Prose is derived from the Latin prosa which literally elves, trolls, giants, talking animals and others.

hers. The
means straightforward. fairy tale is sub-class of
 Does not adhere to any particular formal structures the folktale. These stories often involve royalty, and
other than simple grammar. modern versions usually
Poetry is derived from the Greek poiesis which have a happy ending.
literally means creating or creating.
 Poetry relies heavily on imagery, precise word choice NON-FICTION - A prose writing that
and figures and speech. represents and explains ideas or tells about real people,
We may differentiate prose from poetry according to places, objects or events.
the following points of comparison:
1. Autobiography, from the Greek words auton –
Types of Prose ‘self,’ bios – ‘life’ and graphein – ‘write,’ is a
Fiction – something invented, imagined, or biography written by the author about himself.
feigned to be true)
1. 1. Short story is a brief prose narrative that can 2. Biography, (from the Greek words bios meaning
usually be read in one sitting. life, and graphein meaning write) is a genre of
literature based on the written accounts of individual
2. 2. Novel consists simply of a long story written in lives.
prose.
3. Essay is a short work of writing that treats a topic
3. Drama is a narrative prose intended to be played on from the author’s personal point of view. Essay is the
stage. It is usually called most common form of literature. It is the easiest form
play. It is written in scripted form to be reenacted by of literature to write.
actors.
4. Diary or journal is a book for writing discrete
4. Fable is a brief story usually with animal characters entries arranged by date
that teaches a lesson or reporting on what has happened over the course of a
moral. day or other periods.

5. Parable is a short narrative that is at least in part 5. Letter often contains personal thoughts and
allegorical and that opinions, but they are directed at
illustrates a moral or spiritual lesson. just one person.

6. Legend is a story that reflects the people’s identity

or cultural values,
generally with more historical and less emphasis on the
supernatural.

7. Myth is a fictional tale, originally with religious

significance that explains the
action of gods or heroes, the cause of natural
phenomena or both.

8. Fairy tale is a story featuring folkloric characters

such as fairies, goblins,
ELEMENTS OF
FICTION
The essentials of fiction are essentials of every story: plot, characters, setting, point of view
and theme.

1. PLOT - is the plan of the story. The sequence of actions and events has a well-defined beginning, middle and end.

Exposition: The introduction; reader learns about the setting, major characters, etc.
Rising Action: The part of the story that builds the tension through conflict; most of the
action of the plot occurs here.
Climax: The high point in the tension of the story or the turning point of the story.
Falling Action: The action and conflict that occurs after the climax; often very short.
Resolution: The story is brought to its conclusion; all loose ends are tied up.

2. CHARACTER - The principal figure around whom a story revolves, we call the protagonist
Protagonist
Antagonist

3. SETTINGS - The time and place of a story’s action.

4. CONFLICT - The reason a story grows in tension and suspense as it builds to a climax is that the pressure of
conflict, the struggle between two opposing forces, in increased by each event.

o Character v Character
o Character v Nature
o Character v Supernatural
o Character v Society
o Character v Self

5. POINT OF VIEW - There are basically two points of view which a writer can tell a story:
o First-Person Narrator. (“I said;” “I did;” “I remember”)
o Third-Person Narrator. omniscient or all-knowing POV. Limited third person knowledge of events is restricted.
6. THEME - The central insight or idea in which the story is based. A theme is rarely stated; usually it is implied
 music. These have twelve syllables and slowly sung to
the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria.
Poetry
e) Sonnet – a lyric poem containing four iambic
Narrative Poetry – a poem that tells a story. pentameter lines, and a complicated rhyme.
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
) Epic – a long narrative poem mainly about a hero A. Sound Patterns
concerning the beginning, continuance, and the end of 1. Rhyme is the regular occurrence of similar sounds
events of great significance on tribal or national usually at the end of lines.
significance.
2. Rhythm is like the beat in music, is the recurrence
) Metrical Poem – a narrative poem that tells a story of of pattern of sound. It is the result of systematically
adventure, love and chivalry. The Typical hero is a stressing or accenting words and syllables.
knight on a quest.
3. Meter is the systematic regularity in rhythm;
) Metrical Tale – a narrative poem consisting usually a this systematic rhythm (or sound pattern) is usually
single series connective events that are simple, and identified by examining the type of "foot" and the
generally do not form a plot. Examples of these are number of feet.
simple idylls or home tales, love tales, tales of the
supernatural or tales written for a strong moral purpose a. Poetic Foot
in verse form. The traditional line of metered poetry contains a
) number of rhythmical units, which are called feet.
) Ballad – the simplest type of narrative poetry. It is s The pattern, or foot, is designated according to the
short narrative poem telling a single incident in simple number of syllables contained, and the relationship in
meter and stanzas. It is meant to be sung. each foot between the strong and weak
) syllables.
) Metrical Allegory – an extended narrative that carries Poetic Foot:
a second meaning along worth the surface story. 1. Iam (Iambic)
) - weak syllable followed by strong syllable
. Lyric Poetry – a poem that is very personal in nature. 2. Trochee (Trochaic)
It expresses the author’s own thoughts, feelings, - strong syllable followed by a weak syllable
moods and reflections in musical language. It derived 3. Anapest (Anapestic)
its name from the musical instrument, the lyre. - two weak syllables followed by a strong syllable
. 4. Dactyl (Dactylic)
) Ode – a lyric poem of some length, serious in subject - a strong syllable followed by two weak syllables
and dignified in style. It is most majestic of the lyric 5. Spondee (Spondaic)
poems. It is written in a spirit of praise of some - two strong syllables (not common as lines, but
persons or things. appears
) as a foot). A spondee usually appears at the end of a
) Elegy – a poem written on the death of a friend of the line
poet. The ostensible purpose is to praise the friend. But
in the end of the poem, however, we can expect that
poet will have come to terms with his grief.

) Song – a lyric poem in a regular metrical pattern set to

b. The Number of Feet
The second part of meter is the number of feet Simile is a comparison between two unlike things
contained in a line. using the words "like" or "as.
one foot=monometer
two feet=dimeter
three feet=trimester
four feet=tetrameter
five feet=pentameter
six feet=hexameter

4. Repetition is the repeated use of sound, word,

phrases, sentence, rhythmical pattern
or grammatical pattern.

B. Figures of speech

Alliteration is the repetition of the beginning sounds

of neighboring words.

Anaphora is a technique where several phrases or

verses begin with the same word or words.

Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds (not just

letters) in words that are close together. The sounds
don't have to be at the beginning of the word.

Euphemism is a mild, indirect, or vague term that

often substitutes a harsh, blunt, or offensive term.

Hyperbole uses exaggeration for emphasis or effect.

Irony occurs when there's a marked contrast between

what is said and what is meant, or between appearance
and reality.

Metaphor makes a comparison between two unlike

things or ideas.

Onomatopoeia is the term for a word that sounds like

what it is describing.

Oxymoron is two contradictory terms used together.

Personification gives human qualities to non-living

things or ideas.