TEST FOR ONE-SAMPLE CASE

RAMY LLOYD L. LOTILLA, EDD

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 TEST FOR ONE-SAMPLE CASE

One Sample Z-Test

 One-Sample Z test is performed when we want to compare a sample mean
with the population mean

One Sample T-Test

 One-Sample t-test is performed when we want to compare a sample mean
with the population mean. The difference from the Z Test is that we do not
have the information on Population Variance here. We use the sample
standard deviation instead of population standard deviation in this case.

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One Sample t Test
The One Sample t Test examines whether the mean of a population is statistically different from
a known or hypothesized value. The One Sample t Test is a parametric test.
In a One Sample t Test, the test variable's mean is compared against a "test value", which is a
known or hypothesized value of the mean in the population. Test values may come from a
literature review, a trusted research organization, legal requirements, or industry standards.

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Common Uses
The One Sample t Test is commonly used to test the following:
1. Statistical difference between a mean and a known or hypothesized value of the mean in the
population.
2. Statistical difference between a change score and zero. This approach involves creating a
change score from two variables, and then comparing the mean change score to zero, which will
indicate whether any change occurred between the two time points for the original measures. If
the mean change score is not significantly different from zero, no significant change occurred.
Note: The One Sample t Test can only compare a single sample mean to a specified constant. It
can not compare sample means between two or more groups. If you wish to compare the means
of multiple groups to each other, you will likely want to run an Independent Samples t Test (to
compare the means of two groups) or a One-Way ANOVA (to compare the means of two or
more groups).

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HOW TO RUN A ONE SAMPLE
TEST IN SPSS?

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HOW TO RUN A ONE SAMPLE TEST IN SPSS?
To run a One Sample Test in SPSS, click Analyze >
Compare Means > One-Sample T Test.

The One-Sample T Test window opens where you will

specify the variables to be used in the analysis. All of
the variables in your dataset appear in the list on the
left side. Move variables to the Test Variable(s) area
by selecting them in the list and clicking the arrow

button.

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HOW TO RUN A ONE SAMPLE TEST IN SPSS?
A. Test Variable(s): The variable whose mean will be
compared to the hypothesized population mean (i.e., Test
Value). You may run multiple One Sample t Tests
simultaneously by selecting more than one test variable.
Each variable will be compared to the same Test Value.

B. Test Value: The hypothesized population mean against

which your test variable(s) will be compared.

C. Options: Clicking Options will open a window where

you can specify the Confidence Interval Percentage and
how the analysis will address Missing
Values (i.e., Exclude cases analysis by
analysis or Exclude cases listwise).
Click Continue when you are finished making
specifications.

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HOW TO RUN A ONE SAMPLE TEST IN SPSS?

Click OK to run the One Sample t Test

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THE OUTPUT OF ONE SAMPLE
TEST IN SPSS

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THE OUTPUT OF ONE SAMPLE TEST IN SPSS

Two sections (boxes) appear in the output: One-Sample

Statistics and One-Sample Test.

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THE OUTPUT OF ONE SAMPLE TEST IN SPSS

The first section, One-Sample Statistics, provides basic information about the selected variable, including the valid
(non-missing) sample size (n), mean, standard deviation, and standard error. In this example, the mean height of the
sample is 68.03 inches, which is based on 408 non-missing observations.

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THE OUTPUT OF ONE SAMPLE TEST IN SPSS

The second section, One-Sample Test, displays the A. Test Value: The number we entered
as the test value in the One-Sample T
results most relevant to the One Sample t Test. Test window.
B. t Statistic: The test statistic of the
one-sample t test, denoted t. In this
example, t = 5.810. Note that t is
calculated by dividing the mean
difference (E) by the standard error
mean (from the One-Sample Statistics
box).
C. df: The degrees of freedom for the
test. For a one-sample t test, df = n - 1;
so here, df = 408 - 1 = 407.

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THE OUTPUT OF ONE SAMPLE TEST IN SPSS

The second section, One-Sample Test, displays the D. Sig. (2-tailed): The two-tailed p-value
corresponding to the test statistic.
results most relevant to the One Sample t Test. E. Mean Difference: The difference between
the "observed" sample mean (from the One
Sample Statistics box) and the "expected"
mean (the specified test value (A)). The sign
of the mean difference corresponds to the
sign of the t value (B). The positive t value in
this example indicates that the mean height
of the sample is greater than the
hypothesized value (66.5).
F. Confidence Interval for the Difference:
The confidence interval for the difference
between the specified test value and the
sample mean.

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EXAMPLE

Problem: A certain brand of milk is advertised as having a net weight of 250

grams. If the net weights of a random sample of cans are 256, 248, 242, 245,
246, 248, 250, 255, 243 and 249 grams, can it be conducted that the average
net weight of the cans is not equal to the advertised amount? Use 𝛼 = 0.05
and assume that the net weight of this brand of powdered milk is normally
distributed.

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Solving Using the SPSS Software
Step 1: State the null and Alternative Hypotheses
Problem: A certain brand of milk is Ho: 𝜇 = 250 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
advertised as having a net weight of 250 Ha: 𝜇 ≠ 250 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
grams. If the net weights of a random
Step 2: Identity the test procedure
sample of cans are 256, 248, 242, 245,
Test Procedure: One Sample t-test
246, 248, 250, 255, 243 and 249 grams,
can it be conducted that the average net Step 3: Identify the level of significance
𝛼 = 0.05 𝑜𝑟 5%
weight of the cans is not equal to the
advertised amount? Use 𝛼 = 0.05 and Step 4: Write the Decision Rule
assume that the net weight of this brand Reject Ho if the sig < 𝛼; Otherwise, fail to reject Ho
of powdered milk is normally
Step 5: Solve
distributed.

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Solving Using the SPSS Software
Procedure: Analyze → Compare Means → One Sample T-test

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Solving Using the SPSS Software

Select your test variable.

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Solving Using the SPSS Software

Input Test Value

Click Options

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Solving Using the SPSS Software

Set confidence interval

Percentage.

Click continue.

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Solving Using the SPSS Software

Click OK.

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Solving Using the SPSS Software

sig= 0.249
𝛼 = 0.05

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WAYS TO DETERMINE WHETHER A
MEAN IS STATISTICALLY DIFFERENT
FROM ANOTHER MEAN

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3 WAYS TO DETERMINE WHETHER A MEAN IS STATISTICALLY
DIFFERENT FROM ANOTHER MEAN

1. The t-value is larger than the critical value

2. The p value is less than .05.
3. The 95% Confidence interval of the
difference does not include 0

We reject the null hypothesis.

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Solving Using the SPSS Software

sig= 0.249
𝛼 = 0.05

Decision: Since sig = 0.249 < α=0.05; We fail to reject Ho.

Conclusion: At α=5%, Data provide evidence to say that the average net weight of cans is equal to the advertised amount
which is 250 grams.

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Practice #1
Step 1: State the null and Alternative Hypotheses
A report states that the mean monthly salary of call center agents is
Ho: There is no significant difference between the
P22,000 a month. If random sample of the salaries of 40 call center
agents are as follows: reported mean and the sample mean of the salaries of call
center agents.
Ha: There is a significant difference between the
23700 19800 22200 22500 22100 23400 22400 20400 reported mean and the sample mean of the salaries of call
24000 20100 19300 24600 22600 22600 20800 21800 center agents.
23200 20300 21000 22700 21700 22100 21600 21700
24200 19400 21300 23400 20500 20700 21100 22600
Step 2: Identity the test procedure
22300 23000 21400 23500 21700 20500 22,000 22400 Test Procedure: One Sample t-test

Step 3: Identify the level of significance

𝛼 = 0.05 𝑜𝑟 5%
Is there a significant difference between the reported mean and the
sample mean of the salaries of call center agents? Use α=0.05. Step 4: Write the Decision Rule
Reject Ho if the sig < 𝛼; Otherwise, fail to reject Ho.
Step 5: Solve

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Practice #1

Decision: Since sig = 0.686 < α=0.05; We fail to reject Ho.

Conclusion: At α=5%, Data provide evidence to say that there is no significant difference between the reported
mean and the sample mean of the salaries of call center agents.

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Practice #2
A manufacturer claims that the average life of the Step 1: State the null and Alternative Hypotheses
batteries it manufactures for use for specified Ho: 𝜇 = 160 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
electronic games is 160 hours. A customer
wishes to find out if the manufacturer’s claim is Ha: 𝜇 ≠ 160 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
really true and have tested 30 of the electronic
games using this battery. The result is as follows: Step 2: Identity the test procedure
152, 154, 159, 162, 148, 147, 139, 154, 149, 152, Test Procedure: One Sample t-test
165, 146, 149, 147, 156, 159, 167, 163, 162, 152,
154, 163, 157, 143, 148, 157, 147, 145, 155, 154. Step 3: Identify the level of significance
Test the hypothesis using the level of 𝛼 = 0.05 𝑜𝑟 5%
significance (𝛼) = 5%.
Step 4: Write the Decision Rule
Reject Ho if the sig < 𝛼; Otherwise, fail to reject Ho

Step 5: Solve

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Practice #2

Decision: Since sig = 0.000 < α=0.05; We reject Ho.

Conclusion: At α=5%, Data provide evidence to say that the average life of the batteries it manufactures for use for
specified electronic games is not equal to claim of the manufacturer which is 160 hours.

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Activity 7
It is known that the average cost of men’s T-shirt in malls is higher than P 250.00. A researcher selects a
random sample of 20 t-shirts from this mall and have obtained the following data:
T Shirt Prices
1 199.00
2 179.50
3 299.75
4 259.50
5 279.75
6 259.50
7 179.00
8 499.75
9 359.75
10 459.50
11 399.00
12 269.75
13 159.50
14 149.75
15 159.75
16 189.75
17 179.75
18 259.75
19 289.50
20 299.00

Is there enough evidence for the researcher to accept the claim at (𝛼) = 5%?

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KOLMOGOROV–SMIRNOV
ONE-SAMPLE TEST

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COMPUTING THE KOLMOGOROV–SMIRNOV
ONE-SAMPLE TEST
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test examines if scores are likely to follow some distribution in some
population. It is a procedure to examine the agreement between two sets of values. For our
purposes, the two sets of values compared are an observed frequency distribution based on a
randomly collected sample and an empirical frequency distribution based on the sample’s
population. Furthermore, the observed sample is examined for normality when the empirical
frequency distribution is based on a normal distribution.

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The Kolmogorov–Smirnov one-sample test compares two cumulative frequency distributions. A
cumulative frequency distribution is useful for finding the number of observations above or
below a particular value in a data sample. It is calculated by taking a given frequency and adding
all the preceding frequencies in the list.

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A p-value that exceeds the level of risk associated with the null hypothesis indicates that the
observed sample approximates the empirical sample. Since our empirical distributions
approximated a normal distribution, we can state that our observed sample is sufficiently
normal for parametric statistics. Conversely, a p-value that is smaller than the level of risk
indicates an observed sample that is not sufficiently normal for parametric statistics.

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Sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov One-Sample Test
A department store has decided to evaluate customer satisfaction. As part of a pilot study, the
store provides customers with a survey to rate employee friendliness. The survey uses a scale of
1–10 and its developer indicates that the scores should conform to a normal distribution. Use
the Kolmogorov–Smirnov one-sample test to decide if the sample of customers surveyed
responded with scores approximately matching a normal distribution. The survey results are
shown in the following table.

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PA 303
1 State the Null and Research Hypotheses
The null hypothesis states that the observed sample has an approximately normal distribution.
The research hypothesis states that the observed sample does not approximately resemble a
normal distribution.
Ho: There is no difference between the observed distribution of survey scores and a normally
distributed empirical sample.
Ha: There is a difference between the observed distribution of survey scores and a normally
distributed empirical sample.

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Step 2: Identity the test procedure
Test Procedure: Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

Step 3: Identify the level of significance

𝛼 = 0.05 𝑜𝑟 5%

Step 4: Write the Decision Rule

Reject Ho if the sig < 𝛼; Otherwise, fail to reject Ho

Step 5: Solve

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Performing the Kolmogorov–Smirnov One-
Sample Test Using SPSS
Define Your Variables
First, click the “Variable View” tab at the bottom of your screen. Then, type the names of your
variables in the “Name” column. As shown, the variable is called “Survey.”

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Type in Your Values
Click the “Data View” tab at the bottom
of your screen. Type your sample values
in the “Survey” column as shown in the
following figure:

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Analyze Your Data
As shown in following
figure, use the pull-down
menus to choose “Analyze,”
“Nonparametric Tests,”
“Legacy Dialogs,” and “1-
Sample KS . . .”

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Use the arrow button to place your variable with your data values in the box labeled “Test
Variable List:” as shown in following figure. Finally, click “OK” to perform the analysis.

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Interpret the Results from the SPSS Output
Window SPSS
The p-value exceeds the level of risk associated
with the null hypothesis. Therefore, we do not
reject the null hypothesis. In other words, there is
no difference between the observed distribution of
survey scores and a normally distributed empirical
sample.

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Activity 8
Using the data on domestic helpers, find out if the Age of the 30 respondents follows a normal
distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

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