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Comparing Power Transformer Turn-to-Turn Faults Protection Methods:

Negative Sequence Component Versus Space Vector Algorithms

Conference Paper · September 2015

DOI: 10.1109/DEMPED.2015.7303704

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Oliveira,  Luis  M.R.;  Cardoso,  A.J.Marques,  "Comparing  power  transformer  turn‐to‐turn  faults 
protection  methods:  Negative  sequence  component  versus  space  vector  algorithms,"  in 
Diagnostics for Electrical  Machines, Power Electronics and Drives (SDEMPED),  2015 IEEE 10th 
International Symposium on , vol., no., pp.289‐295, 1‐4 Sept. 2015 

doi: 10.1109/DEMPED.2015.7303704 

keywords: {Circuit faults; Computational modeling; Current transformers; Power transformers; 
Relays;  Sensitivity;  Windings;  Differential  relay;  negative  sequence  protection;  space‐vector 
protection; transformers;turn‐to‐turn winding faults}, 

URL:  

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7303704&isnumber=7303654 
 Comparing Power Transformer Turn-to-Turn Faults
Protection Methods: Negative Sequence Component
Versus Space Vector Algorithms
Luís M. R. Oliveira, and A. J. Marques Cardoso, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract — This paper presents a comparison of two of the a much more severe phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground
most sensitive methods to detect low-level turn-to-turn faults in fault, which may cause irreversible internal damage in the
the windings of three-phase transformers. The performance of transformer. In order to avoid the costly repair or
the negative sequence component and of the space vector
protection algorithms is tested under several internal and/or replacement of the transformer, power blackouts (with
external fault conditions. The simulation results indicate that consequential revenue losses and penalties), and
the fault detection sensitivity of both methods is very similar. environmental and safety concerns, the detection of the fault
at an incipient stage is highly desirable.
Index Terms — Differential relay, negative sequence To overcome this limitation, several manufacturers have
protection, space-vector protection, transformers, turn-to-turn
been introducing the negative sequence differential
winding faults.
protection algorithm in microprocessor-based relays [5], [6].
I. INTRODUCTION The presence of the interturn fault causes an asymmetry in

P
the three-phase current system, which manifests itself by the
ower transformers are one of the most important and appearance of a negative sequence component. By
expensive components of the electrical power grid. monitoring this negative sequence current component the
The unexpected failure of a power transformer can detection of minor faults becomes possible. The main
generate substantial costs for repair and financial loss due to advantage of this method, as compared to the conventional
unscheduled electrical outage. Therefore, it is of crucial differential current approach, is that the negative sequence
importance to detect internal defects at an early stage, so method is not significantly affected by the load current,
that the faulted unit can be immediately disconnected, resulting in an increased sensitivity to detect turn-to-turn
avoiding the progression of the defective condition into a faults, particularly at high-load levels [2], [3]. The
catastrophic failure, minimizing the damages in the application of the negative sequence algorithm for
transformer and other expensive neighboring equipment, protection of power transformers has attracted great
and thus reducing downtime and total outage costs. attention in the last years and several variants of the method
Differential protection is the standard method used for have been proposed [7]-[11]. It must be noticed, however,
protecting power transformers of 10 MVA and above. that the negative sequence approach is just an optional "add-
However, the conventional differential schemes do not have on" of the traditional differential relay scheme and its
sufficient sensitivity to detect low-level winding turn-to-turn implementation brings more complexity to the protection
faults [1]-[4]. When this type of fault occurs the circulating system.
current in the shorted turns may be very high and dangerous, The application of the space-vector theory to the
while the transformer terminal currents remains relatively differential protection of power transformers has also been
unchanged [1]. This may be insufficient to detect the fault, recently reported in the literature [12]-[16]. In [14]-[16] the
since the differential protection is typically set to operate so-called Extended Park's Vector Approach (EPVA) is
only when the differential currents exceeds 20 to 25% of the proposed as a complete protection technique for power
rated current. If not cleared promptly, the fault progresses to transformers. The EPVA algorithm has the potential to be
used as a stand-alone differential protection system, being

capable of detecting internal faults and, simultaneously,
L. M. R. Oliveira is with the Instituto Superior de Engenharia,
Universidade do Algarve, Faro P - 8005-139, Portugal, and also with distinguishing them from other power system disturbances,
CISE – Electromechatronic Systems Research Centre, Covilhã, P - 6201- such as inrush currents, transient overvoltages and external
001, Portugal (e-mail: [email protected]). faults.
A. J. M. Cardoso is with the Department of Electromechanical
Engineering, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, P - 6201-001, The basic principle of the EPVA method for detecting
Portugal, and also with CISE – Electromechatronic Systems Research internal faults is identical to the one used in the negative
Centre, Covilhã, P - 6201-001, Portugal (e-mail: [email protected]). sequence differential protection algorithm: the fault is
associated with the presence of asymmetries in the three- sequence component of the primary or secondary currents
phase differential current system. In the EPVA case, the (ĪP2 and ĪS2, respectively) exceeds a pre-defined threshold
interturn faults are detected by monitoring the 2f component (I2MIN, typically 4%) the angle between them is compared: if
of the space vector modulus (where f is the supply the negative sequence currents are in phase opposition an
frequency). Similarly to the negative sequence method, the external fault is assumed; if they are in phase an internal
EPVA algorithm provides higher sensitivity for the fault is declared. In practice, to ensure a stable operation of
detection of internal faults than the classic differential the relay and avoid false trips, the fault will only be declared
current scheme. when the angle is between a pre-defined directional limit,
Both negative sequence and space vector methods must 2TH, typically from 60º to 85, [2], [6]-[8], Fig. 1(a).
be blocked during inrush currents and other power system
B. Negative Sequence Differential Percentage Restrained
disturbances, to avoid false trips of the protection relay. The
Algorithm
EPVA method provides a superior performance for the
fault/inrush discrimination, as compared with the traditional With this approach the conventional percentage
second harmonic restraint scheme. differential principle is applied to the negative sequence
It remains unclear if the negative sequence method does currents. The procedure to obtain the operating (differential)
provide any increased sensitivity to detect incipient faults, and restraining negative sequence currents (IO2 and IR2,
as compared with the EPVA method. If not so, the EPVA respectively) is similar to the classic algorithm [2]-[5]:
algorithm can be used as a complete protection package,
replacing both classic differential and negative sequence IO 2  I P 2  I S 2 (1)
functions, without introducing additional complexity into IR2  IP2  IS 2 (2)
the protection system.
The purpose of this paper is to present a comparison of Ideally, the operating current is only affected by the faults
the negative sequence protection algorithm and the EPVA inside the protected zone, being independent of external
strategy. The main focus will be on detecting low-level turn- faults. However, to handle with the measurement errors that
to-turn winding faults. The adequacy of the EPVA arise with heavy external faults the relay operation is
technique to successfully discriminate between faults and restrained by IR2, as shown in Fig. 1(b). The trip signal is
inrush currents was already presented in [14]-[16] and will triggered when the operating signal is above a constant
not be addressed here. Simulation results, obtained under minimum value and above a percentage of the restraining
different internal or/and external fault conditions, are signal.
presented to demonstrate the performance of the two
methods. III. EPVA-BASED PROTECTION
II. NEGATIVE SEQUENCE-BASED PROTECTION Space vector transformation is a powerful tool to
characterize the behavior of three-phase systems and has
The negative sequence currents are a measurable been recently applied to transformer differential protection
indication of an asymmetric condition of the three-phase [12]-[16]. The transformer differential current Park's Vector
line current system. The main problem with the negative components (iD, iQ) are obtained by applying the Park's
sequence differential protection is to discriminate between transformation to the three-phase differential currents (idA ,
internal and external faults. When an asymmetric external idB, idC):
fault occurs a negative sequence current component appears,
which can be erroneously taken by the relay as an internal
 2  1
   idA 
1
fault. There are two main approaches to implement the iD   3 6   i 
6
i    (3)
1 
negative sequence protection algorithm with the internal/ dB 
 Q 1
 2  i 
external fault discrimination: the directional [6]-[8] and the  0 2  dC 
differential percentage restrained [2]-[5] methods.
A. Negative Sequence Directional Algorithm The EPVA [14]-[16] is based on the spectral analysis of
the AC level of the differential current Park's Vector
Fig. 1(a) presents a simplified diagram of the negative modulus:
sequence directional algorithm. First, turns ratio
compensation, vector group adaption, and zero-sequence
component filtering are applied to the primary- and I PV  iD  j  iQ  iD2  iQ2 (4)
secondary-side currents, as in the conventional differential
current computation. Next, the fundamental components are Ideally, under healthy conditions, the EPVA signature will
extracted by means of a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) be clear from any spectral component, i.e., only a DC value
algorithm and the symmetrical components determined by is present in the current Park's Vector modulus. The
applying the Fortescue transformation [17]. If the negative presence of an incipient winding fault leads to an increment
 Primary- and secondary-side in the magnitude of the differential current of the affected
line currents phase, as compared to a healthy situation, which results in
an unbalanced three-phase currents system. Under these
Ratio compensation conditions the differential current Park's Vector modulus
Vector group adaption
Zero sequence filtering will contain a DC level as well as an AC level, at twice the
supply frequency (2f).
DFT The magnitude of both the DC and the 2f components of
the space vector modulus (IPV(DC) and IPV(2f), respectively)
Calculation of the negative can be used as a trip signal for the relay operation. However,
sequence currents, ĪP2 and ĪS2
the 2f component of IPV provides superior sensitivity for the
detection of incipient interturn faults, since its existence is
No caused by the asymmetries in the transformer and its
IP2 or IS2 > I2MIN
No fault amplitude is directly related to the extension of the fault. To
Yes
handle with measurement errors and current mismatch a
Internal/external fault discrimination
percentage differential principle is also applied, where IPV(2f)
ĪS2 is used as the operating signal. The restraining signal,
External 2 Internal IRPV(2f), is computed by applying the Park's transformation to
fault ĪP2 fault the classical restraining signals. Fig. 2 presents the
2TH
simplified diagram of the EPVA protection algorithm.

No IV. SIMULATED TEST SYSTEM: POWER AND CURRENT

|arg(ĪP2/ĪS2)| ≤ 2TH TRANSFORMER MODELS
Yes A three-phase, two winding, three limb, 10.3 kVA,
External
Internal fault fault
230/132 V transformer model was previously developed for
winding faults studies and it was used for the comparison of
(a)
the protection strategies. The non-linear model is based on
the combination of both magnetic and electric lumped-
Primary- and secondary-side parameters equivalent circuits, which allows the modeling
line currents and simulation of the transformer in its natural
electromagnetic environment. The faults are introduced in
Ratio compensation the model by dividing the affected winding into two parts,
Vector group adaption
Zero sequence filtering

DFT Primary- and secondary-side

line currents
Calculation of the negative Ratio compensation
sequence currents, ĪP2 and ĪS2 Vector group adaption
Zero sequence filtering
Calculation of the operating
and restraining negative Calculation of the classical
sequence currents, IO2 and IR2 differential and restraining currents

IO2 Calculation of the Park's Vector modulus

Operating of the operating and restraining currents
region
DFT
IO2MIN
IR2 Extraction of IPV(2f) and IRPV(2f)
IPV(2f )
Operating
region
No
Operating region? IVPMIN
IRPV(2f )
Yes
Internal fault Restrain No
Operating region?
(b) Yes
Fig. 1. (a) Negative sequence directional algorithm; (b) negative sequence Internal fault Restrain
differential percentage restrained algorithm. Fig. 2. EPVA protection algorithm.
subwindings, Fig. 3(a). The current in the shorted turns is 50
Healthy Faulty
iLA iLB iLC
adjusted by varying the value of the fault impedance. A
detailed description of the model implementation and/or 25

validation can be found in [14], [18], [19].

Current (A)
The influence of the current transformers (CT) on the 0

functionality of the protective system is also considered in ‐25

the simulation study: the current inputs of the differential
relay are computed by using a non-linear CT model. The CT ‐50
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
model is based on the same principles used to simulate the (a) Time (s)
Healthy Faulty
behavior of the power transformer. The diagram of the 50
iLa iLb iLc
simulated test system is shown in Fig. 3(b).
25

Current (A)
V. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROTECTION 0
ALGORITHMS
In this section, the performance of the negative sequence ‐25

component and the EPVA protection methods is analyzed

‐50
and compared for internal or/and external fault conditions. (b)
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
Time (s)
0.08 0.1 0.12

Healthy Faulty
A. Internal Fault 8
idA idB
6
Fig. 4 presents the results for the case of a winding fault 4
idC
with 6 shorted turns in the primary winding of phase R. The 2

Current (A)
current in the shorted turns is limited to 5 times the rated 0

current of the affected winding. The transformer operates at ‐2

full load, with unity power factor. CT saturation is not ‐4

‐6
considered here.
‐8
The occurrence of the fault (at t = 40 ms) leads to a slight (c)
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
Time (s)
0.08 0.1 0.12

increment in two of the line currents of the primary-side (iLA 3.5

Healthy Faulty
 
and iLB; notation as per Fig. 3(b)), the ones which are 3
associated with the faulty winding, Fig. 4(a). On the 2.5 IP2
contrary, the secondary-side currents do not suffer any
Current (A)

2
relevant change with the introduction of this low-level fault, 1.5

Fig. 4(b). As a result, the corresponding differential currents 1 IS2

((idA and idB) are also affected, Fig. 4(c). The conventional 0.5

differential relay may not have enough sensitivity to detect 0 

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
these changes, in order to deal with measurement errors, CT (d) Time (s)
Healthy Faulty
saturation, and ratio and phase mismatches, particularly at 250

high current levels, and thus avoid false trips of the 200
protection system.
Phase Angle (degrees)

150

healthy faulty 100

subwinding subwinding
50

iA iy 0
ix 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
R R1 (e) Time (s)
Healthy Faulty
(a) fault impedance 4  

IPV(2f )
Internal fault 3

vA
Current (A)

L1 Load
r
2 IO2
R
vB iLA iA iLa
L2 s
1
S
vC iLB iB iLb
L3 t
0 
T 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
iLC iC n
iLc (f) Time (s)
External
Differential protection system fault
(b) Fig. 4. Turn-to-turn winding fault transient: (a) primary-side line currents;
(b) secondary-side line currents; (c) differential currents; (d) IP2 and IS2;
Fig. 3. (a) Equivalent circuit for a winding fault; (b) diagram of the test
(e) phase angle between ĪP2 and ĪS2; (f) IO2 and IPV(2f).
system.
 Fig. 4(d) presents the evolution of the magnitude of 100
Healthy External fault External and internal faults

primary- and secondary-side negative sequence current iLA

components. The negative sequence current is an indication 50 iLB

of the extent of unbalance in the system. Clearly, the

Current (A)
asymmetry of the primary-side current system, produced by 0

the fault, is visible in IP2. As expected, the internal fault ‐50

does not produce any significant change in the secondary- iLC
side negative sequence current component. These ‐100
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
components are not affected by the load current (if (a) Time (s)
Healthy External fault External and internal faults
balanced) and thus a high sensitivity for low-level internal 150
iLa
faults can be achieved. 100

To make a distinction between internal and external 50 iLb

Current (A)
faults the Negative Sequence Directional algorithm uses the 0
phase angle between ĪP2 and ĪS2. It can be seen in Fig. 4(e)
‐50
that this angle falls below the directional limit (60º to 85º, iLc
‐100
typically) when the fault appears and thus the trip signal is
activated. ‐150
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
(b)
The evolution of the differential negative sequence Healthy
Time (s)
External fault External and internal faults
10
current component, IO2, is shown in Fig. 4(f). Its behavior is
idA
identical to the one observed in IP2, since IO2=│ĪP2 + ĪS2│and 5
ĪS2 does not change significantly with the internal fault. For idC

Current (A)
this fault conditions IO2 grows to about 11% of the 0

transformer rated current, with a percentage increase of

about 2500%. Consequently a high sensitivity for detecting ‐5
idB
turn-to-turn faults is achieved by both negative sequence- ‐10
based methods. (c)
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Time (s)
0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

The 2f component of the Park's Vector modulus is also 30

Healthy External fault External and internal faults
 
presented in Fig. 4(f). Very similarly, an enhanced fault IP2
25
detection sensitivity is obtained with the EPVA-based IS2
20
algorithm. As compared with the aforementioned negative
Current (A)

sequence-based schemes, a very slight increase in the fault 15

detection sensitivity is noticed with the EPVA protection 10

method, where the IPV(2f) grows to about 12% of the 5

transformer rated current (2600% percentage increase). 0 

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
(d) Time (s)
B. External and Internal Faults Healthy External fault External and internal faults

External fault current generate a negative sequence 250

current component at the transformer terminals which may

Phase Angle (degrees)

200

cause malfunction of the relay. Fig. 5 presents the results for 150
the case of an external fault occurrence, at t = 40 ms,
followed by an interturn winding fault of the transformer, at
100

t = 120 ms. Initially the power transformer is under steady- 50

state full-load conditions. 0

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
The external fault consists of a single-phase, line-to- (e) Time (s)
Healthy External fault External and internal faults
ground fault, on the secondary-side of the transformer 5  
IPV(2f )
(phase r), resulting in a current ILa = 3ILa(rated). The internal 4
fault characteristics are identical to the ones presented
Current (A)

before. As before, CT saturation is considered to be 3 IO2

negligible. 2

The external fault produces asymmetries in both primary 1

and secondary-side currents, Figs. 5(a) and 5(b). In contrast,
the internal fault only results in the increase of the 0 
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
(f)
asymmetry of the primary-side currents system. Time (s)

Fig. 5. External fault followed by an internal turn-to-turn fault: (a) primary-

Consequently, the differential currents are only affected by side line currents; (b) secondary-side line currents; (c) differential currents;
the internal fault, Fig. 5(c). However, due to the higher (d) IP2 and IS2; (e) phase angle between ĪP2 and ĪS2; (f) IO2 and IPV(2f).
value of the restraining current, as a consequence of the to the EPVA algorithm. Additionally, this method can be
external fault, the classical differential percentage scheme implemented as a complete protection package, without
may not have the sensitivity to detect low-level interturn requiring additional functions to detect low-level insulation
faults. faults and distinguish them from other power system
Figs. 5(d) and 5(e) presents the signals used in the disturbances, such as inrush currents and transient
Negative Sequence Directional protection method. Both the overvoltages.
negative sequence components of the primary- and
secondary-side currents are affected by the external fault, REFERENCES
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 Luís M. R. Oliveira received the Electrical Antonio J. Marques Cardoso (S’89, A’95,
Engineering diploma, the MSc degree and the Dr. SM’99) received the Dipl. Eng., Dr. Eng., and
Eng. degree from the University of Coimbra, Habilitation degrees from the University of
Coimbra, Portugal, in 1995, 2001 and 2014, Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, in 1985, 1995 and
respectively. 2008, respectively, all in Electrical Engineering.
In 1996 he joined the University of Algarve, From 1985 until 2011 he was with the University
Portugal, where he is currently an Adjunct of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, where he was
Professor. His research interests include modelling Director of the Electrical Machines Laboratory.
and simulation, fault diagnostics, and protection of Since 2011 he has been with the University of
power transformers. Beira Interior (UBI), Covilhã, Portugal, where he is a Full Professor at the
Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Director of CISE -
Electromechatronic Systems Research Centre (http://cise.ubi.pt). He was
Vice-Rector of UBI (2013-2014). His current research interests are in fault
diagnosis and fault tolerance in electrical machines, power electronics and
drives. He is the author of a book entitled Fault Diagnosis in Three-Phase
Induction Motors (Coimbra, Portugal: Coimbra Editora, 1991), (in
Portuguese) and about 350 papers published in technical journals and
conference proceedings. He serves as an Associate Editor for the IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications and IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics.

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