ Corrosion by chlorides and sea water ) HOLD
'-. ..4:1:1 Tables of corrosion graphs

5
.(.-;::.::::::~~~~RAL
·. . .
BASIC INFORMATION
. ····,"-<:::::·5:1 Cr Equivalent I Ni Equivalent
( ,...... (": 5.2 Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN)

\:·:~:::·:'./ DEFINITION I GLOSSARY I ABREVIATIONS )

)
6.1 Definitions I Glossary ) HOLD
6.2 Abreviations )

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"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ISSUedby B&JIH?
GE 312 1.1.3

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
2
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3 : MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL {DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

1 SfANDARDS, EQUIVALENTS AND COMMERCIAL MARKS /;~;;~>)

Composition of a steel or an alloy according to its standard be identified de.s0~;~~::~~
in the tables below. Substitutes corresponding to othi;:~:" slao"Clard or from oter
manufacturer may also be fouR~·~\1sing the,se tables. :<::··.... ·..·
. ( ...-·./~/
...........t ..::··.. ::· ,. '
For the other undefined .i;bb.iletiea·' in theise tables, tti~-~STAl·iscHLUSSEL" can be
referred to · ·:. '··... ·-... ··~ /·· .. "-. .. ·-.-·,.:
. -::···.:~--~~:~·::-~·::.;··· ~ ::·.::::::::::::.·:=:··/
• Table I /"· ..;....::···./•; C, and low-alloY.9.'!l~{f;f,NOR standard).

• Tables II A/B/C~"-.::~>;>::;:···~oreign equival~IS~~:~;~~~ grades (A, C and

...... '., ·-..._:"-;. low-alloy). {( \ 'i

• Tables.Jj/£~~cl~
. </ /.:· ·-......· ... foreign
French ~a6.~c·-.:
eqqW~~~::~~ its composition of stainless steel
:·-~·-.:·-/.( . . ·: .} /",:.:~·--~····- ..:·>
• \;fbj_e iv-..::./ comi)Q'sitia'n of. principal American grades of alloy steel.
:··
~·::/"· ... ..._ ····--~··) .
• Tables·V A/B _.Prif.19ipal commercial American grades of steels and alloys
(:(sow~ ANSI B6.5, Ed. 88)

Nore /5~~;/
Application limits Qf., flail§iis according to the type of steel as shown in tables VA and VB
are indicated icC!lah,igr.-.ph 2.

<::::;~:;'. . . . .

(·c.~/f;?r·
..
"--.::::::::·:./

"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
f2.
I GE 312 1.1.3

~
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID 3

PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

Table I

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4
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

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312 1.1.3

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PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID 5
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

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TECHNIP
GE 312

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

6
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

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2 /1··-.1
-~:::
jll,5-13,5

....,... ···.f0-14
16-18
16,5-16,5
16-18
2,s.:i·-·
2-3
·---
(/)

318 s 12 "0,03 o,5-2 o,2-J.' -...h}14 18,5-18,512.25-3 ~0

Z8CND17.12· I
X 5 Cr·Nl·Mo 16.12
"0,01
"0,07
2
2
I ··; 'lJl~-{4
1
f' H 1-'f:t:=:1:\16-f8
~J·~.:.!:~·5
•.
2.5·3
2,5·3
):,;

rrl~
~

(14 4381
318
318 s 16
"0,08
. "0.01
2 1
0,5-2 0,2-1
I ur·({·· ...,lil,J..f~li' .:Z:~&.-3
10-13---
i·b-J6 ... 2·3
a! s::
!!::Cl> ~m C>
m
Z2CND 19.16 I "0,03 2 14-10 i'f.1-14.Ji'/ .s-~··· ):. 2:!
X 2 Cr·Nl-Mo 18.16
114 438) I 317
"0,03
"0.08
2
2 · 1
I
16·17

11-1&
11-i1'· . /3!4,'· ••..

18-20
·: .... / ......::··: ) .....
3-.L.t·:..... /;.--. :..........
'-..3.-.4) ,".//c·-.
· . . . ...··..
~~
o~
317 s 12 "0,03 0,6·2' 0,2·1 14·18 17,6·19,6 o,
(II Entt1 p111nth•1•11U11t lndlquh IH WERKSTOFFNUMMER.
~ ~z
o rn
<'.<;~~~~))
~.
'•.'

~~ G)
c:
a i5
m
I>-
... g
c:
'f s:
"'0.... al m
~
a
v
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP

~· ~~~=:::-:::==-:-=-=:::-r---------.-------.
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE ....
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3 MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID 11
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

-Composition chimique des aciers inoJ1Ydables marlensitiques et ferTitiqu11s. Umin/$'"Jiifor,ges •

. .. ·...
..

Al•0,1•0.3.
Ti~ & c et!!O: o.is

~ i--
~
:'

.. .......· .:'

30Z
....
302 •
0,15 ~. --::ii::~... 1.0
0.15,·. ••
0.1 ~ •. •• .• 2.1'.
·.z.o
1.0
_

0.045
0.045
2.0 l 3.0 O.o45
0.030
0.030
0.D30
16,0.1118.0
17.0 .. 19.0
17,0 .. 19.0
••
6.0. a.o
8.0 t 10,0
8.0 t 10.0
- --
303 ...~ •••• •••• .,,,.. 1.0 0.200 ~ 0.15 17.0 • 19.0 8.0. 10.0
'•+o
303S. 0:1tri • •• 1.0
.....
0.200

0,045
O.o40
0.06
0.D30
0.030
17,0 JI 19.0
18.0 .. 20.0
18.0 ' 20.0
8.0 t 10.0
8.0. 10.S··
8.0' 12.0
8.0 i 11.0
S.;t 0.1S

.....
0.030 18.0 i 20.0
O.o40 0.030 18.0 l 20,0 8.0 .. 11,0
0.030 18.0. 20.0 8.0i13.0
. . •........ 0.12
308"·.. ( 0,08
..··Jq;··... ·· .. ,.0.20
...
2.0

.2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
O.o45
O.o45
0.045
0.030
0,030
0,030
17.0 i 19.0 10.5 i 13.0
19.0. 21.0 10.0 t 12.0
22.0 t 24.0 12.0 • 15.0
........ ·. o.os

-i---
: : SIO \

,Tfr.....
:: :., ".$10 s .: .
025
0.08 ......
·zo
2.0
1.0
1.5
1.S
0.045
0.045
0,"'5
0.030
0.030
O.D30
o.mo.
22.0 1 24.G 12.0 •
24.0 ii 26.0 19.0 •
24.0 1 21.0 19.0.
15.0
22.0
22.0
.··. . W.»•
·. ·r·· .... 31... .
0.15
o.1s
o.25
2.0
2.0
0.75.
0.75
1.S .....
O.o40
O.o40 G.030
G.030
22.0 t 24,0 12.0'
.......... 19.0' 22.0
23.0 ..... 1•.o'
22.0
15.0

: ~. ! ': S.1
•• '5-•• /_no L
........ •TP 311
0,.08
0.03
0,08
2.0
. 2.0
2.0
1.0
f.0
0.76
o.045
.....
.....
0.030
0.030
O,Q30
18.0 • 18.0 10.0 a 140
18.0 t:18.8 10.0 '14.0
18,0 ill 18.0 11.0 .. 14,0
... tl.O
.... 3.0
2.0 a 3.0 .
• •• TP 311 H
:

.. ..,
-!
:i
TP 1'11 L
i-17
TP S17
0.0C. 6 0,10
'0.035
o.oa
O.OS
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
0,75-. 0.040
0,75 O.o40
1.0 O.o45
0.75 O.o40
0.030
0.030
0.030
o.030
18,.0 '18.0 11.0 .. 14,.0
16.0 ' 18.0 10.0' 15.0
1 B.O ' 20.0 11,Q i 15.0
1a.o • 20.0 11,0i14.()
.......
2.0 a 3,.0.
2.0 a 3.0
3.0 • 4.0

i TP3Z1
..,
....
0.06
o.oc. a 0.10
2.0
2.0
1.0
...,,
0.75 .....
0.045 0.030
0.030
17.0
17,0
l 19.0
1 20.0
9.0. 12.0 .••••••.••
9.0 ill 13.0
n;;;i=s c
::::::::::Jn ?s c
....
TP3Z1 H 2.0 0.040 0.030 17,0 ill 20.0 9.0 '13..0 ••ist0.6
o.os 2.0 1.0 0.o45 0.030 17,0 t 19.0 9.0 .. 13,0 • • • . • • • • • . Nb;ii 10 C

... .... ...

TPM7 2.0 0.75 O.o40 0.030 17.0 t 20.0 9.0 .. 13,0 ••••.••••. ND;i,10CetC1.0
TPM7H 0,04 a 0..10 2.0 0.75 O.o40 0.030 17.0 ' 20.0 9.0 .. 13.0 .......... Nb;ti.10Cet1'1.0

Tl' 3U 0.08
1.0 0.045 O.IJ30 17.0 t 19.0 9.0 t 13.0 ····--····!··! N~:.._1:.1 c
• eo ... 0.2
TP 34& H O,.D4 ti 0,10 ~~
0.76
0.75
0.040
O.o40 ~-~ !~-~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ !~·~ ······-.··· Nb.,>1oce1:s;1.o

w
"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE 312 1.1.3

Page l""9'"
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE 12
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERJALS AND CORROSION

Table· ·vA
.,. is
·'i §

0000 0 0
:;;:~~ :; ;:
<<c-c < <

; .~s... -~···. ·..> o:

.
i! ·-1.··-e § ~!!
- i.'i·:::: i::· ·i.-' i I i
i ,••
f .......././
&
·~
\
'I •,::;
Z"~ z

....... .a·... .B
. ·1·"··
./.:::···· -·:. !• !•
N
•
<

. . . ..... :

j --
a a
= ::: .. gg::c ......
;;;:; ;:;
C• "

!! !! ~
cc cc c

~­
f! :

.
u.
: ~ ~:
u uu

-·
'"
""
cc

00
00
0\ ; ..
~• !!< §. ; ; ; ; ; ;; ; ;; !!
"'... .. c : :c : c -C C C CC C CC C<

"'....
.
I :.·
:; !
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
1ECHNIP ci18pterOS ReV.
GE 312 1.1.3 0

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
13
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

UST OF MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS CCONrlll

A...,.._ ASTM SpocfflcatloM
_.....,. ....... ,_
-......
No.
3.8
1com•cn
D
- --
Aloy825
N-Mo
lauwlllm1

Nl--(j-Mo-Q
Spec.No.

8 664

8
•
:Jafi"··.
/ H0682fi 181
~·:"..:·./>':
'N.10001 19H10t •.• Jll10001 ...
;;..NM.to-Cr
,-
.....: ••
-~~~:;::~::-~~~
:~~~7_4·····/N064SS
18)110) N\0003 cai

...
191110I
""""'"'
Aloy C4 : •• _.... .:··-••:·;

~:-.84.
~.25···/· ·..·
N08825 IBU10I
""""-""
c
...
8435
H08002 18)(101 ..
I \
\ ·.... __ ..l:"t
" i N00002 181

·.·;;.·....··----··
, 8599 """100 191

8625 ><."904 181

-:~.12 "Nt4:.-cr-Mo 8820

<.: ·--.::··... Aloy 20 Mod-

-------~
.......... 8582 N05985 191

3.13 "6--Cf Fe Ho Cu B 5~1 :._ l~9~Ji 1911101 8682 Pii06975 191

Aloy G-2 ... ·-......• /
3.14 ~ ·a,1iSt.. ····MOeoo1 19)no1 8682
"""""' ...
3.15
Alloy G
M-Fe-0
~·.--
:._
..... ""l'fl'<' -- "·-.
••• ::·:~ •• •••

:11584-···· N08810 181 .... NOll810 191

3.10 8538
:

.····---~
-·-----····-
"
..--._.··:-
..-·: ... 'i
... -:· _: :'
TABUVA'teoHrDI
...~,..;;;··-->
Cal lo,'~ limiCftons.... Noles in Tabll 2.
lbl :P!MenmeNIS. . listlld only foruae a bind flanges fsee IW•. 5.11. Addition;iil p&11e mau1rials listed irl ANSI 916.3' "1ay also b&
'~!fith Pc+'vwdng 818.3' Stwlan:I C&aas ratintp.
• tel • ....,_.,..~ noclialed Wt Table 1A . . int.nded fClf uutn velves. S..ANSI 818.34 .
. . ·.:·N-6~,:~.:·····
: '.. (fl tJpCfi JlnJIDf9d ezpoSUJe to t9rftpel'lltUf'U above about 8QO•f. 1"'9 carbide pNse of Cllbon 11eel mo1v be convenll!C 70 graphi1e.
~. ·••• 121 ~killedsl9111.._..be usedabove8Wf.
"·. 'rlt ·~OOn PfolonuM ~to lemper.aturn llboVll •boul B75•F, the eerbide s>hhe ofcetbon-mofv~um steel m..., ::.e convened
...... -togrephj19_
141 UM~ and lempered material only.
fSJ Atternpeni11a9s over 1000-F, use only when the carboncoruant IS 0.04% Of highet.
161 For~ ebove tOOO•F, UM anly if tt,. mnirial is he.t treeted by hNfinv ii 10 a ~ature ol •I lust t 9QO•f ¥td
quenching in ... .._Of
rapidly cooling by other means.
171 Senriee~ ol 1050--F and ebowahould be used only when 1111swance isPtOVidedthatgrainSin is no1: ,._. ..... ASTM
No. 8.
I 181 U.. ~ rneutriel oNy.
(9J ..,_ solulion--.led lllaleri.. Cll'ly.
: l 101 The chemic.ml composillon, mec:hantcet ptoperciu. heat treating ~ts. end g.-ein We tequiremen1s shal comonn to ll'lct
· aJ>Pliceblit ASTM specilicatJon. The menut.cturing P'OC8dures. tolerences. tests. cerlifica1ion. and markings sNI be WI ec:CCM·
dance with ASTM 8 564.
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP issu&i by
GE 312 1.1.3

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
14
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

2 APPLICATION LIMITS OF FLANGES ,:>:::~::.:::;)

These are defined by ANSI B-16.5, from which are extracted the of the fo,W.~~~;~b;es
principal series (1998 edition). European series {ISO PN) that c;oj're$pqp"i:.l/to American
series are stated as follow : ./ <. ····.. /
US ···· Europeans _....::(--·<:::::.-
150 # /·:~-·-)) .' . ISO PN 2Q.····::.·.·-.::.·_.......
(_::~::~:·:.::::.'
300 # ' ISO PN 51}() :.:::·-., ·...
<">-......:--:.
600 # ISO Phl ..1.00>·-//
ISO pf'.i"1£Q-..°>/
900 #--... :::-_.:_--.., ·.- 'f!Z'
. :#-::---::::····./
:. ··. •.. ·..
150,0.. ISQ Pt.i}s<t·/
.· ··. .· . ·....
It is possible to u~~ t1)~. ~ii:;pean series ISO f.~:1°Q'-8i;id' 16 (no American equivalence)
for the utilities seiv.ii::eS aria the characteristiCs·Qf1hese series are attached here after.
(reference: dq.e(imeitt-AFNOR E-29.005, Jah~ary'~991)
f( ..
{'': . ,......:··....'···-~:..:
··--·
Enclose!j,.~abi~~::::~/ .·:·' ~: ....~.:.·.:::::;- Source
Table Yi-.(-.:/ ...-:.' Material clasSifio:auoiTlor ASTM Grades ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
,..·<=::: ··--..::::::.··· .::~:::__ )_.i ·..·

Tabte ·111.z.~, 1 Rating for gr0ilfl) .1 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98

Table Vl-2.1.2 Ra)ltig-(~.group
.' . . •. 1.2 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Table Vl-2.1.3 . .....
..Ratihg foigfoup 1.3 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Table Vl-2.1.4 ,. -~~-fOr group 1.4 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
l .
Table Vl-2.1.5 .... ··... :~n6 for group 1.5 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
.-
Table Vl-2.1.7 ......... ···-..~· .~ng for group 1.7 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Table Vl-2.1.9 .·,....:, \ .. "Rating for group 1.9 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
-----. ·- ...:·
Table Vl-2.1.~~-.., Rating for group 1.1 O materials · ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Table Vl-:.:t:~'.-13'/ Rating for group 1.13 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Table .~fr~::-i-. ~~---> Rating for group 1.14 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Tabla. l:'J-2.1 )15 Rating for group 1.14 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
..··::::.i ......______.·
'·.....·/

il'i!ble
·. . v1+2.2.1 .. Rating for group 2.1 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
fable·\11-2.2.2 Rating for group 2.2 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Table Vl-2.2.3 Rating for group 2.3 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Table Vl-2.2.4 Rating for group 2.4 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Table Vl-2.2.5 Rating for group 2.5 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Table Vl-2.2.6 Rating for group 2.6 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Table Vl-2.2.7 Rating for group 2.7 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Table Vl-2.2;8 Rating for group 2.8 materials ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
j
 •
GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE
Issue: 'l7y

312 1.1.3

~,---~~~~~~~~,-----~~~~~~~~~~~
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page
14 1
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID -
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

(continuation) .....
/,-····- ..
Enclosed table ··...·.'s\:iurce
,._' ' '··
Table Vl-2.3.1 Rating for group 3.1 materials .i/ ASME·B-16.5, ED. 98
: .. ,' . :
Table Vl-2.3.2 Rating for group 3.2 materials /)' "· ·.. f;s:iiE B-16.5, ED. 98
Table Vl-2.3.3 Rating for group 3.3 materials ,.::.... .._-..... - ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
.. ·. '
Table Vl-2.3.4 ,.~atirill for group 3.4 materials .'.'<.'.. . "j ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Table Vl-2.3.5
••
("
•
.'.R~.~ifill for group 3.5 materiff~··) i:::<>J
•• •• • • • :
I ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
l
Table Vl-2.3.6 ·:........
- "R;itjng for group 3.6 mat.!"'i<jls-..'"·//
.. .. - . I ASME B-16.5, ED. 98

Table Vl-2.3.7 .(.~~~::·::::.~ting for group 3.7 rmi~~[?IS.'.':;-.. I ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Table Vl-2.3.8 <><::<:::.· Rating for group 3.!!'m*rla!S· I ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Table Vl-2.~;~·./:./··· .. / Rating for group:~:?·rJ:i~~als I ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Table "".~-~;~:1(!.·<:::· Rating for gro~R.3.1d;~aterials I ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Tabl':' \(1~:3.1)) Rating fo~.~rP':'~·:fn,.materials ! ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
T~]e'yi):3:t2 Ratimg ~t9~~UJ>Z.12 materials I ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
.:(ab!~
. VJ..i3.13
•,.· .. .
RatiRgfof;gftxip
. 3.13 materials ! ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
i::::: .:Tal/!e VT~2.3.14 Railns:{oi:.9roup 3.14 materials I ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Tabie'vl-2.3.15 ..··~ting for group 3.15 materials I ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Table Vl-2.3.16 .( (. ~tin~ .
. . for group 3.16 materials I ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
Table Vl-2.3.17 ("-.."'· :~triig for group 3.17 materials I ASME B-16.5, ED. 98
·-. ··.
..•-------->:.... ·:
GA Tables Vl-3.1 &:srn:::i;;c·-· Classification of materials for grades NF E-29.005, Nov. 91
~ ,-."-.._:-.....-.....:-
' . ·. ·. according to ISO/NF standards
Tables VJl~~~'to "·' Rating for ISO PN 2, 5, 6, 10, 16, 25 and NF E-29.005, Nov. 91
Vll-3.1 ~-- ...... "·-.. 40
--- ·...
,..··.-:···) .:
'··-.. ~··"I::'
. • Regardint(;;;:bp~"st~I, options are made, in practically all situations, between materials in groups 1.1 and
\~·-
1.3 : .... .... ) )
• ..111Jateri<1)l;rirf group 1.1 are used when temperature remains higher than - 20 ·c (limit requirement fixed
{fQr casi i--alves and fittings made of A216 WCB).
• "~~ieii~is in group 1.3 are used when the temperature might get as low as - 46 •c (value consistent
with cast valves and fittings made of A352 LCB). On the contrary, there are no forged fittings, and no
flanges in particular, within this group. Then, flanges made of A350 LF2 are used, if necessary, since
this material withstands at temperature as low as - 46 •c.
• Group 1.4 is never used.
• Group 1.2 is very seldom used. Vendors sometimes propose valves made of materials in this group. It
should be noted that there are not either any forged fittings in this group and that utilization, whenever
necessary, of fla09e5 made of materials part of group 1.1, restricts then use of group 1.1 to combined PIT
requirements for this group.
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE 312
&anz
1.1.3
&ptern8

~---------------------.------------------------.,-~=--tl·~~f{~~ Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
15
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vl-1

ASME 816.Sa-1998

lol TABLE 1A UST OF MATERIAL SPECIACATIONS

1.1 C-Si
C-Mn-Si

C-Mn-Si-V
C-Mn-Si

C-Mn-Si-V
2',\Ni
3',\Nf A 203 GI'. I
A203 Gr. E
1.3 C-8i •• •••• :••
C-Mn-Si .·····.~ ·-•••• ··;.
.2-1.3 ((·-- ....,~cl,.LC8 A 515 Gr. 5$

. . ...
A 511Gr. 6S
~~ /(""' (\
.. .•.--..:·-.. ::~- :~:...: A203Gl'.A
A203Gr. D
C-?1:• \.:····..-'./ 2-1.4 A 515 GI'.•
~-....-Ill •••··•· .
A511Gr.ID
·c..:'b ..{ •· •'...,•\
..... ··-. ·...... /
•• "'ll""IP 2-1.S A217 Gr. WC1
A352 Gr. lC1
A204 Gr.A
A204Gr. S

A204Gr.C

A217 Gr. WC4

A 217 Gr. WCS
1.9 1Cr-'YzMo
111,.C,-~o . ...·-•. '/4. 182 Gr. F12 CL 2
./ '/.:1.9,···
....
A217 Gr. WC6
W.C.--SI \. \ ••• :: ••.-:•••A 182 Gr. F11 ct. 2 A 387 Gr. 11 a. 2
1.10 2'4<:<-1Mo
A 217 Gt. 'NC9 A387 Gr.2:2 a. 2
1.13
A 182Gt. F5
A 182Gr. F5a A217Gr.CS
1.14 9Cr-1Mo .. •••
·. ··. 2-1.14
. ··.••....... A 182Gr. F9 A217Gr. C12
1.15 9Cr-tMo-V \ \ ••• ••• :• 2-1.15 A 182 Gr. F91 A 217 Gr. C'l2A A 387 Gr.. '1 a. Z
2.1
2·2.1 A 182 Gr. F304 A351 Gr.CF3 A240Gr.»l
A 182 Gr. F304H A351 Gr.CF& A240Gr.3MH
1&erAJNi.-2Mo 2·2.2 A 182 Gr. F31S A 311 Gt. CF3M A 240 Gr. 3'1S
,1..;-...1.j,.,, A 182 Gr. F316H A 351 Gr. Cf8M A 240 Gt. 311H
A 240 Gr. 317
llCt:•-~ A 351 Gr. CG8M
2.3 / •'ii'tt-- ... 2·2.3 A 182 Gr. F304L A240Gr.3M..
i 100--~- A 182 Gr. F3111. A 240 Gr. 3'm..
A 182 Gr. F3Zt A 2406'. 311
A 182 Gr. F3Z1H A 240 Gr. 3Z1H

.,,
3
 GUIDE DOCUMENT

TECHNIP
I GE 312 1.1.3 :1
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE 15-1
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

.. ······
.· ···· ..
' .·..
~
,·.
....
TABLE Vl-1 (cont'd) .~ .. : ·. ·<·:~:.· ·::. .:····
.....·.
·· .. ·.:
::...·····...... '•
ASME 816.S.1998
.······.., l.""··.. ··..
l•l TABLE .1~···!J$T OF MAlERIAL SPECIFICA'fl!)Nll:lc;?NT:Ol

-
...
.......... .:
Forglrtp •• •••
.... :•••'. ~~
~ :
25 2-2.S A 18Z G<. !'#-.." ·~:b1.&. CR<: A240 Gr. 347
I.ti~ A 182 Gr.f347ff '•
A 182Gr.~ '••• ···.!
'•, A 240 Gr. 3'7H
~- A 1BZ.Clr. f3oGI'·.. '.•
A240 Gr. 348
A 240 Gr. M8ti
2.8 A351 Gr.CHI
A 351 Gr. CH20
A 240 Gr. 3098
A 240 Gr. 309H
2.7 A351Gr.~ A 240 Gr. 310S
A 240 Gt-. 310H

~. \.'·, -~.7\8N1-No 2-2':···;. ·~'181 Gr. F44 .A 351 Gr. CIOMCuN A 240 Gr. $31254
/: • · •• -~~-3Mo-N :: •• ••/ : "A·tlUGr.F51 A 240 Gr. S31803
/ / ,: :· 25Cr-7Ni-4Mo-N '•, •'. A 182 Gr F53 A 240 Gr. S3Z750
l
.·.:··..
···./ / .· .'l24Cr-10Ni-4Mo-V
:•.. .: • 2&Cr-5Ni-2Mo-3Cu
•.-.·.·.:•• :_·_•••:•.-••·.·.:···•••• :~ . A 351 Gr. CE8MN
A 351 Gr. COCMCll
/ / •• •••• / 2$Cc'-7Ni-3.SMo-W-Cb A 351 Gr•
... ··.. ·.: ··.. .... CDOMWCuN
:' "·· •••• 25Cr-7Ni-3.5Mo-N-Cu-W •• •."·:.- A 182 Gr. FS5 A 240 Gr. S3Z760
~./ •· ••.-.~•,.,.,--t-3SN-l-35Fe---20Cr---Cb-••-.••-.,-.-t--2-.._~,~-t-B-482-G-,-.----+------;-.-...
--G-r.-N08020--
3.2 99.0Ni / / .. ... ·~ 2-3.2 B 160 Gt. N02200 B 162 Gr. ff02200

99.oNi-Low c .. ··.....·
' '
a 1&0 Gr. N02201 8 162 Gr. ND2201
...
3.3 ' 2-3.3

2-3.4 B 684 Gr. H0440Q B 127 Gr. N044tlO

a 164 Gr. NCMaS
3.5 a 584 Gr. NOSSOO a 168 Gr. NOS9CM'I

e
2-3.5
16 2-3.6 B 58' Gr. ND8800 B 409 Gr. N08800
3.7 2--3.7 B 335 Gt-. N1066& B 333 Gr. N10&6&

,.···-u.... -.. )7Ni-22Cr-9Mo-18Fe 2-3.9 B ~Gr. N1>8002 B 435 Gr. N08002

3.10., 25Nl-46F9-21Cr-5Mo 2--3.10 B 672 Gr. N08700 B 599 Gr. N08700

•... ·.U.1: / 44Ft-2SNi-21Cr-Mo 2..3. 11 B Ml Gr. HOB9CM 8 625 Gr. N08904
..... •, .-,,.-.·-r--------+----t------t-------1------
.·... / ....:~.·1i2 2·3.12 8 621 Gr. N08320
26Ni-43Fe-22Cf-6MoB 620 Gr. N0832G
47Ni-22Cr-20fe-7Mo
'-· ........:.....-.___.________.____.._m
__ -,-A-.........
8 581 GI". M0&9l5
-.-~.,,------.-,,_--_.._ __-_,-.,-,_,-
B 582 Gr. N06985

·...... ··

• ~
..,
w
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP rnby en;terns Kev.
GE 312 1.1.3 0

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

15-2
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3 : MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

ASME B16.$a-1998

--
Cal

1 13 48Nl-25Ct-1~...,b/·· ••. ;: 2·113 a ss1 Gr. N0&911·· • ••••• ··~~ 8 S82 Gr. f«l8975
Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo'=::lp.V c\i . B'84G<• .-n·· ..'"-. -..: B 625 Gr. MIB031

114 47Ni-~~iii.-&Mo. .•::• M.14 B 581 G<• ..isio, ., i B 582 Gr. NDS007
3.15 33Nl~21Ct 1: . 2-3.15 B 409 Gr. NDBll10
8 536 Gr. JCll330
3.17 :2'Ni~~5Cu-2.5Mo 2-3.17 •• ::-.... •·:. ••• A351 Gr.CN7M
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Cfiaptern&

GE 312 1.1.3

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 16
S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vl-2.1.1 et TABLE Vl-2.1.2

.·· -...
/··:...:·······; ';
.......~.· )_--.::::~::>'
PRESSURE-~~ RATINGS FOR /? ··. ::::::::::?
GROUPS 1.1lffROUGH3.17 MATERIALS :-::>·-.::::::·-..·
=ABlE2-1.:4:)7FOR~.1MAmuul-··:.·_::::::·~;·.~-~"> ·..· ~I
C-Si AtOS'hi, ·-.. ·•• A211_Gr.~C11 A61&Gr."9111} ".. •• \ •

C-Mn-SI A~-(:,.~-~~· ....) A61,;::~~1;..: ) .i

·• · •• •• " Aq1Ct-tr3f· • ., .'
ffj:},,
~
c~v : --"~~~-~ "' l··-.::·· ..:··-..~·-./
NOTES: ·-••• ~-::··------· ·-. .. . . . ..
111 Upon~~tabm,_..,...,.,.IDO"F,-.Af'*'9~......,-.rbe
__,..ta·~~bul:no11:-=:•:ded1Dr4ootiit ' ._.._._.,_
m Nottab9~~_..,- •••• :•.
Cl Nol.'8 llle.o.,!t~711""- --·-- ·-. •••

-
..... ~ .:.s•_,.-..:i O'Wf'IOO"F. ...-.: •••• _·· ... ·-......

-·.·
._, ..._
_.. ---. -.. _ -....
..
·;>lo
740
.................~
"° :..··-.... mo -- .... -...........
,asp... ' .~ -1910
.... ""'

--
"' 900 •• t,
955 BIG '• , ·~1!

: .::::_:; ·;>5> : ....

""'

..... ..
DI

::
410_...
'/1'
!:'"·-.:>
Ilia
•.
=
1015

-
= --........
'll'IO

129
"""
-.-.........
...
-""'
..
"
1'·····-··---
,'r7b ; .... zio
., .
\,o··~ .
. ; ,....
...: .7o
-3'15
205
106
-515
310
,. ...'" ...
IZ>,
~

_,
-................. -......... -.........,.. ....--... --
._ . . . a.-. ....

- --....
.......... ,,.. --
--..... ....,.,,.. -..-...,. --,,.... --.......,.,.....
"'
-...."",,..
.,,.
--........ ----
"""'

--..... ... ...,,. ....."',.. ...........

""
120

.
""
1171

..."''..,,. --........ --.....

- - .. .. .. ,.,.
- ,...

•
2IO "" .,;,.
31
"' ,. hO

"'
~
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE
m&y
312
" ns
1.1.3
Gia.... :a
..
s::.
I ·~··
I
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
17
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vl-2.1.3 et TABLE Vl-2.1.4

_,··:::~:::::.:~.--\

---==. ___ , _,_, D 'a

<:-Si
I' n ~
,....
~
A 352 G<.LCB 131
,..._
A 515 Gr. •ill'
.0~r_::_~T/
..-·::~·::••.•.
"·<>
2'1,N;
z'.~~~; ~~)
a..
T-"F
-2010 100 ,/:.

E:'.<::~~: ...·
( ........ ......
•• -·-·~ ••· ••• ····,,WORICINGI
..
'
·-.._,;;,;-"/
.":-
... Zll
(
...

-...
....
- 825
815
MESBY

850 •• ·-·
/ ."'i\iii;··
' '··.i#&'•.)
.... ,'"
.. .. 1m
•" •., \

·... ···:./
,....._··. .......
.:
..
111111
,
1115
-
-...... =.... -..... ,...
3410 5715
5410
.•,
5315

-·.·- -.....
./~ 8211 82f',....
.. /110 ps.: . / nif5 1745 2110

l~:::···. .
850
.,..
700
....
· ••·
140

.....
125
no
&35
525
520 ., 8llD
:!({~ ..(~~i
.
1~0--:·/ ···:
... •/
1035
94&
,
1510
,....,
1505
,....
2815
2500

.....
Ziii&
--....
'320

,...
BOO 7811 ms 3280

...
850
900
15
60
35
-:~ ......
1lls ....
.. •.-;is:s
...
..... Ziii . ...
535

205
805
515
,
310
. ...
515
,_
...
2230

1000 20 ---~:··,.·:..,. 10 105 280 4311

........ .
- - -
.

_.., ··....:·
D
••
--~~------.:::: A 115 Gr. 8D C1t

...·.··- -· A 350 Gr. LF1, a. 1 C1t A 511 Gr. ea O>ql

..
.····• ··... ·....·....
(....
T:::r"F
··--~s.·10 100
....... _... 2DD
... ..... ...
235
-....--avctASSES.polg

825
..
1235
...
,...
....-
- --. 5146
...,
...... 215 llD 1liO 1125 1685 2810

... ,...
2735

...
300 210 li&D 7311 1095 1840
2DD 530 105 1080 1!585 2845
....
......,,..
2480

...
110 liDD

...
... ..., 810
........
915
,...
1370 2285 3805

... -
4li5
..., ....
. ... ...
3740
125 1345
""""
...... no 3740
750 95
310
580
740
1325
1110
""""
mo
1850

...,...... . .
15

35
20
270
110
106
355
230
·1. .
10
...
535

205
ID&
805

,.
•••
310
13'0
......
...
515
280
,
2230

w
"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312 1.1.3 ~· 1
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1
18
S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

.....
TABLE Vl-2.1.5 et TABLE Vl-2.1.7
. ..... .....
ASME 8~8 ···: )

T_AB--.LE_2_-1_.s__
- - N.........
__ RA_Tl_N_G..,s_FOR
__G_R_O_U_P_1_.5_M_A_TER1A..,_
__ LS_ _ _ _'. '· .• :::<:::~:;ii'
i __-+---~-·~··--+----.,.....-~..~--+---"'-----:'""'"'-··
__o.._,._...... .. -:·....·::::.>
C-'!zMo A. 182 Gr. Ft [1) A 217 Gr. WCl (1)(21 A 204 Gr. A C,l) ·-..
I A 352 Gr. LC1 !3! A 204 Gr. a{\r•. ..

! NOTES: ,.-·::.··-., .:.····•••

•,

C11 Upon prt>longitd exposur• IC?,1&fnpoi;atPres above 875°F, the carbide phase of ca~bOn~m~
denum st,:>eJ m..,. be converte~tO-griliphite. Permissible. but nol recommendectfOr)JrofOrtQed·.
us.e 1bove 875*F. :·· •• ••••• ~-.. ' •• / •••• ) J.···-, ··.•'
121 UH norm•lired 11"1d teni~re'd.cnateriaponly. ~· '· ••• ••• ·, :

•
(31 Not 10 be u14d --~~:··· .........:·• /-.:·- •• ~ .·:•••• :'_./
II
I

I
-20 :0100 ••: :•• :~-~: ••::::=-·
-
925
905
...
1390
~ :.:.;;..:·· .
.-..
•• ••• ~
...-·~
1360,.·-- ......'211351
...
_.,.. .. .· ,. .. ....
3470
3395

;
=300 "2)0 • :..

:::::.~:.:~---~;. =
655 970
855

830 ••
130$ ••• -
1'/Bf"
:n;r
•., .....

:~~· ..... _) :~-

3260
3200
3105

' 600
650 •••
,.;i ;
···- ••~...
109· .... ... ·· ••• J.lfi
60S
&90
570
805
785
755 ••
... ~lCt·...
,..···:i11S·....
•• •• 11-36.. ..
.• 1815
1765
1705
....
3025

2840
~- ••• ~ S30 710 ...,065 . 1595 2060

. . ::<:'.'.~_<::·::: . . , E ~
615"·-··. ··-. 1b1s 1szs 2540
....·..-··:: : ···./

··=···~· :: ...
1460 2435
1350 2245
'S75·· .•. •.• 560 1406
••• 1itoQ, ·:.- 10 16S 220 ' 330 495 825

/;!;,··;~~,j'GS

@. .
Cal

-
C-1.-,uo
TABLE

/
....
-.::~ --:to
•. .
·..."..............

"'iet-~::.···-~:·· :~~~-~·82 Gr. F2 <31

FOR GROUP 1.7 MATERIALS

A 204 Gr. C 111

N•-~:-.~·-..: ./ A 217 Gr. WC4 121131

.-·-··---
. . .~~i., .. ::··" A 217 Gr. WC5 C2J

I
j
.·N'OaS: ··._,
/ •..f"tl Upon protongect exposure to temperatuteS •bova 8759F, the carbide phase of ctrbon-mofvb-
I / .', ) ~ ""1 "'9V be converted 10 graphite. Perm~bJe. buc not recommended for prolonged
'·.. ••• ·.·UM abov-9 87S•F.

I 0

.····-.···QI Ulfl norm.ioffd and tempered material only.

/':,···· •• :··.~3)"-tfQI: to be Used OWlf 1000-f.

I
;

I 150 ... ... ... ... 1500

....
2500

I ...
750 1500 2250 3750

...,.
290 1000
mo
260
230
200
170
......
750
720
1000

...
925
1500
144&
1385
1330
2250
2165
2080
1995
....
3010

3325
6250

........
5775

;
; ...
600 140
125
605
590
805
785
1210
1175
1815
1765
3025
2ll40 ........
...
700 110 570 7S5 1135 1705 2840 C730
750 95 530 710 1065 1595 2060

... ........
!

...
80 510 675 1015 1525 2540 4230

•
'
......
65 495 975 1460 2435

. -
900 50 450 600 900 1350 2245 374&
950
1000
35
20 ,
315 420
270
6311 1575
1010 1585
~ 1050 160 210 315 475 790 '1315

.,
w
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE
JSSUedby
312 1.1.3 I
~P-R_O_C_E_S_S~E-N-G-IN_E_E_R_IN-G~D-E_S_IG-N~G-U-ID-E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---,c--";9°-g~ 1 ~
PART 1- SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK} MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vl-2.1.9 et TABLE Vl-2.1.10 ... ·-··-..

. ··:..-··-· .....·.\
PFI! RANGES AND FLANGED FllTINGS ASME!$1~1 ... : :

_______1:.,ll_IB_LE_z_.,_.e__ M_TINGS"-'.;..;;..;.FO~R_GROUP-'--
__,_.e_MA_,,.•----~-s___.,. ..~;~:.:/• :.· ~:•·~~;:::::/
c ,, 11 ~ c.tlnp ..... /} ·•
·-.......
1Cr-~ A 182 Gr. F12 a. 2 (1M2) :-::::.-.:::::::·· •••

11/.0--\iMG .······., A 217 Gr. WC8 (1)(3l .:.::···... • ••-·

11'.,C..-~ A 182 6'. F\t·ii:;;\K~

_;;...._;.:...;-L.~;;.;;;.;.;;...:.,._=-c.=..L...--,-
A 387 lit.li"O, Z'(;I,
... . ... ...
NOlCS; ...-..... •• •••• ··... / ' .:.' .: ::. ... •
(1) nannallred and ~·""'8tW'ontv.
u.. '· .......•• : .:
12) Paid •' but not 6wZbiap1ieo4eitfor prolonged uae above 1100"f.•"· •• '•.. '•./ /
'3t Not to be .... ~-~~:- ........• •••::·-.. :··-••:···......

_,. .. 100 ·:iih-/.- ····75o 1000 111G"i:::·· ....... . . - -..............

3750

.-.... ....
200
300
-
, •. ···230 ...
••• ....
., 720
1000
..
il!llD
i1<lf& ••• \ 22SOii 21•
3750
3110
... ! .. -·~ 200.--.:· .. ... ...... .....•1-•... '/ -1
.. ms
500 : •• 1161 : 811 -
h10·:;·· ........ -
.... ....
800 ••··:· '. .:···-,.{,/ IDS a ,./: i.·')

-........ -.........
1815
••,,.. / ... .. ...25 ... .,.. ••• ... ...1115-" 1785
7llb •• •• . •• 110 570 .,,. •..;· •• •••..,35 17115 4730

1::::<:'.~... ~~( ? ~35 ~ ..::·~:~:~ ~

1515

··-•• ....
1525

2435

~~ 20
320 ••• l 425
21~t·:.-··· :...·-•• -
l40
430 ......
1380
956 1515
1080
374&
211&&
,,..
1800
.......
1100
1150
1200
"!D :
• •
.... •....... /./130
• ......
•..... ..,••:·· ••
••
... • .,,.,

••
=:

IO
50
290

180
125
...
1•
...
720

310
.........
. .......
:
1S 115 180

- -
TABUE-P..1.10 MllNGS FOR GROUP 1 10 MATEllL1U.S .
D ... .. >·)-
~··
I I

21'.ci.~
0

"•A' 182 Gr. F22 a. 3 C2) A 2176'.WC9111131 A 387 Gr. ZZ a. 2 C21

........

. .. ..

....
.. -----..,, •..•.····:
,_.,, ...
:/;""i:iioo \
...
···-~2&..-io0
......
.......
.... -...... - ... -....- -
W011CW8 I REs & NS 8Y a.ASSES. Piii

.,..
.,.. .....
.....
-
1000 1500 22SO
•• / ···IOO 1000
.....
1500 22SO

...
.... 300 230 730
""' 21• 8070

-................ --........
7115 1410 2111
......J..)::
..........
170 1330 1111 3325
··-···· 140

.
125 ...
805 805
785
1210
1175
1815
1785
3025

......
700 110

..
. 570
530 .
7S5
.,.
710

.........
1135
1085
1105
1515
4 730

.......
&10 101& 1525

...... 50
...,,. ......
175 1480
13&0 2245
...
374&

,... ,..
...
35 375 755 1130

...
1•
1000 345
'"
...
1305 2110

...
148&
235 350
""'

_,'
1100
1150
1200
...
...
... ...
110
,..
. 56 .
220
135
330
206
125
345
206
111
570
341
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP t!fuipter ;;a ReV.
GE 312 1.1.3 0

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE . ,.

20
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3 MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vl-2.1.13 et TABLE Vl-2.1.14

,.'-;:::::::.:;"-;
- ··. : ..
·-·
f¥E ft.AHGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS ./ ... - .·~M~~·1~:S.1996
: .. --.·: ... /
TABLE Z.1.13 RATINGS FOR GROUP 1.13 MATERW.S? •• .. ····:::./
.........
Dal*' dn . (~....:.:··- ..

A 217 Gr. CS 11) .-~:·· ..:·· ·..

NOTE: {"··-.::·· • •• :· ~
.· ·· ......
(1) U.. nomwllzed.alicl.~·inaterilll onty•

,..... :::··.··-~~BY~··...;·- ... ··...:

- ,,,,,, ......
/ ..
.....
:_·

2250
2236
2150
2115
-.....
37'!0
3725

3530
........
........
.........
1995 3325

1815
.....
3025
,.... ....
5040
1765
1705
1585 ,.... ....
4730

- ........
11i25
"""
2415
4ZIO

1110
825
595
430
...""
18BI

"'"" 2215
1855
1200

1100
1150
300
185
....
,,. 830
515
1ZOO ...... 11l5
"" 286

• i

''
'
aoi'"':tMe.. '·-. .. A 182 Gr. F8
N()1E•\...
of·o;i;~..,..--
........... ·.
...
·•••••
......
A 217 Gr. C12 (1)

......
150 ...
750 -......
WOllCING i I E ! llRIS BT a.AS1E8. p9'g

1000
...
1500
...
2250
1500

3750
........
........
-...
750 1000 1500 2250 3750

....
230 730 l70 1466 2185 3840 8070
200 705 1410 2115 3630

.... .,..........
170 1330 1995 3325

140 806 806 1210 1815 3025

.... .... --
12& 785 1175 1765

...... ..
no
06
&70
530
510
7&6
710
875
1135
1085
1015
1705
1696
1525
2840

2540

...
1000
. ...... ...... ......
so
20
486
375
850

340
975

756
sos
1...
1350
1130
780
2435
2245
1885
mo
3 7. .
31. .
2115
1050 170 230 515

...
855

...
1430

•
....
...
1100 115 150 225 340
1150
1200
75
so ,.
100 1SO
105
225
155
375 830
430

~
-----------------------------------------------------------

GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312 1.1.3

.--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---.r-~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,.-p-
....-f!fl~
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE _ ~
20 1
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

.·· ··..

TAm-E ln-,.115 z<'.;~t~;J

TABl.E 2-1.15
.· · .
RATl~~JGROUP 1.15.MAlERIALS
~~::~is·. . .
.••. :---•• :···... (a)

...";!:'... •.....,{::··. :··<:~ ,,_/ ;:_.)·::;·;--/

Gr..ri"r·.:· ·...:~217 Gr. Cl2A m:;1'S,. 2"··- ..:./
0

...------ ..:.-.. .,
9Cr-1Mo-V A 182 A 387

.. ···..:·:..:::·---....
....
Temp..•f ... .>·-4''··.} - ....
1000 1500 :, 2250 ': i 37&0 6250

...... • ....~: /
..,.
....
1000 1500 3750 6250
1451}···· ····.21!'.l'... ....
....
970
14,1b.···~ ••• ._ills 3530
-~- ....~ -~ ...'95
805 .··""fr.io-. •
•' .··-1,17& .... .l
1815
3325
3025 ........
785
755
710
: :.
•. • •....
n3t
17fiS
110&
1595
2940
2840
2660 ....
4730

....
675 •• •• 1o'1s., 1525 2540 4230
···./
....,,.
1350
2436
2246 3745
1930 3220
1090 1820 3030

...
1080

670
430
1800

1510
1115
720
3000

2515
1855
1200

w
"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312 1.1.3 0
·'"-·-·

~~~~- Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE 21
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3 : MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vl·2.2.1 et TABLE Vl-2.2.2

-
,_. .,.... ::::...:.:·... .
.
- -
.-.. ··... ·.•.,..: ·:
--
........
---
...,.....,.
...........,.,.
...
....
--.,..,.
,,.

"'
""
.............
~--:. :: """""" <=...-.. ......

_ _sf~> :=~=~" :~'.~::: ::::::~:

:: ..... ~--
•.• ---... Ill k~ _. lODO"F, - ont, ~ tti. C9lban ~ti O.Gft O' lliglW.
. . . . , m Not '° • 11MC1 - IECl"F•
.-:·· .-: :: f m Niii • •v.ct-lOOO"f'.

... - - ... ..
... ... .... -
...... ........ ...... .......... ....- -
,,.,,.
m ....,, '"'

... -
"'
......... ............ .....
,,."' '"
,
.-
- '"'
'""
'"'
,,'"'
.,,.
""
""'

.... ...... ... ... -

,,..
... .... ""' ,,,.
"'
"'
""'
.... ""'
ass ,""
,..
,,.. ,,,.
'"'
"""
,.,.
...... .. ...... ...... ...
...... ....
.... ,,..
,,.. ,.,.
,.,.
............ ..."'"'
"'
,,
"'"
......
"
20 "'
m
"" ,.,.
... ...'" .....,."''" ...'" """""' ....""'..
..."'"' ''"'
""
""
mo
"" -3220

•
710
"''
,,"" "'
""
'" "'
195

..
"'
...
"'
... ..."' ""'...,,.
...
~ .......
,'"'
'"'
....•"' '""'.... "',." "',,.'"' "' .........
, 380

""
 TECHNIP ....... GUIDE DOCUMENT
&apternt
GE 312 1.1.3

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 22
S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vl-2.2.3 et TABLE Vl-2.2.4

TABLE 2. 2.3 RATINGS FOR GROUP 2.3 MATERIALS
N<><Nna!
o..i, ........ ......... c..tl-
"'"'"
..
16Cr-12Nt-2Mo A 182 Gr. F3161..
...
A 240 Gr. 316l ...·:.···.
18Cr-BNi A 182 Gr. f394(_(ii'-. A 240 Gr. 3q4l:it1

NOTE: / <. ) /
111 Not to be used OYfl' SOO:,···.:.·· •..:· (...
a... . .. . .... ··. ·....·
Temp., "F 150 ...--3lfa~::•_. ····,l;., &00 ~··•• •• • ···1$00
-20 to 100 230 •• tiQb. ••• ·-· aoo 1200 -moQ:· •• • ••• 'iooo
200 195 ::' ·--.:: -:··-.. 675 1015 {~--~.... • .,/ 2530
300 175 ~· • 4s5 •.. 605 910 ••••1360.. 2270
1,80-., •• / '•41~· ,MO '•.
400
500 14& •• • * 550
510
82S • ••
765 .··: •••
00

'1J4$'-./
2065
1910
600 ••··::lio..... ::-::- ... 480 ,.,£' ( ···-~.;.. 1800
650 ... 125 ...... • 350 470 700. ·.. .·1dso 1750
700 \.. 110 ) ) 345 460 .••· - - ••.....:::.-{030 1715
750 • • "- • • 335 450 ,/,.··11•---.. 1010 1680
. . . . ./~_:_. ,:_:. . _;:··.·.~:_...!lit:.·· 330320 440 •• :... .....,, ••••• ,. 985 1&t5
430 •• ~- .;:·· ••• . 966 1610

.·::· .-::...J../ ·..·

··. ...
..
-
D 111 don
1BCt-10Ni-Ti
TABLE 2-2.4

..
..<~
RATINGS~GIKIUP 2.4 MATERIALS

1' i02 ~-m.:121

~ 1'82. Gr. ~H (1)
~
-
A 240 Gr. 321 C2J
A 240 Gr. 321H (11

_:\ ••• ••• •• ••• ··~PRESSURES BY CLASSES. P919

.
50
35
20

1100
1150
1200
1250
1300

1350
"""
4 1400
1450
~ 1500
1

.,
4
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP &ai:i1erns Rev.
GE 312 1 1.3 0

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1 23
.
,,.
S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

.·· ·...
TABLE Vl-2.2.5 et TABLE Vl-2.2.6 /<:-_····· . ;·)
. . ··---::·....·
fll'IRANCIESANDR.ANOll!OATTINIJS TMLIW.I MTINGa . . . __.UIMl'BUU .~:~~-.:·.:
n:=. ......... em--.. ...... ,..·:.. :· ·.. :~~:::::.···
110--10N-Q A1GOr.FWtzl Aa1Gr.CfCDll AM00r.$lt-t21 •• ••.
A1GOf.1"41H111 A.MOOr:'MJHhl-. · ••
,/ -·.!·1~::~11 ::::~!:.."tt1 ·..___:.
NOTES: ... f,_ ,: / ' .-···-. ·-... ·- •••
IQ Far~~toOO'f. _ _,,....,__... .. .._...,..~·~

m=;:"~. · <' .:. . .:.:.·-i ~

at~~~ .......... - ...._.....,.....~.~~~--­
·-..'. ·-.: ·.·.--.---~iii. ··-. ·-..:...
- - - :. __ ·-.. ~---.:
---- -----...
. ,.

-- .--..
""

-- ---....
........
..."",..,'"" --...
,,,. -- --
....
....,..,
....,.,, .-.
""
"'
""
--..
.,.

""

..........
,_ -...... ..
......... .."' -
,.
......,

- - - -
~

-
- -....... ........ ...-.... ---
.... .....
.....
-
... ....."" ,........"' ...... ....
-211• taO
...... ,,..
mo
""

........ ....·- ........ ---

..... ,"'.
TOO "'
"'.. ...
..
...... .,....
... ...'"... '"
"''
""' ""
........."'"'
K

...... ..... ....... . "" ""

- .... -.. --....
... ........... .... -
"' ,,,. '""
.,,.
-.......
ms
.. "',.. ...... "'
,
.,.
,...

..... ·- ......... ·--

"' ""
'"' ... ,.....
•
""
.-.
1115

""
... "'
"'..
"' •n
... ""'
aa '"
"'
... .... ...... ... .. -
""
...."''
....
. "'. "'
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"'
,..
, ,,..,.
,.,.
" " ... "' ""
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 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP msy SOC:Jd;t
GE 312 1.1.3

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Pege

PART 1 - SECTION 1 24
S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vl-2.2.7 et TABLE Vl-2.2.8

.· <:~;:;._:_.:_·~.·.·:.:.!:)
-- ,_m-M---u-
ASME 8119.&a-11188 •••• ,.·· ..-·:·

~?~~
25CHONI
- -GWW 1000"F, -
A 182 Gr. Fl10 11>13)

t.
A ~1 Gr. CX20111

rnt::c:;,.Jc.bon _...,. ~OF

hlgltw.
A 240 Ge. 310S 11H2N3)
A 240 Gt. 3'IOH

••••
/~~:-,'~)'
..:::::~·::··
l2J Fot ~ . . , . 10DQ"f, -~·""" rnltllrlll k ........... br hudne it to ...... ': •• :·· •• l
~of.t .... 1900"Feocl~·i._.Dl'~coolnobrlllhm'nte.,.l: ; ,,• •• •
'3J Sm...ic.~otllllrFMdttiaw~M..-Drilywtien-illPRMOecl._• ..: ,,···~ }
d\et gr.ar. ~Is not..,_.,~~~··· ... •., ..·.. ·...... :...........
··.. ··.... ··../

-----
,,..

--....
....
,,,.,.
2 170

...
t~• .,.:::···:-~ ••/
-
"m"'
211

<~~~ llA---UMAtERIAUI
\' ~. "·...>
£:.;iii-tiMo
-~-;~·:;·..d ~
"#-....
.....
- -
o\112Gr.H4

IA 112 o... 1111 111

1A11:11:0r.1111t11
i.., Gr. CIC3MCaH -
l.o\MGr.D1214
!A 2AD Gr. S3'laol In
1" . . Gr. - - 111
2'1:(-•- IA•1 Gr.CEIMN f1)
:~~ IA •1 Gr. eowcu 111
~7Nl-UMcrW-cb IA 361 or. CD3MWCuN f1J
.. 2fiCr..1
11ZGr,fllllD IA zeo Gr. SIZ'1ID t11

"""'
It) 1hl8 .... m.,becommbrllde.,._,...~ ~.......-.. Ncctoti.

-... ---· ---... -...... ....-.. -....- -...........

It
u.cl ov.- tocl"F.
.. ,•'
,_ . ..... ,..
RS BY Cl.ASSIS. .....

,,..
- ,,.
- - -....
-20to 1GD

...
300
..."'"' ""
,, ""'

....... .....-... - -........

,.,. ,,..
...,...... .
1711

...,
'"
......
"' "'
,..
mo
mo
&120

.. ...... ,,.
-
1111

,.. 110
""
710
1100
'710

w r
"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
312 1.1.3 0

Pago
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
24-1
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

.·· ·..
.-:<·:::---....;.}
··. ....·· .......... .
.· ·. ··../
::' -:~ .... ...
_

TABLE Vl-2.3.1 et TABLE Vl-2.3.2 ,-: :<:'.~: : ·:... "'.::::::::::-'

...-·:::.~-....
. .. , ·...
.:.:··..... ~ 816.Sa-1998
i TABLE 2-i1_'··~fiNGS FOR Gftoup 3.1 MATl;li~•.:::·<.> (a)
I Noiftln.I ·• ··-. •. ·· ..• ··.: •. • •···. '

&'\
' -
35Ni-35Fe-20Cr-a; .. -:~ -~
h._,: N08020 111
~"""
0
- ···. ....... i~
•• •• ·.,.. '
.··. ·. ,B~u,:'N0802011t
'q;J \ NOTE: { ·~•._.. .-.-.~~·- ....· ····.; ··-. .• ·· .•./
~~-~~d.~~ only.
I
\ t11 Use .·;-·-. ••.":.··"· .••::.·

>. ···..:·· WOROING l'llESSURES BY~.~..

\ T:::: ~ ...:-.-.;.;;., .· 300 400 /:;,;;"-.:" • ••• 900
1500 ....
....
3750

....
6250
3600 8000

3365
....
5610

....
3275

3025
....
....
2940

....
2940 4730

·..· .,..
4430

CA
v
-
NOTES:
........
99.0Ni

.:-·· ••::·· ••::·· •••

111 Use ~nhted'h\81drial only.
- -
C2t The •i::htmicifl. .co~ mechenical properties. he• treating requirements. and grain
B 162 Gr. N02200 IU

size ~l,iremeib'il'lall confonn to the applicable ASTM specification;. The manufacturing

.precedur'115. tolerancn, tests. certification. and markings shall be in ICCOrdance with
.-'.ASTU.a..._
·.. ,•
.· .
.·· .···.. \
a-. ........
T.mp..~.-. 150
WORKING PRESSURES BY Cl.ASSES. plig

...
360
360
360
400

480
480
480
...
720
720
720
-
1080
1080
1500

1800
1800
....
....
....
....
....
1080 1800

-
360 480 720 1080 1800 3000
360 480 720 1080 1800

360 480 720 1800 3000

.

/
w
"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP msy Rev.
GE 312 1.1.3 0 1
.-~~~~~~~~~~•
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page
24 2
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES- P&ID -
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vl-2.3.3 et TABLE Vl-2.3.4

-
TABLE 2·3 3 RATINGS FOR GROUP 3 3 MATERIALS
No ......
Designation forgin9s ea.dnp
99.0Ni-Low C 6 160 Gr. N02201 {1)12) B 162 Gr. N02201 111

.·-..··... ··... ··-./

··....... ···-----··
150 .-aoo. ··-. ·-••. 400 2500

-20 to 100
200
90
..
24o ••• •••: 320
.. ... ~...... > 305
480 nv.. ··· ·:. ,p 2000
455 . . . . . . ·-. ·-.. 1140 1900
300 8S • • •• :· ~ 300 445 •• .-.-zo •.• •..... 1115 1550
400 85 •• ••• ·~1!t-. . 290 430 l { esir-. \ 1080 1900
500 .. ~---·· -:-··~···· 290 430 \ ...... ~)./ 1080
1900

600 ~as. ;
}15 290 430.,...··· -.... _ftO... 1080 1900
650 ••• ~ ·-..... ,•215 290 CID•• ···~ •••••• 650 1oao 1800
•• .... J!S·-••.•• ••. 215 A3t / ·-.... 'JSD
700
750 "°
•• •• ... 210
290
280 ·"'9·.·..
···-..~·-
...... 1080
1055
1800
1760

: ·:.::.· ..... ...·

.
... .••:· -. 610 1020 1700

: . . -:/· "::::::::::? : ....

~

~ . ., ......
,i·"-.:·:.:: ·--.. E ~E ~: .....'811 ..., ,..... 610 1020

570
1700
1155
950
770
1050 ••• 75 .CIO' 150 220 370 615

1100 60 ./·:.:--..::.....
·:SQ .... :
•.
125 155 310
...
515

!: : . . \:·-.::.-< .: 95
75
140
110
:z:io
185 310

(•)

e1tti\30Cu •••..' B SM Gr. N0440D (11 B 127 Gr. NOitotDO CU

. .:~::~-s B 164 Gr. N04405 cuw

. ..-:~:=:;~ ~~ m..........,.
"·.. •• ..i:z> The chemlcal composition,. raecMnieal properties. hat treating requirements. Md . . . .
••• -- •••• •••• '••.sin requirements shall conform to the appliclblt ASTM spedftcadon. The menufacturing
,•' ••••••• '•, ··.,• procedures,, tolerances. tests. cel'liflcadon,, and mM:ings shall be in ac:corUnce with ASTM
:: • •• •• 8564.
: ~ i :

-...... -...
•, .. WOlllCINGPRESSUllESBYCUISSES. ....
...a-
('"~T.....--F 150 ... ... ........
1500
....
2500

...
_....... -20 ta 100 230 900 900

...
1200 1800
..,,, ......
200

......
300
400
200
190
155
530 705

635
1055

955
1585
1485
1435 2390 ....
4120

-
170 475 635 950 1435 2375 3960

140
125
475
475 ......
635

......
950
950
1435
1435
2375
2375
3960

....
3960

-......
700 110 475 635 1435 2375 3960
750 95 470 140& 2340

...
800

900
..
80

50
610

455
330 ......
515 1375

1020
740
2390

119S
1235
3820

2830
2055
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECH~IP &ai;itern& Rev.

GE 312 1.1.3 0

~: Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
24-3
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vl-2.3.5 et TABLE Vl-2.3.6

FoJving• Castinos

72Ni-15Cr-8Fe B 564 Gr. N06600 t1)

NOTE:
t11 Use: annealed material onbl~·.
.· .. ··.
.... ·.. ··..
150
-20 to 100 290 •: "·•• 7So.. ·.. 1000 1500 .•···-~- •• ./ / 3750 6250
200 260 •••• f5Q ••.· 1000 1500 ·• •• 22~ ·• ••. / 3750 6250
300 ,,,---- .......,.,,.,, 970 1455 •• •••• ~Zts..s •••.• . 3640 6070
400 200 ·~.- •••••105• 940 1410 ·•• 21)~·- ••• 3530 5880
500 ·'17J) •••• ••• 665
885 ,(··... ·::.··'·l~.- 3325 5540
600
= . :..,~:::·:. ::-:~·605 805 1210··.. "·. 1815 3025 ....
....
··ti2! ·...· ~
·= ..·· .. ill /:::.s::·:~ ·. .:.~~~~ E 4730

~:"~.::::. :~.:~~:> :: 675 .~·- <:~-~-~~~--·:/ 1520 2540

4430
4230

....
.<: ·:=....
. . . . : . . .: =
asd., ....
~.:"·-~~~
~
) .: 65

~
485

~.!!
651)o'
rp>.····~
• "·&15•'
; ...•. 900

·:-·~<. ······=
1460

= !=::
1350
2435
2245 3745
ms
1800

•'. .-:;::::··.....> : : ""

c::::::~:'.~:.::.:·;~:::::..: ::: E ••• -~
•• .. _sb':
135 205 340
no
565

_..--.,
125 185 310
"'
Cal / .·TABLE~-3.6 RATINGS FOR GROUP 3.6 MATERIALS
NGnitn.r ••· ·:
owiqs~~--/.. Forgings Castings

B 409 Gr. N03800 11)

:\ ··.. ·..:·· ..· WORKING PRESSURES av CLASSES.. pq

~
.--~.;.~F 150 300 ...... ... ... 1500 ........
275
255 ...
720
885
1440
1325
2160
1990
3600
3310

....
5520

...
:230 625 830 12!0 1870 3120 5200
200 600 800 1200 1800 3000
170 T70 ms 1735 2890 4820
,,.,
140
"" 765 1720 2870 4780

....
125 570 760 1140 1705 21145 4740
110
95
BO ... 565
530
750
710

""'
1130
1065
1015
1090
1595
1520
2820

2535
4700
4430
4230

. ...
65 485 650
600
975
900
1460
1350
2435
2245
4060
3745
35
20
385
365
360 ...
"'
485
775
725

...
720
1160
1090
1080
111311
1820
1800
3220
3030
3000

,...
1100 325 430 965 11510 2685
1150 275 365 550 825 1370 2285
1200

..
205

.
X10 405 510 1020

..
1250 130 175 250 390 550 1080
1300 125 185 310 515
'

.
'
II
1350
1400
1450
1500
35
30
25
65
45
40
35
..
100
70
150
100
95

" -·
245
170
155
125
410
285
255
205

I!!. -· - ... .. " ----- - .. - . ..

:>
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE
isstedby
312 1.1.3
&aPiernt
*·I
0

r.:;:P=Ro;:;-;:;-c=Es=s=-=E~N:::G:::IN:::E::E::R:-:-IN:-:-G-:--D-E_S_IG_N_G_U_ID_E-.-----------------••-••- ~i
24-4
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

··. ··........
.......
'ISO
:

. . . . :.:-: ·./ ••• . . . •• 4DO

............
-aoio 100
~=
.····• . . ........ ......
230 ••• •. 730 910

-
·~
600
7op "
...
....
:;.··"""10 ~... ·---
~·.MD]
'.
j!SO/ .•. •. ••. ..,.. • •
.·.,...,... ...
,.80
...
:
"'
510
-
185

""
.,.
T10
-
....
....
""
""

--
-
MN-18Mo-1SCI"

--=-_,,,,
......
TMUN.& RA.....,.;-·~i.e MA'mllALS

·~--131(11
{' -~·'~ihapo1
::..~·..........
•"" °'· rnam-o~)
....· •. : "~
- - 1175 Gr. NtDZ1S 111CoQ

I 441 &. NO&ll25 (3)lll

1 m &. N1C11D1 nxa

7DNl-'NMo-7Cr-W. " .. ~_,_.,._mm IOI Gr. N10I03 DI

S1Nl-18Mo--::··...:· 's.SUAt: NDea 111m1111 8575Gr.NOMUl1K8t

.uNi-Z'I Ill; 31!1 :a'io, "s.,. &. N01a1S mm 8 424 Gr. N08nS C3)fl)

.... .. ..
......,.............
...... ., ...... ....
......"' ,,....,.. - -
- -...... ........ ............. -... ................
... .... ,,,.

-...... -... -.. -........ ............ -.-...

-ioib 100
......... '"'
1000
· ...... /200
·---··.· '"' '"' 2U5
""
......,.. "" ,,,.
-
:
"' ,.. ,,,. ,,..
18115
"" .,..
....
,,,
"'
...... .. ,..
,,, ,,
.,,.. '"' .,,.
............
"' "'
"' .,. ,,,. ...,
.. ......,.. ...... ..."'
m .... .... ,,..
...,
....
......."'''"'
-
""
1100
,,,.
""
""
...
...
...
...
...
.. ,......."'
......
"'
"' .."' ......"'"",,. . ......... ...
""
...."",..,,.,,
,,,.
...... ... ""...
--
....
,...
"" ... ,,, ,. "'
731

'"' "'
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
~
I GE 312 1.1.3

~
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 24-5

S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

......
TABLE Vl-2.3.9. et TABLE Vl-2.3.10 .. ··· ..
: I '• ':

·.. .., ./
.·. ·.....
·.....:::>
.sw·~1a.1111

,. .·. ..··.·
_,
a-;·... ·... . :
-.'!'··..... - - -
-IY
. .
......... .
-. - -- 1•

-... .... ---

mo
mo
.,
1730
.,...
"""'
.,..
--.... -.-...... -....-....
, .,..
1-
10IO .,..

1 1t0
-
,.,.
...... .... -
1000
10llO 1000
-
.,..
3220
3IXIO

...... 1-...
""" 2 216

""' .,. 171&

-- --...
1515
1141

310
Z2li
,.
115
12&

TABLE :W.10 RATINGS FOR GROUP 1.10 MAl!llW.S

 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312 1.1.3

i-=-=-=-==~---~~~-,-~~~~~~~~~~1
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE ..,. ~
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID 24-6
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

-... -
_..,.._............ _:·-.
- - - - .· . .
··.........
.. .. - - -....... ...
~
'· ..:··.,;,:····

,.-: : · . . .. . . = ·-- .. ..... -... -... -

..
.. ·• _ ... .... :: 1.·>
··
- • .,j;,..... :'...... 0

·..
• / 1. • ..

ii--··.·: um
··.·. ( • """
- ... - .-..
....... ••• 17D
··..·· ····~
.. ··./ 111 13'0
.,..
... ... /' ......fllf. - 1-.
,.. m
110
_,,
410 : •,
.. ~,
...... /
-
1211
1-
1230
21ID

- - ..-- ........
~--

. . -· 2.lfi tilt. .. -..

..
::·:~ •.

·~121Gr.timaofla
C..00.,,.
............ 111

·-·--111
.....-~-~--~.. "'i Ill Gr.,_ 11Klt

······· ··... ··....

- -
....... ....... ....... -
Glooi""·· ..
..........
1ljoojo. 'F \
... .. -
... ....- ....
-
---•11111

. . -
.-
_..,cu-. ....

.
_
......
._,
..
/.:··-- !'II.
~

.....,~
'-..:···.........
·
...,
...
... ...... ·-
"'°
.... -
....
..... . -...... .. -... - ........ ...........
170
&31
- ....
""
71&
1MI
111&
1015
111JO
17IO

1500
......,,.,,,

- - ....
MO ms
121 930 131&
lllO 110 1:1&D 2211)
"""'
31&0
""' lllO
m
1330
UIS .,..
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE 312 1.1.3 R~ I
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
24-7
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

........__ .,,
-~~1~.·~:
.. l191Gr. . . . . (1)Clt
. . . . . -.aia
... .
/·· /.·
·.
-· ··.... ··... ·-··-"
.. ... .._.,, ....
- ... ....... - ....- ---
"

...... -
..... ! -.,~
-~:-
..

-
T...,:.·tti..-·

~·~:'.: . :::~::·.::~~'°
...,,. ..,- ··.·•.. . -
,..
.<(~!
··
..·
1- --........
-- -... ...........
·: 1410 2111
.... .,,.
-
....
·-: 13'1
,..
- ,,
1...

('(_::·.:::~. ..: ' ,..

,,,..
--... .--..
....
17IO

GZ'Jl
,,....
- "'
.......
...• 121 .•
110< • ••

-
..
.•·-·- ·-1. -
··· ···
· ,,.
,,.
.,.
710
,,
101& 1m
.,..

•
/ .·•·•·. l;I.;. ... _, --a.--. .
.... - - - - -.... -.
'.

.:::~:2:) §
·.., T..... "F
··-:: ·· ..·----1010 100

......
21&

1,.
131
..
-
...
- - -
•
-
7IO
1440
tao
1111
1121
--- 2W
,. .
1111
, .
--....
2010

.....,..... • 140
-

ma
1115

.a
107D

1035

-
tlOli

.... ............
1&111

--... -......... -- -·-. --........ -

tm

-........ .•.
121 51D - 1020
110 ICI& 111 1011 1521111
SOD 170 10Cll tiClli 2110

.,.
1000
3&
20
- - "725"
- ,,
1300

1om 1820
3740
mo
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP JSSUedby
GE 312 1.1.3

1.;;;;n;;j;;;;;~;;;;;;;~~;:;~;;:::--;:;;:::;::~::::::::::::i--------------------------.----,'/~:.":':..
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE ~."'_) Page
24
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID -s
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vl-2.3.15 et TABLE Vl-2.3.16

NOTE::
11> u......- -.w__... ~··-··
.....\
..... ··.. ··..

- -.-.......
1. .

....
""'

---. ...
1...

.,.
2710
,.,.
,.,,
1715

1146

. : ........
TAaa"• /llA1l'IOS
,..
Riii GROUP 3.11 MA'IERIAU
-
...... ......
,.

---···------... -.
-..:--,.;::.. ,..
-......... -- --.... -..... ---. ---
..:· ~:.-
·.. ·-....:;--
........
:. }
-......
...""'
...
200

""
,..
,..
...... ... ,..
711
,..
--...... .......
12111

...-
11'1

1000
-
-
,.,.
,,,.

..... -- - ---
,.,.
,.,.
-
.
..... -
,,
-
.,..
.
..,.
..
,..
.......
700

.•
110

... -..
,,,.

-...... -......... ---... --.........

121

....
....
1000
•.
•,. --...... ...,......... .,,.
.,,
l2I
,,
1...
..,.
..,.
..,.
...
..,..,,.. - ...... -... ..... --
-
...
1100

....
11IO ...
... ,.. 721
... ,.,
... ,..
.... ...... ...... .........
...

-
1ID

,. ,. ,.. .,.
1. .

....
1...

1...
...
...
...
...
.•• .• 100 1IO

,. ,..
""
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
312 1.1.3

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 24-9

S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

·-···

,..:~,::~.:>3 TABLE~"'
1
R••tioM p,m;oo ot /< ~~'iif_
Relations pression I temperatur'l--PO.ur ISO PN 2,5, ISO PN
PN 25, ISO PN 40 / ..···, ;
6,.6G:'.~~--t~.. -;~O PN 16, ISO
/ '-.../
-.
.
,'··.
<:.··.. .. -::1

/.::::~·::~~~:~~::::::>'
,•
.:·-.:/·-·-
·...
.. ,• .. •, .
T- 1 '·..

-
....:··..:··--,
·._.

....... ~.---··.
i-;._-•...::·,.,:-,.,_1_ _Forv'

<.,......
. . . . ::::Si;42.BF42N
_ _ _ _ _-+-'-rl-·· ...

.
NF ...~~.::::· .
... . . ._,
;J,.:_
-.,. .. .,:· .. :··:>'
3
·-2EO
BF 48. BF 48 N • 3EO
~-~~.~~~·-: Bf 48F 3EO
l#o"~
·..·
Aciet O.S Mo BF250S ..-:::: .•• NFE2B-2CM 6 4EO
Aci.,_ 1 Cr-0,S Mo Bf 15 co ,J.oJ. ~ .:·~; /
1 114 cr-0,S Mo BF 15 CSO.,s.ds,oll-. --"/NF E 211-204 &EO
o.s Cr-0.5 Mo · ...
BF 15 GDl-06""-•. -" ·

Acler 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo NF E 211-204 7 &EO

-::<:' .:..:::-:::·. ;:>

...
······-~
·--·-·
.

-=-
·.!

-
-"~:.\.-
" ·--·· .:.·:'
- - ·-
BF'ZICN , _
...... ·-
. . .;:.:::::::<:_---.::·.1------.------t
18~tll
......
BF23CN 111-10 NFE-

IFE2N04
11
.

•EO

11 EO

\:~o'r.n BF ZI CNT 111-10 NFE- lhol10b 1ZEO

ta C..-12 N~2Mo BF Z3 CNO 17-11-02 NFE2N04 ,,. II 11b 13EO

18C..12N~ BF %1 CNO 17-11-02 NFE2ll-204 12'11112b \CEO

BFZICNDT 17-12 13all 13b SEO

BF ZI CNDNb 111-12 IFE-

r--. .. ,_, rn.Uo,ra. ia,,_

1 1 T - ...... No, llo--11-.
...11_,. f.lo.

"'
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312

.--~~~-,-~~~~----,-~-
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Z-9;o
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID 2
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vll-3.3 et TABLE Vll-3.4

. ..
.--·... ····..:··...
8
... ( ...••• ·••..••••,,.!•;.,
·~
II . ,:._·.,.·:_.:_·••:. •.
~
·.J . 40

20
120
~-->·-~
:"t.S"'
'. . . .
.• •••:
e:O .
e.o :: (1;:5:: · . ::
160 (6 ): ,.. 1,0 / "\ •..,....... • 22,5

:: ,:-< ::'..:-::~;~::::> . :~ ;.,a,/( ) .::::;~,.

l',a:::··. ::..• ~;.2
zo.o
17,5

~:::'.~::;~ ;:::::::: ::~

/i;; } ···./ 18 11.0·
·:·••;_:'(_ ~. 12.5
3.5··••/ s.a s.a

... .. .
.:\····.. ~···..:·:···>- llOPN
·...
.AP.:\ I 10 11 2&

,,.......d'........ ,, .......... -c
40
....----..
'·...·
---~-·-. •,
T_,,.,_"C _

- ...
•. '·-...-'..hs • 15 24 ~.s
•
...·:.:::::: ~-..:··- ..:> ... • ....... 11 I II
20 ... )} 2.S e.o 10 11 2& ·40
..··
!~9~
2.5 e.o 10 18 2& 40
2.45 5.t 15.7 24,5 39,Z

•.s
,.
2.25 &.7 11.Z 23,11 3IUI
250
300
350
400
m"
2.0
1.75
1,38

1.13

-
...
4.2
3,3

2.7
9.0
i,o
7.0
&.&
4,5
14,4
12.a
11.2
8.8
7.2
22,5
zo.o
17.S
13.8
11.3
.....
3IUI
3Z.O

2Z.ll

"v..... ~-- '""""#HM"'- .............. ,,,_

 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
24-11
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vll-3.5 et TABLE Vll-3.6

T-1:-•IO
_.... .~..<· ...·-...·:..- .... :'·.
18 26
.: ·· .....
/ ... ··411

..
.
40
.,._,

....
40

31.2
....
28,&

'2S,O

-.... ••*I d rt
.......
18 26 40
18 26 40
18
18
18
26
26
26
.
40

40
18 25 40
16.2 23,8 38
400 14,8 22,8 38,4

426 14.2 22,3 35.9

460 13,9 21,8 34,8 '

476 13,1 20,5 32,11

500 11.a 18,6 21.S
610 9,9 15,6 24,8
520 7,8 12,3 19,8
630 8,1 9,6 15.2
w
u
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP rnsy
GE 312

.--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-,.--~-,.~~
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
2 12
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES- P&ID 4-
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

..···-···-.

TABLE Vll-3.7

/·:;~S) · . -..
-~~~ ' ,:_::t~_§?f'
.... ::-..:~:-~---./ 40

/.
' /.:::<~. ·:?
··t~«V
26
25
,::>-- :::::::::.- 1&0 25
200 40

250 40
300 40
3&0 40

Ii
38,4
.3&,8

34,8
32,0
22;0

20.G
17.8
15.2.
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
I GE 312

C[J; ..--~--------.----------.-;.:•• ,;---i.

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE 24-13
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3 MATERIALS - LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vll-3.Ba et TABLE Vll-3.Bb ····-

. :·':::::·:::·~~::;.:~
.·..'.:'.: -:~:./<.:.:.: :?
.···.. .. .
2.S
,:' . .'."
10
,
18
...-- .... -.
•o
. ··-. ·..-1"-aton .r-.i ...,..,.wlqu•• en b8r,·~<!>-"<:"-./
:f--"·'' . .. ....... ·. u

::~>~::-::::· -~:···
20
so f;JO ·-.. _.
4,8
4.3
8,0
7.2 ' ·<.
. · .. .. ;:2;& .•··:.·
·~1.s ..
20.0
18.0
32.0
28,8
100 :-----.{~·-- . ._:. 3,9 8r::.::: ::.<;·1n;& 18,3 28,1
1so ..... ;·----~47-. 3.5 Si"\ : : 9A 14,7
200 .••• (?~,. 3,1 .>"1<::· :·:./ 9A 13,1
23,5
21.0
2!jQ •. .. . .//1.20 29 / .···".&·-- 77 12.o '19.2
.:;"a6' .·. ·-.... ...- 111 2:1 • ·:.'.:·<~;-··> 1:1
11.1 17,8

. ..-:;{·!:-:'.·::;:::> ::: <. . "-.:i'

"··. ···.so
'• ••
o.••
2.5 ..

'./~. :.o..·
:.3·/.:'.::· ··./
8,7
8
.3
8,0
...
10.4

9,4
18,7
16,8
15,0
"·soil 0,90 ...--p 3,5 5,8
u.o 14,4

. .. f~~~~a
Tablea' ,.b
.· . 10 E·O lvaleurs bs~es Sur Rp0,o 1l
<.:·-.... ··-......··
-.. ·-. ISOPN
. ·---- ··-·· .
2,5( --:: .......6 10 18
Tempiraturw
·c
8,6 14.4 23 36.9 57,3
.. ········ ·-.
·-··
::::·:::.~: 2.39
2.23
5,7
5.4
9.8 16,3 23,9 38.2
8,9 14.3 22,3 35,7
,...;.:.;;:::..::· .,:.- 2,01 4,8 8.0 12,9 20,1 32.2
: ~ 150 ~ : 1,80 4.3 7.2 11.S 18,0 28,8

(<:'';'.£'./ 1.63
1,52
1,41
•••
3,7
3,4
•.s
6,1
5,6
10.S

...
9,7
16,3
15,2
14,1
28,1
24,4
22,8
·-. ---· 350 1,34 3.2 5.4 8,5 13,4 21,5
400 1.29 3.1 5,2 8,2 12,9 20,8
450 1.24 s.o
500 1.21
3,0
2.9 ...
5,0
7,8
12,4
12.1
19.9
19,4

"Les relations pression I tempo!ralure des brides nonnalisees en aciers inoxydables, - sur R,..., tlennent compte des valeurs gs.- de
cette caract61stique lelles que donndes clans la norme NF A '36-209."
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP gggz:;;:
312 1.1.3

r=P=Ro=-=c=e~ss=-=E~N~G-IN_E_E_R_IN-G~D-E_S_IG-N~G-U-ID-E-,-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..,-.~~
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID 24-14
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vll-3.9a et TABLE Vll-3.9b

...
_,. ···./

2,6
• .. .. ·...
~·d-....i hydnuUquo0 en bat, 6 20 ~-- •• •••••• •••••
. .
··. ·.
~ , .· . . . :
-: ,/(.,,,;,~·-.·~·
3,26 .,..T.S. •. ·-... •••.-
')
13 20,9 ·.. ..,,.... _} ;

20 >A.;J

60 31,6

100 'D.9
160 15,8 25,2
14,1 22,9

13,1 21.0
12.2 tll,8

11,8 18;5
10,9 17,4
10,8 18,9
10,2 .....
.:::::·-.:~:·-.::::.·· ISOPN
rr--··'·· .,
2.5 ~-. ::••...!...·· 10 18 2&
'°
T_.,_.
'C ,....:.:..:·:··.::·.·-.::::- -d'-hwdr 111qu.. en bllt, It 20-C
... 9.2
~-\ •.
............ 16,3 24.0 38,4 81.4
·····-·····.. ...: PNaion mmdnMlle ... I I I en bar
.· ···.
20 /
•. •. .-: / 2,58 8,1 10.2 1... 26,6 .0,9
•·. 16,0 23,4 37,&
.Z::::::::: ·--->::: 5,6
5,1
9,4
8,6 13.0 21.2 34.0
f1~ '; 1.91 4,8 7,8 12.2 19,1 30.0

\~~~'
1,74 4,2 7,0 11,2 17,4 %1,9
2&.0

····!!50
1,81
1,&0
3,9
3,8
8,4
8,0 ...
10,3 18,1
16,0
14,3
24.0
22,9
1,43 3,4 6,7 9.2
400 1,39 3,3 5,8 8,9 13.9 22,2
460 1,39 3,3 6,4 8;7 13,8 21,7
600 1,33 3.2 5,3 8;5 13,3 21,3

. "Les relations pressicn I temperatue des brides normar.-

en acierS inoxydables, - . , ; sur R,.., tiennenl """"*" des valeurs garanUes de '
cette caracMristique telles que clonnMs dans la nonne NF A 36-209."
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP

C' .-----~------.-----.
....
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
24-15
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S.1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vll-3.10a et TABLE Vll-3.10b

~ ,. =- 1 1 1 0 c - . . . . - ... ,11,.._1

40
TMnp8rature
·c
63,4
.. .. .. .. .
. ·. . ..
---..'. .. ·· ..:····· Prwron maxim.a.~[' ~--fi;-~~~r·'
20 22.2 35,1
50 21,1 33,1
100 19,I 31,3
18,1 29,7
17,4 Xl,9
18,3 28,1
15,1 24.2
14,4 23,1
13,9 22.2
13,4 21.S
13.2 21.2 ..

....... ·.....· .
.. .. ··......·· ISOPN

/ 6 10 16 ·25 40
TempWature
•c Preulond'omihv* "•" enw.•20-c
·. ~-- ..•.::· 9.S 16.8 26,1 39.2 82.7
······ ,. ..
······· 40.. •, Prw1an ~ :ldml11ibl.., en_ bat
.2a···., i 2,61 6,3 10,4 18,7 28, 1 .,.
.:.~o···<:. . 2,47 5,9 9.9 15,8 24,7 39.S
2.31 5.S 9,2 14.S 23.1 ~.o

2,17 5,2 8.7 13.9 21,7 34,7

/.'. '.;',25;0.:;;<> 2.06 4,9 8.2 13.2 20,6 32,9

...... 31,l
\...;"·.. ~l .i
...... 300
1,9'
1,86 '"
4,5
7.S
7.•
12,4
11.9
19,4
18,6 28,7
·· .•....· 350 1,79 4.3 7.2 11.4 17,9 28,S
400 1,73 4,2 6,9 11,1 17,3 27,7
450 1,59 4,1 8.8 10.S 18,9 27.0
500 1,66 4,0 e.s 10,6 16,6 28.S

· "Les relations pression i lemp6raCUre des brides nonnaJ"r.o!es en aciers inoxydables, tiasees sur R,.,, Ciennert compte des valeurs garanties de
cette caracteristique telles que donr1Hs clans la nonne NF A 36-209."
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
GE 312 1.1.3

.---P-R_O_C_E_S_S_E_N_G_IN_E_E_R_l_N_G_D_E_S_IG_N_G_U_ID-E~----------------~....~.
24 16
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID -
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vll-3.11a et TABLE Vll-3.11b

_... . ....
·
2.S 8 10 18 26 / ··.>~.
,.,._...;~:~.... hydrau&que. en bar,• 20 •c {~···... ···.../
·" " I ,. ..... • • ·.,
3,2 1.1,....:::· ::-- <:_12.8 . • 20.3 I _.3),7·, ;.-- ."'/so:I
.. ··. ··. ·· ..· '·. ·..· .·· .. i

•
-:.:··-.. ~.n mMJm.a. ~.en~-... ·•... '··.//
a.• 13.S ,;' .. ::·-.:i,\;,_~· ..· ».*
8, 1 12,9,, • : ...:·-;;;;.. 32.'
7,4 11) ........ / -.,~. 29,S
8,8 ..-\ii.S"·>· "-,, 1e.e 21.a
6,1 {.(. ~.;·-•.~·..1 ... 16.2 24>
S.8 . .... ··... u../..:· ,,, , 2U
5.2 ./.::: ;·1.::::~···· 13.1 21,11
s.O.. ·... ,..-··-..s,s 12.a 20,1

....::.u.::~-- .. .:::;.- 7,7 12,8 19,2

<.::;.'<'... 7,3 11"

18,2

·...
·~
..·
•
7,1 11,1 11.a

.····)
: t .o Cvaleurs -
Tableeu 11b: ~'\S-15 our l\,o,o11
..
.. . ·· ...
:
... . ".......
'• ISOPN

2,5 .......:!·.:··... 10 16 25 40

y_,,........,. •.. ~- ...'"lo~=:..:·..~.. cr....i hyd-·-.·tt. on bar, a 20-C

"C . •. •. .
. ·. ··-. ....
3.7~\ ..... "·r
•
15 24 37,S 60

..... .
.........\ Preslion....,. ........ on bar

20
. -:.::::.1° 8,0 10,0 16,8 25,0 ......
60 .:. ·-.../,1:'1 6,8 9,8 15.4 24.1 3U
••••• 'l.~1 B,8 14,2 22,1 35.A
:;.~.:::::: ........ t~1
6,3
32,2
•.a 8,8 12,9 20,1
2ob \ ::.) 1,88 •.S 7,4 11,9 18,6 29;1

,..-:::~"::::::: .· 1,.74 4.2 7,8 11.2 17,4 27,9

I: 300.' \
\.. ~....a&I).) }
1,81 3,9 ... 10,3 16,1 2U

·-····--···.· 1,54 3,7 8,2 9,9 15,4 24;1

400 1,60 3,S 8,0 9,8 15,0 2•.a
450 1,44 3,5 S,B 9,2 14> z:u
500 1.42 3,4 S,7 9,1 14.2 ..22.8

"Les relations pressian I temp6ralure des brides nannaJisees en aciers ina>cydables, - sur R_. llennent ccrq>le des vaJeurs garantles de
cette caracl*lstique teUes que donMes dans la narme NF A 36-209." .
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP
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Poge
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
24-17
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vll-3.12a et TABLE Vll-3.12b .·····

.......
' ..
...
~

.• NF E 'l!l-005

:
.· .... ·....·
·.........
..··::.> ··./
2.S

. . ).···"!14:£
3.• '•
•.'
..-····•.3'·.
.. ·. ·. 13.7 21.11/ ....
.· ... .···.
.. .
. ....
22.8 38.'
21.8 34,8
19,7 31,i
18,0 28,8
18,3 28,1
15,2 2•..
14,1 22.S
13,3 ~1,3

12,8 2M
12.• 19.i
12,2 19.8

T1blea,u:i;:;·~Ule
. . . .. . 14 E 0 lvaleurs baslles sur R,.o,o1>
ISOPN
....
Temperature
~~ ...::::, >·. 6 10 18 25

·c
·...... ·- ...:::·-.::··· 9,8 18.1 26,7 40,1 6',1

..
"{s1 6 .. 10,7 17,1 Ze,7 '2.7
:::;::.:::) 2,56 6,1 10,2 16,4 25.S <0.9

'.::<'.'.~;;:_;·. :::' ...

2.3' 5.6 9,4 15.0 23.. 37.S
. 2,12 5,1 13,6 21,2 34,0
1,97 4,7 7.9 12,6 19,7 31,i
.···· '·· •• .200 1.86 •.s 7,4 11.9 18,6 29,7
('(·-·· ·::'"i
..... ··... :·::....
·....
300
350
400
1,13
1,67

1,60
...
3.8
4,2 6.9
6,7
6.4
11,1
10,7
10,2
17,3
16,7
16,0
27,7
28,7
25.ll
450 1,57 3.S 6,3 10.0 16,7 25,1
500 1,5' .• 3,7 6,2 9.9 15,4 24,7

"Les relations pression I tern~ des brides nonnarisees en aciets lnoxydables, - sur R..., tiennent compte des valeurs garanties de
. cette caract~ tenes que don,.,. clans la norme NF A 36-209. •
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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24-18
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3 MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

TABLE Vll-3.13a et TABLE Vll-3.13b

,.._,., ..... ,.,o ___ .._,

2.S 8 10
.... 18 25 1: /· ..),.. __
,.....;;..er
.·. ......
. . hychul...,. en blir, ' 20 -C ..:::.·.·.··.... ··-·

3.&

·:.....···....~ ·. .. . ..

•
•.
. .. ...--- ............._.n . b11t"·· •• ••••.• "~·//'
'
:::::;~~~~;::
·'
. .. . .
::~-.:~.:;·
..
n.a

-
20 2,33 9,3 14,9 i
50 Ut l.O 14..4."'·· //··22;.t
'' <. ;;;.8
100
150 :.::--· . ..<.:·~ti::.
... 4,7
1,2
7,9
13,2'·-••:··

,.-:ru::::<. ••._:; 18,7 ,,_.

·';8§.:.:··. ..~"-;.
... 4,8 '.·.11.. ·.,

-
200 7.4 18,8 'ZU
'•
260 <
! {;14 4.2 7,0 \JI;.-.//
:,";.:.;.;~--··'
17.4 n•
:.> .>:~::::·:.
300 3,9 8,4 /:: 18,1

-~J
......·-.ft~
350 ,./ •./,/ :)
3,7 16,8 24,9

··. )~ ..
,.,/·:/ ... "·.>:.&
400 • ••• 3,8 .::--;: 9,8 15.0 24.8
3.& 9.3 14,8 :a.a
siis···<::·· ... 1,43 3,4 &,t... ) 1,2 14,3 :a.a
.·····.~. . .
. . . .. .
Ttbl•u 13b : flolJll!le"1~'1!·~ Cvaleurs .......,. sur R,o.o11

18 25

.·.....:---.:'
.. .....=-::·;;.:;;;;...
.. d'- ~ . . . . . . bar,. 20 'C

4,1
.
{ ...... •..... ¥
·....
18,4 28.1 40,8 ....

....-
..····---~ ··..
·····----- ....· ,,_._ ..,..,.. . .,er. a1, ... Nr
20 ...-::~;t; 8,5 10.9 17.4 27.2
50 .-::_ ~
•. ...... 1,2 111.4 18,8 28,0 4...

-->·tb.·

-
100 ••••• &.8 8,7 15.& 24.2
150 / / ' " <\2~ 5,5 1.2 14,8 22,9
200 ~. \ ..
::.··) /2,18 5,2 8,7 13,9 21,8
....:.:f~' ·>::
' ..

-....
2,07 6.0 8,3 13.2 20,7 33.1
:~300\: 1,94 4,7 7,8 12,4 19.4 31,1
'<~_::·:/ 1,88 4,8 7,6 12,0 18,8
400 1,82 4,4 7,3. 11,7 18.2 21.2
460 1.78 4,3 7.1 11.4 17.S
' 600 1,78 4,2 7.0 11.2 17.S 211.1

' "Les relations pt9SSion / lempl!rature des brides nonnallsees en ac1ers lnoxydables, -
cette caracljristlque telles que donno!es dlins la norme NF A 36-209."
...- R,.... tiennent """"* des vareurs garanlies de •
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE ....

25
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

3 STEEL BEHAVIOR AT LOW TEMPERATURE

3.1 NORMAL CONDITION OF SERVICE

t2.D.
~

3.2
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.-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---,.--~-~-.~;
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PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

4 CORROSION ....····...
4.1 CORROSION ALLOWANCE _..-_/::>:;:~--~?)
_

When there is a risk of a specific corrosion, the corrosion allowance'~--~-deterrnined

from the corrosion tables available at the Documentation Dep;;iiinien(-S6me of these
tables are attached in this chapter. /:-<>··.. ·..-
This corrosion allowance will ,tl·~~~~errnined for a minimu_in:=:r~~::s~;-~::-~f the equipment,
generally fixed for 10 years . .-··.>·.·<'..
······.·} /
/ .: ......!---·.:··.-"
./.-···, ··-.: ··
7-~-~~~~-:i:,~en 90d::~~~ to
1
In several cases and it is for a characterise or with
variable quality of fluicl. ti;:rUC!e...-oil for example), the.i'e)s-..F10 reference table and the
corrosion allowance i$:·a~~~ned experimentali}'.:-......-::...-···•. >
.~.. ...:.......···... . ......:···.. :··...
In this case nomia[ty/cai'bon steel is used..-\ititR."iioi'rcision allowance of 3 mm for the
moderately cqfl'.oSiv~.'fllpds (i:rude oil, non d~~~lph~~sed cut, etc... ). ·
[( ) ·; ····.. .....::-:.:..- .. ··
The corroi;;~ri"·-~lleW'.a'nce is reduced t(1·:.f.lil·m1t;1 when the risk of corrosion is low (for
example/il@~(i;·butane, light gaso~)ift~rCfesulphurisation).
...··.. ·..·-:· ........ .··:h ... ···... ·:~
It is .iri~~~'ed::t~ 6 mm and everl~~fer f~r the services particularly corrosive (H2S +
water"at..the. condensation), no other"e.C,anomically and technically acceptable solution
can be proposed. .....,
r··;.····;:::·~~~--/
To be noted that it is gel)~rllh>r.a~ifue to take no corrosion allowance when designing a
hydrocarbon storage tan'k..\:n~(E!ss"lhere is a possibility of water decantation together with
the presence of H,S (9~!'.l:~f.M-qase for hydrocarbon tanks or hydrocarbon slop tanks).
l'·.::···.·.·--..:··-··
Finally, different cpi;to~"[oi:i':allowance may be specified for a given fluid depending on the
equipment mainlajf'labllity'. For example, for boiler type equipment, the corrosion
allowance is 3':iiiiii'.Where else 1.5 mm for the line that the maintenance is done or even
changed ~eotly :···tfie operation that is not been normally done on the principal
material. <:·:·..->
When/~~b;;j~::;.~teel type 18/8 is used, the phenomenon of corrosion is not to be
worrieid';.~ z<irP corrosion allowance can be used. ·
·.. ·---·· :
1(~:~;~.;;;;;~ible to limit the corrosion in certain part of an equipment by application of
c"Qitting'·I
·.._____ ..,.
• synthesis coating : plastic or paint
• concrete lining
• metallic plating

Precaution shall be taken when using the first two type of coating because they are very
fragile and the basic metal can get corroded very fast They are not suitable for the
security system in case of coating deterioration. It is advisable in this case to foresee an
admissible corrosion allowance to minimise this risk.
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PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

Somehow, when metallic plating is used, this will substitute the 9orrm;ion allowance.
However, one has to verify, especially for an equipment with a srµ~l(ifil~Rness, !hat the
cost of basic metal + plating is cheaper than the cost of having th'e.iJ;~~ye metal at the
same grade as the plating for the equipment. Nevertheless, certai.M:platirig grades might
have welding problems with the basic metal. The faisability 9(tb_is... 0iH)iave to be verified
with the Boilermaking Department. ./-::' ···... ::/

4.2 HYDROGEN CORROSIOllf.":··..

.. \ : <.-/::----<::::--.
.. ..
4.2.1 Corrosion at high te~~-~~f~e <:'.'.~:~;:.;: ;~·:)"·_-_-.:-
Steels are sensiti_ye::-~:;};~;~~en corrosion <;tl_-:;~y:.;;\~d/temperature. It is due to the
property of mond8tt:111)ie-·h~drogen to diffuse-.ll}fo-.tiie/metal and then to react with the

carbon , whi~-~'.::~::.:::::::;.>· ..... .-:::::·-~·::<:.:··-./

• Reduc~.i!'lefr't:l)echanical propertiei//'"··--.. \ ...
• Leaqs:to'th~-fotmation of methane 'gk& th~f produce blisters and cracks

Hydr.Og~;~l'r1lion is well knowf_(';E~~~~-~n that refer to Nelson graphs published in

AP.l:'94.f.{s~ figure 1). _.. ... :::--.__'-....

_...(Z~;~----~~:;~~n published in -;;£.~'ry -~-~97 confirms the deletion of graphs related to

·:..:ca~l;I steel 0.5 Mo. Utilisation"of this steel beyond the limits acceptable for carbon
steel is not advisable. ..-:::::-',-..
(( .(.~.;·.>·
On the graphs, zone~---~hic;l{ are delimited by the discontinued lines, correspond to
hydrogen corrosion"~·leads to surface decarburisation. (modification from late edition
of April 1990). (-~;;::::'.::.)

The new edtt~~--~;:~:~uary 1997 supersede the graph of 3.0 Cr - 0.5 Mo. Utilisation of
3.0 Cr - 0,.5._M6. steE!t' is replaced by the graph 3 Cr - 1 or 2.25 Cr - 1 Mo - V

1997 .~i~i~~--~-~cifies that the temperatures indicated on the graphs represent the
avera"g:e-.-~j)erating values around which a fluctuation of
:!:. 20 °F (:!:. 11°C) is to be
cQAsidere(l;,user may or may not include this range when selecting the steels.

~~~:~s
..... .. -~nge is used, it is applicable only for the operating conditions.
(;~-----~hi~--~~carburisation does not lead to cracking but lead to a reduction of allowable
"-<::::s6r\straint, of hardness and to the increase of steel ductility.

Zones which are delimited by the continue lines correspond to an internal

decarburisation in the heart of the metal with the formation of methane that lead to the
formation of cracks and blisters.

Graphs of API 941 are applicable also for the equipment functioning in liquid phase with
dissolved hydrogen, the partial pressure of hydrogen to be considered as the partial
pressure of the vapour at the equilibrium state with the liquid.

.
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.----~~~~~~~~~--.-~·
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28
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

_.,.·:~:::::.:·.:~··i
Hydrogen corrosion at high temperature will only appear after....pe{tair:i/ period of
incubation related to the nature of the steel and to the utilisation coOd°i).it:>n>Graph 2 can
be used as refference for actually limited utilisation in time of C?.fbl?ri.:~~~l beyond its
normal limit of utilisation. This constraint will be clearly specifie.<:!'t(i th·e·~s·ued document
(specification, PIO, operating manual).
.....
>·-..
...
1j··..
···......
......... "\ .: .. ····..
However, it is preferable to .~tiqci¢e noble metal that has--.fi·o...~Jlstraint of exposition
limitation to hydrogen at higfr·te·m.P~ture./ ./() ;.:-.:··;·-·
::·-
.:·-.:···.. ..~·..' ..·.~:··..~ ::.....:...:
Finally, the implemen~tiaft.;.Qf.)liermal treatment ,Q(--tij~.:·~qiiipment limits the risk of
hydrogen corrosion ?,f-J:!lg!)·-teniperature. However;·-~is..i!Jiplementation does not allow
the derogate the limft.~ciQ~d by the graphs p~~:ea·m-·lhe APL

.------~ ·.
.::..•.•.....:·.-_·.:·
..---..

..
~···\
 TECHNIP '™~·
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~ r-~~~~~~~~~~~~~--,-~~~~~-G-E~~-3-1_2~~-1._1._3_'~-l-.--!-O-.
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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
29
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

4.2.2.

:t::::,::::~::::~to ~· doocM" of
steel when the temperature decrease.
ool"bility .od
../.:'.
~{~;i;~;, ; ;'.f
··· ... ::/
hydrogoo io

In normal operation, stel'(l\i\charged with hydrogen:::~~··i~::~ecaution

has not been
taken, there will be : <.././ · < _... ..... "··..:"';.
:·:···.~:·:i ~ .: ·.-·...
l ....::~) ,:.:~~--~ ·...
• a formation of.Jn.t~n.'?I:. ·cracks, blisters ~·.'.'pl<!!iaj/ detachment during a rapid
depressurisa.}~~~::.~::·:::>... <:::::::::~::::.:::·./
• a rupture ~~ri~9::{t:ie repressuring, d0:~··.t\!,.tll~' drop of mechanical properties of
hydrogen.ct.ii:if9Eld steel. ........:··... "·,
··..... ::. . ..-·...···-........ ··.:
So, it wQliict:h~:~d~isable to : ( '-..,_ ))

• .c!Yi'i.~::i11i.:~hut-down, to re.~·~-~.:)~~~~~~sively and in stages the temperature to

. (~llow' ~¥<1rogen outgassinfk::<.>..
..:,.> ··-... ·--.·:...' ......:·· :: / ·-:
>·,
. .<~> to p'ui on pressure at a cei'taJn<temperature in which the hydrogen is dissolved again
' ..' ""in)he steel, during th~_start-up/

4.3 TEMPERATURE EM~~;·;:'.;~:fMENT

This type of corrosii~:~~:~~~~ost difficult to be taken into consideration.
.· ----~- l

It correspondf~.'~~:~~dification of temperature of sofVfragile transition zones for the

equipment t!i;it"t1s~:.2. Y4 Cr and 3 Cr grades and operating at 343°C to 528°C (650 -
1000°F). ,.-WtteiJ. the' equipment is brought down to this transition zones, i.e between
ambie~,t't~mp-e~~ure and 100 °C, it leads to fragile ruptures.

Stea~:,~~ contain les than 2 Y4 % of Cr or more than 3% of Cr is not concerned by this

p,t-1(!11orneo.0n.
/ :... '•.,., ...:
A"--.re!Sfion has been established between this type of corrosion and the
/.:::) ll)]Qratlon/diffusion of certain impurities from the metal to the grain boundaries,

<:::::::t~ls relation is shown by the following formula.

J = (% Si+% Mn)(% P +%Sn) 104

This factor is about 300 for the steel used in the past and had been brought to 100 in

•
the steel used actually,

This precaution is not sufficient and generally, it is required to complement with a test
for the steel used fro the construction of the equipment. This test is called "step cooling"
~
or "step wise cooling". This test has to be representative for a life span of 20 years.
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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.---~~~~~~~~~--r-~•
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE ';;;
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

4.4 CORROSION BY SULPHUR . .-·: >': :}: :; ~;~ :°)

Sulphur compounds present in petroleum products generate corro.510.rt" t,tlfit increases
rapidly above 260°C. /)" ··· ... :·..-:/

Its corrosivity depends on the pt_1Y,pe of sulphur .. compouQd~:: ·~~::°t£ie ··;~mperature at

which they decompose and th{l/~!1/e of the products of tt)~.(!ee<OR\position .
.(··.·.:··...:. (._) .'' /:~.·-j !,:::··~··.. /
With the absence of hydro~~>IJ'.re.~ached graphs 111.13.~d.!if..~.~ be referred to.

The graph Ill gives the:f;~~b;e

corrosion for'~~::~~;;;-~!
grades of steel .on the @
basis of TEXAS crude'.~:t5:7,~ sulphur. ( ..·.,-:::/···.. >
......... .............··:.· . .......:···.. ... :··
The graph IV corresP.otJ~ to the foreseeable ~la,n..fur petroleum products containing
0.6% sulphur.((::::? )~:;··..> /:··;. .:·.~:::://
These gra~ a~~·etjly indicative. ./( ) :·:···-.
~.<~~·.::: ..·:;: .:·. . :;}··· /:::::~:-::·.~::..:··.j
4.5 CORf{~IOk:~ H2S WITH THE AAE~~NC~ OF HYDROGEN AT HIGH
TEMPi:~f.!JRE (ABSENCE OF LIQl:.l{\l WATER)
·...
In these conditions, graphs V~:~;:VE,(COUPER
AND GORMAN graphs) are to be used,
which its usage is general, ~p.6)ifean also be used, older document
-:..:::·. ::~·--·····
. ..·---.:::.,.
~ '•:

4.6
CORROSION BY.~.~~;~-~~_... -
This denomination\ir,np!Y·tfie presence of water liquid. It happens at low temperature
with or without .flyCfro.9ei;i.
...---... •....
Three forrn{~f.:t~s type of corrosion is to be known :
:::··
........ ..~··::-
• Ge,Ji,eralill~ eorrosion and by pitting
• Sulffde str\iss cracking
• ,..-:f.lyd.rpgen'induced cracking. This type of corrosion is due to atomic decomposition of
i (H2S'~~ Hand HS and not to the presence of molecular hydrogen
.....:::::::·::..:
4.6.1 Generalised corrosion and by pitting

The precaution can be taken against this type of corrosion :

•
• By having a sufficient corrosion allowance
• By injecting a corrosion inhibitors
• By applying an appropriate coating.
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

......
,.·· .······.
4.6.2 Sulfide Stress Cracking .. ' ····...•.

Sulfide stress cracking will affect high elastic limit steel with.• of water liquid t,"he·;~~~~e
(water liquid I gas diphasic or liquid I hydrocarbon liq!-Jic( I g·as)i"iphasic) at normal
temperature. //--..:·· ....

This type of corrosion, studied for .;?~~;~!arty up5t~~-;;;~)~tallations,

is subjected to
NACE standard : MRGl-:f5,.)q know whether the...(i~".(if-,C6rrosion exist, the attached
graphs (graph VII) ~t{~ci.¢~"rrom this standar~--~ri:_fJa-'..tised. If this risk exist a more
precise standard ~~.sP~\fy/ ,.<:·<:···..":·. :
• The accep~~.;i~·;;~ls ::~::.~".".".:::~.:·/ (··..
• The acc~pt#ie·~!lnealing condition ..······.><:··.,
• The maxirnaf·admissible hardness l!iffei''d.Eissfress treatment
shall be(J~;~ <;-:;··../ .......;.. :~".::::://

.-·:'.<'.~:.'.: ?:. :.;-~,: : ·:. : :_: ;(~: :'.:!:.~: : :>

...
4.6.3 ...-:fJY<i.r~~]'e-~ Induced Crackin°!J·::::·<::'..
~... ··.... ···: ·· .....:
This ·Corrosion is dueAO::~.. dissociation of H2S to HS and H, with hydrogen atom
migration in the steel tti~n4h~ .i:'econstitution of molecular hydrog-en, source of blisters.

Eventhough the ~~~;t~.'~:~di·~;~ns

in which this corrosion might occur is not completely
characterised, i( SE!&ms...fhat it affects particularly carbon steel with the presence of
humid H,S at ~m61ei.iHemperature.
<. . . ·......-.~·-.;:···
In this case •. i:Jtuisatfon of this steel is advisable :
: ··.
• sm~:.~~·,;·d~adsteel or dead steel
• i.:ow~·lfur steel (<0.003 %)
·..--·.:SJ~lci;>ntaining Cu or rare earth
i ( cO~i~ steel.
·....·.... ___ ..:,.:
/:.::::~~-information is only indicative.
(··.'.::::::::>

w
"
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PART 1 - SECTION 1 32
S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

4.7 POLYTHIONIC ACID CORROSION .... ;.(:{~~:·>)

This corrosion is for grade 300 steel used between 360 and 700
' ... ·.. ··..·,.:~;··/
°c;/"<>::.> .·
It is due to the precipitation of chromium carbide at the content of grain,1"$00~-~:::.;he
chrome is reduced that induct?--.a--.reduction of protection .pFQyidEll:J.:by chrome and a
possible attack by polythionic ?JG'i~) / ..... ::··-..">-..
-!'·-.:::·· ..~. ::..~ .' //~:·") !.::~·-.;·-.:
This happens normally d,1:1ci.~.)h~---shut down opera~en ..y..ft~ithere is a presence of
ferum sulphide, water ap.~(QxYrl~_h'at the same time.,.::·· .. >··.>·./
Two palliatives : _...:::<~::::;~~~:./ ·'·· "::.:·:.::::::::.:·>
a. Use 321 or 34i:·~~~t;~~:;.:~~ese stainless.~~~j~:~~:-~:bilised
with TI for the first one
and Nb for,.~tle' S~eQfld. These metals h~~ th~ affinity with carbon, that prevent the
precipitati6tj of ~~romium carbide in/~··-eY.iiie8 conditions. It is said that they are
insensitiv8'·ti»-t~·phenomenon. //""; ,...•..,

b. Neµ4.t~~~~~,-~~ polythionic ac[c:(b~:~~~:-:olution, during the shut off.

l::::'.::::::::;:---..:· ·:..:::::~:'.:~::
4.8 NAPHTENIC ACID CORR~f~>-,
Hold. <::::·:~:~::::~~::·:'../
............. ·::
·::~.

.:\':::~:::~~~:::~;···'
4.9 C02 CORROSl_Q~\\. ·-... _.:-

Deward an9·:~i~i~~-~:::i'.nonogram
(see figure XI) will be used. This monogram gives
normally a{ tonservative value of the corrosion rate because it has not taken into
accoun~JJ:IEi))~~ivation coat at the surface of the metal when C~ is associated with
other QQmPQilerilS (for example H,S). ·

,. -;: : ~·:"-:'.:~ ~: ~>'

4.10 C~d.$10N
......·
·~-
BY CHLORIDES AND SEA WATER
.
Hold.
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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,,,,.
33
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

.....
...··:::........·\
TABLES OF CORROSION GRAPHS .'···.>··-. ))
Graphs I and II Hydrugen corrosion. API 941
(Nelson graphs) ../.::·.
Ec{.'.ra~~~~~-~97
··...::/

Graph Ill : ... ··:::.:·crude oil corrosion at 1.5'.;i~~;-~~;;hur,

. . . NACE Data.
<'·.. _/,:'
' '
..····. . ··.... ··...
Graph IV -:'.;<~>·-}tydrocarbon corrosi(:lh::?(tf;~;%. of sulphur, NACE Data.
.::·-...:··...:."-:(Mac CONOMY gr~ptj)-- .. '·-././
Graphs VA to v_r;ef::.·::~::·;t~'.·::> ... H S corrosion Jn '~~~~~~;i"~f hydrogen at high
2
'-.-.><>-> temperature, N~ Data (COUPER/GORMAN graphs)
Graph VI ... '.::::-.~·:·::("-..> · H2S corrQi:\i6~::~::~;~~ence of hydrogen at high
/.>_... ,..._:---..' temperatli.fe._g~i:l-osion Data Survey (Ed. 1967)

Grapb'J~~::::::::·> SSG.. ,~;1~t;;·;;~it by humid H,S,

/ (/./ .-·., NAGl::·~R.01-75.

/::~;~~~"~{.. .:~f~:si~~:by caustic solution, Corrosion Data Survey.

~ .•• ·•·· ..•~::.. ·· .. ,l
Graph IX _..:;::::.:,.-..~ulphuric acid corrosion,
! '. <-->C'orrosion Data Survey

::: :. (~.;~~':;,,<::~::·:::.D~~d MILL~S

......:-
.··---.'.."
_::··------
... ··.
.·::~··:~~-~:~_.)
.. ..

•
 ---- --------------------------------,

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.--~~~~,--~~~~--.--.e
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PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID 34
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

GRAPH I - Hydrogen corrosion at high temperature

••
•
;
~
i

::· ./ .. ..-\ ,.. : ·1,~-·~··l'-l--l--1-1

'·
··. .......
. ·. I
. .
•: ··.
..
i ,/ · . ··:.. i .. ' : - i
Jail-4-1--1-~-1-++::~-1-~-~1+·~··~(+:~:-.+-1-+-+-111-+-+-li
!f H-t--H-+-1-+-i-!
'1 -+-t-+."-"11· J'Jl.· --· / ,
l
I
i l
- ::..: ..: I·_,__ lI
l i ·:··-·# 5 i.
~
}
f ~
!<·
I ·' ·-.
i .....
.,.
. . ?
.. ..:· ! -
~
-
! l
J

. .-. ··. ··J I

: ··r./ :'j I

•• /. ::: ··. .. ·' I 11-+,..i..+-+-+-+-1-+-+-HI

·.::1. iY •-
II' t- r--Q'-
' • ; 1-1--+-+-+-il-l-t--t-i
..· ., .._ ·.. :'. i 1..- - !11-1--+-+-+-H--1-t--t-i
/ ,. • ( • I ~ ~ ~+--l--4-<~-1--1--1
'- .:···-·'..- i i / /' -- ii e I~>-
'; 1- I .,!J-1-+-H
H--1--'l,!ia-<
:il-4-1-+.-j~-.l-+-,~//+..Ei"r~-~~-l-+.-j!-""F"-t-t--J,.-oll-if-9'-+-t-f-1§
! -
I I ;
I I ....... 1:b
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

..····· ..
..··... -- ........
:' :' ·, ',
GRAPH II - Hydrogen corrosion at high temperature. '-.. ··.... //

(:ilcc.;bation period of carbon steel) • <; _.,>. . :.~>:>'

.-: : : :·:'.:~: ::- :::::....
....

t3.7ll 17.24

500

i
I
i

API 941 - Ed. January 1997 (NELSON Graph)

w
0
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.-P-R_O_C_E_S_S_E_N_G_IN_E_E_R-IN_G_D_E_S_IG_N_G_U_ID-E~----------------.--';9°-~~·
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID 6
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

GRAPH Ill - Sulphur Corrosion

CORROSION ALLOWANCE • •
.····-... .:.··- ....
....·,:...) ) ·-......__
140..---...---.--.(~--.:;,.::·f-.."'::,.,:(_~__ -.--.•, ~-.--_.-_:·---=-_._._;",_-.-;_·.: ·".~•:-__::__-.....·~- _::·
:··-.:. ...·:.:·-:'
·:"·.. ...

9 CR - I MO STEEL

corrosion rates of steels in crudf: oil containing 1.5

percent sulfur.'

SOURCE : NACE

,•
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PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

GRAPH IV - Sulphur Corrosion

(Mac Conomy graphs)

...~_:·
.... .: ···./
:'::.:··· ...
. _·:~·-·
,_._ :.·_.·.:_._)
~-
'·· .. ··...
'
200 ,----,---;-~..,,.-'.,,.---,-___,,..;._-,--~.:,...~·::.,..·..,"".::::.,:--,.:,_··:·.,;_>_ ___,
.... :'.~- - - - . . .~·.-::,-> .....'.:.-: j))-~
100~~---.···~.-....
.. ·•. . ...
•'. ·. ..
~--·.·._;.-~···./
. ..·.
§
...
·. ·..
....
·....
... /
/ ·. ··.:.
---· / . . . .... --
··....... . . / y·· ·."·.. ... ......

.·: .........:·· ·.
.· ··.
.....:: ·., i /
'··..... iB/8 SS/

{('(;:~ -~...: . ,,.,..::-::•: :.l~by h~-tem.:.

\.:::::::'./ ture hydrogen sulfide in hydrogen-free environments.

SOURCX NACE
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38
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

CARBON STEEL - GAS. Oll /··~:~::::.-.:~·\

• l < I

. ...···-- ··.:
<.. •./ /
<~:5;;:/)·:.>
<".'""·i.R·E:DfC TED
'•
t.O
(C:.:ORK0.SION RATE
".:·Mtt,~··'PER YEAR *
f!~~-,
.··::.":;;;>i}:::·:~;--··
·•~ .-:. .-:. ...... i .. 100
.....
0 ··<:. 50607\
':(~~) \\\\\
:E 0. t
.,;
N
:c

\{'0:,~') . .
_...::::_::::'...~::) COURBE VA

. 0.01 .-::. ::::.).)

·.. . ..
(<'.~:SY. .> H2S CORROSION
IN PRESENCE OF HYDROGEN
AT HIGH TEMPERATURE
/ .··:~.; ..... ____ ..·
. ...... (COUPER/GORMAN Graph)
\._ ..::::::>

0.00 I L _ _--1.._ _ _L--...L.---1:-:----'----::10~0::0:-----

400 600 800
TEMPERATURE, "F SOURCE llACE
• MILS = INCHES/1000
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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C·.-------~-----~
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
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PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

5 °/0 CR STEEL - GAS 0 IL .:;<.::5)

lOr.:--~--;~~...-...--.--r--r--.-r-rr~~-,-~--~-~.7.
... :-~·~·~:.-"--~~

.
. :>. .. ':_:_.:::::?

............. l>R E DICTE D

/_.-··c·ORllDSION RATE
·:.···,·.-·;;i.1i.s PER YEAR it

<.-: :~: ·:::::.~/_:.. .·

1.0

•~
...... .
0
:::;: 0.1

COURBE VB
H2S CORROSION
IN PRESENCE OF HYDROGEN
AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

(COUPER/GORMAN Graph)

.. 0.001 t__ __ t_ _ __J__ __ _ J L - - - . 1 . - - - - J . . - - - - J . . - - - - - '

400

" MILS = INCHES/l"QQO

600 800
TEMPERATURE, f 0
1000

SOURCE : NACE
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.--P-RO~C-ES-S~E-N_G_IN_E_E_R_IN-G~D-E_S_IG~N-G_U_ID-E-.-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r-:-~-~·~
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES - P&ID 40
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

9 % CR STEEL GAS OIL

.······..

,'.~~t~
·"~~,.
1.0

/} c,;>j;:, · ,,
.-:<~(:~:'.: : '.~ ~ : >,!;\
•
._, "'0 ···....>
0.1
:IE
.
'
.,,....
:c

COURBE ye
....... ·.
~

. :..........:::::· H2S CORROSION

<?~~'.:?
: IN PRESENCE OF HYDROGEN
AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

0.01 :?:::::::;·:)·. .> i (COUPER/GORMAN Graph)

rs~'::'
0.0011__~~1-~~-1~~~1-~~-L::---~--l:....-~--:-1~00~0;:--~--
400 600 800
TEMPERATURE, •f SOURCE : NACE
• MILS = INCHES/1000
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~! .-------------.--------..,----,
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41
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

12% CR STAINLESS STEEL -

10
>I!
•_,
0
::;: 0. I

COURBE VD

H2S CORROSION
IN PRESENCE OF HYDROGEN
AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

(COUPER/GORMAN Graph)

0.001'--~~-l..~~~.1......~~-l..~~~...L...~~_JL--~~-'-~~--'
400 600 800 1000
• MILS TEMPERATURE, •f SOURCE : NACE
= INCHES/1000
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Litt?
1.1.3

.-~~~~~~~~--.-~~~~~~~~~~--.~~~~
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1- SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID 42
PROCESS MANUAL (DATABOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

18-8 STAINLESS STEEL - GAS OIL

1.0

0.6

........
'
~

:o 0.1
:E

COURBE VE

H2S CORROSION
IN PRESENCE OF HYDROGEN
! .· ... . AT HIGH TEMPERATURE
. \ .··......~.)
..........·· (COUPER/GORMAN Gnq>h)

800 1000
TEMPERATURE, •f
• MILS = INCHES/1000 · SOURCE : NACE
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GE 312 1.1.3 I I I 0

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PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

GRAPH VI - HzS Corrosion at high temperature

in presence of hydrogen , <::::::.:::>
. ....... /
.·. ·....
STEEL CONTAINl~ 1 G 0 TO 10% Cr ,- ·. /:.'
...
/...
.·.
....

,.·· ....\~3_d/
·-·· ·.•
·.
STEEL AT
<"•:
,' : ..... ·· ........

...,

~ ..
.... ..· ·· .. ·...:-
·:.. \ ~
···,.....
'$TAINLESSSTEEL 18% Cr-8% Ni

PARTIAL PRESSURE OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE, BAR

•
s
w
"
RESISTANCE TO CORRQSION OF DIFFERENT SIEELS
IN PRESENCE OF HYQROGEN SULFIDE AND HYDRQGEN

(From CORROSION DATA SURVEY - NACE - Houston - Ed. 1967)

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GRAPH VII - SSC Corrosion by humid H2S . .. -- .. .

Source : NACE MR 01 75

' .. .,,;(:j~i;)
..... ~
.
" . .
•
.:··../

...
. ·: ··.. : -
./ ··..
....
-
IO • • •

~··..
'
··-...,::
•
I .~••• llOl'IU•21;.;~
,/,:....·:.··-..."21 ..
({ .::..... ~!
FIG~E 1\:- ~~'!!"'!'-
AAI -
·~

._...,...... 1.3.tl.
-'I •I

(-~~~:~~~'.:~:.:;:~::.¥N..H•
·-~.
... •• •• •• 7" 1
_, - "I
f----l--l--l-l......W..._~_.~_:_·~
-
..~
.
.. --1-+~,H+H-~~i-+++t+tji----!---!-+-l-~fH-~.\--~,-+-<~

-
j
~
: \
.
. ..
.
SUl.flDI! ""'
• ._1
!

i '
·- . '· . . .
..
= .
i
•
,. (
--·· ..:
'
.

•
FIGlllE 2 - Sour oultiphase s~
•• ... ¥•• - I
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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~'.---------~----~~
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PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES- P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

GRAPH VIII - Corrosion by Caustic solution

CAUSTIC SODA SERVICE GRAPH::(:;<~·:.-..'.)

<~· <.,··:~~-·:·~··.·.·:.~~····
..·::- ·.

.·····.

IN AREAS ·r re·
100

200

180
.....:· ····...
~i:. . !;:~~ . ::~:··.,..·-.-i--·----1-------'
. ·... 75

\"..;
~
~
<:!
(r~:'.::::;-- , ..
!!!
;:
"'
l" 1•01------+-....,-.~'~·~--·~-~·~/,~:_ _ _ __: ~

.... ··... ··......·· ~

~

··. ··.
.········---::~. '>
~
~
~

.... ·..~:::.::··--.:
1201----~-+.4-.:..,..."-,----!------1------4---'= so
<<:·· .: :.-.-.-: ;·..:-
......... \ \ AREA "A"
__-_~~._4_~,..-----!------1------4------1
1001----_~

80 -··· ~::>:::)' CARBON STEEL

NO STRESS REUEI' NECESSARY 25

$~;;) -
./«.•••
':
\.::::~:;1-··_'- - - - - + - - - - - - + - - - - - 4 - - - - - - l f - - - - - - f
0

JO 20 30 •O so
CONCENTRATION NAOH, '5 BY WEIGHT

SOURCE : CORROSYOH DATA SURVEY

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Page
46
cw
S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS- LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

GRAPH IX - Sulphuric acid corrosion

CODE FOR MIXED ACIDS GRAPH .... :_,:::<~~:-~:)

Materials in shaded zones have reported corrosion rates of <20 mpy<::'....-·:.> ..:~;--/

ZONE1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 ZONE .. ~ .:::<.~'.~:.:::::_::~:::::~~NE 5

20Cr 30Ni 18Cr 8Ni ...-;:::.~Cr 30Ni 18Cr SN(".. ··.· 18Cr BNi
Gold 20Cr 30Ni ,.... ::·.::::/~Id / 2Qi;;;;~::::. >· 20Cr 30Ni
Lead .
.:·:.:···-~-~·-..~·· ..· . '·. ·..· / ; i
Cast Iron /---- ...
"·:::-.:·-
·-. ..-..,Platinum ·.::·.·.:_:_:::>' Aluminum
~ ::"··.=_Gol<I··.:
••.••.

Platinum

-Sjlico~
~.l:.·e a·t.;~l:·." ·.:,-.·m:'.· :-. ~:·_ ·.~ ~: ~.~:·:;:- ·' ~::u:on./;><:;·..;"·~antalum
1

~:-::::}::~~ron
Gold
Silicon Iron Platinum
.. .:. .:_.·. ...
Steel r.-ou Silicon Iron
... \ ' :
Tantalum
i.
. . -::.>,..:;,.~:;;~~~ !Jon :_:_~..:_,_·.·_;_:_~_:_:_:_:_-.•.·::~:./
.·:_/.
Tantalum

/!:~~-;,;? 7JiJ'~
SOURCE : CORROSION DATA SOii.VEY ..-::::::·
( {,
·!''•••• ••
··..
..........
l .,...

.:\<.~>"
........
. :·~:::::~. ·.

100" HN03

CORROSION RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS TO MIXED ACIDS

AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
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PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES - P&ID
PROCESS MANUAL {DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

GRAPH X - HC1 Corrosion

/ -··· ~·....\,
..
,..... ~·:·
SOURCE ; CORROSION DATA SURVEY :· · .. :·· ....././
CODE FOR HYDROCHLORIC ACID GRAP'.H/
Materials in shaded zones have reported corrosion rates of <20·.ril'Y · ·< .·<./

ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 Z~·~·"· ·-. .. ::.···

~.,,,._._ .. ZONES
20Cr 30Ni' . 62Ni 32Cu /<~::)) 62Ni 28Mo' ti~~Cu' ·· 62Ni 28Mo'
66Ni 32Cu' Molybdonu111"·· ·-.., '-. Molybdenum /:;:~~,~-~il-~c' Platinum

62CoNppei2r8Mo
2
PISial'rct.i~n ".:~.;-·~'
.. · .-·.-~.' :~_: :_-.~ ,:_-.: ·_: _·: ~: : ·
__.. . . . :. . . ..'·' Platinum
Silver
<'>.'.',"-~~i'i·um
::::·.:<:::·.'.)u~r
Silver

Tantalum
Nickel' Silii:qn"o~tii:il'n' Tantalum · <::::~::::::·· ...>Tantalum Zirconium
Platinum <.~lff~:/-..~:~~·· . Zirconitt'~:::~··... · ../ Tungsten

Silicon bronze' /;:::::.~f~';;;fu

. Silicon cast iron~. ;'-. "··-.. ~nium
.·: · ·. :· :_:· · :.· '._:. .· .:_:·. ·.: ·.: . Zirconium :::~!.)
Silver .-<~i::··.::::>2~~-,...··_··_··____1_7._·"'··~·:.··r,-------.-------, I~&
Tantalul1) 1 / • ·. •• :'

Titani;;:;;(;·::::::::> ··.:

Tungsten

Zirconium
93

71

49

l.<2'J.at25C 27
2. No air
l. No l·'«::"h
4. < 10% ilt 2S C
S. No chlor1nc
6. < O.OS'J, r.:oncentntion
,.
CONCENTaATION HCIS

-
u
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MATERIALS AND CORROSION

GRAPH XI

70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35

30
0.1
25 8
6
4

2
0.01
..···-·} PARTIAL CO, - PRESSURE•
5 ( (-~::::::-·; O.Dl bat
o \ \.. ..(;ORROSION RATE,

"""""""'.:::i~'/ -·· . .
DeWard & MiRJarnirtiomogram for calculations of corrosion
rates (mm(.y~).~s a·function of partial C0 2 pressure (bar) and
temperattif.e·"("Gi;:·
Exam~.'4:·<:;:9rrosion rate 0.1 mm/year with 0.1 bar C02 at 7"C.
·.. ··..··.:
(<~-~:::~5::)
(~;~:;::i;----···

"'
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BOOk ns
1.1.3 1
I
&aP1ef nu
! .
R.,..
0 1
•
~ .--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....----.
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Poge

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.3: MATERIALS - LINES- P&ID 49

PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) MATERIALS AND CORROSION

::::~~::::~:"~:~.:ION
5

5.1 i'};:i)
a.:~p~-~~,:~:~alence 9f.?llpying elements as femt~·~i~:~ilf~r ~~:perty of chromium :

% Cr ocuivalent = %
0.75 1% W)
Cr<i'(~:'
·: •. ·· ••.. ·· .•.. ·:,
Si)+ 1.5 (%Mo)+ 5 (%-\i.):;;~:;:;·;~;>J,
<" ·:._.: ,.···: )
+ 1.75 (%Nb)+ 1.5 (%Ti)+

b. Ni Equivale~(~.:~f~<::~;-> . (:::::::~~:~~~;.:.:/'
Express-·e.~~J~~~;~i~
·.. . .·
of alloying ele~~~:~:;'.~~~;enite stabiliser property of Nickel :
....... " -.. ,'

% Ni,.ajij~i~ni:~-.% Ni+% co+ 30 (% d) ~-25 ir.)·-1) + 0.5 {%Mn)+ o.3 (%Cu)

:·-. << . . )) /::::;·!:-:::::::::·/
c. ..-$ttic;ieffler Diagram <..:··/(· .....·
./:/·i~i'~2;'mate metallurgic~{~~J~~~~~- of Stainless Steel
.-::>·<:::::::.- ~o.--.--..-·-··."T··._.>._:'-.---,.--..,,.-,--,
/;.:::}_:::;··;

.-···

.:::-::::?:) OO ~IUM m:ALENT. :.. 'I'. 40

. 5.2. ~~i~;··;:~istance Equivalent Number (PREN)

/.::::;·~~~~---~esistence Equivalent Number (PREN) is an index comparing the resistance of
"·· -.. ... iilloys to pitting and crevice corrosion :
...... :~: ..··
PREN= % Cr+ 3.3 (% Mo)+ 16 (%N)

According to various experimentator's reports, coefficient for (% Mo) might range

between 3.0 and 3.3, coefficient for(% N) might range between 12.8 and 30 .

•w
"
A modified formula has been proposed for use when tungstent is added to an alloy :

PREN=% Cr+ 3.3 ((%.Mo)+ 0.5 (% W)) + 16 (% N).

..
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PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS
---......_Rev.
PJge --........__
o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 g ---........ Rev
Page --......._
o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A X 21 x
22 x
x 23 x
x 24 x
x 25 x
x '.·· '. : 26 x .- ...
.. '·--.//
x /'·- --- 27
·-. ·-.. -..·

·.---. ·,-
x ·-.. ·-._/
,.,,·· .. -..
x
,._
,. ______ -._··. ...
·. \:
',

x //
x : ,,·"' ~ :-- ·--
": !•• .,/ "•·--··

x ·-./ ,:
.:' ,'
x ,' '- .. •.,:' /

x·
x
x <-
x ,·----- --

x ...
/ .-. '))
··. ·..
:
.··
,'
··.
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: :
"
:'. ·.. '
.·'
'

- ,
~
0 OCTOBER 2000

(D<lle cf issue)
-= ''°' J-F ROSSI
A. DEVOS ~~ c. PTAK
f:!Y _J

(nom, visa I name, visa)

/} ENGLISHVERSIONFROMFRENCHVERSION
{)<! .
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f--R-.,-.+-~D-A-TE_D_E_R_EV~IS-10-N~-!-~R-E-D-IG_E_/_W_ritt~,~,b~y-'--!-~V-E-~-Fl_E_/C_h_<Ci<_ed__::b=y'--f--A-PP-R-0-U-V-B-Ap-p-ro-~-d~by~!--~~~~~-OBJ~ET~~~~~~~
( nom, visa I name, visa) (nom, visa /name, visa)
REV. 2, SEPTEMBER 1994

(Status)
-
REVISIONS DU DOCUMENT I Document revisions
 _,----·-·---··

.. --.
//
.....,..· ...
~

_
-
r-.. </_-.~; . /
"·
:.. --.. ···..... __ ... ·
.

,---------·:.,

•
--~:--------·
.:··.

-. __ /

·.:

e
•
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued by

GE 312 1.1.2

• PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
COLUMNS/DRUMS
Page

CONTENTS /';:>------.::\

./(':>/
/·.. ··... ·-,.
COLUMNS
,//-·', ': '·- .. ·---.
1. <._'·-.. // ,.--·., ·--. ---
1.1 Definiti~'.-~t:~~~s used in tray des~)/:·:~)·.:
1.2 Deterl!linatton·-dt column diame~r-(vat\<e::frays)
1.3 Tray ~fflelehciY <.:··. :·· -..">
1.4 Deter¢i(jatjon of column height//"-._:::·
·. ·- ·.' -. ___ -"
<-... __ '.....-/'·, ___ ':,
,' -----.. -- ...·..·.-.'
-. -._ ·-. --. /~,.---- ..... '-.~
- --- : " : :
- ---· ,. ·--./
' ~ '· : '

2. DRUMS, ·, /:::::;·;~.:::::::---/
,..<·~·:.~<:_:~~~mulae for the ~~~f~ti~1{ of droplets
... ,:--... ·:z:2-::/uquid-vapour s~pa,r~ti"on'
.: ,: "--.,/ ··-- ..:·-/,/
::::>-.:::: --..·,/. 2.2.1 Critical velocity
2.2.2 Vapprtr,:y_elocity
2.2.3 Liq,IJ/d/e~~ence time
2.2.4 \leitlcal..v¢ssels
2.2.5 H~rk.ontal vessels
----- ----: -- -/

• 2.3 Ljq~id'~ii(iuid
., --. -- ,.. separation without vapour phase
____

~-~· 1"· Oroplet size

[.-------.
i.3:~ Sizing
__ :-

_,/2:.:~) Th;~e Phase separation

.... _"2,~<. Other types of separators

..... ,(;_:~ ::::::;:)· ....

...,... --: ··,
'' '.: ~
', ', : :
"-._ -.,··-·---<.-"
___ _
 •

,,------ ... ':~.

·-·.:::····---·
•
,
,//
,---. ': ·....,.
' ·-: ,'
·.
"· ··./
'·./

,. ··--- ... ,_

•
-.·-- ... ____ ,

-··
:' ~,"
\
<>
"·.. ···--·-.'.. /

•
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued by BOOk nS Chapter nE Rev.

GE 312 1.1.2 I o
(

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 2

1 COLUMNS

1.1 DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN TRAY DESIGN

·.,'

•
Notation:
.:-·· ... .-·-.. ··- ..
e Downc6~.~;·~~;~nce HLC Clear liquid height
Liq1fids~a'r-~.h - e Ts Tray spacing
h w~i~"oeig~i" ... u Velocity below downcomer
hi i~~G~ crest
_,----- .. --. ·.-
v Velocity in downcomer
1/:"""·Eiiiwncomer width
:.. ·'-.... _____ ._-:./
.----; -.... _
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued by Book nS &apter ne

GE 312 1.1.2

,...-P-R_O_C_E_S_S_E_N_G_l_N_E_E_R_IN-G~D-E-S-IG-N~G-U_l_D_E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--,----p,,---., ~
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 3

1.2 DETERMINATION OF COLUMN DIAMETER (VALVE TRAYS)

/<.-···-..._·\
This calculation can be done by using the program BALTRAY (T~.c~'lp.,:l,ri' house),
G-RATE (Glitsch) or manually (a calculation sheet based on <;3(it~i::J;i's.:·Biillast Tray
method is attached). Where vapour and liquid rates vary significa6th/'acr.o:Ss the column
height, a diameter calculation should be done for each zonEi/',generiiifiy for the tray
where the V load is maximum. (/··-. ·· ....

Where the column diametef(r:·::~~ss than 1 m, chec~--~~:~ST···~~cking is a more

economical solution than ~-~-¥~_,·::.:::·:;:::.' :· -~::_.'._::?::::::;) ·.·
For other types of trays;·FRt.'rt,€thods shall be u~~::·:iBe·.:cfi'ameter resulting from the
use of sieve trays is \liuiiJly:_c1rriie to the diameter otita.ine<l\ivith valve trays.
:. __ ····-.::··.. ::' { ····-<./ ···./
TRAY SPACING<::··</··.. > ,..---.. ·. _-·.,
tra/~~~~rj~-·is ~~d:-:.·.;~;;:_:>) ·.·
1.2.1
A 300 mm generally not
.··-. '•. --... ·',: / / : t····--~
450 mm:·i¥a·i)ri-;;:.~~n be used up tq.. ~::~~j~-~-~ diameter of 2 m for standard columns
and ab6ve·2·m'f6r superfractionatof..-col~mnis'.

Tra/~i~~ioo:.,~f 600 mm and .a.'?~~::~~, be used with no diameter limitation.

..---~---<-··-. __
1.2.2 NUMBER OF PASSES ... _\:':::::~~·?·./
The number of passe:s·~~:~h:o.sen so as to minimise column diameter, bearing in mind
that a multipass tray·-i~·-ii)e~e· expensive than a single pass tray. Avoid use more than
2 passes, except.fqr\1e_i'y.)ii'gh liquid rates (e.g. circulating reflux zones). Multipass trays
have a lower .effi't.:i~ncy··than single pass trays which should be taken into account
(particularly tnie-for-~operfractionation ).
•
For const~6~~! i~stallation
and reasons, in particular access through manways, it is not
possibl13-·to·-lis€l:·rriultipasses tray below certain diameters. The following minimal values
shoulc{g'eneiil,lly be followed:

2,.pa~-~~%>: Diameter> 1400 - 1500

: :' { \

~~~~...~~ys Diameter > 2800

Do not use 3 pass trays.

 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP issued by BOok ng Chapter ns Rev.
GE 312 1.1.2 0

e.--~~~--r~~~~~~
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE p,,,
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 4

1.2.3 MAIN SIZING CRITERIA

"
/• " -.

.··:'>::::>. ;:~.~-~·
Criteria Limit

Maximum downcomer velocity (v) 0.17 mis maximum Accep_t~t.l!l lirriil'io achieve liquid
de.>J~s'sing:··· ...
<. .... ·.,·
Downcomer residence time 'ffi~_i(all,i~ is usually greater than 6
~.ron~s'.

•
'·
.:·· ..·_--. -._··-- .. /_./
Clear liquid height (HLC) ,..- 45-o/e.-offtray spacing +weir ~t).., ·&?rrie services require lower values
/". "C::"-... J :'" _:::::.-<:" .?f' HLC
Weir height (h) Standard value for columns under
pressure
" ·-·
,.
Weir length 0.60 Standard value
,·. " -·
) ·------
', ..
Downcomer widt:ti'(-1.f ·: ... /,:
./ -:~ ··-.. ,/
... ...
Velocity under dowhi:omer (u) 0.5)~/s:'.)l~ximum
(, \ __ ~-:'~·_;,./
Liquid seal (j)

• Oowncomer clearance (e) , ... "

Pressure drop
,. ____ '.,
",llQ.inm
"
Less than twice the dry tray
pressure drop
Standard value

Flow path leng~hJFf:'Ll·· .... ,:-- Efficiency is lower if the FPL

- : : --. ". decreases

Specific lic(Uk{lo~i!--" 100 maximum

(CUWFR if! m'i~).i
·-._ -------'/

These criteria are applicable to both valve trays and sieve trays.
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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GE 312 1.1.2

r--~~~------r~~~~~--,--•
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Poge

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT

PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 5

1.3 TRAY EFFICIENCY

/·;::::--·--.:;-·;
Table 3 gives indicative tray efficiency values for the most freq.u;Eiht[y-.r;ri_!iit refining

1.4 ::::::~ATION OF COLUMN ~EIGHT ./(/< }"

a. H1 Generally betweei:r·:sno)and 1000 mm "-.._ · "·

.. -_: ·:.~:- - .- .:~: .(:_:,

...---:-.--:~>~:;·>
_· :·.~:-_·:- :_ ._~:-· _:·_~:_ : y" >
.·:·.·_._.. __-_·: _._:_-_·__: :

H,
<-.::::::::·::: :::::··- -

H,

HLL

h,
.... ·,,, ----· /
------~- - ----
.---------:
. .. ------"
·-
<. --::··---~- ../
'". <~-............----~~·--~:·.: :·
.. ', . :·

b. H2 H?·:=·(~-~b~~ of actual trays - 1 ) x tray spacing

-------- .. /
Notes ·/.. --. \

• .. F~~~-:~:i~ns
with more than one section (see 1.2), the height of the transition
//secii~n"6an be estimated using the formula :
:..... __ ) / fi
-----, ---.. --·f'\i-"' -2-<<I>, - <1>2)
;';.---./ -:'\ ___ _
~ •, : :
"--.::::.,<..:Feed trays and manholes : General practice is to allow one manhole every
15 trays and/or at feed tray locations. Extra shell height must be allowed for this
as tray spacing is increased to 900 mm for feed trays and at manhole locations.

i
=
c. H3 H3 = h1 + h2
h1 = (tray spacing) x 2
h2 = to be determined based on the hold up required, allowing for an LLL
at 300 mm above the tangent line.
w

"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued by Boak n& Cnapter nZ Rev.

I o

•
GE 312 1.1.2

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 6

Contract number :

Column:

Tray:

Designer: . ·.
.:''</"'.: )
1. VAPOR TO TRAY/··.:"..:·:::.'/:>

• Product
.:· --- ·-- ·. --,'
MW
·- - ------·
<~~--~~----~:::::::·
.... ·.
.:'·· .:'./·---.::.-
P,

Total i ( .,---- ' ---- >"

·~ -. ___ _

iv_.~:/2'.:z::/~::-::::.:"· P= ATM abs

,..T(= t>+ ..473 = ATM abs

(/1-~·~:4.+ 273 = + 273 = ·.,,i< p

Pr= p;

,----------·_.,_ '> Hence Z =

• Vapor densily:·.:.'_::.·_-~·.'.=_-:-~:~;·-./
.···n~\i: -~~2;ZxTv(° K)
._ ______ x __ ·--.
-._,-
MWx P (atm) _ 12.2 x
x
x

=---= kg/m 3

~~~~~:po~.:rate
/.: :::> ··..<_· ....·/ c- kg/h - - - -
: -. • . v - Dv - = m3/h
\ ·- - _,: :'
·. -------
2. LIQUID FROM TRAY

d 154-- kg/I then x 103 = kg/m3

-~ ..
Liquid flow rate = kq/h

kg/h
CL= dLattL(kg/l)x 103 = - - - X 103 = m 3/h at tL
w

"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued t>y Sook nB Cfiapter ng

GE 312 1.1.2

~P-RO~C-ES-S~E-N_G_IN_E_E_R_IN-G~D-E_S_IG-N~G-U-10-E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-e-,,~,~
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 7

3. DOWNCOMER VELOCITY DVdao

TS= mm

DL - Dv = Kg/m 3

m3/h/m 2 (fig 1) (~10 3 2

Dvdago = ,-· -.. m /h/m maximum)* .... _

... ' /' .·; /

' '·-...··---..
Factor K1 = (table 1) _._'-. ..'"'/ <<:5}::.~::;-·.>

~;;;:re •ppropri::'~~~if:~::be;~::~:.:~;~;~:, ~th •g~moct

GLITSCH "·-.."·< ... _:. '-..'"_,../ ....
tho of

4. VAPOR cl{:ib1rilACTOR CAF • •

<:-.-_. ... ·::;/"·-.. ~::

ff ;) .
,• .: ---.:·-_.

TCSAF= .. ;,_'.:,.-: ;?:,?:'.:~:.:· ·.·'...' mm -~·:-.: ·-· .-: · · ...·

"' -.. ···./ (fig.Z)_<:,:::) ··· .. j
..
~-:: ·-----~---. -... ___~>
Factor K~·,/ ,.(tab!e 2)

GAF= CAF0 x K2 = ... ((~::'._::;·_> =

·-- .. :·-. __ ------··
5. EFFECTIVE VAPOR.JOf.:D)V,oad
·- ·- ---.'

xJ--=
= ......... x ·· .. .> = m3/h

6. APPRO~i~i~E DIAMETER Dr Dr = m (fig.3)

7. A~;~;M:;E FPL (Flow path length)

N~~~;;.~i:~~sses NP =
' ' . '
·...:::::·:'.">: OT
.! app.FPL=0.75xNP= x = m
"
E

8 8. MINIMUM ACTIVE AREA MAA

Flooding factor= =FF generally 0.82
0. 77 for column under vacuum
0.65 to 0.75 for diameter less than 900 mm.

MMA- Vioao+(1.36xCLxFPL) _ +(1.36x x )

m2
- 1108xCAF xFF - - 11"'o""sx--x-~
.. =
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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•
GE 312 1.1.2 0

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 8

9. MINIMUM DOWNCOMER AREA OMA (1)

/-·~:::.-----.::\
DMAo = ov,,~Lx FF - --= m' ./:'"'·.::::· ._//'

If the result is less than 11 % of MMA value, the value co~~d~;~···frl~>DMA will be the
smallest of the two following values : ,./ <.. ····.. /
(,,:·· ..._ ·----.
MNiA-X:o.11 = /·_._. .... ·· .......
' ' ' . , - . .
-~-M~'~.2 = ... <?·:'..::::;>·..>
(1) The tray for
active area -:'
wbic~)~::li~~-i~· load is maxim9nj·ui;>es."ncit
°'"··· ··· / i
necessarily have the greatest
·• .. ·· ... " ...

.He~~k-6~~--~- _(:·-/:;:. ::<>.

··-. '-: ::' -._. ,:-...:~:--.., ·- .. /
10. MINtfU'~...~OlUMN SECTION_.··(.::~>····?>
Tak~,.th~:9teai~~t of the two follo~-~g'~aijJ:es
Ar~/=-·MMA + 2 x MDA = -1;.·:f~:.: .__'·'>m 2
.. ·<:·> ···----~~::.:· V1oad .·:~_<··./~_,/ .,
/.ATM=
·._,. ·- -._ 864xCAF x F F - - = · · ... ·...
•. /

He~c~·ATM =
(::: :;_>::;r112
11. MINIMUM APPROXIMATE COLUMN DIAMETER
·. -. . ·-----·
DTM = J ATM ,,,,....... ::·..,,:·· •. , m= mm
0.785 ,... ':·-.:·.<:::···./
External column cfojmeter DT ext. = mm (standard diameter)
Shell thi~~n~!!~•.: · .> e= mm
lntern~l-CG!l.imit<liameter DT =DT ext. - 2e = = mm
AT .,:*::~:{bT)
·. .
2= = m'
f~::·b~WN~OMER AREA
.... ··.Sel'e:cfthe greatest of the two following values :
i( DA}= DMAo = m'
. ::::DA°= 0.1 AT = 0.1 x m'

.. If the liquid flow rate is very low and the DA value calculated by the first equation is less
~ than 0.1 x AT, a DA value so that 0.05 AT< DA< 0.1 AT shall be selected provided that
~ it is <=2 DMAo.

The selected DA is then : DA = m2

 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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GE 312 1.1.2

r-----~~~--r~~~~~--,-----,•
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE P•oe
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 9

13. FPL (flow oath length)

Single pass tray :

(table 4)

FPL= DT~~H1

(Table 4)

= 0.575x = m

= 0.565 x = m

= m2

(table 4)

x = m

- (2 x + +2x

= = m
j
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP issued by Book n& Ctiapter nd Rev.

I o

•
GE 312 1.1.2

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 10

14. ACTIVE AREA (AA)

AA= AT-2 DA= =

15. PER CENT FLOOD..::<>?!

c;o flooding V1oad+ (1.36 X;-e~·x-~er.;.·_-_ :~ + ...
100 1108 x CAF·-x.·AA. -...== -x,---'-~x~ =
/~-.~-~~:~~~~~~-- -~>
= ___-___..,
-~,_~ __ :_-~:::::
/o flooding
0 ·:''··-v.:r~~---- ..:::
100 -~ it·G_J\F·/ AT= x

Take th~(~;e~¢~~
of the shall be less than the maximum
allovv:abl~· f!(19dfng Factor.

.•<'.:'.::_:.,·.<::::::'
...
-::>1·e:··W·F P (Flow Path width)
, .---
AA
,/.~.-·-·:>::·--. __
WFP =FPL= m

•
(~~~~-~;_:_::':-~:~ :>~
17. ~F = /'·i:.: .: ·_- -.": = normally < 72

The ...numb:$j'~~~ pa~~~s

will be selected to minimise the column diameter. More than two
passe~.-~ha)I generally to be avoided except if liquid rates are abnormally high.
::·' ·<.. ) /
·- ... _-:._
_

,···--, __ ._\ ._,.

\ ;
\ '- ...
·- ----··:.:·
/::~::,):/
-- ,•

w
0
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued by Book nL Cnapter n& Rev.

GE 312 1.1 _2 0

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 11

t::. t::: ·-
~:=:i :::-~--- ··r-~1~~-=~yrt::=--4=- --- ---- ==+=:
- --.i
_;:i
-_-::-::·::!- -~·-:;::::;:rr__ .r~..~--:- ~ -- - - . . --: :~0·1

:====~-"-i"''c=='"===co··=--.~~~:~~~;. -~~; ~:~ -

_-::;___~=~==~~-~-~:~~ f"
- '"'°"·{'h ::_
- ., .• ~:..:-
..Q

.:...:-.
. .;..;.:--- '---~ t'...:-~
_____·--..:::::::..:...
i'll:=~'2:~#-=i!=¥=

0
:z
<
G> · Rev.O · - T P · fll'"ame' Columo.lwp

•
FLOOD CAPACITY OF BLAST TRAYS
e
"U
;u
;o
0
•
"ti

(")
FIGURE 2
"' "' ..... ... o
o0 m
CJ)
~ .§ .-/) ·}. ,§ .~ .~,I~ i' ~ ,e
I
~
I
~ .~~~~r
I I I I I!
i i
I I
l
I!
1
m -u
ui )>
CJ1
m
' I I I I

Ul ;u z
;:;: -; fil
)> ~ z
z • m
c (/) m
,511111111
.6 )> m ;o
ro-
~ -; z
0 - G>
)> 0 c
-; z m
)> ~ CJ)

.Simi! .5 OJ
0
0
15
z
A G>
~ c:
am
.41111111111111 .4
.::
<'i

.3 Ul
.3 Ul
~

21 .2
n

~~
N
0 ..
I"'" "U

:c:
cn m
0
..... Ul
ti (/)
(j)
m

(;.) ~

.ii 1111111111 :i>,.".,_

:o m ~

l'0
~
-"'
~@
('.~<'_.)) (/) 'ii
;:;: m
-._" __ , .. ~ :....
f0
~J c:
Gl
-; 0

.001 6
m
~1 c
"*~ 0
Dv, Vapor Density, lb/cu ft c:
:;:
(multiply kglm' by 0.06243 to get lb/cu ft) l'0 l 0 ij m
z
-i
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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GE 312 1.1.2 0

r--~~~~~~~~~~-
PRO CE SS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE 9
P• •

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT

PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 13

FIGURE 3
APPROXIMATE DIAMETER

s.oo
.,,
A +so·;
<
0
O""

...I

>

300

...,000

10.0

•••
Soo
...
<o

w
0
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued by Book ng Cnapter ng Rev.

GE 312 1.1.2 0

•r--~~~~~~~~~~
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 PROCESS EQUIPMENT

PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 14

TABLE 1
Downcomer system factors K1

Service '·· '· ...: ,. ..-·_·syst~°rrl-factor K1

Non foaming, regular."_i;y~teri!.s

• Fluorinated s?-;fems·.)
e.g. BF3·:·r..eon·· '
·. ·~----

regeheratqi'i
. '
'· ·.·..
.·. .
Heavy foaming, e:g..afn(nes··;,md glycol absorbe\(.-··<
.;""·.
•.

Moderate foaming e.g. oil·a.b"Seirows, amine and glycol ." . '···. ;.-
-.
~

···
.·: 0.90

0.85

0.73
SevE)f~·fcfa~ng/e.g. MEK units : ·, 0.60
Foam stable'
,·
..systen:is',
' ·-. ,' .
e.g. caustic regenerators
, . '
•·..... ~·--.
0.30
.·. ----·· ·· ....: •. ···.' ~
,' '•., : .··~ ,•-·

·<:::·~~·L·~ 2
/~> .,

... .. ··..
.
.•
;
Vap()IJr, capacity system factor K2
(/-:<·;··,
··--·
·...
Seriice··._· .. ___ .. System factor K2
Non foaming·;: rs9LJiiir~l'}ystems 1.00
Fluorii:iateiJ·sy~ems 0.90
e:g,_ EiF3_"::-p,reon
Moderate foaming·e:~. oi) absorbers, amine and glycol 0.85
.:::::··rege.nerators
Heavy fo?riii~g,_.e.g.amines and glycol absorbers 0.73
_... Siive~edoaming, e.g. MEK units 0.60
Foa.6'·sia~·~ystems, e.g. caustic regenerators 0.30 - 0.60

"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued by Book nZ

GE 312 1.1 _2

r--~~~---,-~~~~~---,--,e
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE P•oe
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 15

Column type
.(· • /

Atmospheric distillati9n··.' ···· ...···:·

0 ··.. ·... ..-
>" ·.. ::.-
Efficiency %·-.:··· <
/ ..:::·-.. >·.::
'Operating pressure
(bar g)
•
Top section / ,...... ('·. ·.· 1.5
Kerosene and .9~.'oil.s.~ration 1.5
Stripping sei;;tfµ'n....:··.... / 1.5
Stabilisation.-.'.<:·..._( /::> 12
Deethani~_er<.. ·.. _... ....:··
•,
..:.50
',
-60 30
Depropai'l1ser·-..:··:.- ···.)as 15
Reforming unit stabilisation 70 18
Gasoline splitter 70 0.5
Absorber-Stripper
Absorption 30 14
Stripping 50 14

I-

"'
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued by BOoi.: ns Chapter ne Rev.
GE 312 1.1.2 I o

• PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1
PROCESS MANUAL {DATA BOOK)
S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
COLUMNS/DRUMS
Page

16

2 DRUMS

2.1 FORMULAE FOR THE SEPARATION OF DROPLETS

Stokes law For Re< 2

•
Ref: Ludwig

Where : /(«·--.:>::; /
\ "-- _.:,:
Subscript c for the 6~tin~u~ phase
th;~d~~~d phase
• Subscript d for

D,

p
tii~~-1~
. . . :~;~:~eter (micron)
.------.~ \ __
.

. _:::::oensity (kg/m 3 }

µ _::~:-::~:/Viscosity (cP)
___ V!'::... -_:: ·: _: : ·.Terminal velocity (m/s)
Reynolds number
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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GE 312 1.1 _2

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 17

2.2 LIQUID-VAPOUR SEPARATION

i (yL-Pg)
Vc=0.048x i1-p,-
,. ... •. -.·
,---~
'•
··.....
--_:_:>:,., .:' .~ -·-_.-.-:_ /.::.·.;\-.:::--.)

(:::~·:'.»::'::_~_'.~~:>)
•
.....
2.2.1 CRITICAL VELOCITY ___ ::·...:·.-.'.' , ._:·

Subscript Lis used fi;lr:ii:i:~:ifu;p~rsed

liquid .. phas~ /:>-·<:~->"
Subscript g is use\;i_ fcif,:-tl:i.e-<iontinuous gas pha§~:--< -'.... _
<•• :."·'·:~: ·-,_: .:<::------~:~....:··-./

:· ==,~~:~ ~e~::"' <,; :, !/

2.2.2 vAe~~i~~:,: . . (?.,
The allowable gas velocity/~iiP$iJi:ti> on the service and whether a mist eliminator or
other separation enhanc!ri9-. ~e:V:td9-: is used. Allowable gas velocity is expressed as a
percentage of the criticii{verocrry. This percentage varies in most cases from 80 to
220% of the critical veltlcity'(See Table 1 for values of K).

Vvap = maximum

Vvap = K.Vc
Cll~~~-~~~ur
" " --._ >
.------·
·---------
.----
:::·'.·:~~.>.)
..
velocity {m/s)

·.•
·
'•'
•
,- --- --·- -. -.,_ :
2.2.3 LIQUld~~~~-DENCE TIME
Tfu:l;qj~:~:~idence
etY.))
s'a.f._______ ,.-
time is determined based on considerations of process control and

Between HLL and LLL:

The following residence times may be reduced if an advanced process control scheme
is used, in particular of the feed forward type.

"'
•
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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GE 312 1.1.2 0

• PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
COLUMNS/DRUMS
Page

18

a. Reflux drum

• Liquid distillate directly feeding a column requiring a consta"~(i~;:;~:)

The greater of the two following values : /> ···· ...:···.//
• 5 mins of the reflux flow rate, <·<·::/)' /;>'
• 15 mins based on the product rate (without co.11\rbl.. by:lc).
:-::>-·-.:~· .,
• Liquid distillate goinj;j"to storage : ,....... ·· ./
The greater of the -tv;,q,.following values : .····
-. ·-

: ;~:~: ~:1~~~:~:~~:;:~~~i rate. <".<~.:.'. :·./· : :>)· .·

• Gaseous ·:~;~iit~~:~nly : ·<: ·. :·:.: . <'.

• 7. .~·~~~:~}~~ reflux flow rate,:·:.:.';~: : : ·:~:.;..··..>

b. Prod.IJQtgoing:to a furnace : '.,, ·: .:

./;. . ~:'.~::t~._.J:.d ~ins :::<·:>. ;·. ·.:.'.:::-'/

c. <'_PuiJ:rped product (pump su.ctioii·dfll01)
i? · .• :::::lmins .-::-:::):' ·.,:
.·. ·-
._, -- ·---~
d. N6n pumped produpt··.' .
• 3 to 5 mins (~,~~~~\iig on process control requirements)
<"·. __ '-. .. ::·--·~'_',.<
e. Steam drum ...... :::.-:.::<, ..

• 2.2.4
The greater'ot·tf:!etwO following values :
•
•
1/;3\~f..t~~·. ~i'ume of the boiler and pipework,
.:2._~i~s oNiie feed water flow rate.
··--------

VERTICAi,] VESSEL
•,

·-._ ···'/
Tt:i~:·.f~ll·,)Orizontal, cross-sectional area of the drum is used for the vapour velocity
6.ilculati©n.
.-----~~
" ~ '"-----··'
. --
i ·· General rules to be followed when determining vertical vessel dimensions are given in

.....f~re 1.
\.::··.
For wire mesh mist eliminators : where the vessel diameter is not fixed by the vapour
velocity, the active cross sectional area of the mesh can be reduced so that the velocity
through the mesh is between 170 to 220 % of the critical velocity.

If the consequential mesh diameter is less than half of the vessel diameter a horizontal
vessel would be probably more economical.

w
0
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued by BOak nS
GE 312 1.1.2

~~~~~~~~~~~•
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE e,,.
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 19

2.2.5 HORIZONTAL VESSELS /:>-<:\

General rules to be followed when determining vertical vessel diIT]i:'ii°~i~~~"~r~ given in
Figure 2. / <._ /./ ... ,"·

An economic length (TIT) to diameter ratio is generally in.:~~~::;·~~~:::~f 2 to 4 and

depends on the vessel design pres!Sure. ....':...
,..-,,,-.., ) '·--._·- .. _
""<>
Sectional area of partiall¥..fl~({~orizontal vessels ./:;::::;·!::_:""::·'.'.>

.;.. - ~ -: ·:\~- :~-: " :;· · · ':":::"·::·-;-:_:_:::::::.::.. ·.'

-.:· ... ··- ... · .... _
:" ·-. :.. ,'•·- ..·-,,:
','
·--- -._:

D
<-.:--··::;·,... __ / /:::.: ·: :,: : :~v
l, '•, -r-'-4--

~~~.· ..
1¢*---
,·. . -
··---.-··7¢-$°";:'::-::.:
·-. ·.... .. ___ ,
h

..'.·::.:'~ _-: :::.':::/::? . .:<:": : :.:·. -..:· :::'

AV"·~ "x.Arc cos ( 0 02h )-(%- h) x Jn_)<;,(D - h) h in metre
·- .../ .,

Arc cos ( 0 020 ) i~.·~;~'.~::·>,

-- ·.
Din metre

/:--·:.~~~~~:·~,, ~>
AV = nt -Al ..-.. "-., "-..,
.
.-.:··- ..:·- ::·-. /
AL in m2
<_ ... -.__ :- AV in m2
\ \ ·-·
..:·~~~ ---, .. __
...-----.
•• ,-··- 1
·--._/

Heads partia{~;oftj·~e (2 heads)

,.-----... ·----..>
/·,.----- ·-., - ".
:' (.1[ ~2}
V1d =., 3 k--~.h,. x (1.5 D - h)

(.~~;::.{.:: "volume of the two heads combined in m3

K Eccentricity: 1 for spherical heads

1.9 for standard elliptical heads

 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued by Book n8 Chapter nt Rev.

GE 312 1.1.2 0

• PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
S.S. 1.2 PROCESS EQUIPMENT
COLUMNS/DRUMS 20

,.--·-.
: I (

a. Sizing without a mesh

··:- " '•
.,

• Choose a diameter Do and a length La (m), /:<':.:·:_-·<<.::::.:;··

• Fix the liquid level (see 2.2.3. and Figure 2), /:<::·...... · · . ./
,.-.~:· ·· .....~>
• Calculate the.llq~q area Ac, ·.
! '·-.,: :
• Calculate thei·vqp6.µr area Av with

•
Ov:·.:·---..·_· ....._··._/
Av= K.\i-. ·· .. ·· .. :·
.-,---~- :::-_.,·.-·._ ._,
-~--- -------'
Ve (·-c(itic~Lvelocity m/s /·-.... )>··...:>
K. ::~u?iv;able % Ve (Table 1J.:·· .. -.....
C.:.·'·\Japour flow rate m3/s.<······>-.. ·· ../

. (~/'.:~~il~ulate diame~~r:P,L~~d·t~ethe length L,

.... -;:·>;:--:Ji~;~te until converg_e:~~~·~r~~~hed .
..-:;>·· ·:. '.: : : : .-· .-:<·::)) ·. .>
. _,
.·- .... -.
-- ;
·-
.. ·.,/
Check the decanting leaqtf:l .:.

The allowable vappi,J.'~i;;~~

V1 is determined using Newton's formula choosing a
droplet diameter as fo_i'-a:Vertical vessel (Table 1).

•
~/ -~-~~~--~~~~_:>
Using the heigli(qf.the..vapour space, hv (m)
(' ·- - ·--. ·-"·
...
~·::·-Ca'tc.1,1late
-------. ·.
the separation time in seconds

...
... -- ;
. . ..... ~ ·· Determine L'm;n, the minimum distance between the inlet and outlet gas
• .... nozzles:
L'min = Vv. X (} (m) .
.. ...
·- ---
V" true horizontal gas velocity (mis).
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued by Book nB Chapter nS

GE 312 1.1.2

~~~~~~~~~~---.--.• Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 21

/·::::.---..~~.. \
b. Sizing with a mesh . '·-. ···... :' i

The cross sectional area of the mesh will be estimated in the a vertical
vessel (gas velocity through the mesh between 80% and 220 %..ii{ criiicafvelocity).
sam~:·i~~:~~;~~·:
The minimum values for h1, h?)oi:r:have to be respected
to hv min. <. "·.// ,..--·-., ···-.. :··:·
(~~'.~;~~~::-2) and correspond
,.-._ ··., !.. / / " ' : ;-·--.. ·-·

• Choose a dial'Jl~te'(o~·aiid a length Lo (m)_.. <..>..-<:"))

• Calculate tbe-~-q~i;l'~r~a Ac , _...:'.:·-'."::.<:·::-::/
• Calculat~·i~~:~~c,-~~ area Av based 0!1 ·;;~:.::::: :~.:-/
• Recalc~l~t~~tie:d·;ameter D, ...-::.:'::..:-_-:'::::.' ..
• CoAV~~g~~ i~ obtained when 6:'- o;·~·ismall.
Check tha\.~~~-~~~~fy-·V9 < KVc /'.'.:::;·>:~~::. >-'
,..<./ /) ------·-' :... . . . -:---·--.:
~--

High qa*·tia::V: r~i~s: ./.::::: ·; ·<>

To ,.f~:~~ce-.·~~~.
vessel diameter, /~:-~~tral inlet nozzle and two outlet nozzles, one
equipped"ilVith a mesh at eac;:h'·erid of the drum can be used. The cross sectional area
of each mesh will be calculi11ed,..).Vifu half the gas flow rate and the vapour area will be

•
divided by two. __ \.\. __-_·:.//
<.:··... ·-..___ .. ··
.--- ----~:·::~-~-~>
~-- ..:·:::__
,...,:::·..-.-.-.-.--.:·-.-.·::-
\ \ ·--._.>
_,..-----~ ".
----_,:·

.~

.!;
§
8

J
,;._ -~ ..
':
0
::::
0
~
w
0
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Jssued by

GE 312 1.1.2

-~~~~~~~~~~~
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE p,,,
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 22

2.3 LIQUID-LIQUID SEPARATION WITHOUT VAPOUR PHASE

,//··--._
- -
2.3.1 DROPLET SIZE
' -- -. ·-..,'

As the minimum droplet sizes found in usual calculations

values are suggested: ./.-..:"-----
\(a:~.-~1;-i;::;~'~uy,---·
the following

·.:
..·--.
·. ·-
·--·
---
Light phase .
<
' ·-.- Heavy phase _.-'::-<.b-.;-minimum

caustic_._<:>?t·::-~)~;'micron
,•· ..
Sp GrJ5 < 0.850 H20 or (0.005 inch)
._:· <. ----.. ·---•. /
-- -- -. ·-·
Sp Grl 5 > 0.850 ' .. -<:::::'.:_.' H20 or causne-.-..-_· .._) 89 micron (0.0035 inch)
: . -. ._,···-. __,..::..----- ..~:,'
The Termim1J·"'.ei.1dcity:;·hould not exceed,.0-.-005-ii;i!> in either phase.

SIZING / (:.: ·--:._.··_;·:::- ('·._--__:;) ..

2.3.2
/ ::~~~;·; .. :::·--·
• ,4:i~~l~i~:ihe terminal veloc_ltY::t~:~~~h ~hase with the formulae from paragraph 2.1 .
.. {?.-~~ti~:~~e the diameter: <-:.-::)) ··-J
·._/ ·--. ·--. ..
.._
.:
:

D = 0.664 Ol,+
Ve Oc+ V4
o> 9°d
_.----_,··/···-. .• (m)

c light ph~e(}~f~i~ce

• d heavY--Ptia;;e.reference
,,- .. ·.. _ -.. _
Q fl.O~-rate··in-:m3/s
v -/--~~da1_1~;~9
- ---------. __ ,>
velocity in m/s

• .-Ch~~~.a
: -..----. •. ··./
value for UD and determine L in m,

·.
.... ___ _
_.---;::::~ -~:_'Determine the approximate height of each phase imposing a minimum 300 mm to
.
i '·.
·--.. -
' '}allow for the installation of level instruments.
·----·
h. = ( 0,~'oJ x D height of the d phase in metres

H,=D-h• height of the c phase in metres

 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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GE 312 1.1.2

r----~~~~~~~~~~•
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Pogo

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT

PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 23

Check that the decanting time is not greater than the residence tim.e(·--<...\

:.•: •:o:og timo (•) A ,/;;~~~~;~;/ O

¢, = A, x ~: 3600 _.-.:<::::.:.:,.:,
he
¢, = A, x ~= 3600 <:_>:::.-.·..-_-:-::;.)
hd
<I>: residence .tlii)j:r{s} ·'>
A: cross se~;~;:i:~~;~ (m2) (-...:::/ .... _:;.-

• Optimisfr·0:,::~~--~~~;~,::1n order to oblqin ( ~·~- :~\:.; ::::.'

lo < ~~:~~~:-~::;;:~:'. -<<:).: : :.:· ·

2.4 TH'~~i~:~:SEPARATIQN <<{''•
Three phase separator ~;i·i-~G-·:;;~'
done by calculating the vapour area as for a
liquid-vapour separatior(ar.i,i:l--the"liquid area as for a liquid-liquid separation. However
this method is not applieable..f9r production separators (crude oil separators) because in
this case the liquid'"liqilitl'··separation is based only on residence times which are
generally taken betw~~·s:and 5 minutes.
\,\, '------~:;·
If the heavy pj'j~~~- flo1N rate is low, a boot may be used. Its diameter must be less than
1/3 of the..·ve.ssei···diameter unless special agreement with the pressure vessel
departme.~i:.(ijl.~chanical).
-.,_ ,__
.2.5 OTHER'rt:P~~:.OF SEPARATORS
9¢la~-:~Hi:t;:~/done by vendors.
.•
l 2.5.1 ~ANid~ACK SEPARATORS

8 Contact vendors. Check the pressure drop required by this type of device.

2.5.2 CYCLONE TYPE SEPARATORS

Contact vendors.
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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GE 312 1.1.2 I o

• PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
COLUMNS/DRUMS
Page

24

TABLE 1
Allowable vapour velocity
Coefficient K =%Ve

%Ve Without mesh

Service
-- --- -- -.
Reflux drum 170 220

• Effluent separator

Separator located·a(ih'e. inlet of a

170 ·-- --
('::··<····. ::;.-
·- -._
220

170
column wher~·t.fuie \~·a.Fisk of
foaming cau~e\J by f\ii!. liquid.
(ex: Glyw}-~n.iactor)"
220
/ .. --.. i ·.,-

·-- ·-/.:•,
F~e'1 gasdrum ---._) 80 170
._,.

Steam drum 130*

Flare drum
"
<·-·· ... ··-"·..··-... : 300 (1" estimate)
/" ·--
' " ---..>
. - - - - - • .1 ••

·--------- .__ ,;-

* (witj:(sp~ial internals guaranteed for a pre-determined entrainment level)
.-___ ··-- '
,, ,'

--. --

RelatiOn§hip·;·~el~··the
with· ..-.....· .......
droplet diameter in micron and % Ve by comparison of Newton's formula

v
c
=·d.<mx'i)p,-p,
----- --~-·' pg

80% Ve ------> 50 microns

130% Ve -----.> 130 microns
170% Ve ------> 225 microns
220% Ve -----.> 375 microns

"
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GE 312 1.1.2

~~~~~~~~~~~•
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT

PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 25

FIGURE 1
(all dimensions in mm)

...-~:::.~.-··:

W/@~% .2f~3
1L
Inlet ri;;;ieti;a;,;;-eter
"'I
h2
h1 ~;::.:~:·~~:;~~o h1 = 400

~I . ..·-"·{)·.·'>. 1200 h1 = 600 (Note1)

<,'·-.
h31 .:~· .:~~--:~:-~::~: -:...... :··/-</.:-..'El>4000
·-.' h1 =0.150

+- - ~ h10
i:ii:.:::-...::n2::;o 100 non coking service
'
(( \ )12 = 150 coking service

,. .<: ~_: .~!~-~::;::>,:g: ~~~ ~; : ~~~a;e~~~

h4i Al
\_/

h6

( )/,<: ,,om~ of1 5 • .:::~":: "''

I

I LLL
h5 If HHLA present, residence time of 1
to 2 min, with a minimum of 200 mm

h7 h6 300 minimum
······ ........
LLLA
~
-._. --:,_
~----
:~

.
... ,....<.:-.: ·:.:::·.-~:~:."·' h7 If LLLA present, residence time of 1
1L to 2 min, with a minimum of 200 mm
\, \, -- ..~:-
_.---- .. ;

H
h8 300 minimum. Check if the residence
time is compatible with the safety
e.g. closure time of the shutdown
valve on the liquid line.

h9 2 <I> minimum

h10 100+<!>/2

Drum without mesh: h1 + h2 + h3 = 0.75 0 with limits of900 minimum and 1800 maximum

Note 1: For spherical heads h1 = 150 minimum

Note2: LLA to LLL or HLA to HLL : 10 % of h6 or 50 minimum
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
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GE 312 1.1.2 0

•r--~~~~~~~~~~
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE p.,,
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) COLUMNS/DRUMS 26

FIGURE2
(all dimensions in mm)

• lo
'
/ ----.:·:.. ·.
-----..---------·
·..
·--. ·.. ___ · ·-._:.

~ :·:_:;: :-·: :,·

Mn
__ ... ·::;':-:-:;:

-:::/·· <>1·, Ground level

'>7'',,JhMN/N//H
---. ·-:
';

(_:-:_·_·:_:-: ·_~: ./
:·--
h1 300 min ·-.. :·.<:

• h2

h3 / : : •400
h2 .:"·~·~·-:_:~~~~~king service
:\ ·--. ·- .. _. _·-./
, ·-.
h2 ~ 15(i··!Soking service
:'.'~~~~~~~- "-
"·;n;:~
·< <..,..:,.J
h4,.. - ..:··._"·If HHLA present, residence time =1 - 2 min. 100 minimum

~~::_._::.-_::::,>
0

300 minimum (see residence time under 2.2.3)

,' --
(( h6:,"') If LLLA present, residence time =1 - 2 min. 100 minimum
" ·-. / ..
150 min (Check if the residence time is compatible with the safety
e.g. closure time of the shutdown valve on the liquid line.) Note 1.

Drum without mesh hv = h1 + h2 + h3 = 0.2 D with 300 min

Note 1 : If nozzle F extends inside the vessel e.g. to avoid sediment, increase h7
accordingly.
w

"'
 TECHNIP

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)

CURVE 1
(A, I Ar= f (h ID)

.,.,
0 m

'L.1

'

O"J
0
"
f-<
<
.....
.:t

"'
0

•
.,

.....
0

~ i
0 ·--.:::::>' 0, 1 0,2 0,3 0,4 o,s
h/D
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued by ok o hapter n

GE 312 1.1.2 II 0

•.--~~~~~~~~~--,--,
•
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
A
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STORAGE TANKS
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
...,-_ ··-. ·. ··./.'
x
2 x
3 x
x ,' ,'"\ ·..
4
<'- . _/'
- •.-1 ,..
·-, --. ___ _
·--..
, •,
·.· ·-.
.....
•,
·.·:
·-.·
·-.
...
-........ __ , ....: .

•
·- ,'
. .: . ,'

~- ·. ,
: ,' : .--. ---.
/ ·-.
'•. /
..·
-

/ ( . ·..·.:....•.·.
" ',

•
... ------·
·..
:\
\\
,---- _, ..

9
8
7.
·~ !

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0 OCTOBER2000

(Date of issue)
J-F ROSSI

(nom, visa I name, visa)

A. DEVOS

( nom, visa I name, visa)

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aY
. PTAK
t--Re~,.-t-~~D-ATE=-D~E-R_E_V_IS-10-N~--t~-R-E_D_IG_E_l_W_ritt_.e_n_b_y~-+-~V-E_R_IF_IE-l-C-he-Ck-e-d-by~-t--A~P~PR~O-INE/~-,-pp-ro-,-,-db-y~j-~~~~~~O~BJ~E=r~~~~~~--j
(nom, visa /n;;ime, visa)
ENGUSHVERSIONFROMFRENCHVERSION
REV.O,JANUARY1993

{Status)

REVISIONS DU DOCUMENT I Document revisions

 ••

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,:' <'. __)~,::

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/ _________-_.,_
-~---:--------'
,•

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 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ssued by

GE 312 1.1.2 II 0

• PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
STORAGE TANKS
Page

.-' .

CONTENTS
/<:?,))
~<>·- ..:·-..
/ - -::------. ---..>·
·--./.: /
<._:''/···,, ,. --- •, ·-- ·. --. ·-_
~::~_·:.~·y·::;:·)"· ...:

•
.:·:.-·-.:::·-.::::.' i ..

1. TYPES OF?~·@-.::,> (.<:.·::<>

1.1 Fixed roof}a~-~~::::. '· ...-:: •·· .. /

1.2 Floa.tiri~-C~~~~~:~ks /i . : : : : : : '

13 4;;,~~taoko /;1 ,'
/l 'j~,:•• DIMENSIO~ ',>
~... -- .. __ ·-.,.
·-:
I
···./

2.1 Working volume.,(fix~--roof and I or floating roof)

2.2 Tank dimenst~m;'::::·~~-?/

·. ·- -..·:,_ -._

•
-- ...
~-
·. ·-.
,- .. _ ·-- ·.

.. ·\.·-.. -----.·-- .. /
•

\\ ·-----.>
-------~ \
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued by
GE 312 1.1.2

,--P-R_O_C_E_S_S_E_N_G_l_N_E_E_R_IN-G~D-E-S-IG-N~G-U_l_D_E,--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..,-P-~~, ~
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STORAGE TANKS

1 TYPES OF TANKS (;~::~::::..;·°)

::•:·=":•.: :~ I~
1.1

=d foe tho •lorago of '"""" Mth .;{ t:,,ra

volatility and a relatively high fla~.h point. Products stored in. th'i°S-·t.Y.Pe. of tank must have
low potential for loss by ev~P,oF?t,ion and tank breathing::i:ind. mi.ls"t represent only a
limited fire hazard. ..-.'<::-// _..-:::::.;·;.>: ."."::·
gene·r.;ii~::~-$~;/for gas oil, distillaj~~-:~~~::fui·~I oil.
•
Fixed roof tanks are

When a fixed roof ~a6~:1i;::~~e~ ~or storage,.o;::~~;~tii~>~roducts

the it is recommended
and in some cases··~qtiired· by some particular-.[eg:Ulaflon (e.g. forthcoming European
legislation) to eqtjlp.t6errniVith an internal floatjhg·r~ut·

1.2 FLOATING ~~~~:;~~KS ~:

/::: .·'.'.. :.;_)/

Floating_'~~:-~~~~-_'~re used in the t~~~i~~--~~es:

• v~i~~i·i~ ~~;:~·s: crude oil, gaso~·~)/ ......

• c:,~·~i·d~:;:;;ith a low flash poi)'.lt-; ker~~~~e, naphtha, light slops

• All fluids for which con~~~-~~)1ir should be avoided : chemical solvents, lubricating
oil, reformer feed (Q2·s.lfln~itiYe)
-. ·. ·, -.. --
• Corrosive produc;:tS:.::::·''·· '>
,<·-~::_--:::.--~~~.---'
1.3 PRESSURISED fA~K~·.:.:_- .
,----- -~ "-._
::___
Pressurisec;t·:~toF.i-9es>are of cylindrical or spherical shape. They are widely used for the
storage af·a.m~ient temperature of LPG's such as propane, propylene, butane and
butene.,.SP,hi:ires. are also commonly used for the semi-refrigerated storage of ethylene
or ethane:·.··-.. ·....-

lJi~:.;~~2-g
g
capacity limits for the most commonly stored products are given as a
~ideli('il\'
:

-~-~:::~~~ene (21 barg) 1500 m3

• Propane 2000 m3 to 3000 m3
.
j
• Butane 3000 m3 to 5000 m3
~

European regulations have lead to the increasing use of semi-buried cylinders in unit
sizes of up to 3000 m3.
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued by Cnapter nZ

GE 312 1.1.2 II

• PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
STORAGE TANKS
Page

2 VOLUME I DIMENSIONS
~<·::-:_-_- ----.:.:-.)
2.1 WORKING VOLUME (FIXED ROOF AND I OR FLOATING R,tj()f)"·~::::>.'
There is a dead volume in a storage tank, comprising the suction of.-tQ;·-~~h~r~:e(below
nozzle, or "heel" and the volume equivalent to the minifni:m:(·-v~pour space required to
prevent overfill. This dea9./o,fu,me can be taken, as a fl~t-~pproach, as 15 % of the total

:::•DlMENSlONl<. . > . </dL:J'····

• 2.2
/ -----------~-
·. ·-·::··--
-}
... _.'

The process d~~{!~~t generally specifi¢s..tH:~··swrage volume only (total volume or

' -.

working volul'T)e d~!mding on the contex;t.qfib_&job ). Final tank dimensions are fixed by
the vessel '(-meE:i)arileal) department ,.b:8-se4··pn . .
layout constraints and/or contractual
" __,

specific<j.t(on$ ..:·· ... > \ ".. , : )

tqt~i(~dlu~~
The of a tank can be'~~;ii;~i~~-·from
Table 1, which gives the total volume
as ,l{~n:~u9i;i·af diameter and h_eig~((d~rlved from API 650) .
. .N~t~;· ·>:::...- ..-: ·:. .:~.:>:' ./
·.'./ --- .. ----.- ·.,-
In th~· past, tanks were.-tfu~t-.t:iy welding of standard steel plates (72" or 96" wide). Thus
the dimensions of taf'i~s ac<;:qrding to API 650 A2 and A4 correspond to an integer
number of elements..,T-t))'s.. api)roach, still followed in the USA, has been abandoned by
European tank conirai;tors·who do not impose standard dimensions.

•
/:· ~-~::~~~~:~_ . >
("<"'· .....
-...
,... ___ :,
·---------

-- --- •,
,-'"··. ·-.·
... ____ _
----- '"
--- --·
('::_'_---· ·:'\
' ·- ...•'/
·---- •'

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GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP Issued by BOOk !'lg Chapter nU Rev.
GE 312 1.1.2 II 0

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
4
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 :PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) STORAGE TANKS

TABLE 1 -----
Total volume (m 3 ) of tanks as a function of diameter and heig!Jf.----·--._\
(derived from API 650 tables with integer values in meter!i}'--->---- ))

- - -:;_- :·:- <: ?'._:~:-;~-: - -

Diameter Section H=3 H=5 H=7 H=10 H=12 H=22
m m' ' ,-. -.
3 7.07 21 71 85
4 12.57 38 63· _------·as
·. --. . 126 151
5 19.63
6 28.27 85 /-._ t4i __ ,_ 1°98
·-. . . .__,
283 339 ,___ -.'424-
-. -- ._;-
7 38.48 115- _-----l_-92 ·:-- 269 385 4~ -.__.-:.--s·n.-· 693
8 50.27 151_//25)' 352 503 _.-6_03 .---):-54 905
9 63.62 ,----1_91 -.:-_--·i318 445 636 :'::. 763 954 1145
10 78.54 23!'1 ": 393 550 78?- --:---.f!.-4:2_ 1178 1474
12 11,3_;1 - -::Sa.~-- 565 792 1/~1 : :.)-:¥,i7 1696 2036
14 1~3-'~ _.- _:462 770 1078 .--15.~9 "---,1847 2309 2771
15 _:)76.7-1:--:_.-'530 884 1237' <J-7,67 -- 2121 2651
3181
18 -::.----is4.,47 1212 1781 ·2$~5 3054 3817 4580 5089 5598
20 314:16 1571 -'.2)-9_9 3142 3770 4712 5655 6283 6912
25 490.88 5891 7363 8896 9818 10799
30 706.86 -------
-. . ----4948
·---- 7060 8482 10603 12723 14137 15551
35 962.11 _________ :: ..--6735 9621 11545 14432 17318 19242 21167
40 1256.64 12566 15080 22620 18850 25133 27648
45 1590.43 15904 19085 28628 23857 31809 34990
50 1963-5 19635 23562 35343 29453 39270 43197
55 2375.8~ ::::----- --- 23758 28510 42765 35638 47517 52268
60 2827,._44 _.:/ 28274 33929 50894 42412 56549 62204
38485 46182 57727 69272 76969 84666
60319 75398 90478 100531 110584
76341 95426 114511 127236 139958
100 /,-- --- 7~_3.98 94248 117810 141372 157080 172788
110 \ __- ---00,03.32 114040 142550 171060
120 "11309.73 135717 169646

w
Q
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP f§§Oifo 69 888k [, CllJCWI ii R@v.

GE 312 1.1.2 Ill 0

·,_____~~~~-~~~~~~~
•
Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
A
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 g ~o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A X 22 x
23 x .- ---, ---.,--:,,
__

24 x
x 25 x ,.. ,' -. ·-: ..
,/.: ···.:'
2 x 26 x
3 x 27 x .··""•. ·..
4 x --. . _/ 28

5 x . ·. ·.. ·--.
,---- ·- ..--
29 .· _<.)(_._· ........·.· •• :/
• .... ..
1-~~--+-x~t---+~+-~t---+,T_-~~~1-+-+~+--1c---3-o__,·~.~x'·~~~~:+---+~-+-~+---+~-+-~t---+---f
6
.. .. ... ...
,' --
7 x
8 x
9 x
10 x x

• 11
12
13
14
x
x ..
x·· · ·.. -- ... /
x
..

/_/ ..·.···.
'• ,' -
-./ ,'

...
35
36
37
38
x
x
x
x
15 x \ ', 39 x
16 x ,·· ... .:... 40 x
17
18
--- _, '.
19 x ··----
9
·..
8 ·..
7.
,' / -.. _ "
', i
6

5
4
.
..

••
3
2

//
~ l--o~+--o-c_T_o_B~E-R_2_0_0_0--l-P-._A_P_P_l_A~-'·-~'--AA---l-A-._D_E_v_o~s~~~'----l-c-._P_T_A_K~-~(./l-'-'-·+--·-NG_L_1s_"_v•_R_s_1o_N_FR_o_M_F_R•_N_c_"_v•_RS~1o_N-l
fU' t!JY - ' REV. 4 APRIL 1999
Rev. DATE DE REVISION REDlGE I Written by VERIF!E I Checked by APPROUVE!Approved by OBJET
(Date of issue) (nom, visa I name, visa) ( nom, visa !name, visa) (nom, visa /name, visa) (Status)

REVISIONS DU DOCUMENT I Document revisions

 ••
.··-
"

,·-·----.:·.-
-~----------
.. ··...... ·-.
·.
:
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·· ..·
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••
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP l§§Uea BY bb&H UIYPI& ii

GE 312 1.1.2 Ill

• PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Page

,/·~:..-··-., ...'\

CONTENTS /('.,~;;/
1. SHELL AND TUBl(EXCHANGER SELECTION'.:~~ID·E ...:'
2. SHELL AND TU~::~~CHANGER NOMENdLif:ukl
• 3.

4.
BASIC

TEMA
COM~~N~S OF AN AES tr~~--~~:~:~NGER
TY;~~:~~T. AJW ,:·-.. ~><:::.-'·

9.

•
10. LMTD CO~EC_TJON FACTOR CHARTS
,.·... •,
"
11. ESTIMAT.ibtf-OF OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
\ \ ·-., ..

12. ESTfMATION OF FILM COEFFICIENTS

13. ,·:<·iM~ACT
OF TOTAL FOULING RESISTANCE ON THE OVERALL HEAT
/-.·.·.<.TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

q.4...
~ .,
·.::~6uuNG RESISTANCE
--. _ _.

(:. ·-·~J~. ALLOWABLE ENTRAINMENT RATIO FOR KETTLE EXCHANGERS

-
0

~
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP 1§§648 89 B&kii CIIJPMI fl R40.

GE 312 1.1.2 Ill 0

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS 2

1 SHELL AND TUBE EXCHANGER SELECTION GUIDE

Refer to the nomenclature given in paragraph 2, page 4.

FRONT END STATIONARY HEAD TYPES

a. Type A : tubes are easily'.cleanable, since only the reqi·ov.al cifa cover is required.
Therefore, in case of frt'iG:Ue·(rt cleaning, this type st)o(!ld:b¢:·selected. Examples of
use : residues, sea ~-~~:::-'.::_::::) <_,_:::-.-:<,(?) ·
b. Type B : less ¢ii;i_~nsiv~· than Type A, b1:1t·--G!ecihifig of tubes requires piping
dismantling ofic(?n6:e(;iteci piping, removal.._o(.ga~ts and of integral cover - or
bonnet - which is_.~-h~aiiy item. Therefore rec;'Ortjme'tided only for clean services E.
Examples : l(ght);ydr6carbons, treated JA'.ai"1"·>--->

c. Type C/~~~·;;~:::N
: the tubeshee_U~-::Part::~)
the stationary head. Less expensive
than ,.TYi;ie.. A/..for low-pressure _.$e~s:-·The cost increases significantly with
pre%s6r.e; 'in-case of high !!.P, Ty?<l'Nwilt·be preferred.
L_e~:9~~~~ts are required, i.e/~h¢·risk_S-·of experiencing a leakage are reduced .
.-:::::~~-cli~~li;, the Type C with..:~~~'1abl~ lube bundle is barely used, and is usually
selected only in case of__specific Ciient's requirement.

The Type N is associ't::d:·.~.i~

rear ends Type L, M or N, and the result is a fixed
tube sheet exchanger.::-:rhiS-"type of exchanger is economical, but the tube bundle
cannot be dism,antlecl.-.and a shell expansion bellows may be required because of
themial expansiOI)·;::.:·--.. .:'
.: '• . -.
SHELL TYPt;;S\:,'-::_-.::·:.-.:::·;_---:-
1.1
----·--
•. -,

a. Type.. $·:-~e most commonly used.

'-. __ ·-: ,

b. J)'OO"F:--;:::anows an ideal counter-current exchange between hot and cold fluid

(ll.MTD, ~rrection factor F = 1).
__..---_.i"lq~tir, this Type has the following drawbacks :
/ (,-.. (~\

\, "· ) :'
Internal leakage is likely to occur between the shell and the longitudinal baffle,
--~-.:::~~~---/ resulting in a reduction of the heat transfer coefficient.
• Unbalanced thermal expansion in case of large temperature difference
between inlet and outlet. This may cause mechanical problems.
• Pressure drop shall not exceed - 0.2 bar to avoid damaging the longitudinal
baffle.

As a result, this Type may be used only if it allows a reduction in the number of
Type E shells installed in series.

"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP 1ssoea ay b&kii Cl1MP141 Ii MO.

GE 312 1.1.2 Ill 0

• PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Page

c. Type G and Type H : no support plates are provided, hence li.miting the maximum
tube length : .<········.. _ \
• for Type G: tubes 3/4" (resp. 1"), maximum tube lengt~·:·:~~:rt·if~sp. 12 ft)
• for Type H : tubes 3/4", maximum tube length : 20 f( <.. // ,.-::····
Both Types allow temperature cross through the
2
used for e~:{~~~e:~::::6~mmonly
thermosyphon reboilers..a.nd low pressure drop services··(4P._:- 50 g I cm ).

d. Type J : for high flq{'.ra{ey~

and D.P that cannot.~;:~~-~le~·
by Type E and also for
condensers to avoi~i)he·11se of vapour-belts. l\[6zi1e·diameter shall be less than half

the shell dia:e~~>::;::::~ ;·> <.:'<:::··::::::::·::::>,.

e. Type K : c9minohl)( used when proper..-vapOw:-disengaging with no liquid carryover
required .( e.g: ~mi:i1e regenerator reboiler):-· <. ·. ·
f. Type.x:;:?~F':~e-~_..low pressure se4i~~~:tie-:j;' mm Hg), since it entails low pressure
drop/Allow~ temperature cross,.(e.qu.~rit to ideal countercurrent if there are more
t.~r\-.ihree::-t>asses on the tu~··S;iciiei:_::fypical applications : steam turbine vacuum
/¢rin<'!ensers, cracked gas col'iip~so!'S intercoolers.

(:~~:~:~:~~ TYPES
0

.-:::<::;·>·····.:>
1.2
-. -.. / ,... "-,'

a. Type L. Type M ap~·Tybe N : fixed tube sheet heat exchangers. For clean services
on shell side. Shel) ~xpajlsion bellows required when D.T exceeds 50 °F.
Type L and type)Larl recommended for fouling services on tube side, since
dismantling 15-.00Sy,:·Type M is preferred for clean services as it is more economical.
<. --::-----...:'
b. Type P,.._(..\)~y<tor services which allow the use of packing-box (e.g. water).
Prohi~it~-~._foi'-hyarocarbons. Not commonly used.

c. Typ~::5·~-c6rrtmonly used but more expensive than other rear end Types.

:f~~::T_:
d._ .. for frequent dismantling (e.g. residue on shell side), or if cleaning is only
....-:,.--pqS$ible on the tube sheet side for accessibility purpose (e.g. column integrated
:. '..., co~~enser). Expensive and also requires a bigger shell diameter than Type S for
.------., ·._<tne,.same tube count. Barely used.
/ (.- .. ",....,
'-. .:-·______
.....e·:)
.-- Type U : requires clean service on tube side. Low cost (e.g: steam on tube side).

f. Type W : for mild services, never used in refining applications, due to inappropriate
tightness.

CONCLUSION : The most commonly used types of exchangers are : BES, BEU, AES,
divided flow (J), double split flow (H). ,
 TECHNIP

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
HEAT EXCHANGERS 4
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)

2 SHELL AND TUBE EXCHANGER NOMENCLATURE

FRONT END
SHEU TYPES
5TAT10NAIY HEAD TYPES

E
~ .J-.
'J:.)) I~
- - -- .: ··....-··.....·-, I
A ,"··. ·· .. ·· ... ONE PASS SHELL

p
OUTSIDE PACKED A.DATING HEAD

.
N
- ~ ---: =.
---~ '._
-·
;· DIVIDED R.OW

T T
PULL THROUGH ROA.TING HEAD

K
.l
u
.. ·--~(·{:·_ ~;l~]~;;;="'I 1--+--KETT-"-lYPE--REBOl--"'--l IJ.1111E llUNDLE
- ---·· ·. LL F ~ 1----1----------l
o' --: .-.··---···', -~~
____ ... ..- ...._,,,: ~j,..JI
~
x [l_.....-__._I~ w ~TI,
:1_u EmRNAU.Y SU1ED
SPECIAL HIGH PRESSURE CLOSURf CROSS ROW R.OATING lUBESHEET

FIGURE N .. 1.2

STANDARDS OF TUBULAR EXCHANGER MANUFJCTURERS ASSOCIATION • 3

 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP l§§Jgj 89 BOOR fl CiitlPWI I\ MO.

GE

•
312 1.1.2 Ill 0

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS 5

3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN AES TYPE EXCHANGER

1. STATIONARY HEAD - CHANNEL
2. STATIONARY HEAD - BONNET
3. STATIONARY HEAD FLANGE - CHANNEL OR BONNET
4. CHANNEL COVER
5. STATIONARY HEAD NOZZLE
6. STATIONARY TUBESHEET
7. TUBES
8. SHELL ,: , ... ,, :
9. SHELL COVER <. '·,, / :' .--· ·, · ·.
~ ~: ~~~~~ ~~~~~: ~~~~~~~y~~~A,D
12. SHELL NOZZLE -'. ·.., "-.. "-.
END ."· '.:_·:_ :_ :_·:-~ -_: _' :_ .:" .:_
..). /

13. SHELL COVER FLJ>NGE::~._.."-.._ .,.

14. EXPANSION JOIN')' ·•.·.·· ....'_'__/
{_<::·
"
.., .,.·.·
15. FLOATING TUEjEl/_REp-., ,.-. . ··.· ..-·"-..:·.:.-
16. FLOATING HEA'El CG.VER:.- '· "
17. FLOATING HJ;:A9tt0NK<pE
18. FLOATING'tjcoAQ·oAC ING DEVICE
:: ->.·. ,
19. SPLIT StlEAR-RING. / :' .\ "i
20. SLIP-91':1-&AC~ING·FLANGE ' \ ' ·

~i ~~~~~B~~s~~~RSK~:JERNA~'. : :·:~.: -.·.;_.: .: ': ·: :/

~~::~~~~:6LAND
:~- LAN-T,t=~N RING
<>
•._.-:_·._:_:_:.·;.:_.:.:>

/.-27:-TIERODS AND SPACERS "·-.. "·

</ 28•.TRANSVERSE BAFFLES OR SUPPO~Tf,ilATES

;~: ~~~~~~~::LPBi:::LE ,/ ::::'_ · ,

31. PASS PARTITION ( ( C"·, /
32. VENT CONNECTION '· ·.,_ / /
33. DRAIN CONNECTloN""., "-. .. ::: .. .-
34. INSTRUMENT CQ1'1N._$Cl:ib~
35. SUPPORT SADO.LE., .. ::::>.. /
36. LIFTING LUG-""··· ..,·..... .
37. SUPPORT B~CKl;T·., :-

~~. ~~~D ~EO~b. ~~~~-.~~ION

. :_ ---------~~~>

" AES

11GU•I 1'1-2

4 5.TANDAnos or TU3ULA:t ::.xc:-1..S..NGE~ ~.{..\,'tlJ?AC!UR::'.:lS ASSOCL.\TION

"
 TECHNIP

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
HEAT EXCHANGERS 6
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)

4 TEMA TYPES AKT, AJW

...... N4t (CONllNUID)

-:.,.-· ·· ... ··.

··./

·. .. )

~
I.. AJW
~
~
.:.
>:-
"<z
0
6 • STANDARDS OF TUBULAR EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
~
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"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ISSGM 89 MBkii cnap1e; 11 MO

•
GE 312 1.1.2 111 0

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE Page

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT

PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS 7

5 TEMA TYPES BEM, AEP, CFU

STANDARDS OF TUBULAR EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION • 5

 GUIDE DOCUMENT
Cl 1£1~&/ Ii
TECHNIP IMUe& 69 68& II

GE 312 1.1.2 Ill

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
8
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS

6 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUBING

Table 1

·'¥ • 10 !15'1' li.40 :~ 1us :1az. t11s .1965 .osgs -.uu· ·,o3as 1.1112 1,+21
If. 11 .120 5,o,$ .'>io. ~l.95'.~ t.516 . :t~55 .0+01 1.2.03 1,30'!1
12. .10s 2.1'1 ,sn '15.s .223 1." ......:·· :~593>' .01t2'5 1.115 1.2os
13 .095 .?MS ·,56'11 1+,2'; 247 u,.; :' / .. :14'66 .oH7 .98? 1.061
: ~90! 1+ ,08,1'. ·Z:lli1 .~&I 'n.8"i .Z68 1.7Z' , \, .,l?Z9 .0+66 .677 . 950
· • 1s p1a 1.83 .606 15.+ .w 1.&16 .... "·. · ... ',j'f87 ,o+a+ ;775 .839
16 .c>6s ~.~~- ·,u.o 1i1s .302 1.'5 ./..., :.. .'".. :162s .o+ss .1oa .167
1'7.··· ~8' 1.476 '.6!1+ 16,1 .3M· 2.0t!i / <. / ... _'".'
.~660 ,0506 .659 • 692.
18·: .o~9 1.?'t5 .6?.t 16~ .U+ USS :--... :'. .,. .1V07 ,0721 .'51t8 .'$9'5
~·,. .:8". ,16:!-· .43' .670 11. .3SS 2..z'J ~fi'8·. ;07911 .17S+ .OSllS 2.1.95 2.1177
/ .S .+.:,,· 3.71> .70~ .56, .ft,51
17,9 ·/ .18H .0562. 2..001 2.:1&7
/ ,. .. 1Q .15+ 3,40 .7.52 18.6
.lt2.1 2,'1M ·... .1~M6 .0?8't 1.8.. 1.997
,_,. '1i.. ,Uo 3.05 .7i0 19.~
.ltSS 2.'JS! ··.) ,1,90 .0607 1.680 1.819
12:· .10-' 271 .782. 19.8~
.+9' 3,09 .Zo+a .06.ZS 1.5'r8 1,676
(ls,+) 13 .o'5 21;15 .a10 2Q., ·''~ '3.JlS . .2.12.1 ,06+? 1,561 1lr7"
1t,. .085 Z~01 .&~ 24.2 .Sit~'!!.~ .Z18' .0665 1,206 1,306
1 s .on. i,a!I .856 ii\~ :ffli ~715 .22-1-1 .068' 1.060 1.1-1-e
16 .065 1.&S .870 iz;t :5·* '3.1135 .22.77 .069+ 0,966 1.~
11 .osa 1!<-75 .a.a+ 2t~ :fl~!I 3.% .2111+ .o706 .870 .5+2.
18 ~!! 1.2+5 MZ n._<i .63' 4,12 .2.361 .07.ZO • 7# .&06

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 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP 1§§0€6 69 66&11 umpm111 rwc.
GE 312 1.1.2 Ill 0

• PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
S.S. 1.2 PROCESS EQUIPMENT
HEAT EXCHANGERS
P•ge

7 HEAT TRANSFER AREA FOR THE MAXIMUM TUBE COUNT WlfKit.(A GIVEN
SHELL DIAMETER ( '··.. .:· /

The following charts and tables give the maximum tube. a given shell -~~~nt~;·~i~:i~·
internal diameter, depending on the external diameter, tt¥ tub~--~ifoh and number of
passes. ::::>·.···... "
The tables also give area for the the:~~itnum
for 16 ft. or 20 ft. long shell-~~-sldi;!;~~
tubes. These values are"·indicative only, since th_e·y··~iw.e::bEien established for floating
head(s) exchangers.:wifll-~m.i!·tr nozzle diameters.in·<iciriip~ison to shell diameter.
For different ends or. ·1a[AAr nozzle diamete'ts. ··1ne-..riumber of tubes that can be
accommodated viiithin·fue.thell will be differerit,.··. ·
•,
.>
:
'•
'•, •,
... ~ ,•, ··-· ,· .. ·.. /
. ..
/(', - -.,
. ._, .

.-.. .··, '·'

,._ ----- - /~::~~\ ·; .. ~:~----

,-,, ·-------- -- :......:.:··-. __ ,:·
~ . -. ,' .---. --
--~:- -: .-:::-~-:~_) _) -..,
- .·.
--- -- ·- ., : ...'· ,'
.---·./"

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~--

-- ·-----
-- ------.:,, ~

~ --:--------

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----------. ... -,
---

.-::~':<:.~:~~)

.
..
. ___ .
 •

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"
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,:'/ ' .
··-·-::_
<'..· .-._ "·
·..-

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~ --:----. ... _,
·--·--.......
•,

•
 (i( ~ rt 1 C

+ +

• "'°'!·IShell internal diameter

"'"' · mm(in) ·
,..
1 L. ; ·r I :I ·=-l· ii1!_:J ·l_ I

HEAfTRANSFER AREA (m 2 )
/FOB. THE MAXJIMUM TUBE COUNT
~too I ., ' \
...............\ ', ,,.
I

'' ) ' ' \_,' ......

'\......
"':, .... '\ .......
>

.... , ',J .. "', ' ,, ,

;_._+
i '' "".-...
' '
" ,'

"
~000~-~-·~·'-f~--t-~lf- ~ ~J;Z,1 'fut/ I I i 19'Jl:Y: H --;&-- \:}......Y-1 --).,.~~
, '
·'-·,--''
'\
..i ... \
. '' ' j'' '
'\ \
... ,

''
' \
'

\,; .........
.; .,
- \

:, ·' ' ''

' '
~ ...... \ \ 1\,-

' One pass on tube side

\ ' ' Number of tubes N, depending on the
' j'
' shell internal diameter
' ...... ,. j >
' ''
' '
' \ ... ~

' ','

... ~ - ~ ..
,

e 4-00 , , ':
' -
1 ''
\ \ \
l
\\
\
', ...1
\
\

'LJ ': / aistance between C/L of the outermost tubes of

- '~, '_'- - - - ·' tube bunde and the inner surface of the shell
l'i\ \\, . . . :-........
~ '\ ' \ \
\ \ \ \ S: Area of a 20 ft (6 100 mm) long tubes
\ ',."' Total bundle area : number of tubes-x S
)

'; ',
i i\ :1 '
.. "'. 'J.:.~.:. ,. <. ~\ \
' I -\ \ '
'-
-l
I
, __
I
\: I
l I ',.
Tube count for
.. - .. r 1 pass in the bJndle
,, i,
5&:l - ~pbo ~000 .:1000 !500 :\000 ~500

• ,,..
GUIDE DOCUMENT

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE GE AO

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
TECHNIP PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS DOCUMENT ou1oe
•
 h: .' lt1 c

-1 +

HEAT TRAMSF,ER AREA (m')

FOR .:f'HE..MAXIMUM TUBE COUNT
.. ,. ' \ ' \
; .. ... ...... ', \ ... ...

.:...". ,,. .... ~ .. ,. ', .... .

\

~ ' , ... >

.. ' ""
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• ,'
,'

One pass on tube side

Number of tubes N, depending on the
shell internal diameter

"
!Iii
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~00 ~
4l ' '
.<%V..~· I ],.......-- I
'\\ ':-1-,'--'U:
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', distance between C/L of the outermost ~ubes of
\ I -._--~'~~"'-----
\ \) ',..."'
tube bunde and the inner surface of th~ shell --+I~tp•~000
~----1
!
S· Area of a 20 ft (6 100 mm) long tubes i
,' ' -'
' . . .:.!
',
Total bundle area : number of tubes x S
' '
'' ' ' ' I Tube count for
I '
' I 1 pass in the bundle
,,·-(;,I\
~00
""" "00 l:o60f
I
!500. '...
I
'CiJ'.)(J
-
3~00 4000 4500 5000 5'100
'"'" .... 1000 ·~O<l 00 6SOO 9000

•
GUIDE DOCUN'ENT
,...
S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT GE 312 1.1.2 Ill 0 41
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
.> TECHNIP PART 1 - SECTION 1 HEAT EXCHANGERS
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
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 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP 1§§01!!8 BY BOOR it

I GE 312 1.1.2

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
13
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS

HEAT TRANSFER AREA (m 2 ) FOR MAXIMUM TUBE COUNT ··-.

:·:<::~~---· ...) )
N, : number of tubes, Ao : bundle external surface, L : tube lengti'\:{ft'). ..'··.//
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 GUIDE DOCUMENT
Ci iJPt@i MO.
TECHNIP 1£0@6 69 O&Jkli 11

GE 312 1.1.2 Ill 0

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
14
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS

HEAT TRANSFER AREA (m 2 ) FOR MAXIMUM TUBE COUNT_---...

,// ··-. \

N, : number of tubes, Ao : bundle external surface, L : tube .leri~tiJ-(-fij./

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 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP IMOM 69 Bbbk ii umpm11i RIJO.

GE 312 1.1.2 111 0

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
HEAT EXCHANGERS 16
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)

HEAT TRANSFER AREA (m 2 ) FOR MAXIMUM TUBE COUNT--· ..

·---.,\. /.':/·

N, : number of tubes, Ao : bundle external surface, L : tube ltlfrgtfi"{~f/

tube 1" - 1 114" triangular pitch _.//./.> ·::.~·./
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----_-_ ___
~

- ~
~

~ ~
y
.....
N
..._
~ ~ h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
 GUIDE DOCUMENT

TECHNIP
GE
1mea a;
312
awR 11
1.1.2
CllJPIQI il

Ill
MC
0
I
r---~~~~~~~~~--
p,,,
PRO C ES S ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
17
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS

HEAT TRANSFER AREA (m 2 ) FOR MAXIMUM TUBE COUNT .······.:··...

,1·':/____ \ \
N, : number of tubes, A,, : bundle external surface, L : tube leng~R;{ftr-- ...//
tube 1 1/4" - 1 9/16" square pitch _/,/ /> ··.:·-./
':' <·:'· ...::~: :::::::>-'
,.: ,··· .. ··-.

-. _______ ,
..
z.. -<~~~-::::::~:::~ ;; : ~ ~ ~ a-·'·-o
...
-
.~:';o. ·:io
o0•.·q.. N ''V"
·..-::._ --:-:,, N N
.... '°
Cl\.
N
r"'ll
r"'ll

.'" ,//· ... -.. -----·-

~--->
..:______ \·-- ·..

•"

w
"
GE • "''· 0 . · TP · fllonom" "'h>o.lwp

• • "U
"O

~
C')
e
::u m
0 Cll
() CJ>
D.I.C, in. o.t_~jL, in. D , in.
P. rd, of" tuh\!S,
in. · · 1 Passe ~Passes I 4 Passesl6 ·passes rn -u m

/'"'" ! "'"
-._,... -· --. 0 (J) )> z
,''.
(J) ::u Cl
44 ----·· (/2_11)) --:!>·-- 3/4 15/16 ,:,'_,/ '' 1650 1624
:?:: --1 -
)> _. iiim
',' /-i-~_49_ ... -- ---- 1327 z
____,..<:--l::-') r-H~- f 1/4
ID
I 11 .__----1561 _.--- --, "-1535
""--°856:' i._J &37
1286
1464
1270
1422 c
)>
r
I
(J) ;Q
m -z
()
0 809 778
~ --1 Cl
990:---- -, /966
-(_/::1- :>,':.>/' '"
I 114 /).
·--- .· :' .:·-. ,..' 921 888
~oc
~ --1 z m
48 46
/ ...----,.0:1 : .··-.
3f4"'i / i i / ilS/16 11
3/ 4 -._: : :: ,' .-·----l 0
1965 -.- 190,~:<·· :. ! ii!)~-~ _j 180 I 0 )> ~
OJ
0
!a
Cl
z
3/4 i __ ·:.-//:/·::--i;\ 1620
1872
1598 -:,: i i)'55'3/':-
184 5 ' ;_ "tl96 ,/ ,' ,'>-1124
1535 (/)
:r 0
;>;
Cl
c:
1 \ '-._ i;P•;.'·o 1029 1010 --_,' 975,' / / -," '959 ~ ~ 0
I '<.'!_ '.;\ 11 ::-._:;-i 18 8 I163 I a·ga,::./ :
:::'1-07 6 m

52 50 3/4 15/16 11 '-./" ----/Jii.']'\"-! 2273 2178 2152

3/4 ID :' ~<iHi;;_ ..· .----l-890 1848 1826
3/4 I 11 "·221'2_.' _:, /-zi&3 2092 2050 (J)
1 I •14 0 121'6 (_ ( 1/9,ii ..----. 1167 1132
I 111• 11 1405 - :----H'l y :' .J 323 1287 0
_.
··----· ..- . ·-.. ._..: .> "·
::t: ~
"' !Tl '" Ci)
56 54 3/4 15/16 11 2704 2660 l> "U
3/4 ID 2241 2214 -t ::u m
3/4 I 11 2588 2545 ~g ~
1 11l4 D 1420 1400 o m
I } 1/4 /J. 1638 1605 i; ~ wi'
~

60
~~ N ~

58 3/4 15/ 16 6 3399 3343 3232 !:a c ~

3/4 ID 2587 2556 2510 en -u
3/4 I 6 2987 2945 2827 :?::
m ~
G'l
I } 114 0 1639 1615 1587 z ;,_, c:
I } 114 /J. 1889 1851 1797 --1
6
m
c
0
~
"' s:c
(")
~

(Xl .11.
,,
0 m
L-J~
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ISSGJB BY M&'.11 Ci®PMI ii RJJ.

GE 312 1.1.2 Ill 0

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
HEAT EXCHANGERS 19
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)

8 HEAT TRANSFER AREA CALCULATION _// ......-.:.\,

:.:::~~,::: ~ ' """ ..-". .::C!;·~'.;::'i

8.1

Q = U. A. F. LMTD where:·>·--~··., __<::._-· ..... ··· .. /

Q: Heat transfe~f~.~;:_.~:!ftt' ....:<'.:::.:}·:·:;·::)"..>

U: Overall he<;!t fraiis:f<iir··coefficient, kcal/h.ri't'. 0 G,\r.ibich includes a clean
coefficien( ~fouling resistances. <-.·<.·. . _-.:-
A: Area, mt<:<:··... . :· .....-::.···<>.
F: LMTR c9rreC!i.cin factor from ideai_.ciou!i_i&current. Refer to Figure 2 to 8.
ln.. ~n"~~~;;.~-~hall not be less:'~~~-:Q-.'$:·-~or single-pass exchangers on the
s~ell s)$;" this correspondsJ9"-i?fentr!Jal outlet temperatures of the hot and
.·., b.6kl nJi.ds ("limit of temper;!i,tt1\e-C:tMsing")
,..·,/ ,·.:·-- _____ ,' :: ~..../ _,-- ....:':'
LMTD/ -:... /J.::og·Mean Temperature.~eremce, °C

. .::-?:::.·.-·<~~TD = (GTTD -Ln6;:<>2_ "· ./ where :

•. · ···<> Ln (~:gg) ···./
GTTD: Great~;-~~~~;rlal Temperature difference,
LTTD: Lesi:\er ...l'eilriiti'al Temperature difference.
·.. _ ··.
Refer w'°;~f~'.~/
8.2 QUICK ESTIMA'rE:~~i~ERALL
. :___
·..
·- ... /
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT u

Table 2 S!i\le"!1.:bverall heat transfer coefficient values obtained with common petroleum
products'icir·filjuid-liquid exchangers, reboilers and condensers.

Figuf~:9·~;~;~-:~dditional data for water-cooled condensers or gas coolers .

.:i~::i·~:~:;~:rent fouling resistances are considered, Figure 15 shall be used to correct
\._th~ v~l~e obtained (see sample calculation is section 8.4).
·- .. --- ,,-
1 + (fouling resistance) tube side + (fouling resistance) sheUside
- clean
u
.. U service
..~
~ Important note : on the tube side, the heat transfer coefficient is mainly depending on
the flow regime (turbulent, streamline, etc.. ) and subsequently on fluid viscosity. For
viscosities above 50 cP {laminar flow), do not use Table 2. Be also cautious for
viscosities between 1 and 50 cP (transient or streamline flow).

"
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ISSGM 69 BBBR fl CiiJPlJI Ii RJO.

GE 312 1.1.2 Ill 0

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
HEAT EXCHANGERS 20
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)

.---
/ ,'

8.3 MORE ACCURATE CALCULATION OF OVERALL HEAT T.RJ(N$:~:~0EFFICIENT

If the metal resistance for tubes is neglected, the overall !:r~~t.t;a;·~~r-coefficient is
calculated as follows : ,.····... -:<< ···.. _: :;,.
1-
U
=_1_
h iO
+R
f10
+ _1_ + o. <'._<:.>,;,here ·
h 0 i ::_ro· .... _'·-.__""'-~ .
. .".: ..
---. ;----._ "·'

h;0 : Tube side film:i~~l~~-t

<. -~.·-...--------~---,/
corrected to ext~~-~a:;.~;~
'·. ·----.:·-----~;'
:

h;o = h; x 't;:<::<:::with : 0; : tut5.e-K'iter~~\ diameter (see table 1)

"·· //". ·-., Do : ..tub.(;"o.utside diameter
' h; : i>tii~\s.fde film coefficient for internal area
' ' ' '

h0 : sb1';;·~iJ~ ~;~
coefficient ...-::: ·>::::._._.',.: -~·
R,, _;/.:T_\,\bE!:side fouling resistanc¢' ~W'EiGt:ed to external area
<' ,'___ / _,. .- ~ .'
---~
··:- ···$~::;,;' R, x g~ with :,.--<:'··.·: _)R;··:./ tube side fouling resistance for internal area
·--- ·-·'/
·.. -~~<-.::shell side fouling ~esistance./
Figure 10 through 14 ~i~~;:rli;;;·.'coefficient values. In Tables 3, 4 and 5 are shown some
typical values of fotjliAg"re:SiStances.
-. -.

•
:··-----..·:,_ :
~ --~:--------

8.4 SAMPLl';:~~~uiA~ION
Al-Jub,a[['~finery·; contract n° 5954 x
Excti.ar:\gieri item E 1001 :
-.. -:
..... ::.: ·.~ Service: crude oil (tube side) I kerosene (shell side)

/;.:::) --.~.::::://: ~n: ::s.~~;k:~;~ side, two passes on tube side

:, \. :
----- • Tubes 1'', BWG 12
• Crude oil: dJ5 = 0.858, i.e. 33 ° API
Inlet I outlet temperature : 30 °C / 53 °C
Average viscosity: 5 cP
• Kerosene: Inlet I outlet temperature: 200 °C / 120 °C
Average viscosity : 0.3 cP .,,
 GUIDE DOCUMENT

TECHNIP IMUM 69

GE 312

.-P-R_O_C_E_S_S_E_N_G_IN_E_E_R_l_N_G_D_E_S_IG~N-G_U_ID-E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-.--P-ag-,o ~
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
HEAT EXCHANGERS 21
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)

/·~---- ..'"-.
:/ (_ ··:)
Greater terminal temperature difference: GTTD = 200 - 53 = 14T"C··... / :'
Lesser terminal temperature difference : LTTD = 120 - 30 = ~¢··6j2> ···.:.. ::/

Fcom Flg"ra 1 • LMTD • 116 oC ••; ~ : >

P=~~ -_3~ =0.135
0 0 /, ..,\
<~ <.. _/,/
('.'.··....
...-::.·.:·j .. ~~--~----->
3 2 1
:,::!~b:4 • : e'~~2~::g:: •F•'t S'; ')
From Table 1: /R~~:£.::i~;~~ 1+928g 04'~W:.:~·;-Oo~;~·6
2. 77 x m2.h.°C/kcal

Table 4: :<. ::::;~f~):·.::-~0~81 ~ 0.00029.5-~:·r.~~;J~i

,:";. ',, __ ·--... •'./ ,//---) !·-----~

8.4.1 QUIC~:E:~~~~~~ OVERAL{:~~i~:~NSFER OF COEFFICIENT

Fr~~-~~'bie ~·. linear interpolatiQn·~~1~~~:~API to find U and fouling resistance :
• 33 °API crude against £i;~·.:~·~·29o kcal/h.m .°C 2

• 33 °API crude agai11~lrl.uid::G.-:· 249 kcal/h.m 2 .°C

We obtain : 33 °AP.{~j~~~'.:~~ainst
kerosene : 270 kcal/h.m 2.°C, for an overall fouling
resistance of: 0.0002·~·0.:00034 = 0.00054

From Figure .r:9·>~·~

--------
...~··~.::310 kcal/h.m .°C
.. _)
2

Total fou\~:r,~~istance
-.. .:
= 0.000786 + 0.000205 = 0.00099
---- - ·-
Hen~;··u~~··l237 kcal/h.m 2 .°C, and
: ', i ;

.....\::~;zi/~ 10
/".':-·=.- 2;11. x 116 x 0.97 = 232 m
6 2

~--.·~·:~:-·-:-.?)
Note :Even though viscosity is relatively high, this result is close to the more
accurate calculation done below.

~
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP 1£0€!6 69 MORll CllJPMI fl Reo.

GE 312 1.1.2 111 0

• PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Page

22

8.4.2

• ·· ... )

..

J
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP IS§OM 69 63Bk it Ci tabMI Ii

GE 312 1.1.2 Ill

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS 23

9 LMTD CALCULATION

40

30

~
c
20 E
~
i5
....
..,, 10
9
8
7
6
5

Greater Ten11inal Temperature Difference

NOTE-For points not included on this sheet multip$y Greater Terminal Temperature Difference and Lesser Terminal Temperature Difference
by any multiple of 10 and diYide resulting value of curved lines by same multiple.

STANDARDS OF TUBULAR EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION • 145

 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP 1§§008 69 MOR h UIMPtei 11 R@J.

GE 312 1.1 _2 Ill 0

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS 24

10 LMTD CORRECTION FACTOR CHARTS

' ' .• -· .6
P •1.EMPE.f!AYVRE EFFICIENCY
'.. ·..•.-..···cMTD CORRECTION FACTOR
'
/)"~iff:i;t.··J'ASS
,'' ' '•(
EVEN NUMBER OF TUBE PASSES

P•
~
' '
R• t1·'

... ___

log
10_•_.,.: ·_. ~- "'-'i~R·,:~.:~",-.:·"'-·~·..·::~
2 - P (R\+·1.-
2 -<P.·CTl.•• :··t.... 'v:.
I + R )
R) !
F - J: : =~
log
p' -
2
p-
I - R +

I - R +
log
2
2
.I
::~R
p 'V ( J - P)( I
p ..,/ ( 1
- PR)

- P}( l - PR) -'J1+P.2

....
z

•
t1 --<

t1
"· ""'::··-
LO

..
....
0

... "..."'..
c
~
~0.9

.
LMTO CORRECTION FACTOR
i
*
:0~
2 SHELL PASSES 4 OR MULTIPLE OF 4 TUBE PASSES
I:
~
P•
M' ··a- '

~ * or 2 shells in series
 TECHNIP

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
HEAT EXCHANGERS 25
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)

Figure 3

..z
"'>
">
""'"'a
......,
c
z
~0.9
0
w
c
~
>
"'"'
0
0
"' 0 0.7
I~ ....
3 i
'=>z ;;_ ~
""
"""' 0.6

3:
>
z

....
...c
n
"'
.,.
c '.t. ... LMTQ-' SPll!IE.C"flON FACTOR
""'"' 3 SHEU PASSES".'.--~oR i.oR~· EVEN NUMBER OF TUBE PASSES
...."' . l

l
•' - '. ·.. ;

--:~.:·~~~~~-~~l
a ". R•l=t
....
!l . ·..
: "
··./
.. .,

z
0
* or 3 shells in series ,(·"·-~:'::::·- ..,
....... ::./
\ \ ... ~: ..
-::·· ... ·· ....··
...""'
"·
"
."..,
0
... g
. :
0:
0.9
c
c~
.... ll ;::: 0.8
:.:: !il
·O
.= "' ~
"""' 0
~0.7
"'iC
.."' 3
;;_

........
c
0
0.6

,,
~
...."
c

~
.... 0.2 0.3
.
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 l.O

.
~ P TEMPERATURE EFF IG1ENCy

-EM
E 0
LMTD CORRECTION FACTOR
~ 0
;: 4 SHEU PASSES f 8 OR MULTIPLE OF 8 TUBE PASSES
"'
~
...
~

..,':"
0
"' t
P•H- ' R•t:t
':i' -
0
* or 4 shells in series
~
..,
w
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP tMOtfo 69 Bbbk ii Ci\JPOJI ii MC.

GE 312 1.1.2 Ill 0

• PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Page

26

Figure 4

....,.
z
",.
.""..,
0
z
... 0
Ic ~ 0.8
I~ u
,.
.... w
cc
cc
0
">< u
"'n ~0.7

,."'z ~
.:.
"""' 0.6
,.:.:z
..,,.
c
o.•
...nc .
."'..,."' ..
.· LMTll 'GORRl!CTION FACTOR

.."'
0
n
#~
<5'·./
. 4"'1,LS.
'.~-.
.
,
5 SHELL

'
/
p~ss!:'s-~

-.·
·., ' ..
..
P•
'i:o'oR MORE EVEN NUMBER Of TUBE PASSES

~ R•t?-,
;;: • ••• "j." " ' '
::! ···./
0
z
* or 5 shells in sek~·"·.
"'...
> (<·. .:, ,-.·· .: -~/
....""'> :'"- ... .-··. --· ./

•
"
0..,

c.........
c:
."'..
>

n
"'>
"""'"'
3::
>
z
..,c:
>
~ //···
....
..
c:
t'I '
"
·-

~
...
0
0
>
I LMTO CORRECTION FACTOR

f~
;;
... 6 SHELL PASSES t 12 OR MORE EVEN NUMBER OF TUBE PASSES
i5
"'
I ·~ •Ti- ' R• t~?i

* or 6 shells in series
 TECHNIP

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS 27

Figure 5

..;
r.
",.
"'.."
1.0

......0
..
"
",.
r

"'
"'"0
",.
.""'
"'
:.:,.
... ' .. ·-,_0.7
"'"...,. p , TEMPERATURE,·(EFJ.GIErfCV-./
LMTO: CORR(l<TION FACTOR
...0 1 DIVIDED FLOW sHhi:-P.~/ EVEN NUMBER DF TUBE PASSES
""'"' .. , -..
,;·

..
,'

"',.
..0 ·---..>
"...;;:
i3
"'....,.
."",."'
U>
LO

......
0

.," ~ 0.9
.... g
"...,.
"0 ~"' 0.8
"'> ~
...
""' u~
3: Q 0.7
~
> 3
"..."'> ~
"... ((::°'
.."
.."'
"--.::o:~o-·
..
Q
>
"g
~
U>

0
QI 0.2 0.3 0.4 05
P •TEMPERATURE EFFICIENCY
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

~
";;:.. t LMTO CORRECTION FACTOR
j
.;.
.0
~:+ I:
SPLrr FLOW SHELL

P• .!.=!,
t-T.
2 TUBE PASSES

~ T1-t1 •·t:t
<J
z
< ...
0

~
~
<J
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP 1uaea 09 Mbkil cm1pmr 11 MV.
GE 312 1.1.2 Ill 0

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS 28

Figure 6 ,.- ·-
TEMA X exchanger or single tube pass Air cooler ..// ........, \

9
cl''
.' •
- :.:: '"1J/-
. ~"··-+ ' ·~
'-~: ... !.
• . ../;;'
· .:...;...: r''"tS· .J-.: -
l~/
:j• ~::..: ·.:~::T.': .. :
o •: ••:.-:ii,.;- ' • 0 -:···~ ....:..~·\,' ~;
!:

./:~i~!r;~~~~~-:W.;.
{"-~:: :·~~~~
·..
!" i j

.:_L_

~Lri l"h A~ 448.'~\;:i-~..1~!~::1 ;:~ '.;8t: 2 ~

~

:~;~:>/fr "b ffil4't~;8~~~:~b~ ti'::, . :.:..

:;:: :' '"'!]· .;i!'.;·.''·lL:j·:\:dj·"""r. ,..,,1:;· !, '· ,_.,'
1·: .~ .. "f'..:f:•:-! /~; .i' .. ;!r.~14~.:L:.....:~;r::µ~~-;:;~~~7. ':!.~:: .. ·::_

'"N ., . } l ,i_ :f/: /i-'?ftG[§l;~~:ti~r.~:; -::;. :_,:.~c ~

•
N
E-< +.J ....... ::;
'•
"' (·. . "-. Ht++lf-f-ill~A-"74++"°"'+++
\ ..
:··----~ ".

·-.
.. ·.. ,:.-
('(····· ·\_;'·_)
'. ·.,_·- ,, '
.·· -... ..-. ··.... •'

// ,' ',

·.. " ._.))

"·
~* -:'.;: .;:~::: _;.;;;~. :. : , ;: ;: ;'.;, : : :;':;:
:~. ~ ;:'.:I:::;
..
..=~ .r~~ ;'i '.TI\ ;~;i;.;: ~~ ~~l ~r-: :mm ~11~ j~ :,~; ~~~ ~
1
. ..

xw: '.!~ i; ;~; i): ~:: r,~; ~~ ~~1 ~: ~~t~;~~: :~ -~ ~~.:;~Jj;

•
0

~
2 ~ ~ .
~
CORRECTION FACm\ P,
~ ~o
.
 TECHNIP

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS 29

Figure 7
TEMA X exchanger or Air cooler with 2 tube passes

··.. ·..·
, ,'

/~.:~:?
::
\ ',
<.'\.
'--._·, ''
-.,·',/
~-----·

w
<.:>
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP l!Jdbd £9 Bdbk fl ti15Pt@i;; RJC.

GE

•
312 1.1.2 Ill 0

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS 30

Figure 8 _,.
TEMA X exchanger or Air cooler with 3 tube passes _,:;,. .--··--., \
~- ... ::
./;- ·· ... .-··..,//
,....,,,.. ,' ·. ·· ..../
·.: .:' /'~
o. CORRECTI-ON. .PA"CTOR /:- ··· •.. ·..,//
- ~ ~ ~ ~( -~

.e

•0

~
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP i§§Ot!d 69 BOOR II cmipu::1 ii
GE 312 1.1.2 Ill

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS 31

11 ESTIMATION OF OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT U .,.-;/·-·-..._ \

fabl• 2 <<<~}/
:<.::.. :~:: ··-
'API Fouling Steam-heated Water-coqM!'d.. l:iquid I liquid heat exchanger ,Ftt:boiler ••.· Condenser
resistance re boiler condeQS~' : } (tube side fluid codes) (heati~9' f!uid-c.,<!.des) (cooling fluid codes)

(2) (1) (1).(3h4j::-.· < (1) . . :::-.:·1,;;·:·-..> (1)

," :_-..:_-_-.<.· - ./c G H ·. '<;". .. ;G~5/

.. J D F G

A PROPANE 0.0002 780 /-

"·460.
-.... "-.
__·_.,, ·.)
410 410
~-::--------

B BUTANE 0.0002 76G'. "-..,

'-
"<«o
-...· 390 370 .·37.()/
·. . /
..-N_~.- 440 170 390 270 200 150
,•, .' /• ,•
- --- '
C GASOLINE 50 0.0002 '590 ·'-. 390 340 310(' --~·: "320 240 150
(E.P. = 200 "C) --.:~:? . .'.:· . -. ::
D LIGHT 70 0.0002( :_ _ slip; 410 340 --'2?0-._ "176
---· 370 290 170 370
NAPHTHA .---l l----.
.:<>,.. . . ~- ----- :
-. ' •,/_.:····--. ·'
E HEAVY
45 )>.-0~~~-- ·:> .460 370 ..~o": ''27,iJ 240 270 220 150 340 240 170 150
NAPHTHA
-.
,' <...::./
.-. -- -. -.
410 -- 240 220 120 240 170 150
~9,~) ...
F KEROSENE 40 0:1J002 290 270
:: ..
G LIGHT GAS OIL 30 0.0004 340 .. -.. '-~40.. _' __. '_:'290 240 240 200 120 340 220 150 150

'• '•
-. --- --
H HEAVY GAS OIL 22 0.0006 240 240 220 240 200 100 340 200 150 100

I ATMOSPHERIC 17 0.0010 270 220 220

RESIDUE

JTAR 10 0.0010 ... -·:::'._ " -. 240 200 170

---
,·-
'•,
'
...
' •! .'
"
-~:~~~---. .,.:
N t~·-; ___ ))
-·-:: "·-----··'

((i)' "'Overall heat transfer coefficient U in kcal/h.m

·._ ___ / .
'•,
2 • °C

·- ---
(2) Fouling resistance in h.m2 .°C/kcal

Fouling resistance for water : 0.0004 h.m 2 .°C/kcal

J (3)

(4) Minus 5 % for water-cooled gas coolers

(5) Minus 5 % for heavy gas oil (H)

w
0
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP ;gguea ay Bbbk ii ClibPl\41 ii

GE 312 1.1-2 Ill

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 s_s_ 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS 32

Condensers or :~~~;:;oled gas coolers /;>_----<>

/~;j//
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER CQE~FICIENT u FOR TOTAL HYDR9cilisrn(c9NDENSERS
.- ' . ·- ·-.'
0

FOULING RESISTANCE FO(i,41\TER ON TUBE SIDE : 0. OG-2--.-hl'- ft2."°F /Btu (*)

FOULING RESISTANCE--f.OR_Ht_ON SHELL SIDE : O.Mz·- -:_r~-°F/Btu(*)

(') ::0.0004 h.1112.·c

PM = MW (molecular weight)

•
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 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP IUtibd 89 b66k fl CllJPMI h A&O.

GE

•
312 1.1.2 Ill 0

Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS 36

Figure 13 . .
Tube side (external) film coefficient h0 for gaseous hydrocar.b'9ris-.\ \
:. ······-.:<·/
_..·)'. . _:?.<::::::-~- . . .
(::>·.· ·-.. u.
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 TECHNIP

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS 37

Fioure 14 . ,.... ··...

Tube side (internal) film coefficient h,0 for gaseous hydrocarbons containing H~ 4:, CO';~ C0 2

, . ;.'.:~.'.: ._·:_.~:"·.: :_.>:>:'

.~-. ··..
isao
t.P,
...
··-
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•
> -~ "'°
"·-
.. , '"' 600

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Numb.«
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a G.545

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w
0
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP kfaDWBY MBA JI Ll!Jp14})

GE 312 1.1.2 111

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2: PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS 38

13 IMPACT OF TOTAL FOULING RESISTANCE ON THE OVERALl{HEAf.TRANSFER

COEFFICIENT ,..-.)''~:.:<:::::::.:/·

Figure 15 i::::::-?..::.>::"~:::::::::.'

•
\\
·, '.
,,
:' ,.. - .. ' '•

i~~tal·{~~ling resistance= -(fouling resistance /tube side)

+ (fouling resistance/shell side)

•
0

~
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP lt§OM 69 BMR 11 CiiJPiJI ii

GE 312 1.1.2 Ill

.------~~~~~~~~~~~~~~__;· Page
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1 S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK) HEAT EXCHANGERS 39

14 FOULING RESISTANCES
Divide fouling resistances in h.ft2.°F/Btu by 4.88 to obtain the number .ih::~:~~:~C/kcal.
Table 3 ./.:::·::. "'::··::">'
Water, Industrial fluids, chemical processing stream~<'..:../~.///'
(from TEMA - to be used only for shell and tube exchapfgers}-.:· ..-:,.-·
. ··. ·.:
.
(~ ..---._ ··-
·.. .-.·.:.·
FOULING RESISTANCES FOR w.\i.rifl. (h tt' °F/BTU) <··. ...
Temperature of Heating Medium (_ '· ... // Up to 240°F ··•. ··-. •• ·249° -400°F.*

Temperature of Water 125°F. or less ,/ .:· } :·.. ·-., ··Over 125°F.

... _,'
.:·:·--._·---·-... WaterVelocity .-. ··--.
FtJSec.
: .• //Water Velocity
·:._ ·-. .•.. ._ ",/ FtJSec.
Types of Water
,,-----------·~- ·./ 3 and Less Qvl!r.;1 ··.__ ·., 3 and Less OVer3
(.001)
Sea Water*" ,-'··. .._ -•• _ .002
Brackish Water • ·•• •.
Cooling Tower and Artificial ~ray ~fl'!:·- .. · .002
- Treated Make up ·'. •·• / / ··./
.002
.005 .004
- Untreated ··-. -' .
.002 .002
City or Well Water (Suy~f8S,Greatµil(es)
River Water: / ...... ,.., ._,
- Minimum : : •• ~ .003 .002
.004 .003
-Average ,.., \,_'··-. •. _•• ) /
.004 .003
Muddy or Silty / " . ·••• _,·' .005
Hard (Over 15:~if1S/~l.).... - .005
.001 .001
Engine Jac~et. • ._,. ,.-· / )
.0005 .0005
Oishlled of91osed.~Ysie, Condensate .001
.001
Treated.eouer Fee<tWater .002
.002
Boiler.81owdciwt:t
·-./
• Ratings in ~Ii.Jinns 3 and 4 are based o~·-::riemperature of the heating medium of 240g-400GF. If the heating medium
. temperature is over 400°F, and the cooling· crrecfiutif ilit known to scale, these ratings should be modified accordingly.
*"Recommended fouling resistance for se0 WatQ.f.will ~ge from 0.0015 to 0.0025 h.ft2.°Fl8TU depending of the dirtiness of
the sea water (do not use TEMA recomm~.n~ fig\,I~)-
·:'"- ... ,-···-.~~~: .·
FOULING RESISTANCE~(·roR.INDUSTRIAL FLUIDS
( --::·:~~::~./~
~~;~Oil ;-.<-~~ ::.~_:<.) .005
.001
Transfom(et. on·:.,.'.;,., ....
Engine Lu~'i;>il . .'::..:'. .. .001
Quen.~ffDl1'.. .':.,, ......................... . .004

GA~ii',llND ;;;.(~ORS .01

,Ma~u!B.etured Gas ........ .
Engflie'..Exhaust Gas ... . .01
,..---s~am._cl].on-oil bearing) ..... .0005
/:·····E>(n~uststeam (oil bearing) .001
: \_ Relri,Qerant Vapors {oil bearing)... ................................... .. .002
·· .. "-. .c.eTJ1pressed Air ...................... ...... ... .002
,.-·:~~? ·----Industrial Organic Heat Transfer Media .... . .................. . .001

((~-..
•.
.r)
_."
LIQUIDS
Refrigerant Liquids.... ......................... . .001
Hydraulic Fluid .... . ................. . .001
Industrial Organic Heat Transfer Media ............ .. .001
Molten Heat Transfer Salts ..... .0005

FOULING RESISTANCES FOR CHEMICAL PROCESSING STREAMS

GASES AND VAPORS

Acid Gas ...... .. .001
Solvent Vapors .001
Stable Overhead Products .001

w
0
 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP 1uaea cy Bb&li Ulbllt&i fl MC.

GE 312 1.1.2 Ill 0

• PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

PART 1 - SECTION 1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Page

40

Table 4
Chemistry, Gas processing, refinery streams ,/,.-----.:.·\.
~:' :·:.. : ,'

,.:'_/ .-., ·::::::~>,'

LIQUIDS (h. ft 2 • °F /BTU) ,··>'.':·~/::::>·'
MEA & DEA Solutions / " "
. . . . . (,/.": .002
DEG & TEG Solu.tio.ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,·· ·o.). .002
Stable Side Dril"W·an·d Bottom Product . ·:. ··:· ... ._: . .001
Vcausticb
egeta 1 e 0. 1.•1 s· .... : !., .
so 1u.t~on~ //. . . .... _. .·/_··.·:·.·-..-..·-~·.·. ·-.. ·.:: .
. . ,• . .
.00
.
2
00 3
FOULING RESISTAmi!s)oa· ~'ATURAL GAS-GASOLi~'-iirto:CisslNG

•
STREAMS
GASES. ~~ -~~l>'iJRS / _.-::·· ... :. <:::/
Natu';~t-.{;;.~.'. ../ . . . . ".:: .' .001
Over))eaq ·p~oducts . . ... /·,.._/:;.-· ... j . . .001
·,.,L;qil;Qs·>/ " .._' ·
.. --::·kf:·gi ...........·.... /:;>--· .:;-\ ......... .
'·pittr.Q!a4in
.i ....... l\lalui'al Gasoline & Liquefied Gases.
.002
.001
.001
Fi;:>U.ilNG...~SISTANCES FOR OIL'~~;~~·rs~REAMS
,: : -. ·--- --·' / !, ,' , .. _ -,,
/ / . .' :· ... CRUDE & VACUUM UN~T''G°AsES AND VAPORS
./.,'--"'( /? Atmospheric Tower.O~~rl"\~act)apors .. . .001
// -. "'/ Light Naphthas / <. ,.'..:. .. .' ..... . .001
.002
/ ... · •._ "' Vacuum Overheact··vJ!·po):s.
(.· . ~
·-:

0-199.F. 200"·299·F.
Velocity Ft./Sec. Velocity Ft./Sec.

•
4 Under 4
2-4 2-4 and Over
and Over 2

.... _\,g;rt.;.:<:: .' gg~ .002 .002 .003 .002 .002

.002 .002 .005 .004 .004

._ _______ _
300"·499"F. soo·F. and Over
Velocity Ft./Sec. Velocity Ft./Sec.
Under 4 Under 4
2·4 2·4
2 and Over 2 and Over
Dry .004 .003 .002 .005 .004 .003
Saltt .006 .005 .004 .007 .006 .005
t Nonnally deAtted beloW this temperature range. (1' to apply to 200-299•F.• 300-499•F., 500•F.
and over.}

Gasoline ....... . .001

Naphtha & Light Distillates .. .001
Kerosene . . _ . .001
Light Gas Oil .002
Heavy Gas Oi I .. .003
.§
.. Heavy Fuel Oils .....
Asphalt & Residuum .
.005
.010

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 GUIDE DOCUMENT
TECHNIP !§§Jbd 69 MOR ii criapte1 ;; MO.

GE 312 1.1.2 Ill 0 I

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
PART 1 - SECTION 1
PROCESS MANUAL (DATA BOOK)
S.S. 1.2 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Page

41
•
2 "" F.F,.1r1"(,1'-. ft 2FIBTU)
F. F. in (h. m . Cl kcal) ,. .. --.• 8 a
Table 5
Refinery streams
~(· (_·".··......)..)
,/;. ·.

...<·::":. .:<?.».:::::.~·,.·
2 0 ...... <._ ---./
CRACKING & COKING UNIT STREAMS (h, ft • F /BTU): ,·. ·..
Overhead Vapors ...... __.... . . . ._....· ·,.'.::::.·.,· ·. ··..-.•..~.::> 0 0 2
.
Light Cycle Oil .....
Heavy Cycle Oil
:<··•·: ·::- .
i ·... ,. ,. . . . . . . . . .. ·.. "· .003
002

~~~~~;~::.:.:~~>~t~~iY
Reformer Cha;g~::":). ···: ·-.: . .002
§
Reforme·rfJ:lliffiht. :.-. . ........ , -.. .001
Hydrocr~er:__Charge & Effluent*• ... /,.·:·:·<·.-...·... / .002
Reccy•'--~ s· -. ' · • • 001
Hyp~~~~:11~rli~iio~ charge & Eiti~<:~\\:~~-~-; .. j :002
Ov~rl)ead Vapors ............ ,-.. :.. · · .001
..{;iqhid·.p,<i~uct over 50° A.P.I. ...::,..:·:;.!:·: ... , . .001
/ .Liquid·i>rtJduct 30°-50° A.P.I. '· :--.,.: ,-':-, ... ·. .002
,. <·._-:.....::6~p,t!~~\ng on charge characteristic.s' 0
~~-d:~tO~~~-,-h1story, charge resistance may be many times
: :- ·._ tlt.is y'.alue. .' ,' '. : ···

.::::»:< ... ~;~H~ ENDS PROCESSING '~~~E~~S

'·' ·· .... :·'°verhead Vapors & Gases .... ·: ,.,; .001
"Liquid Products .. •. ·--:.o. . . .001
Absorption Oils (.··~·:.-:"-.,._.. .002
Alkylation Trace Add St+.eam~ .. .002
Reboiler Streany;...~\<>::f-' . .003

LUBE OIL PROCE~~~ STREAMS

Feed Stoel<".-..-".''.-»:···:·:'- ........ . .002
Solvent .Peia·Mlx . .·:;... .002
Solvent°".. :·, .• ·: ..... ·: . .001
Extract+.. \ . :·:·/. .003
Ra~rnat-e \._ ........... _ .......... . .001
Ast>_tra!t··· .. , :;.. .005
~~.x--·:>lurrie"St .. .003
./~~.fi~,i>d Lube Oil .......... . .001
-•- ··.f.~r~:3_utions must be taken to prevent wax deposition on eold tube walls .
.· -- ···./

('_.~.-:::_:::\
/:·:::::.' /\
.-,_ .------ _)_ ...:
·----··
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