e [ano yueSUCsta) eerste) HYPOTHESIS TESTING « Previous Q pasted : A) natications Scanned with CamScannerHypotheses Test A hypothesis test is a process that uses sample statistics to test a claim about the value of a population parameter. If a manufacturer of rechargeable batteries claims that the batteries, they produce are good for an average of at least 1,000 charges, a sample would be taken to test this claim. Scanned with CamScannerOey is a claim or a conjecture that may either be true or false. » The claim is usually expressed in terms of the value of a parameter or the distribution of the population values. Two possible actions: A verbal statement, or claim, about a population parameter is called a statistical hypothesis. Scanned with CamScanneres of Statistical Hypotheses The , denoted by Hg, is the statement or claim or conjecture to be tested. It is generally a statement of no change. “H subzero” or “H naught” A is a statistical hypothesis that contains a statement of equality such a: re. An , denoted by Ha, is the claim that is accepted in case the null hypothesis is rejected. “H sub-a” A is the complement of the null hypothesis. Itis a statement that must be true if Hy is false and contains a statement of inequality such as >, #, or <. Scanned with CamScannerExample 1: Write the claim as a mathematical sentence. State the null and alternative hypotheses and identify which represents the claim. A manufacturer claims that its rechargeable batteries have an average life of at least 1,000 charges. Ho: 21000 (Claim) Condition of equality Hy: y< 1000 | tesenmeware of the null hypothesis Scanned with CamScannerStating a Hypothesis Example 2: Write the claim as a mathematical sentence. State the null and alternative hypotheses and identify which represents the claim. DLSU claims that 94% of their graduates find employment within six months of graduation. p=0.94 Ho: p= 0.94 (Claim) L H,: p#0.94 Scanned with CamScannerNo matter which hypothesis represents the claim, always begin the hypothesis test assuming that the null hypothesis is true. At the end of the test, one of two decisions will be made: 1. reject the null hypothesis, or 2. fail to reject the null hypothesis. Scanned with CamScanner« Previous Types of Errors A type | error occurs if the null hypothesis is rejected Matta awa U A type Il error occurs if the null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false. Actual Truth of Hy Decision | tj, is true Ho is false Donot reject Hy | Correct Decision Reject Hy Correct Decision Next » doshboar BH catensar Scanned with CamScannerTypes of Errors Example 1: DLSU claims that 94% of their graduates find employment within six months of graduation. What will a type | or type Il error be? Hy: p=0.94 (Claim) H,: p#0.94 A type | error is rejecting the null when it is true. A type Il error is failing to reject the null when it is false. Scanned with CamScannerLevel of Significance In a hypothesis test, the level of significance is your maximum allowable probability of making a type | error. It is denoted by a, the lowercase Greek letter Lc Hypothesis tests are based on a. By setting the level of significance at a small value, you are saying that you want the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis to be small. The probability of making a type II error is denoted by , the lowercase Greek letter beta. Commonly used levels of significance: @=0.10 @=0.05 a@=0.01 Scanned with CamScannerStatistical Tests After stating the null and alternative hypotheses and specifying the level of significance, a random sample is taken from the population and sample statistics are calculated. The statistic that is compared with the parameter in the nul hypothesis is called the : — ——_ Population | Test statistic] Standardized test parameter statistic Hu x z (n= 30) t (n<30) P B z e st x Scanned with CamScannerIf the null hypothesis is true, a P-value (or probability value) of a hypothesis test is the probability of obtaining a sample statistic with a value as extreme or more extreme than the one determined from the sample data. The P-value of a hypothesis test depends on the nature of the test. There are three types of hypothesis tests — a left-, right-, or two-tailed test. The type of test depends on the region of the sampling distribution that favors a rejection of Hy. This region is indicated by the alternative hypothesis. Scanned with CamScannerLeft-Tailed Test 1. If the alternative hypothesis contains the less- than inequality symbol (<), the hypothesis test is a left-tailed test. P is the area to the left of the test statistic. Scanned with CamScannerRight-Tailed Test 2. If the alternative hypothesis contains the greater-than symbol (>), the hypothesis test is a right-tailed test. P isthe area to the right of the test statistic. Ss, Scanned with CamScannerTwo-Tailed Test 3. If the alternative hypothesis contains the not-equal-to symbol (¥), the hypothesis test is a two-tailed test. In a two-tailed test, each tail 1 has an area of P. a P istwice the area to the right of the Positive test statistic. P Istwice the area tothe left of the negative test statistic. Scanned with CamScannerExample: For each claim, state H) and H,. Then determine whether the hypothesis test is a left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-tailed test. a.) A cigarette manufacturer claims that less than one-eighth of the US adult population smokes cigarettes. Ho! p= 0.125 H,:p<0.125 (Claim) + Left-tailed test b.) Alocal telephone company claims that the average length of a phone call is 8 minutes. Hp: “= 8 (Claim) Hy: W#8 [> Two-tailed test Scanned with CamScannerMaking a Decision Decision Rule Based on P-value To use a P-value to make a conclusion in a hypothesis test, compare the P-value with a. 1. If P< a, then reject Ho. 2. If P> a, then fail to reject Ho. Claim \ Decision _| Claimis H, | Claim is H, \ R . t H There is enough evidence There is enough evidence EJECT Ho to reject the claim. to support the claim. There is not enough eviden | There is not enough eviden ce to reject the claim. ce to support the claim. Do not reject Hy Scanned with CamScannerInterpreting a Decision Example: You perform a hypothesis test for the following claim. How should you interpret your decision if you reject Hy? If you fail to reject Hy? Hg: (Claim) A cigarette manufacturer claims that less than one-eighth of the US adult population smokes cigarettes. If Hy is rejected, you should conclude “there is sufficient evidence to indicate that the manufacturer’s claim is false.” If you fail to reject Ho, you should conclude “there is not sufficient evidence to indicate that the manufacturer’s claim is false.” Scanned with CamScannerSteps for Hypothesis Testing 1. State the claim mathematically and verbally. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses. Hg: ? Hy? This sampling distribution is based on the assumption that 2. Specify the level of significance. Heme. a=? L—“ Determine the standardized sampling distribution and draw its 0 z graph. Calculate the test statistic and its| standardized value. Add it to your sketch. Scanned with CamScannerSteps for Hypothesis Testing Find the P-value. Use the following decision rule. Is the P-value less than or equal to the level of Fail to reject Hy. significance? Yes! Reject Hy, Write a statement to interpret the decision in the context of the original claim. These steps apply to left-tailed, right-tailed, and two-tailed tests. < Previous Next > Notitestions| BB invox © ossnbeerd Bl catenasr Scanned with CamScannerPOE a ELE a eae ae (LARGE SAMPLES) calendar EP ToDo OX) ntitcations Scanned with CamScannerUsing P-Values to Make a Decision Decision Rule Based on P-value To use a P-value to make a conclusion in a hypothesis test, compare the P- value with a. 1. If P< a, then reject Ho. 2. If P> a, then fail to reject Ho. Recall that when the sample size is at least 30, the sampling distribution for the sample mean is normal. Scanned with CamScannerUsing P-Values to Ma Example: The P value for a hypothesis test is P= 0.0256. What is your CoCo ESCoTaM MAM Cael Rey aT eaters Tater MS CoP) oe) ) b.) 0.01 a.) Because 0.0256 is < 0.05, you should reject the null hypothesis. b.) Because 0.0256 is > 0.01, you should fail to reject the null hypothesis. Scanned with CamScannerExample: The test statistic for a right-tailed test is z = 1.56. Find the P-value. i _ The area to the right of z = 1.56 is 1— -940 PralueO0598 Ce nosnae Scanned with CamScannerFinding the P-Value Example: The test statistic for a two-tailed test is z= —2.63. Find the P-value. Scanned with CamScannerUsing P-Values for a z-Test The is a statistical test for a population mean. The z-test can be used when the population is normal and cis known, or for any population when the sample size n is at least 30. is the sample mean x and the _Fop = id eon — Zz on = standard error = When n 2 30, the sample standard deviation s can be substituted foro. Scanned with CamScannerUsing P-values for a z-Test for a Mean wu State the claim mathematically and verbally. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses. Specify the level of significance. Determine the standardized test statistic. Find the area that corresponds to z. State Hy and H,. Identify a. Use the Z Table from the drive Scanned with CamScannerUsing P-Values for a z-Test Using P-values for a z-Test for a Mean 1 Find the P-value. a. Foraleft-tailed test, P = (Area in left tail). b. Fora right-tailed test, P = (Area in right tail). c. Fora two-tailed test, P = 2(Area in tail of test statistic). Make a decision to reject or fail to Reject H, if P-value is reject the null hypothesis. less than or equal to a Otherwise, fail to reject Hy. Interpret the decision in the context of the original claim. Scanned with CamScannerExample A manufacturer claims that its rechargeable batteries are good for an average of more than 1,000 charges. A random sample of 100 batteries has a mean life of 1002 charges and a standard deviation of 14. Is there enough evidence to support this claim at a= 0.01? The level of significance is a= 0.01. The standardized test statistic is . _ 1002-1000 o/vn 14/100 #143 Continued Scanned with CamScannerGane Pra Example continued: A manufacturer claims that its rechargeable batteries are good for an average of more than 1,000 charges. A random sample of 100 batteries has a mean life of 1002 charges and a standard deviation of 14. Is there enough evidence to support this claim at a= 0.01? « Previous Next » GD vaehboart {Bh catenr oD A) notiieatons BD ioe Scanned with CamScanner2 o ° an Rejection Regions and Critical ‘egion (or critical region) of the sampling distribution is the range of values for which the null hypothesis is not probable. If a test statistic falls in this region, the null hypothesis is rejected. A critical value zy separates the rejection region from the nonrejection region. Example: Find the critical value and rejection region for a right tailed test with a = 0.01. ca ks ot The rejection region is to the right of . * 29" 2.575. 1 2575 Scanned with CamScanner3 Cisical Values in a Normal Distribution . Specify the level of significance a. Decide whether the test is left-, right-, or two-tailed. Find the critical value(s) Zp. If the hypothesis test is a. _left-tailed, find the z-score that corresponds to an area of a, b. right-tailed, find the z-score that corresponds to an area of 1— a, c. two-tailed, find the z-score that corresponds to 4aand1— ‘ 2 ee z Sketch the standard normal distribution. Draw a vertical line at each critical value and shade the rejection region(s). « Previous Next > G) dashbvoart i cotenar De DD) wtitentons ED noo Scanned with CamScannerRejection Regions for a z-Test Decision Rule Based on Rejection Region To use a rejection region to conduct a hypothesis test, calculate the standardized test statistic, z. If the standardized test statistic 1. is in the rejection region, then reject Ho. 2. isnot in the rejection region, then fail to reject Hp. Fallto reject H, Fall to reject H, Reject H, / x 7 Wea Reject H, Fail to reject H,, Left-Taled Test Right-1 Tailed fest Reject H, Reject H, 2 0 Two-Tailed Test Scanned with CamScannerRejection Regions for a z-Te Using Rejection Regions for a z-Test for a Mean # State the claim mathematically and State H, and H,, verbally. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses. Specify the level of significance. Identify a. Sketch the sampling distribution. Determine the critical value(s). Use Z Table Determine the rejection regions(s). Scanned with CamScannerRejection Regions for a z-Te 6. Using Rejection Regions for a z-Test for a Mean Find the standardized test statistic. Make a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. Interpret the decision in the context of the original claim. z=25F orif n230 Ve use ox S. If zis in the rejection region, reject Ho. Otherwise, fail to reject Ho. Scanned with CamScannerExample: A local telephone company claims that the average length of a ph one call is 8 minutes. In a random sample of 58 phone calls, the sample me an was 7.8 minutes, and the standard deviation was 0.5 minutes. Is there enough evidence to support this claim at @= 0.05? Hy: #=8 (Claim) H,: 448 The level of significance is @ = 0.05. 9.025 Continued. © vesrooas Bh cotenaar Provo 0) wstontione © inbox Scanned with CamScannerTesting with Rejection Regions Example continued: A local telephone company claims that the average length of a phon e call is 8 minutes. In a random sample of 58 phone calls, the sample mean was 7.8 minutes and the standard deviation were 0.5 minutes. Is there enough evidence to sup port this claim at @= 0.05? Ho: #=8 (Claim) Hy: w#8 The standardized test statistic is we . The test statistic falls in 7a ¥op 18-8 the rejection region, so oMa” 08/8 H, is rejected. = 3.05. At the 5% level of significance, there is enough evidence to reject the claim that the average length of a phone call is 8 minutes. Scanned with CamScannerHYPOTHESIS TESTING a eae | (SMALL SAMPLES)itical Values in a t-Distributi Finding Critical Values in a t-Distribution . Identify the level of significance a. . Identify the degrees of freedom d.f.=n—1. . Find the critical value(s) using t-table in the row with n— 1 degrees of freedom. If the hypothesis test is . left-tailed, use “One Tail, 7” column with a negative sign, . right-tailed, use “One Tail, @” column with a positive sign, . two-tailed, use “Two Tails, a” column with a negative and a positive sign. Scanned with CamScannercrater ea Finding Critical Values for t Example: Find the critical value t, for a right-tailed test given a@=0.01 and n=24. « Previous Next » GQ) dashboara EB calendar Ef 00 LQ notitcations 1B mnvox. Scanned with CamScannerIau scvtn esas =o Finding Critical Values for t Example: Find the critical values ty and —t, for a two- tailed test given @=0.10 and n=12. —t,)=— 1.796 and t, = 1.796 Scanned with CamScannert-Test for a Mean p(n < 30, tUnknown) The t-test for the mean is a statistical test for a population mean. The t-test can be used when the population is normal or nearly normal, cis unknown, and n < 30. The test statistic is the sample mean xX and the standardized test statistic is t. s/n The degrees of freedom ared.f.=n—1. t Scanned with CamScannert-Test for a Mean p (n < 30, sUnknown) Using the t-Test for a Mean pt (Small Sample) In Words In Symbols 1. State the claim mathematically and State H, and H,. verbally. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses. Identify a. 2. Specify the level of significance. de=n—1, 3. Identify the degrees of freedom and sketch the sampling distribution. 4. Determine any critical values. Use t table 5. Determine any rejection region(s). Continued. Scanned with CamScannert-Test for a Mean p (n < 30, sUnknown) Using the t-Test for a Mean (Small Sample) In Words 6. Find the standardized test statistic. 7. Make a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. 8. Interpret the decision in the context of the original claim. In Symbols =5H If tis in the rejection region, reject Hy. Otherwise, fail to reject Ho. Scanned with CamScannerWyatt Okemo wtace-V ANE it Example: A local telephone company claims that the average length of a ph one call is 8 minutes. In a random sample of 18 phone calls, the sample me an was 7.8 minutes, and the standard deviation was 0.5 minutes. Is there e nough evidence to support this claim at a= 0.05? The level of significance is @= 0.05. The test is a two-tailed test. Degrees of freedom are d.f.= 18-1=17. The critical values are —ty = —2.110 and ty = 2.110 . Continued. Scanned with CamScannerTesting p Using Critical Values Example continued: A local telephone company claims that the average length of a phone call is 8 minutes. Ina random sample of 18 phone calls, the sample mean was 7.8 minutes and th e standard deviation was 0.5 minutes. Is there enough evidence to support this claim at @= 0. 05? The standardized test statistic is + ~Z=-2110 9 Scanned with CamScannerTesting / Using P-Values Example: A manufacturer claims that its rechargeable batteries have an av erage life greater than 1,000 charges. A random sample of 10 batteries ha sa mean life of 1002 charges and a standard deviation of 14. Is there eno ugh evidence to support this claim at a= 0.01? The level of significance is a = 0.01. The degrees of freedom are d.f.=n-1=10-1=9. The standardized test statistic is t=-*=#2 _1002-—1000 s/Vn 14/10 ~ 0.45 Continued. Scanned with CamScannerExample continued: A manufacturer claims that its rechargeable batteries have an average life greater than 1,000 charges. A random sample of 10 batteries has a mean life of 1002 charges a nd a standard deviation of 14. Is there enough evidence to support this claim at @= 0.01? Hg: 1000 > 1000 At the 1% level of significance, there is not enough evidence to support the claim that the rechargeable battery has an average life of at least 1000 charges. « Previous Next GQ) dashboara EB calendar Ef 00 LQ notitcations 1B mnvox. Scanned with CamScanneraaa Ree ESSIcatr) Sic HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR PROPORTIONS « Previous © dwsnbcor calor Prov. 1D) nottestons Scanned with CamScannerz-Test for a Population Proportion The z-test for a population is a statistical test for a population proportion. The z-test can be used when a binomial distribution is given such that np > 5 and nq>5. The test statistic is the sample proportion & and the standardized test statistic is z. Scanned with CamScannerHypothesis Test for Proportions Using a z-Test for a Proportion p Verify that np >5 and ng>5. In Words In Symbols State the claim mathematically and State Hy and H,. verbally. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses. . Specify the level of significance. Identify a . Sketch the sampling distribution. 7 — Use the Z table Determine any critical values. Scanned with CamScannerHypothesis Test for Proportions Using a z-Test for a Proportion p Verify that np > 5 and ng> 5. In Words In Symbols: Determine any rejection regions. Find the standardized test statistic. Make a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. If zis in the rejection Interpret the decision in the context of region, reject Ho. the original claim. Otherwise, fail to reject He. Scanned with CamScannerExample: DLSU claims that more than 94% of their graduates find employment within six months of graduation. In a sample of 500 randomly selected graduates, 475 of them were employed. Is there enough evidence to support the college’s claim at a 1% level of significance? Verify that the products np and nq are at least 5. np = (500)(0.94) = 470 and nq = (500)(0.06) = 30 Hy: p $0.94 H,: p> 0.94 (Claim) Scanned with CamScannerHypothesis Test for Proportions Example: DLSU claims that more than 94% of their graduates find employment within six months of graduation. In a sample of 500 randomly selected graduates, 475 of them were employed. Is there enough evidence to support the college’s claim at a 1% level of significance? p-p ___0.95-0.94 Ypa/n — ((0.94(0.06)/500 = 0.94 : ; 7 2.33 Continued Scanned with CamScannerHypothesis Test for Proportions Scanned with CamScannerExample: A cigarette manufacturer claims that one-eighth of the US adult pop ulation smokes cigarettes. In a random sample of 100 adults, 5 are cigarette s mokers. Test the manufacturer's claim at a= 0.05. Verify that the products np and nq are at least 5. np = (100)(0.125) = 12.5 and nq = (100)(0.875) = 87.5 Ho:p=0.125 (Claim) H,:p#0.125 Because the test is a two-tailed test and a= 0.05, the critical values are + 1.96. Continued Scanned with CamScannerHypothesis Test for Proportions Example continued: A cigarette manufacturer claims that one-eighth of the US adult population smokes cigarettes. In a random sample of ‘ttes smokers. Test the manufacturer's claim at 100 adults, 5 are cigare’ a@=0.05. Ho: p = 0.125 H,i p 0.125 The test statistic is stat ae = oo fee =—__0.05~0.125 ¥0125)0.875)/100 3-9 Scanned with CamScannerHYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATIONCritical Values for the x2-Test Finding Critical Values for the x? Distribution Specify the level of significance a. Determine the degrees of freedom d.f.=n—1. . The critical values for the y2-distribution are found in Table 6 of Appendix B. To find the critical value(s) for a a. right-tailed test, use the value that corresponds to df. and @ b. left-tailed test, use the value that corresponds to d.f. and 1— a c. _ two-tailed test, use the values that corresponds to d.f. and za@and df. and1—la Scanned with CamScannerFinding Critical Values for the x2 Example: Find the critical value for a left-tailed test when n= 19 and a= 0.05 There are 18 d.f. The area to the right of the critical value is 1 — a=1-0,05 = 0.95. From Table 6, the critical value is x2, = 9.390. Example: Find the critical value for a two-tailed test when n = 26 and a@= 0.01. There are 25,d.f. The areas to the sight of the critical values are a=0.005and1- a@=0.995. ? From Table 6, the critical values are x”, = 10.520 and x, = 46.928. Scanned with CamScannerThe Chi-Square Test The x?-test for a variance or standard deviation is a statistical test for a population variance or standard deviation. The x?-test can be used when the population is normal. The test statistic is s* and the standardized test statistic xe (2—Ds? a follows a chi-square distribution with degrees of freedom d.f. = n=, Scanned with CamScannere Chi-Square Test Using the y?-Test for a Variance or Standard Deviation In Words In Symbols State the claim mathematically and State Hy and H,. verbally. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses. Specify the level of significance. Identify a. Determine the degrees of freedom df=n-1 and sketch the sampling distribution. Use the Chi Table Determine any critical values. Scanned with CamScannerThe Chi-Square Test Using the x2-Test for a Variance or Standard Deviation In Words In Symbols 5. Determine any rejection regions. 6. Find the standardized test statistic. 7. Make a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. If x? is in the rejection region, reject Ho. Otherwise, fail to reject Hp. Interpret the decision in the context of the original claim. Scanned with CamScanner[PPT] Hypothesis Te: Hypothesis Test for Standard Deviat Example: A college professor claims that the standard deviation for students taking a statistics test is less than 30. 10 tests are randomly selected and the standard deviation is found to be 28.8. Test this professor’s claim atthe @=0.01 level. Continued. « Previous Next GQ) bashiboard Bl calendar Ef to 00 niotitications © inbox. Scanned with CamScannerExample continued: A college professor claims that the standard deviation for students taking a statistics test is less than 30. 10 tests are randomly selected, and the standard deviation is found to be 28.8, Test this professor’s claim at the a= 0.01 level. Hy: o230 H,:0<30 (Claim) 2_@—-Ds*[email protected])2 2%, = 2.088 = oe 302 ja = 0.01, ~ 8.29 Fail to reject Ho! X= 2.088 At the 1% level of significance, there is not enough evidence to support t Professor’s claim. me ne Scanned with CamScannerExample: A local balloon company claims that the variance for the time its helium balloons will stay afloat is 5 hours. A disgruntled customer wants to test this claim. She randomly selects 23 customers and finds that the variance of the sample is 4.5 seconds. At a = 0.05, does she have enough evidence to reject th ’s claim? ee Hy @=5 (Claim) H &#*5 This is a two-tailed test with d.f.= 22 and @= 0.05. yi=@=Ds*[email protected]) 19g The critical values are y?, = 10.982 and o 3 : q= 36.781. Thus, we fail to reject Ho. At a= 0.05, there is not enough evidence to reject the claim that the variance of the float time is 5 hours. Jarn0.095 $a=0.025 10982 36.781 Continu Scanned with CamScannerPercentage Points of the Chi-square Distrioution SS Degrees of Probability of a larger value of x* Freedom 0.99) 0.95, 0.90 0.75 050 0.25 0.10 0.05 0.01 t 0000 0008 0016 O102 0.455 132 271 384 663 2 0020 0103 «0211 «0575 1.386 2.77 461 5.99 9.21 3 0118 = 03828881212 2386 4.21 625 781 11.34 4 0297 O71 = 1.068 «1.923 3.387 5.39 778 9.49 13.28 5 OS5¢ 1.145 1.610 2.675 4.351 6.63 9.24 11.07 15.09 6 0872 «1635 «62208 «63.455 S534B 7.84 10.64 1289 16. BL 7 1239-267 2.833 4.255 6.346 9.08 12.02 1407-1848 8g 1647 2.7330 «3.490.071 7.348 10.22, 13.36 = 1551 20.09 9 2088 «= 3.325.168 5.899 8.343 11.39 14GB 16.92 21.67 10 2558 3.940 «4.865.737 9.342 12:85 18.99 1831 23.21 ee 3053 4575S S78 7.584 10.341. 13.70 17.28 1968 24.72 12 3571 5.226 6.308 8.438 11.340 14851855 21.03 26.22 13 4107 5.892 7.042 «9.299 12.340 15.98 = 19.81 22.36 27.69 14a 4660 6571 7.790 «10.265 13.339 17.12, 21.06 = 2368 = 29.14 18 5229 7.261 8547 11037 14339 «18.25 22.31 25.00 3058 16 5812 7.962 «9.312,«11-912 15338 19.37 23.54 = 26.30 32.00 7 6408 8672 10.085 12.792 16338 20.49 24.77 2759 33.41. 18 701S «9.390 10.865 «13.675 17.338 «21.60 25.99 28.87 = 34.80 19 7633 «1011711651 1456218338 22.72, 27.20 3014 36.19 20 8260 10851 12.443 «15.452 19.337 23.83 28.41 31413757 2 9542 12338 «14.041 17.240 «21.337 26.08 «30.81 33.92 40.29 24 10.856 13848 15.659 19037 23337 28.24 «33.20 3642 2.98 26 12.198 15.379 17.262 20843-25336 «30.43.3556 = 3889 AS. 64 28 13565 16.928 18.939 22657 27336 «32.62 37.92 4134 48.28 30 14.953 18.493 20599 24478 «293363480 © 40.26 «= 4377 50.89 40 22.164 26.509 29.051 33660 39.335 45.62 51.80 © 85.76 63.69 50 27.707 «34.764 «= «37.689 42942-49335 56.33 63.17 «G70 76.15 60 37.485 43.188 46.459 5229459335 66.98 74.40 79.08 88.38 Scanned with CamScannerTESTING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS CH ae ase cy Rt)Two Sample Hypothesis Testing In a two sample hypothesis test, two parameters m two populations are compared. For a two-sample hypothesis test, the null hypothesis H, is a statistical hypothesis that usually states there is no difference between the parameters of two populations. The null hypothesis always contains the symbol <, =, or >. the alternative hypothesis H, is a statistical hypothesis that is true when H, is false. The alternative hypothesis always contains the symbol >, +, or <. Scanned with CamScannerTo write a null and alternative hypothesis for a two sample hypothesis test, translate the claim made about the population parameters from a verbal statement to a mathematical statement. f Hom = He Ho: Hy S Ba Ho: Hy = Ha \ He: Ha He Ha: My > Ha Ha: Hy < Ha Regardless of which hypotheses used, /4, = [1 is always assumed to be true. Scanned with CamScannerifference between two population means 4, and [U Scanned with CamScannerTwo Sample z-Test If these requirements are met, the sampling distribution for Xi - Xp (the difference of the sample means) is a normal distribution with mean and standard error of Bs_x = Hy — Hy = Hy Lo 2 3 Ca = o2 +02 = ore — - m My Sampling distribution for ¥,— Xp and “Ox-s, AR Oxy Roe Scanned with CamScannerTwo-Sample z-Test for the Difference Between Means A two-sample z-test can be used to test the difference between two population means j4, and yz when a large sample (at least 30) is randomly selected from each population and the samples are independent. The test statistic is ¥, — ¥,and the standardized test statistic is = 2 (% = ¥2)- (G4 = #2) where 0;_; mB bb, When the samples are large, you can use s, and s, in place of o, and o;. If the samples are not large, you can still use a two-sample z-test, provided the populations are normally distributed and the population standard deviations are known. Scanned with CamScannerTwo Sample z-Test for the Means Using a Two-Sample z-Test for the Difference Between Means (Large Independent Samples) In Words In Symbols State the claim mathematically. State Hy and H,. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses. Specify the level of significance. Identify a Sketch the sampling distribution. Determine the critical value(s). Use Table 4 in 7 7 . Appendix B. Determine the rejection regions(s). Scanned with CamScannerTwo Sample z-Test for the Means Using a Two-Sample z-Test for the Difference Between Means (Large Independent Samples) In Words In Symbols 6. Find the standardized test statistic. —(m - Re) ox-s, Make a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. If zis in the rejection Interpret the decision in the context of region, reject Hy the original claim. Otherwise, fail to reject Hy. Scanned with CamScannerTwo Sample z-Test for the Means Example: A high school math teacher claims that students in her class will scor e higher on the math portion of the ACT then students in a colleague’s math cl ass. The mean ACT math score for 49 students in her class is 22.1 and the stan dard deviation is 4.8. The mean ACT math score for 44 of the colleague’s stude nts is 19.8 and the standard deviation is 5.4. At a= 0.10, can the teacher’s clai m be supported? Ho? Hy S th Hg: 1h > He Continued. Scanned with CamScannerExample continued: Ho: fy S My Ha: fy > La The standardized error is The standardized test statistic is — (=o) (24 - 2) _ (22.1-19.8)-0 ae Hen “ed ee Scanned with CamScannerse CO ee at eS BETWEEN MEANS CER ssa SAMPLES)If samples of size less than 30 are taken from normally-distributed populations, a t-test may be used to test the difference between the population means p, and p,. Three conditions are necessary to use a t-test for small independent samples. 1. The samples must be randomly selected. . The samples must be independent. Two samples are independent if the sample selected from one population is not related to the sample selected from the second population. 3. Each population must have a normal distribution. Scanned with CamScannerTwo Sample t-Test Two-Sample t-Test for the Difference Between Means A two-sample t-test is used to test the difference between two population means 2, and 1, when a sample is randomly selected from each population. Performing this test requires each population to be normally distributed, and the samples should be independent. The standardized test statistic is = Gi=F)-(4-m) Osx If the population variances are equal, then information from the two samples is combined to calculate a pooled estimate of the s deviation 7 (2, =I) sf + (a -1), Continued. Scanned with CamScannerv + DIC s Two-Sample t-Test (Continued) The standard error for the sampling distribution of is and df=n,+n,-2. If the population variances are not equal, then the standard error is O55 Ny tg and d.f = smaller of n,—1 or nj—1 « Previous Next » Q psstcard Prove DD tteston rox Scanned with CamScannerormal or t-Distribution ‘Are both sample sizes least 30? Use the z-test. i Use the ttest with Tre bath populations normally rae | You cannot use the = distributed? test or the t-test jyes ‘Are both population standard ‘Are the population deviations known? variances equal? es |no Use the 2text. Use the t-test with and df= smaller of n,~1 or n,~ 1. « Previous Next @ dashboard EB calendar Ef 000 A notivications © inbox. Scanned with CamScannerTwo Sample t-Test for the Means Using a Two-Sample ¢-Test for the Difference Between Means (Small Independent Samples) State the claim mathematically. State Ho and H,, Identify the null and alternative hypotheses. Specify the level of significance. Identify a. Identify the degrees of freedom and f= nyt n,—2 or sketch the sampling distribution. .f. = smaller of ny—1 or n,-1. Determine the critical value(s). Use T table Scanned with CamScanner[PPT] Hypothesis Testing ee Two Sample t-Test for the Means Using a Two-Sample ¢-Test for the Difference Between Means (Small Independent Samples) 5. Determine the rejection regions(s). Find the standardized test statistic. (x Os-x, Make a decision to reject or fail to reject If tis in the rejection the null hypothesis. region, reject Hy. interpret thedecision in thelcontextormmnor tem searaurorelect the original claim. « Previous Next » B&D inbox @® pastooat El caeniar Scanned with CamScannerious GAN eous est) iceeen Two Sample t-Test for the Means Example: A random sample of 17 police officers has a mean monthly income of P35,800 and a standard deviation of P7,800. In another city, a random sample of 18 police officers has a mean monthly income of P35,100 and a standard dev iation of P7,375. Test the claim at a = 0.01 that the mean annual incomes in th e two cities are not the same. Assume the population variances are equal. Het Ha = Me Ha Hy Fh =17+18-2=33 to= 2.576 Continued. @) Dashboard D1 Notations vox Scanned with CamScanner Next.Example continued: Ho: = Hy He: fy # fy (Claim) to= 2.576 ~ (Godse De TT ~ +m, —2 ia * a7 -1)7800" + (48-1)7375" [1,1 = ee seo “Vi7* 18 ~ 7584.0355(0.3382) The standardized error is 2564.92 Continued. Scanned with CamScannerExample continued: He: he Hd My aA ~to=-2.576 The standardized test statistic is o) _ (35800 -35100)—0 “3564.92 0.273 « Previous Next > ® postoows i catendr Pro» D) nisitcaions 1 inbos Scanned with CamScannerTESTING THE DIFFERENCE FS Bat (DEPENDENT SAMPLES)[PPT] Hypothesis Testing Independent and Dependent Samples Two samples are independent if the sample selected from one population is not related to the sample selected from the second population. Two samples are dependent if each member of one sample corresponds to a member of the other sample. Dependent samples are also called paired samples or matched samples. ON} ol Independent Samples oad ohe Dependent Samples Scanned with CamScannerExample: Classify each pair of samples as independent or dependent. Sample 1: The weight of 24 students in a first-grade class Sample 2: The height of the same 24 students These samples are dependent because the weight and height can be paired with respect to each student. Sample 1: The average price of 15 new trucks Sample 2: The average price of 20 used sedans These samples are independent because it is not possible to pair the new trucks with the used sedans. The data represents prices for different vehicles. Independent and Dependent Samples « Previous Next > @) dastiooard EB calendar Ef 00 LD notitications 1B tnvox Scanned with CamScannert-Test for the Difference Between Means To perform a two-sample hypothesis test with dependent samples, the difference between each data pair is first found: d=Xx,-X) The test statistic is the mean d of these differences. g=24. n Three conditions are required to conduct the test. Scanned with CamScannert-Test for the Difference Between Means 1. The samples must be randomly selected. 2. The samples must be dependent (paired). 3. Both populations must be normally distributed. If these conditions are met, then the sampling distribution for gis approximated by a t-distribution with n — 1 degrees of freedom, where n is the number of data pairs. is te Scanned with CamScannert-Test for the Difference Between Means The following symbols are used for the t-test for Zi, symbol scription The number of pairs of data The difference between entries for a data pair, d= x;—X. The hypothesized mean of the differences of paired data in the population The mean of the differences between the paired data entries in the dependent samples q=u24¢ a The standard deviation of the differences between the paired data entries in the dependent samples Scanned with CamScannert-Test for the Difference Between Means t-Test for the Difference Between Means A t-test can be used to test the difference of two population means when a sample is randomly selected from each population. The requirements for performing the test are that each population must be normal and each member of the first sample must be paired with a member of the second sample. The gata is p95 Hg an The degrees of freedom are Scanned with CamScanner+ Previous Using the t-Test for the Difference Between Means (Dependent Samples)| . State the claim mathematically. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses. State Hy and H,. . Specify the level of significance. Identify a. df.=n-1 . Identify the degrees of freedom and sketch the sampling distribution. Use the T Table . Determine the critical value(s). Test for the Difference Between Means ® posta El caencr Provo Q) westeaon 2 hater Scanned with CamScanner Nextt-Test for the Difference Between Means Using a Two-Sample ¢-Test for the Difference Between Means (Small Independent Samples) Determine the rejection region(s). calculate (Jand $y. Use atable. Find the standardized test statistic. Scanned with CamScannert-Test for the Difference Between Means Using a Two-Sample t-Test for the Difference Between Means (Small Independent Samples) Make a decision to reject or fail to If tis in the rejection reject the null hypothesis. region, reject Ho. Otherwise, fail to reject Ho. Interpret the decision in the context of the original claim. Scanned with CamScannert-Test for the Difference Between Means Example: A reading center claims that students will perform better ona standardized reading test after going through the reading course offered by their center. The table shows the reading scores of 6 students before and after the course. At a= 0.05, is there enough evidence to conclude that the students’ scores after the course are better than the scores before the course? Student Wy ey es |S Score (before) 85 | 96 | 70| 76 | 81 | 78 Score (after) 88 | 85 | 89| 86 | 92 | 89 Ho} fg <0 Hg: Mg > 0 Continued. Scanned with CamScannerTest for the Difference Between Means Example continued: Ho: fly <0 H,: fly > 0 d= (score before) — (score after) Student 2 3 4 Score (before) 96 | 70 | 76 Score (after) 85 | 89 | 86 11 |-19 |-10 361 121 _ fxd?) (oa) |6833)—1849 HOT oG7 ~ 10.245 mka—D % Continued. « Previous Next » @ ostocara EB cotenaar 000 1D. nottications BD mnooe Scanned with CamScannerExample continued: Ho: Hy 0 Ag: Hy > 0 The standardized test statistic is « Previous Next > @ owshtoors Bl corenaar Pros D) niiteaions 2 ex Scanned with CamScanner