Name: Rafael Klent R.

Lingo & John Reynald Warren Dela Tore CPEN 85 LAB #2

LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 2

THE COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

I. Objective:
• The objective of this activity is to examine the characteristics of a common emitter
amplifier, specifically voltage gain, input impedance and output impedance. A
method for experimentally determining input and output impedance is investigated
along with various potential troubleshooting issues.

II. Schematics

Figure 1

Figure 2
III. Methods:

Table 1 Methods: Theoretical (DC Analysis)

We make sure that the AC source is disconnected, then we proceed to calculate the
theoretical DC voltages at the base, emitter, and collector along with the collector current.

𝑽𝑩 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑦 = 0𝑉 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝐵𝐸 = 0.7 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑒𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝐵𝑦 𝐾𝑉𝐿 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠: 𝐵𝑦 𝐾𝑉𝐿 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑉𝑅 𝐸 𝑖𝑠:

𝑉𝐸 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐵𝐸 + 𝑉𝐸𝐸 + 𝑉𝑅 𝐸
= 0𝑉 − 0.7𝑉 𝑉𝑅 𝐸 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸 − 𝑉𝐸𝐸
𝑽𝑬 = −𝟎. 𝟕𝑽
𝑉𝑅 𝐸 = 0𝑉 − 0.7𝑉 − (−12𝑉)
𝑉𝑅 𝐸 = 11.3𝑉
𝐵𝑦 𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤 ∶
𝑉𝑅
𝐼𝐸 = 𝐸 𝐵𝑦 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑉𝑐 𝑖𝑠:
𝑅𝐸
11.3𝑉 𝑉𝑅 𝑐 = 𝐼𝐶 (𝑅𝐶 )
𝐼𝐸 = 𝑉𝑅𝐶 = (0.513636364)(15𝑘Ω)
22𝑘Ω
𝐼𝐸 = 0.513636364 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝑅𝐶 = 7.7045𝑉

𝑉𝑅 𝐵 𝑉𝑅 𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐𝑐 − 𝑉𝑐
𝐼𝐵 =
𝑅𝐵 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐𝑐 − 𝑉𝑅𝐶
0𝑉 𝑜𝑟 126.759
𝐼𝐵 = = 0𝑉 𝑜𝑟 0.00384118 𝑉𝑐 = 15𝑉 − 7.7045𝑉
33𝑘Ω
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟓𝑽
𝐼𝐸 = 𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐵
𝐼𝐶 = 𝐼𝐸 − 𝐼𝐵
𝐼𝑐 = 0.513636364 𝑚𝐴 − 0𝑉 𝑜𝑟 0.00384118
𝑰𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟒 𝒎𝑨 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟏𝟖𝟒
Experiment: - Multisim Software

DC Analysis:

Table 2 Methods: AC Analysis

In Ac analysis, we only consider the outer portion of the rectangle because capacitor block
ac current they act as short circuit.

𝐵𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑉 (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛):

𝑅𝐶 15𝑘Ω
𝐴𝑣 = − ( ) = −( ) = −𝟐𝟗𝟔. 𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟔𝟕
𝑟𝑒 + 𝑅𝐸 50.61947𝑘Ω
𝑅𝑐 = 15𝑘Ω
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙:
𝑟𝑒 = 50.61947
𝑅𝐸 = 22𝑘Ω

𝑇𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:

26 𝑚𝑉
𝑟𝑒 =
𝐼𝐸 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
26𝑚𝑉 𝑅 (𝛽𝑟 ) 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑟𝑒 = 𝑧𝑖𝑛 = 𝐵 𝑒 𝑧𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑅𝑐
𝑅𝐵 +𝛽𝑟𝑒
0.513636364 𝑚𝐴
𝒓𝒆 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟕 Ω 33𝑘Ω(7.592𝑘Ω) 𝒛𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟏𝟓𝒌Ω
𝑧𝑖𝑛 =
33𝑘Ω + 7.592𝑘Ω
𝒛𝒊𝒏 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟕𝟐Ω
IV. Result and Discussion:

Table 1 Data: DC Circuit Voltages

𝑉𝐵 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑦 𝑉𝐸 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑦 𝑉𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑦 𝐼𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑦 𝑉𝐵 𝐸𝑥𝑝 𝑉𝐸 𝐸𝑥𝑝 𝑉𝐶 𝐸𝑥𝑝 𝐼𝐶 𝐸𝑥𝑝

0V -0.7V 7.2955V 0.5136 mA -127mV -0.772V 7.40V 0.5065 mA

As seen in the table above the data collected from theoretical and the experiment value is listed.
First and foremost, we make sure that the AC source is disconnected, then we proceed to calculate
the theoretical DC voltages at the base, emitter, and collector along with the collector current. Since
on the DC voltage at the base is 0V and the 𝑉𝐵𝐸 has the typical voltage of 0.7V we easily calculate
the DC emitter voltage which is -0.7V as for the DC collector current, we first determine the
𝐼𝐸 (emitter current) and 𝐼𝐵 (Base current) then subtract them to get the DC collector current which is
0.5136 mA lastly for the DC collector voltage what we do here is we first determine the Voltage
through 𝑅𝐶 then by KVL we determine the DC collector voltage which is 7.2955V

As for the Experimental we redraw the circuit given using Multisim software after that like what we
mention we disconnected all ac source. To measure the DC voltages at the base, emitter, and
collector along with the collector current we use the probe feature. Probes are schematic objects
that are used to help extract data from the simulation results. As for the DC voltage at the base we
measured 0V, for DC voltage at the emitter we measured -772mV which is equal to – 0.772V while
on the DC collector current and voltage we measured 507uA for the current which is equal to 0.507
mA lastly for the voltage we measured 7.40V.

Table 2 Data: AC Circuit Voltages

𝑟′𝑒 𝐴𝑣 𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡

50.6195Ω -296.32849 6.172Ω 15kΩ

In Ac analysis, we only consider the outer portion of the rectangle because capacitor block
ac current they act as short circuit. By analyzing the circuit, we don’t have emitter
equivalent resistance so we need to determine it first in order for us to solve the Voltage
26𝑚𝑉
gain. To determine the emitter equivalent resistance, we use the derived formula 𝐼
𝐸
since we already solve for emitter current substituting it to the formula, we got 50.6195Ω
now that we determine the internal emitter equivalent resistance, we can now solve for
voltage gain by dividing the DC collector resistor to the internal emitter equivalent
resistance which we got -296.32867, By the way we draw a transistor equivalent model to
easily determine the input and output impedance as for the input impedance we got 6.172
then for the output impedance since 𝑅𝐶 = 𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 then the output impedance is 15kΩ
Table 3 Data: Troubleshooting

Issue 𝑉𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑅𝐵 Short 0.017fV
𝐶1 Open 0V
𝑅𝐶 Short 270.702fV
𝑅𝐶 Open 64.612mV
𝑅𝐸 Open 84.217mV
𝐶2 Open 0V
𝐶3 Open 1.35V
𝑉𝐶𝐸 Open 0V

Screenshot Table 3 Troubleshooting

𝑅𝐵 Short
𝐶1 Open

𝑅𝐶 Short
𝑅𝐶 Open

𝑅𝐸 Open
𝐶2 Open

𝐶3 Open
𝑉𝐶𝐸 Open

Simulation: Multisim

Original Circuit
 Lower the value of Cb and R3:

V. Question:

1. Does the common emitter amplifier produce a considerable amplification effect and if
so, are the results consistent across transistors?

• Yes, the common emitter amplifier has the largest voltage gain, resulting in a
significant amplification effect. Furthermore, it is consistent across transistors.

2. Does the value of the transistor beta play any role in setting the input impedance?
Was a considerable variation in input impedance apparent?

• Yes, since the amount beta (β), which is generally between 50 and 400, offers an
essential connection between the base and collector currents. If the beta is 100, it
will have an influence on whether the input impedance is high or low. Yes, the
considerable variation in input impedance is clearly visible
VI. Conclusion:

After completing this experiment, we will be able to apply what we have learned to common
emitter amplifiers. We were able to learn more about Multisim software by creating and
simulating circuits, as well as analyzing these circuits using various types of analysis based
on what we were searching for. Since we are studying computer engineering, this will
undoubtedly benefit us in the future to fully utilize our skills.

In conclusion, we looked at how a common emitter amplifier setup works. To obtain a

better understanding of the major elements of this amplifier, a simpler circuit is shown first.
By understanding the roles of the bias and load resistors, as well as coupling and
decoupling capacitors, we were able to visualize the design of the complete circuit of a
common emitter amplifier. We have supplied the formulas for essential parameters such
as the input and output impedance, as well as the voltage and current gains, based on the
analysis of the equivalent circuit in DC and AC modes.