COMPETITIVE STRATEGY MODEL AND ITS IMPACT ON MICRO BUSINESS UNIT OF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS IN JAWA PJAEE, 17 (7)

7) (2020)

Islam Wasathiyah (Islamic Moderitism) in the Muhammadiyah Khittah

Document

Tri Santoso1 , Endang Fauziati2, Suwinarno3, Dodi Afianto4, Eko Purnomo5, Dartim6
1
Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia
2
Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia
3
Fakultas Agama Islam, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia
4
Fakultas Agama Islam, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia
5
Fakultas Agama Islam, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia
6
Fakultas Agama Islam, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia
1
[email protected]

Tri Santoso , Endang Fauziati, Suwinarno, Dodi Afianto, Eko Purnomo, Dartim.
Islam Wasathiyah (Islamic Moderitism) in the Muhammadiyah Khittah Document--
Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 17(7), 3512-3531. ISSN 1567-
214x
Keywords: : moral educations, adolescent morality, parents

ABSTRACT
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the distribution and mapping of
values/principles of Islam wasathiyah in the Muhammadiyah khittah.
Methodology: The data source in this study was in the form of written documents, in the
form of discourse contained in the Muhammadiyah khittah. The data in this study were in the
form of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs that would be analyzed the
values/principles of Islam wasathiyah. The data collection technique used was the note-taking
technique. The data analysis method used the equivalent (referential) and aggregate methods.
Results: In the 12 steps of Muhammadiyah Khittah, there are 8 Islamic wasathiyah
principles, namely wasathiyah, tawassuth, tawazun, tahadhdhur, syura, i’tidal, musawah,
tathawwur wa ibtikar, and tasamuh. In Palembang Khittah 1956-1959, there are six Islamic
wasathiyah principles, namely tawassuth, tawazun, tahadhdhur, syura, ishlah, and musawah.
In Ponorogo Khittah 1969, there are four Islamic wasathiyah principles, namely, ishlah,
tawassuth, tawazun, and I’tidal. In Ujung Pandang Khittah 1971, there are five Islamic
wasathiyah principles, namely wasathiyah, yaitu tawazzun, ishlah, I’tidal, tahadhdhur, and
tathawwur wa ibtikar. In Surabaya Khittah 1978, there are seven Islamic wasathiyah
principles, namely tawassuth, tawazun, tahadhdhur, i’tidal, musawah, tathawwur wa ibtikar,
musawah, ishlah, and tasamuh. As for the Denpasar khittah 2002, there are six Islamic
wasathiyah principles, namely tawazzun, tawassuth, musawah, tathawwur wa ibtikar,
tahadhdhur, and ishlah. The Islamic principle of wasathiyah that often arises is tawassuth,

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which is as many as 19, and the Aulawiyah principle is not found in the Muhammadiyah
khittah.
Applications/Originality/Value: Muhammadiyah is not only a religious organization but
also a public movement. Public and national discourse from its inception into the current era
has always influenced Muhammadiyah's response. Ideological thinking that was born by
Muhammadiyah is also as a response to the condition of community and nationality in
society, such as the Muhammadiyah Khittah document, Articles of Association/By-Laws
(AD/ART), Matan of Beliefs and Life Goals of Muhammadiyah (MKCHM), and other
Muhammadiyah Decisions. Therefore, this writing is necessary in order as a form of
reinforcement to achieve Islam that wasathiyah, moderate Islam that brings peace to the
motherland, Indonesia.

INTRODUCTION
Muhammadiyah is a religious organization of Islamic movement association
which was established on Dzulhijah 8, 1330 H, or coincided with November
18, 1912, in the city of Yogyakarta. The founder and pioneer of the
Muhammadiyah movement were K.H. Ahmad Dahlan. One of the reformist
Islamic scholars whose name is famous throughout the archipelago. One hope
from K.H. Ahmad Dahlan with the establishment of Muhammadiyah is that
the movement of Muhammadiyah is able to take an example from the traces of
the struggle of the Prophet Muhammad (Ittiba ila rasulillah Saw), or in other
words the direction of Muhammadiyah's movement in his struggle, is able to
follow in the footsteps taken by the Prophet Muhammad and his friends, and
people who followed him (Aryanti, 2015; Santoso, et al. 2020).

The textual and essential purpose of Muhammadiyah's founding from the past
until now has been "To maintain and uphold the religion of Islam, thus
creating a truly, fundamental, just, and prosperous society that blessed by
Allah swt" (Nashir & Jinan, 2018). It is a very noble purpose as an attempt to
translate the Islamic missionary movement into a social dimension. Therefore,
Islam is not only in the theological realm but more critical in practical-
operational problems with the spirit of Islam enlightening the universe
(rahmatallil’alamin). Thus, it can raise the degree of human development and
maintain the values of simplicity (: tawadhu) from being trapped in the valley
of pragmatism and materialism (Choiruzzad & Nugroho, 2013).

In linguistic or etymological terms, the name Muhammadiyah is derived from

the Arabic term from the word ‫ دمحم‬which means "praiseworthy" namely
Prophet Muhammad and is followed by the word ‫ ةيا‬which means
understanding, followers, groups or accompanists (Jovita et al., 2019). Thus,
na ro ,dammahuM tehporP eht fo rewollof a si )hayidammahuM( ‫دمحمي ة‬
understanding that in practice follows the Prophet Muhammad, both at the
level of belief, speech, and behavior. Thus, implicitly, all classes of the
Islamic community without regard to differences in skin, nationality, position,
citizenship, and understanding of the teachings of Islam from the furu, if they
acknowledge and follow in the footsteps of the prophetic life of the Prophet
Muhammad, then it could be they are referred to as Muhammadiyah people
(Sciortino et al., 2010).

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Muhammadiyah is an Islamic movement that enlightens and educates (Nashir

et al., 2019). The reality of community and nationality is very influential in the
establishment of Muhammadiyah. The emergence of various ideological
thoughts in Muhammadiyah is also a response to the turmoil that occurs in the
dynamics of community and nationality, such as the birth of 12 Steps,
AD/ART (Articles of Association/By-Laws), Khittah Muhammadiyah,
MKCHM (Matan's Beliefs and Life Ideas of Muhammadiyah), and
Muhammadiyah Citizens' Islamic Living Guidelines (PHIWM).

Moreover, coupled with the current era with various challenges, the
ideological principles that exist in the Muhammadiyah body need to be
strengthened, either is influenced by internal and external factors. Internal
means that comes from within members of the trust, and external means that
comes from outside members of the trust but has direct influence. Moreover,
the strengthening of ideology and its application is emphasized. Therefore, this
writing is present to be able to be a steppingstone to try seeing the form of
rational application of the middle path of Islam (wasathiyah) developed by
Muhammadiyah organizations. Middle Path of Islam is a moderate Islam that
brings peace to the motherland, Indonesia.

Messages of peace in the Khittah (: outline of the struggle) of Muhammadiyah

is in accordance with the principles of the Islam Wasathiyah (moderate)
practice which was formulated by the Indonesian Ulema Council at the
National Conference IX (Munas IX) in Surabaya, 24-27 August 2015 (Tempo,
2015), and the proposed concept of Islam Wasatiyyat proposed by the Office
of the Special Affairs of the President of the Republic of Indonesia in the
Cooperation between Religions and Civilizations at the High Level
Consultation of World Muslim Scholars and Scholars on Islamic Wasatiyyat
in Bogor, May 1-3, 2018. Islam Wasatiyyat is considered as the teachings of
Islam, which is rahmatan lil alamin, mercy to the whole universe. The
principles include tawassuth (taking the middle way), tawazun (balanced
world and the hereafter), i'tidal (straight and firm), tasamuh (tolerance),
musawah (egalitarian), shura (discussion), ishlah (reformation), aulawiyah
(straight) prioritizing the priority), tathawwur wa ibtikar (dynamic and
innovative), and tahadhdhur (civilized).

METHODOLOGY
This research was a qualitative descriptive study and aimed to describe the
distribution and mapping of values/principles of Islam wasathiyah in the
Muhammadiyah khittah. The data source of this research was the source of in
the form of written documents, in the form of discourse contained in the
Muhammadiyah khittah. The data in this study were in the form of words,
phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs that contain the values/principles
of Islam wasathiyah. The data in this study were obtained by scrutinizing. It is
one of the methods of providing data by observing the use of language
(Mahsun, 2017). The term scrutinizing in this method was not limited to
listening to the use of language verbally, but also the use of written language.
The advanced technique used was the note-taking technique.

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The data in this study were analyzed using the equivalent method because the
determinant in the analysis of research data came from outside the language.
Sudaryanto (2015) explained that the equivalent method is a method used in
language analysis in which the determining instrument is outside the language
element and is not part of the language concerned. The analysis technique
above was also in line with content analysis. In order to reach conclusions,
content analysis is needed based on the analysis of existing data (Fraenkel et
al., 2011; Lune & Berg, 2016; Bengtsson, 2016).

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Islam Wasathiyah in the Muhammadiyah Khittah Document
The Khittah Struggle of Muhammadiyah is a strategy set out in the
Muktamar/Conference to achieve the aims and objectives of the organization.
The Khittah is a detailed, tiered, and continuous steps that provide a path and
direction for Muhammadiyah's charitable efforts so that the Khittah can
change at any time. Wasathiyah signifies moderation and balance (i'tidal) in
faith, morality, and character (al-Qudsy et al., 2015).

Khittah of 12 Steps of Muhammadiyah 1938-1940

The twelve steps contain the thoughts and reflections of KH. Mas Mansur,
after reviewing the situation of Muhammadiyah as an Islamic movement and
struggle (Kiptiyah, 2018). This khittah is divided into two parts, namely the
scientific (ilmi) step and the charity (amal) step. The ilmi step is step number 1
to step number 7, while the amal step is step number 8 to step 12. The ilmi
step means that these steps still need further explanation to implement them.
The amal step means that the steps do not need any more explanation,
implement them, because they are considered to be clear. The contents of the
Khittah of 12 Steps are as listed in table 1.

Table 1. Principles of Islam Wasathiyah in Khittah of 12 Steps of

Muhammadiyah

Khittah of 12 Steps of Muhammadiyah Islam Wasathiyah

1) Deepening the Entry of Faith Tawassuth
2) Expanding Understanding of Tawassuth, Tawazun, dan
Religion Tahadhdhur
3) Produce characters Tahadhdhur, Tawassuth, dan
Tawazun
4) Guiding Intiqad Practices (self- Syura
corrective)
5) Strengthening Unity I’tidal
6) Uphold Justice Musawah
7) Doing Wisdom I’tidal
8) Strengthening the Tanwir Assembly Syura
9) Hold a Section Conference Tathawwur wa Ibtikar
10) Negotiating Decisions Syura
11) Monitoring Road Movement Tathawwur wa Ibtikar
12) Connecting External Movements Tasamuh

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Tawassuth (taking the middle way) is understanding and practice that is not
ifrath (exaggeration in religion) and tafrith (reducing religious teachings)
(Hanapi, 2014). Tawassuth in the Muhammadiyah khittah of 1938-1940 is
reflected in the point of deepening the entry of faith, deepening religious
understanding, developing character. It is because Muhammadiyah in
deepening faith and deepening understanding of religion is neither extreme
right nor extreme left. Muhammadiyah's neutral position is in the middle.

The principle of tawazun in the khittah twelve of Muhammadiyah is to expand

religious understanding and to develop character. Tawazun is a balanced
understanding and practice of religion which covers all aspects of life, both
worldly and ukhrawi, firmly in stating the principle that can distinguish
between inhiraf (deviations) and ikhtilaf (differences). Perfect Islam is
expanding by understanding it between i'tiqod and furu', and fearing only
God, keeping promises, and always doing good, which is the principle of
tawazun (Ibrahim et al., 2013).

The principle of tahadhdhur in the khittah twelve of Muhammadiyah is

characterized by an attitude of broadening religious understanding and
bringing forth character. Tahadhdhur (civilized), which upholds morality,
character, identity, and integrity as khairu ummah in the life of humanity and
civilization. Expanding understanding of religion is one of the attitudes in
upholding morality and fostering moral character, which is one of the
character attitudes that must be possessed by Muslims in order to lead a good
life and civilized as one of noble morals (Hassan, 2015).

The principle of shura in the khittah of 12 steps of Muhammadiyah is marked

by leading the practice of intiqad (self-corrective), strengthening the
assemblies of tanwir, and deliberating on decisions. The practice of intiqad is
always to make self-improvement or self-introspection (Ahmad, 2011). The
results of intiqad must be deliberated based on the aim of bringing maslahat,
benefits and distance madharat. The principle of shura is to resolve the form
of problems through an assembly by deliberating to reach consensus.
I’tidal as the principle of Islam wasathiyah in khittah 12 Steps of
Muhammadiyah is marked by strengthening unity and doing wisdom. This
principle expressly devotes itself always to strengthen the unity of the nation
and state, as well as do all policies following the position and place. The i’tidal
principle is to put things in their place and carry out their rights and fulfill
obligations proportionately.

The principle of musawah in the khittah 12 Steps of Muhammadiyah found

was to uphold justice. Musawah is a form of non-discriminatory attitude
towards differences, be it differences in religion, ethnicity, race, origin, as well
as customs and traditions (Choudhury, 2016). Upholding justice is a form of
real musawah principle to realize the principle of the five precepts in
Pancasila, which has become the ideology of the Indonesian people.
The next principle is tathawwur wa ibtikar (Choudhury, 2016). Tathawwur wa
ibtikar (dynamic and innovative), which is always open to make changes in
accordance with the times and create new things for the safety and progress of
humanity. This principle in khittah 12 Steps of Muhammadiyah is marked by

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holding a section conference and overseeing the road movement, namely the
institution holding coordination between assemblies or institutions as well as
monitoring and evaluating the Muhammadiyah Charitable Enterprises (AUM).
The purpose of this activity is to be able to make changes in accordance with
the times and can create new things in the benefit and progress, especially in
Muhammadiyah Charitable Enterprises (AUM).

The last Islamic wasathiyah principle in the 12 khittah of Muhammadiyah is

that the tasamuh is marked by connecting external movements. Tasamuh
(tolerance), is recognizing and respecting differences, both in religious aspects
and various other aspects of life (Kanagatov et al., 2013; Khon & Kim, 2016;
Berggren & Nilsson, 2016; Rezmer, 2016). Connecting outside movements is
Muhammadiyah's step, which means connecting or establishing Islamic
brotherhood between the Muhammadiyah movement and other Islamic
organizations for the glory of Islam.

Palembang Khittah 1956-1959

The Palembang Khittah was ratified at the 33rd Muhammadiyah Congress in
Palembang in 1956. The general chairman of Muhammadiyah at that time was
Buya AR. Sutan Mansur (Nashir, 2008). Table 2 below is the contents of the
Palembang Khittah.

Table 2. Principles of Islam Wasatiyah in the Khittah of Palembang

Palembang Khittah Islam Wasathiyah
1) Ensouling the characters of members and leaders
of Muhammadiyah by deepening and thickening
tauhid/monotheism, perfecting worship with
Tawassuth, Tawazun, and
khusyu’ and tawadlu,' enhancing morals,
Tahadhdhur
expanding knowledge, and driving
Muhammadiyah with full confidence and sense of
responsibility.
2) Carry out uswatun hasanah. Tahadhdhur
3) Integrating organization and tidying up
Syura
administration.
4) Increase and enhance the quality of children. Ishlah
5) Enhancing the quality of members and forming
Ishlah
cadres.
6) Obtaining ukhuwah of fellow Muslims by holding
an ishlah body to anticipate if rifts and disputes Musawah, Ishlah
occur.
7) Guiding the livelihood of members. Ishlah

Tawassuth (taking the middle way), is understanding and practice that is not
ifrath (exaggeration in religion) and tafrith (reducing religious teachings)
(Hassan, 2014). The principle of tawassuth in the Palembang khittah is
characterized by deepening and thickening monotheism, perfecting worship
with khusyu' and tawadlu,' deepening and thickening tauhid/monotheism,
which is an attitude of declaring the oneness of God and not associating
partners with God and always perfecting worship with khusyu' and tawadlu.'
Worshiping humbly and not boasting is one of the principles of tawassuth.

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An attitude of expanding knowledge characterizes the tawazzun principle of

Islam wasathiyah in the Khittah of Palembang. Tawazun is a balanced attitude
between the world and the hereafter (Spahic, 2015) that we live in the world in
accordance with the prophet's advice, must always seek knowledge.
The next Islamic wasathiyah principle is tahadhdhur. Tahadhdhur is the
attitude of upholding the morality, character, identity, and integrity as khairu
ummah in the life of humanity and civilization (Yaakub, & Othman, 2017).
This principle is reflected in the Palembang Muhammadiyah khittah, namely
enhancing morals, driving Muhammadiyah with confidence, and a sense of
responsibility. The attitude is a character that displays a sense of
responsibility. This character is a civilized attitude for the Indonesian people
by enhancing akhlakul karimah/morality.

Shura (discussion), i.e., every problem is solved by deliberation to reach

consensus with the principle of placing prosperity above all (Mujani et al.,
2015). This principle in the Palembang Khittah is characterized by requiring
organization and tidying up administration. Integrating organization is a form
of attitude in maintaining the organization utilizing meeting all elements of the
organization so that it is not easily divided and tidying up administration in an
organization.

The next principle is musawah, marked by the attitude of "obtaining

ukhuwah/brotherhood of a fellow Muslim by holding an ishlah body to
anticipate in the event of a rift and dispute." In this principle, it has been
explained that Muhammadiyah anticipates cohesion and disputes without
discrimination. Musawah (egalitarian), is not discriminatory to others due to
differences in beliefs, traditions, and origins of someone (Salleh, 2015).
The last principle is ishlah, which is marked by the attitude of "obtaining
fellow Muslim brotherhood by holding the ishlah body and guiding the lives
of members." It is clear that in this principle, an ishlah body needs to be built
as well as guiding the people's livelihood better. Ishlah (reform) is prioritizing
reformative principles to achieve better conditions that accommodate the
changes and progress of the times, by grounding in the public good
(mashlahah 'amah) by sticking to the principle of al-muhafazhah ‘ala al-
qadimi al-shalih wa al-akhdzu bi al-jadidi al-ashlah (Mujani & Mazuki,
2018).

Ponorogo Khittah (1969)

The birth of Parmusi (Indonesian Muslim Party) was the fruit of Khittah
Ponorogo (1969). In the formulation of the 1969 Khittah, it is stated that the
da'wah of Islam amar ma'ruf nahi munkar is carried out through two channels:
state and social politics. Muhammadiyah positions itself as the Islamic
movement of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar in the social field (Nashir, 2008).
Table 3 below is the formulation of Ponorogo Khittah.

Table 3. Principles of Islam Wasathiyah in the Ponorogo Khittah

Ponorogo Khittah Islam Wasathiyah

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1) Muhammadiyah strives to achieve or realize a

Ishlah, Tawassuth,
life's ideals and beliefs that originate from
Tawazun, I’tidal
Islamic teachings.
2) Islamic Da'wah of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar in
the true meaning and proportion as guided by Tawassuth, I’tidal,
Rasulullah SAW is the only way to achieve the Tawazzun
ideals and beliefs of life.
3) Islamic da'wah of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar as
intended must be done through two
Tawassuth, I’tidal,
channels/fields simultaneously, namely:
Tawazzun
a) state political channels (practical politics)
b) community channels
4) To carry out the struggle of Islamic da'wah and
amar ma'ruf nahi munkar as referred to above,
each tool was made in the form of an
organization. Tawassuth, I’tidal,
a) for channels/fields of state politics (practical Tawazzun
politics) with political organizations (parties)
b) for channels/fields of society with non-party
organizations

Tawassuth (taking the middle way) is understanding and practice that is not
ifrath (exaggeration in religion) and tafrith (reducing religious teachings). The
principles of Islamic wasthiyah in the Ponorogo Khittah are marked by the
attitude of life beliefs that originates in the teachings of Islam and the da’wah
of Islam, Amar ma'ruf nahi munkar. Everything that is done in this world
should come from the teachings of Islam because the teachings of Islam are
the teachings of a perfect religion (Ghani et al., 2015). As well as upholding
the Islamic religion and upholding the truth

and avoiding His prohibition, it is a principle of not being extreme right or left.
Ishlah (reform) prioritizes reformative principles to achieve better conditions
that accommodate the changes and progress of the times by grounding in the
public good (mashlahah 'amah) by sticking to the principle of al-muhafazhah
‘ala al-qadimi al-shalih wa al-akhdzu bi al-jadidi al-ashlah (Bakir & Othman,
2017). The ishlah principle of Islamic wasathiyah in the Ponorogo khittah is
characterized by the attitude of the Muhammadiyah struggling to achieve or
realize an ideal. Achieving an ideal requires a struggle (to achieve the desired
state of life towards the good).

Tawazzun in the Ponorogo khittah is marked by an attitude of life beliefs

originating from the Qur'an and Muhammad. It is to achieve the ideals and
beliefs of life with the Islam da’wah of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar. This
principle is a balanced practice of religion between the world and the hereafter
(Mazuki et al., 2013), being able to distinguish which deviant deeds, and can
carry out his commands.
I’tidal in the Ponorogo Khittah is marked by the attitude of Muhammadiyah
striving to achieve or realize an ideal and belief in life that comes from Islamic
teachings (Arif et al., 2017). Islamic da'wah of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar in
the true meaning and proportion as guided by Muhammad Saw is the only way

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to achieve the ideals and beliefs of life. In this case, it is achieving and
realizing the ideals of Islam in accordance with their respective proportions,
and do not change or reduce the teachings that have been determined.
Participating in political organizations or not is a right of everyone, and
Muhammadiyah does not require its members to join political organizations.

Ujung Pandang Khittah 1971

The Khittah or the Struggle of Muhammadiyah, which is quite popular
compared to other khittah is the Ujung Pandang Khittah in 1971. As the name
implies, the Muhammadiyah Khittah was born from the 38th Congress in 1971
in Ujung Pandang (South Sulawesi), which has now been renamed the city of
Makassar. Ujung Pandang Khittah, in table 4, is the most widely referred and
becomes the guideline or primary reference in determining the attitude of the
organization to face the political world (Nashir, 2008).

Table 4. Principles of Islam Wasathiyah in the Ujung Pandang Khittah

Ujung Pandang Khittah Islam Wasathiyah

1) Muhammadiyah is an Islamic Da'wah
Movement that works in all fields of human life
and society, has no organizational relationship Tawazzun, Ishlah, I’tidal
with, and is not an affiliation of any political
party or organization.
2) Every member of Muhammadiyah, in
accordance with their human rights, cannot
enter other organizations, as long as they do not I’tidal, Tahadhdhur
deviate from the provisions in force in the
Muhammadiyah Association.
3) To further solidify Muhammadiyah as an
Islamic da'wah movement after the 1971
Tawassuth, Tawazzun,
election, Muhammadiyah conducted amar
Tathawwur wa Ibtikar
ma’ruf nahi munkar constructively and
positively against the Indonesian Muslim party.
4) To further enhance Muhammadiyah's
participation in the implementation of national Tathawwur wa Ibtikar
development.

The tawazzun principle of Islam wasathiyah in the Ujung Pandang Khittah

1971 was marked by Muhammadiyah's attitude as an Islamic missionary
movement that works in all fields of human life and society and carried out
Islamic da’wah movements after the 1971 election. Muhammadiyah carried
out the missionary movement aimed at maintaining a balance between worldly
life and the hereafter (Nashir, 2008).
Ishlah (reformation) prioritizes reformative principles to achieve better
conditions that accommodate change (Kamali, 2016) and the progress of the
times by grounding in public benefit (mashlahah 'amah) while still adhering to
the principle of al-muhafazhah ‘ala al-qadimi al-shalih wa al-akhdzu bi al-
jadidi al-ashlah. Muhammadiyah's attitude characterizes this principle as an
Islamic missionary movement that works in all fields of human life and
society. This principle can be interpreted that Muhammadiyah always adheres

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to the principle of al-muhafazhah ‘ala al-qadimi al shalih, which is a principle

that preserves good old practices and makes a living grip.
Next Islam wasathiyah in the Ujung Pandang Khittah is that Muhammadiyah
has no organizational relationship with and is not an affiliation of a political
party, and every member of the Muhammadiyah is not allowed to enter other
organizations that conflict with the Muhammadiyah's line of struggle.
Muhammadiyah does not require its members to take part or not in a political
organization. All decisions are in the hands of members, and Muhammadiyah
does not impose the will and obligations of its members, and fulfill obligations
proportionately (Nashir, 2008).

Tahadhdhur in the 1971 Ujung Pandang Muhammadiyah khittah, namely

Muhammadiyah, is an Islamic missionary movement that works in all fields of
human life and society. Charity is one of the moral virtues. Tahadhdhur is
upholding the morality, character, identity, and integrity as khairu ummah in
the life of humanity and civilization (Mujania, 2014)
.
Furthermore, tawassuth in the Muhammadiyah khittah is marked with the
point "every Muhammadiyah member in accordance with his human rights
cannot enter other organizations, as long as they do not deviate from the
provisions that apply in Muhammadiyah's requirements." If it does not deviate
from the principles of the teachings of Islam, Muhammadiyah does not
prohibit it. It is all one of Muhammadiyah's attitudes, which is not extreme
right or left (Yousif, 2015).

The last one in the 1971Ujung Pandang khittah was tathawwur wa ibtikar.
This principle is always open to make changes in accordance with the times
and create new things for the safety and progress of humanity (Othman &
Sulaiman, 2014). It is marked by the Muhammadiyah's decision to engage in
constructive and positive of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar in the Indonesian
Muslim Party (Parmusi) by increasing Muhammadiyah's participation in the
implementation of national development. Muhammadiyah is always open to
the development of Indonesia, and it is one form of Muhammadiyah's struggle
and devotion to the nation and state.

Surabaya Khittah 1978 (Completion of Ponorogo Khittah 1969)

The 1978 Muhammadiyah Khittah was an outline of the Muhammadiyah's
struggle, which was decided at the 40th Muhammadiyah Congress in Surabaya
(Nashir, 2008).

Table 5. Principles of Islam Wasathiyah in the Surabaya Khittah

Surabaya Khittah Islam Wasathiyah

First, the nature of Muhammadiyah. The development
of Indonesian society, whether caused by dynamic
power from inside, or because of contact with culture
Tawazzun, Tathawwur
from outside, has caused specific changes. These
wa Ibtikar
changes involve all aspects of people's lives, including
social, economic, political, and cultural fields, which
involve structural changes and changes in attitudes and

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behavior in human relations.

Second, Muhammadiyah and Society. In accordance

with its Khittah, Muhammadiyah, as society chooses
and positions itself as the Islamic movement of amar Tawassuth, Tawazun,
ma'ruf nahi munkar in society, with the primary Tahadhdhur
intention being to form a family and a prosperous
society in accordance with the da’wah of jama'ah.
Third, Muhammadiyah and Politics. In the field of
politics, Muhammadiyah strives according to its
Khittah: by da’wah of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar in its
true meaning and proportion. Muhammadiyah must be
able to prove theoretically, conceptually, operationally, Tawassuth, Tawazzun,
and in real terms, that Islamic teachings are able to I’tidal, Tathawwur wa
regulate the community and the Republic of Indonesia Ibtikar, Musawah
which have Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution to
become a just and affluent society as well as
prosperous, happy, materially, and spiritually which is
given by Allah SWT.
Fourth, Muhammadiyah and Ukhuwah Islamiyah. In
accordance with its personality, Muhammadiyah will
cooperate with any Islamic group to broadcast and Tasamuh (Toleransi)
practice the religion of Islam and defend its interests. In Tawassuth, Musawah,
carrying out this cooperation, Muhammadiyah does not I’tidal
intend to merge and subordinate its organization with
other organizations or institutions.
Fifth, Basic Muhammadiyah Program. Based on this
foundation and stance and taking into account the
capabilities and parts thereof, it is necessary to
determine the following policy steps: Tawassuth, Ishlah,
a. Reviving Muhammadiyah as an alliance that Tahadhdhur
brought together some members of the community,
consisting of Muslims and Muslim women who
have strong faith, are devout in worship, have good
morals, and set a good example in society. Tasamuh,
b. Increasing the understanding and maturity of
Muhammadiyah members about their rights and
obligations as citizens in the Unitary State of the
Republic of Indonesia and increasing social
sensitivity to the problems and difficulties of Tawassuth, Tawazun
people's lives.
c. Establishing Muhammadiyah alliance as a
movement to carry out da’wah of amar ma'ruf nahi
munkar to all corners and layers of society, as well
as, in all fields of life in the Republic of Indonesia
based on the Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.

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Tawazun (balanced) is a balanced understanding and practice of religion,

which covers all aspects of life, both worldly and ukhrawi, is firm in stating
the principle that can distinguish between inhiraf (deviations) and ikhtilaf
(differences) (Hassan, 2011). This Islam wasathiyah is marked by "The Nature
of Muhammadiyah." "The development of Indonesian society, whether caused
by dynamism from inside, or because of contact with culture from outside, has
caused certain changes, Muhammadiyah and society, Muhammadiyah and
politics." Establish Muhammadiyah requirements as a movement to carry out
da’wah of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar to all corners and layers of society, as
well as, in all fields of life in the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia
based on the Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Muhammadiyah is balanced between the world and the hereafter, namely
between Muhammadiyah and politics for the progress of the Unitary Republic
of Indonesia (NKRI).

Tasamuh in the Surabaya Khittah is characterized by Muhammadiyah's

attitude of working together with any Islamic group in an effort to broadcast
and practice Islam, as well as to defend the interests and enhance the
understanding and maturity of Muhammadiyah members about their rights and
obligations as citizens in the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia
(NKRI).

Muhammadiyah always appreciates differences with any Islamic group

without discrimination, for the progress of Islam, as well as broadcast and
practice the teachings of Islam. Tasamuh is an attitude of acknowledging and
respecting differences, both in religious aspects and various aspects of his life
(Rozali, 2017). The attitude of cooperation with other Islamic groups is a form
of tolerance of Muhammadiyah, which recognizes the existence of other
Islamic groups besides Muhammadiyah.

Tathawwur wa Ibtikar in Surabaya's khitah is marked by the attitude of the

nature of Muhammadiyah. The development of Indonesian society, whether
caused by the dynamic power from inside or because of contact with culture
from outside, has led to specific changes, and in the political field,
Muhammadiyah strives in accordance with its khittah. Muhammadiyah always
accepts developments openly (Dorloh & Yusuf, 2015) in which this attitude of
Muhammadiyah is always dynamic and innovative, both in politics and others.
Furthermore, tawassuth is characterized by Muhammadiyah's attitude places
itself as the Islamic movement of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar in the
Muhammadiyah and ukhuwah Islamiyah communities. It includes strong faith,
devout worship, noble character, and be a good example in society (Li-ya,
2012). In this attitude, Muhammadiyah always distinguishes what is true and
which is not true, always carries out religious teachings in accordance with the
orders and abandons its prohibitions, and always carries on Islamic
brotherhood, faith, obedience to worship, to have good deeds, and being a
good example in society.

Tahadhdhur in the Surabaya Khittah is characterized by Muhammadiyah's

attitude as a choice to select and position itself as the Islamic movement of

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amar ma'ruf nahi munkar in the community, with the primary intention being
to form a family and a prosperous community in accordance with the
proselytizing of the congregation and faithful, devout worship, noble morals,
and set a good example in the midst of society (Dusuki, 2017). In social life,
Muhammadiyah always upholds the akhlakul karimah, which is characterized
by the attitude of always having faith, observing worship, and having good
morals.

I'tidal in the Muhammadiyah khittah is marked by the attitude of the

Muhammadiyah trying to be in accordance with its khittah: by preaching amar
ma'ruf nahi munkar in the true meaning and proportion, Muhammadiyah will
cooperate with any Islamic group in the effort to broadcast and practice Islam
and defend Islam its importance (Arif et al., 2017). In carrying out this
cooperation, Muhammadiyah does not intend to merge and subordinate its
organization with other organizations or institutions. Muhammadiyah, by
carrying out da'wah, always puts it according to its position. In cooperation,
Muhammadiyah does not take care of the affairs of its Islamic movement and
carry out the beliefs of each Islamic organization.
The next Islam wasathiyah is musawah, marked by Muhammadiyah's attitude
that it will cooperate with any Islamic group to broadcast and practice Islam
(Mujani & Mazuki, 2018). Working together with other Islamic organizations
is Muhammadiyah's non-discriminatory attitude towards other organizations.

Denpasar Khittah 2002

The Muhammadiyah Khittah in the Nation and the State or also known as the
Denpasar Khittah, was decided in the Muhammadiyah Tanwir session in Bali
in 2002. Muhammadiyah, by staying within the framework of the da'wah and
tajdid movements, became the focus and main orientation of the movement,
could develop the function of interest groups, or as a civil-society social
movement in playing the role of nation and state (Nashir, 2008). The Denpasar
Khittah in 2002 or the complete Muhammadiyah Khittah in the Nation and the
State contains nine main statements, as follows:

Table 6. Principles of Islam Wasathiyah in the Surabaya Khittah

Denpasar Khittah 2002 Islam Wasathiyah

1) Muhammadiyah believes that politics in the life of
the nation and state is one aspect of the teachings
of Islam in worldly affairs (al-umur ad-
dunyawiyat), which must always be motivated, Tawazzun, Tawassuth
inspired, and framed by noble religious and moral
values.
2) Muhammadiyah believes that the state and efforts
to develop the life of the nation and state, both
through political struggles and through community
development, are basically a vehicle that is Tawazzun, Musawah,
absolutely necessary to build a life where Divine Tahadhdhur, I’tidal
values underlie and flourish along with the
upholding of human values, justice, peace, order,
togetherness, and civilization for the realization of

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" Baldatun Thayyibatun Wa Rabbun Ghafur".

3) Muhammadiyah chose the struggle in the life of

the nation and state through efforts to foster or
Tathawwur wa Ibtikar,
empower the community in order to realize a
Tawassuth
strong civil society as the aim of the
Muhammadiyah to realize the true Islamic society.
4) Muhammadiyah critically encourages political
struggle that is practical or power-oriented (real
politics) to be carried out by political parties and
formal state institutions as well as possible, Tahadhdhur
towards the creation of a democratic and civilized
political system in accordance with the noble
ideals of the nation and country.
5) Muhammadiyah always plays its political role as a
manifestation of the da’wah of amar ma'ruf nahi
munkar by influencing the process and policy of
the country, so that it continues to run in
Tawassuth, Tawazzun,
accordance with the constitution and the noble
Tahadhdhur,
ideals of the nation. Muhammadiyah actively
becomes the nation's adhesive force and serves as
a vehicle for healthy political education towards a
peaceful and civilized national life.
6) Muhammadiyah is not affiliated and has no
organizational relationship with political forces or
any organization. Muhammadiyah always
develops a positive attitude in viewing political
Ishlah, Tawassuth
struggle and carrying out the function of criticism
in accordance with the principle of amar ma'ruf
nahi munkar for the establishment of a democratic
and civilized political system.
7) Muhammadiyah gives freedom to every
association member to exercise their right to vote
in political life according to their conscience. The
use of the suffrage must be a responsibility as Musawah, Tathawwur
citizens who are carried out rationally and wa Ibtikar
critically, in line with the mission and interests of
Muhammadiyah, for the benefit of the nation and
state.
8) Muhammadiyah asks all its members who are
active in politics to carry out political duties and
activities seriously by prioritizing responsibilities
(amanah), noble morals (akhlaq al-karimah), Tawassuth,
ideals (uswah hasanah), and peace (ishlah). These Tahadhdhur, Ishlah
political activities must be in line with efforts to
fight for the mission of the association in carrying
out the da’wah of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar.

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9) Muhammadiyah always cooperates with any party

or group based on the principle of virtue and
benefit, away from kemudharatan, and aims to Tathawur wa Ibtikar
build the life of the nation and state towards a
better, advanced, democratic, and civilized.

Tawazun in the Denpasar khittah is marked by Muhammadiyah's attitude,

which believes that politics in the life of the nation and state is one aspect of
the teachings of Islam in worldly affairs (al-age ad-dunyawiyat). This attitude
which must always be motivated, imbued, and framed by major religious and
moral noble values, Muhammadiyah believes that the state and efforts to
develop the life of the nation and state, both through political struggle and
through community development, are basically a vehicle necessary to build a
life in which Divine values. Muhammadiyah always plays its political role as a
manifestation of the preaching amar ma'ruf nahi munkar. This attitude
explained that Muhammadiyah in politics is an obligation in creating a better
life of the nation and state, in accordance with Islamic principles that have
been exemplified in religion (Ibrahim et al., 2013).

Ishlah in the Denpasar sermon was marked by Muhammadiyah's attitude to

always develop a positive attitude in viewing political struggle and carrying
out the function of criticism in accordance with the principle of amar ma'ruf
nahi munkar. It is done for the sake of the establishment of a democratic and
civilized political system of the state. Muhammadiyah asks all members who
are active in politics to carry out political duties and activities seriously, by
prioritizing responsibility (amanah), noble character (akhlaq al-karimah),
example (uswah hasanah), and peace (ishlah) (Dorloh & Yusuf, 2015). This
reconciliation attitude is shown by the attitude of the members of
Muhammadiyah, who are in politic, by develop a positive attitude and
promote peace in politics.

The next principle of Islamic wasathiyah is tawassuth, which is characterized

by the attitude of Muhammadiyah, believing that politics in the life of the
nation and state is one aspect of the teachings of Islam in worldly affairs (al-
ages ad-dunyawiyat). It must always be motivated, inspired, and framed by
major religious and moral virtues, the aim of Muhammadiyah to realize the
true Islamic society. Muhammadiyah always plays its political role as a
manifestation of the preaching amar ma'ruf nahi munkar, and Muhammadiyah
always develops a positive attitude in viewing political struggle.
Muhammadiyah carries out the function of criticism in accordance with the
principle of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar for the sake of establishing a democratic
and civilized political system of the state. This attitude proves that
Muhammadiyah is an organization that is not extreme right or left, in which
politics always prioritize amar ma'ruf nahi munkar (Nashir, 2008).

The next principle of Islamic wasathiyah is tathawwur wa ibtikar, which is

characterized by Muhammadiyah's attitude in choosing the struggle in the life
of the nation and state through efforts to foster or empower people. It was
done in order to realize a strong civil society as the goal of Muhammadiyah to
realize the true Islamic society. Muhammadiyah gives freedom to every

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member of the association to use their voting rights in political life according
to their conscience.
The use of the right to vote must be a responsibility as citizens who are carried
out rationally and critically (Kamali, 2016). In line with the mission and
interests of the Muhammadiyah, for the benefit of the nation and state, the
Muhammadiyah always cooperates with any party or group based on the
principles of virtue and benefit, away from kemudharatan, and aims to build a
life of the nation and state towards a better, advanced, democratic and
civilized. By providing guidance and community empowerment, it is one of
the same attitudes in realizing a better Indonesia, and Muhammadiyah always
strives to create benefit for its members.

Furthermore, the principle of Islamic wasathiyah is tahadhdhur. This principle

is marked by the attitude of upholding human values, justice, peace, order,
togetherness, and civilization for the realization of "Baldatun Thayyibatun wa
Rabbun Ghafur." Muhammadiyah critically encourages political struggle that
is practical or power-oriented (real politics) to be carried out by political
parties and formal state institutions as well as possible towards the creation of
a democratic and civilized political system. It is in accordance with the noble
ideals of the nation and state. Muhammadiyah asks all its members who are
active in politics to carry out political duties and activities seriously by
prioritizing responsibilities (amanah), noble morals (akhlaq al-karimah),
ideals (uswah hasanah), and peace (ishlah). This attitude is an attitude that
upholds the akhlakul karimah (Mazuki et al., 2013).

I’tidal, this principle is marked by the upholding of human values, justice,

peace, order, togetherness, and civilization for the realization of "Baldatun
Thayyibatun wa Rabbun Ghafur." This attitude expressly devotes itself to
fostering unity and building a better, advanced, superior, and independent
civilization of the nation to realize an Indonesian state that is baldhatun
thoyiban wa rabbul ghufur. I’tidal (straight and firm) is putting things in their
place and exercising their rights and fulfilling obligations proportionately
(Hassan, 2011).

CONCLUSION
Dalam Khittah Langkah 12 Muhammadiyah terdapat 8 prinsip Islam
wasathiyah, yaitu tawassuth, tawazun, tahadhdhur, syura, i’tidal, musawah,
tathawwur wa ibtikar, dan tasamuh. Khittah Palembang 1956-1959 terdapat 6
prinsip Islam wasathiyah, yaitu tawassuth, tawazun, tahadhdhur, syura,
ishlah, dan musawah. Khittah Ponorogo 1969 terdapat 4 prinsip Islam
wasathiyah yaitu, ishlah, tawassuth, tawazun, dan I’tidal. Khittah Ujung
Pandang 1971 terdapat 5 prinsip Islam wasathiyah, yaitu tawazzun, ishlah,
I’tidal, tahadhdhur, dan tathawwur wa ibtikar. Khittah Surabaya 1978
terdapat 7 prinsip Islam wasathiyah, yaitu tawassuth, tawazun, tahadhdhur,
i’tidal, musawah, tathawwur wa ibtikar, musawah, ishlah, and tasamuh.
Adapun dalam khittah Denpasar 2002 terdapat 6 prinsip Islam wasathiyah,
yaitu tawazzun, tawassuth, musawah, tathawwur wa ibtikar, tahadhdhur, dan
ishlah. Prinsip Islam wasathiyah yang sering muncul adalah tawassuth yaitu
sejumlah 19 dan prinsip Aulawiyah tidak ditemukan dalam khittah
Muhammadiyah.

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In the Khittah of 12 Steps of Muhammadiyah, there are 8 Islamic wasathiyah

principles, namely wasathiyah, tawassuth, tawazun, tahadhdhur, syura, i’tidal,
musawah, tathawwur wa ibtikar, dan tasamuh. In Palembang Khittah 1956-
1959, there are six Islamic wasathiyah principles, namely tawassuth, tawazun,
tahadhdhur, shura, ishlah, and musawah. In Ponorogo Khittah 1969, there are
four Islamic wasathiyah principles namely, ishlah, tawassuth, tawazun, and
I’tidal. In Ujung Pandang Khittah 1971, there are five Islamic wasathiyah
principles, namely tawazzun, ishlah, iididal, tahadhdhur, and tathawwur wa
ibtikar. In Surabaya Khittah 1978, there are seven Islamic wasathiyah
principles, namely tawassuth, tawazun, tahadhdhur, i'tidal, musawah,
tathawwur wa ibtikar, musawah, ishlah, and tasamuh. As for the Denpasar
Khittah 2002, there are six Islamic wasathiyah principles, namely tawazzun,
tawassuth, musawah, tathawwur wa ibtikar, tahadhdhur, and ishlah. The
Islamic principle of wasathiyah that often arises is tawassuth, which is as
many as 19, and the Aulawiyah principle is not found in the Muhammadiyah
khittah.

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